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Unit 4 adversity and courage
单元语法讲练 (Learning About Language)学案
一、现在完成进行时的构成及用法
1. 构成：have/has + been + doing
2. 用法
(1) 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的期间，其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。
这个时态多用于延续性动词，如 live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study 等，并常和 all this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently 等时间状语以及 since 和 for 引导的时间状语连用（与 since 和 for 连用时，动作常会继续下去）。
I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up.
我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没来。
I’ve been writing letters all this morning.
整个上午我一直在写信。
(2) 有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不一直是在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时现在完成进行时可用于瞬间动词。
He’s been learning since last year.
他从去年开始就一直学习。
You have been saying for a year that you will study abroad.
整整一年你都在说要出国学习。
(3) 现在完成进行时在上下文清楚时也可不与时间状语连用。这时现在完成进行时多指“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续，并往往含有一种直接的结果。
You’ve been working too hard.
你工作太辛苦了。（直接结果可能是你一定很累了。）
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了。（暗含人还没到，还会继续等。）
(4) 现在完成进行时和其他进行时态一样，也可以带有感彩。
I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.
和你见面是我盼望已久的事。
Too much has been happening today.
今天发生太多事了。
[即时训练1]——单句语法填空
① The dollar ______ (climb) steadily all week.
② I ______ (wait) for an hour and a half.
③ Jim ______ (phone) Jenny every night for the past week.
④ — You are a great swimmer.
— Thanks. It’s because I ______ (practise) a lot these days.
二、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时: 强调动作的延续性/强调动作重复/ 表达生动，含有感彩
现在完成时:说明一个事实、一种影响或结果
强调过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果
They have been widening the road.（尚未完成）
他们在加宽马路。
They have widened the road.（已经完成）
他们加宽了马路。
Have you been meeting him recently （强调动作重复）
你最近一直遇见他吗？
Have you met him recently （表示结果）
你最近遇见过他吗？
Where have you been We have been looking for you everywhere.（表示不满）
你到哪里去了？我们在到处找你。
We have looked for him, but haven’t found him.（无感彩）
我们找过他，但没有找到。
[即时训练2]——单句语法填空
① The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ______ (remain) around that level ever since.
② He ______ (listen) to English programs since he came to the US, so he ______ (make) great progress.
③ Although many measures ______ (take), the economy in that country is still going down.
④ The little boy is dirty from head to toe because he ______ (play) in the mud all morning.
⑤ I’m sorry, but Mr. Smith ______ (leave) for Beijing, so if you want to contact him, telephone him.
巩固落实
短文语境填空
My wish is 1. ______ (go) to a key university. I 2. ______ (study) for many years. But I have been poor at English since I 3. ______ (go) to junior high school. My English teacher told me to insist on 4. ______ (listen) and writing. I 5. ______ (learn) ______
English every morning to improve it. Because I 6. ______ (waste) a lot of time, it was hard to catch up with other students. After 7. ______ (go) to high school, I 8. ______ (stay) up late into the night and 9. ______ (get) up early in the morning. I 10. ______ (write) two compositions every day. I think I should spare no effort to improve my English and achieve my dream.
课文整体教学 (Using Language)
Read the text carefully and choose the best answer to each question.
1. What can we know about the sailors from the first paragraph
A. They had mixed feelings at the time.
B. They were sure they would be saved.
C. They had no faith in Shackleton.
D. They all wanted to go with Shackleton.
2. What was the most important thing for the sailors on Elephant Island
A. Making fire.
B. Finding trees.
C. Getting oil.
D. Surviving.
3. What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A. The shortage of food and vegetables.
B. The effects of the changing temperatures.
C. The spread of illnesses there.
D. The clothes they wore.
4. Which of the following best describes Shackleton
A. He was a warm-hearted man.
B. He was a man of his word.
一词多义
1. bat n. 球拍；蝙蝠 vi. & vt. 用球板击球；挥打；拍打
① (教材原句) Timmy is holding a table tennis bat and his short hair is damp with sweat.
② He bats very well.
③ At dusk bats appear in vast numbers.
2. episode n. 一集；(小说的)片段；插曲；(人生的)一段经历
① (教材原句) This was an episode in my life that I would never forget.
② Don’t miss next week’s thrilling episode!
长难语句
1. (学会断句) There were no trees/growing on Antarctica/and no oil, so the only fuel/we could use/was animal fat.
[分析] 本句是一个并列复合句，由连接两个并列分句。第一个分句中 growing on Antarctica 作 ______，修饰 trees。第二个分句中 we could use 为省略了 that 的从句，修饰 the only fuel。
[翻译]
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. (学会断句) When we were finally rescued, we felt such relief and joy/that many of us/could not hide our tears.
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。when 引导 ______ 从句，主句中 that 引导 ______ 从句，与前面的 such 构成“such...that...”句型。
[翻译]
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
写作佳句积累
1. (续写佳句) We felt so alone and desperate. 我们感到如此孤独和绝望。
2. (续写佳句) There was nothing like a good dinner and some music to cheer us up. 没有什么比得上一顿好饭和一点儿音乐能让我们振作起来了。
核心词汇
1. make fire 生火
- set fire to: 使燃烧，点燃，纵火
- set...on fire: 使……燃烧，放火烧；使……激动
- catch fire: 着火，起火(强调动作)
- be on fire: 着火(强调状态)
- play with fire: 玩火；冒险
[即学即练] 用 fire 的相关短语填空/一句多译
① Many of the buildings in the west of the city are ______.
② Do not stand too close to that stove. Your clothes may ______.
③ 我试图用火柴点着木头，但是只冒出了烟。
a. I attempted to ____________________ with a match, but produced only smoke. (set fire to sth.)
b. I attempted to ____________________ with a match, but produced only smoke. (set sth. on fire)
2. give off 发出(热、光、气味或气体)
- give up: 戒除；放弃；让出
- give in(to...) (向……屈服，投降，让步)：递交
- give away: 不小心透露；赠送，免费
- give out: 分配，分发；(食物、燃料、气等)用光
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
① He gave ______ most of his fortune to the poor.
② If burnt, rubber can give ______ a poisonous gas.
③ The argument went on for hours because neither side would give ______.
④ 面对困难，他们从不放弃，并尽最大努力寻找解决的办法。
Faced with difficulties, they ______ and try their best to find a way out.
3. commitment n. 承诺；保证；奉献
(1) make a commitment to do/doing sth承诺做某事
(2) commit v.犯（错误、罪行等）；承诺；保证；投入
commit a crime/an error犯罪/犯错误
commit to sb/sth忠于某人/全身心地投入某事
commit sb/oneself to (doing) sth承诺（做）某事
(3) committed adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的
be committed to (doing) sth承诺/全身心地投入某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
① The world has already committed to ______ (set) up a Climate Adaptation Fund.
② Tom is a ______ (commit) member of the team and is highly thought of by other players.
③ 我已承诺会全力帮助你学习英语。
a. I _______________________ you with your English study. (commitment)
b. I _______________________ you with your English study. (commitment)
c. I ______ _________________you with your English study. (committed)
句法句式
1. 虚拟条件句
[教材 P44] If it weren’t for sea animals, we would all starve.
如果没有海洋生物，我们都会饿死。
[句式分析] 本句为 if 引导的虚拟条件句，叙述与现在事实相反的假设。
If I had time, I would join the club.
如果我有时间，我就会加入那个俱乐部。
虚拟语气在 if 虚拟条件句中的运用
| 时态 | 虚拟条件句 | 主句 |
| 与现在事实相反的假设 | 动词的过去式（be动词用 were） | would/could/should/might + 动词原形 |
| 与过去事实相反的假设 | had + 过去分词 | would/could/should/might + have + 过去分词 |
| 与将来事实相反的假设 | (1) 动词的过去式(2) were to + 动词原形(3) should + 动词原形 | would/could/should/might + 动词原形 |
[名师点评]
在 if 引导的虚拟条件句中，如果谓语动词有 were/should/had（构成过去完成时）时，可以省略 if，把它们提到主语前面，条件从句变为部分倒装句。
[即学即练]单句语法填空/一句多译
① If it were to snow tomorrow, we ______ (take) photos.
② If I had enough money now, I ______ (buy) a car.
③ If we ______ (drive) in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
④ 要是我早一点去接他，他就不用走那么远的路了。
a. __________________, he wouldn’t have had to walk so far. (if 引导虚拟条件句)
b. __________________, he wouldn’t have had to walk so far. (倒装句)
2. keep + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
[教材 P45] Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic and helped us deal with our fears in a positive and successful way.
我们的纪律和团队精神使我们保持乐观，并帮助我们以积极和成功的方式应对我们的恐惧。
[句式分析] 本句为简单句，and连接keep和helped两个并列的谓语动词。其中keep us optimistic为“keep + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”结构。
The challenging puzzle kept her thinking for hours, but she still couldn’t find the answer.
这道具有挑战性的谜题让她思考了几个小时，但她仍然找不到答案。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
① It is necessary that we keep the young generation ______ (inform) of the current affairs.
② The question kept me ______ (wonder) for the rest of the night.
③ He kept the door ______ (lock) all day while he was away.
④ 它能够使我们免于近视，而且能使我们保持身体健康。
It can prevent us from getting short-sighted and it can ______.
巩固落实
I. 单句语法填空
1. They might have found a better hotel if they ______ (drive) a few more kilometers.
2. Fireflies will give ______ flashes of light when they fly at night.
3. She kept the children ______ (amuse) for hours.
4. To fulfill my goal, I’m committed to ______ (make) full use of my limited time to achieve it.
5. During our camping trip, we had ______ (make) fire to cook the meals.
II. 完成句子
1. 换句话说，只有你致力于你的学习和生活目标，你最终才能成功。
In other words, only if _________________________ can you finally make it.
2. 如果我是一名清洁工，我会让我们的城市更干净，让大街上没有垃圾。
_____________________ our city cleaner with no garbage lying on the streets.
3. 让你的眼睛长时间工作是不对的。
It’s not right __________________________________.
III. 课文语法填空
We watched as Shackleton and the boat ______ (sail) away from Elephant Island.
It was easy 2. ______ (imagine) the danger ahead of them. There was nothing like a good dinner and some music to cheer us 3. ______.
Staying alive was not easy. The island had no water. We could only melt ice from the ocean and drink the water from it. There were no trees 4. ______ (grow) on Antarctica and no oil, so the only fuel we could use was animal fat. We had to be careful not to go outside too often, as the changing temperatures could make us ill. Many of us also became ill from the smoke of the animal fat 5. ______ we burnt for our fires.
We lived like this in the cold for four months. Our discipline and team spirit kept us 6. ______ (optimist) and helped us deal with our fears in 7. ______ positive and successful way. When we 8. ______ (rescue), we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive. 9. ______ (final), he paid us back by his 10. ______ (commit) to save us from a slow but painful death.
写作（Writing）
写书评/故事评论
文体指导:我们读完一本书或一个故事，想要就这本书或这个故事发表一些看法，并把这些看法写成文章，这就是书评或故事评论。写作时首先要简单介绍图书或故事的基本内容，然后对其特点、风格或故事中人物的主要成就以及缺点等给予简明扼要的评论。
一、基本框架
开头：引出书目
主体：具体介绍作品内容
结尾：阐述自己的观点和看法
二、常用表达
1. This story is about a great expedition in history.
这个故事是关于历史上一次伟大的探险。
2. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the novels I like best.
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是我最喜欢的小说之一。
3. The novel tells Huckleberry Finn running away from his home and wandering down the Mississippi River.
这部小说讲述了哈克贝利·费恩从家中逃走，在密西西比河流域的故事。
4. This story tells a poor boy through his own efforts overcame various difficulties and finally achieved success.
故事讲述了一个贫穷的男孩通过自己的努力克服各种各样的困难并最终取得成功的故事。
5. Published in 1884, the book is popular among teenagers.
该书出版于1884年，很受青少年的欢迎。
典例详析
读了本单元提供的两篇航海日志后，请你写一篇关于沙克尔顿团队南极探险的故事评论。
[审题构思]
1. 确定体裁：故事评论
2. 确定话题：沙克尔顿团队南极探险
3. 确定人称：第三人称为主
4. 确定时态：一般过去时为主
5. 确定内容
①第一段：故事简介
②第二段：基于原文，分析人物的性格特点
③第三段：自己的印象和感受
[遣词造句]
欧内斯特·沙克尔顿和他的船员们登上了名为“坚忍”号的大船。
Ernest Shackleton and his crew _________________ whose name was Endurance.
不幸的是，途中“坚忍号”被冰困住，沉入大海中。
Unfortunately, on the way Endurance _______________ and sank into the ocean.
在放弃那艘船后，他们逃到了象岛上。
Having abandoned the ship, they ______ _____________Elephant Island.
他们之间的关心和爱深深地打动了我。
_____________________________ the concern and love among them.
他们在困难面前的忍耐力和毅力也激励了我。
I'm also inspired by their endurance and perseverance _____________.
无论我们遇到什么困难，永不言弃。
Whatever/No matter what difficulties we meet, never _____________.
[句式升级]
把句1升级为过去分词作定语的句子
_____________________________________________________________________
把句2升级为动词-ing形式短语作结果状语的句子
_____________________________________________________________________
[连句成篇]
_____________________________________________________________________
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参考答案
[即时训练1]
① has been climbing② have been waiting③ has been
即时训练2
① has remained ② has been listening; has made
③ have been taken ④ has been playing ⑤ has left
巩固落实
短文语境填空
1. to go 2. have been studying 3. went 4. listening
5. have been learning 6. have wasted 7. going
8. have been staying 9. have been getting 10. have been writing
课文理解
I. 1–4 ADBB
II. 1. fresh water
2. fire 3. a cold 4. fears
课文精粹
一词多义
1. n. 球拍 - ① v. 用球拍击球 - ② n. 蝙蝠
2. ① (人生的)一段经历 - ② 一集
长难语句
1. 分析：so；定语；定语
- 翻译：南极洲没有树木生长，也没有石油，所以我们唯一能使用的燃料就是动物脂肪。
2. 分析：时间状语；结果状语
- 翻译：当我们最终获救时，我们感到如此欣慰和快乐，以至于我们中的许多人掩不住泪水。
核心词汇
1. ①on fire; ②catch fire;③ set fire to the wood; set the wood on fire
2.① away;②off ; in; ③never give up
3.① setting;② committed; ③have made a commitment to thoroughly help; have committed myself to thoroughly helping; have been committed to thoroughly helping
句法句式
1.①would take;② would buy; ③had driven; ④If I had picked him up earlier;
Had I picked him up earlier; Had I picked him up earlier
2.①informed ② wondering ③ locked ④ keep our body healthy
巩固落实
I. 1. had driven 2. off 3. amused 4. making 5. to make
II. 1. you are committed to your learning and life goals
2. If I were a dustman, I would make
3. to keep your eyes working for a long time
应用文写作
遣词造句
1. went aboard the ship
2. became/was stuck in the ice
3. escaped to
4. was deeply moved by difficulties
5. gave up
句式升级
1. Ernest Shackleton and his crew went aboard the ship named Endurance.
2. Unfortunately, on the way Endurance became/was stuck in the ice, sinking into the ocean.
连句成篇
[参考范文]
This story is about a great expedition in history.
Ernest Shackleton and his crew went aboard the ship named Endurance. Unfortunately, on the way Endurance became/was stuck in the ice, sinking into the ocean. Having abandoned the ship, they escaped to Elephant Island. Shackleton left them to find help. The crew were able to survive in spite of so many difficulties.
I was deeply moved by the concern and love among them and I’m also inspired by their endurance and perseverance in the face of difficulties. In a word, I have learned an important lesson from the inspiring story. That is, whatever/no matter what difficulties we meet, never give up.

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