资源简介

题型08 阅读理解说明文
题型简介
在高考英语的语境下，说明文是一种以解释、阐述为主要目的的文体。它的核心功能是“告知”，而非“讲述故事”（记叙文）或“论证观点”（议论文）。简单来说，说明文就是用来传递知识、解释现象、阐述事物工作原理或介绍某种事物的文章。
主要特点：客观性与准确性：文章通常基于事实和信息，语言客观，力求准确，较少掺杂作者的个人情感或主观意见。逻辑性与条理性：文章结构清晰，层次分明。常使用时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（如从因到果、从现象到本质、从整体到部分等）来组织内容。
主题明确：一篇文章通常围绕一个核心主题或几个密切相关的方面展开。
方法多样：为了把复杂的事物说清楚，作者会运用多种说明方法，例如：下定义：明确解释一个概念是什么。举例子：用具体实例来使说明更生动、易懂。列数据：使用数字、统计数据来增强说服力和精确性。作比较：将陌生事物与熟悉事物进行比较，突出其特点。分类别：将事物分成不同类别，分别说明。
常见话题：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文题材非常广泛，常涉及：科普知识：如黑洞、人工智能、基因编辑、气候变化等。社会文化：如不同国家的节日习俗、社交礼仪、社会现象分析等。新技术/新发明：介绍某项新技术的原理、应用或影响。健康与生活：如睡眠的重要性、健康饮食的建议、某种疾病的成因等。动植物研究：介绍某种动植物的独特习性、生存环境等。
设题类型&命题方式
考向1 研究类说明文
研究类说明文通常遵循一个清晰的叙事结构：为何研究 → 如何研究 → 有何发现 → 意义何在。高考命题也紧密围绕这个结构展开。
1. 研究背景与目的：考查“推理判断”：这类题目不直接询问文章中的事实，而是考查你对研究起因和动机的深层理解。
典型问法：What is the author's purpose in writing this passage (作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？)/What prompted the research (是什么促成了这项研究？)
解题关键：答案通常不会明说。你需要根据文章开头描述的某种现象、一个未解决的问题或一个现有理论的困境，来推断出研究者开展此项工作的背景和初衷。
2. 研究过程与方法：考查“细节理解”与“词义猜测”：这部分聚焦于研究的具体操作和执行层面，是细节题的高发区。
典型问法：How did the researchers carry out their study (研究人员是如何开展研究的？)/What is the function of the underlined word "methodology" (划线词“methodology”的功能是什么？)
解题关键：你需要准确定位并理解关于研究对象、实验设计、使用工具、操作步骤等具体信息。同时，一些表示研究方法和步骤的专业术语可能会通过“词义猜测题”来考查，需要根据上下文（如下定义、举例子）来推断其含义。
3. 研究数据与发现：考查“细节理解”与“推理判断”：这是文章的核心，命题会直接考查研究的直接结果和初步发现。
典型问法：What did the study find (研究发现了什么？)
解题关键：精准定位描述研究结果和数据的关键句。注意区分哪些是本研究“发现”的事实，哪些是基于事实的“进一步推断”。
4. 研究结论与主旨：考查“主旨大意”：这是研究的最终产出，即研究者对整个工作的总结性论断。
典型问法：What is the main idea of the passage (文章的主旨是什么？)/What is the best title for the passage (文章的最佳标题是什么？)
解题关键：研究的“结论”往往就是文章的“主旨”。你需要超越具体细节，抓住研究者最终得出的核心观点、理论突破或对现象的根本性解释。结论通常出现在文章的结尾部分。
5. 研究意义与展望：考查“推理判断”：这类题目考查你对研究价值和应用前景的理解，是最高层次的思考。
典型问法：What is the significance of the research (这项研究的意义是什么？)/What can we learn from the passage (我们可以从文章中学到什么？)
解题关键：答案通常隐含在文中。你需要根据研究的结论，推断其在现实生活中的应用、对未来研究的启发或对社会/科学领域的潜在影响。
考向2 事实类说明文
1. 特征与细节辨析：这是最基础的题型，直接考查对文章中事物特征、属性、构成部分等具体信息的捕捉与理解。解题的关键在于精准定位，并注意选项与原文在表达上的同义转换。
常见问法：What can be learned about cats’ meowing from the first paragraph / What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph
考查本质：确认考生是否准确获取了文本直接陈述的、支撑事物说明的关键事实。
2. 功能与用途推断：此类题目要求考生基于事物的描述，推断其实际作用、应用场景或带来的影响。这需要将事物的特征与其在现实世界中的价值联系起来。
常见问法：What is the main use of... / What would be the positive effect of... / How does a pet cat assess different situations
考查本质：考查从“是什么”到“有什么用”的思维跨越，需要结合文本信息进行合理的逻辑延伸。
3. 理清步骤与顺序：对于介绍过程、方法或构造的事物，题目会聚焦于对操作流程或事件发展环节的理解。
常见问法：What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still / When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from
考查本质：考查对时间顺序、空间顺序或程序逻辑的把握，要求能厘清各个环节的先后与关联。
4. 理解词义与指代：要求考生根据上下文线索，推断出生词、短语或代词的具体含义。
常见问法：Which best explains the phrase “xxx” in paragraph 3 （词义猜测）
What does the underlined phrase “xxx” in paragraph 2 refer to （指代关系）
考查本质：考查利用语境理解特定语言单位真实含义的能力，而非依赖词汇量。
5. 概括主旨与标题 此类题目为最高层次的概括，要求基于对全文的深入理解，提炼核心内容，为文章选择最贴切的标题。
常见问法：What is a suitable title for the text
考查本质：考查对文章整体说明对象及其核心特征的综合概括能力，需排除片面、笼统或偏离主题的观点。
考向3 新事物说明文
1. 识别新事物的定义与核心特征：这类题目要求准确理解文章中介绍的新事物究竟是什么，包括其基本定义、形态或最主要的功能。
常见问法：What is the new robot in the first paragraph designed to do /What is the main function of the device mentioned in the text
考查本质：考查对文章核心说明对象的把握，答案通常出现在文章开头部分。
2. 分析新事物的优势与存在理由：这类题目聚焦新事物相较于旧有方式的优越性，即其产生的必要性、解决的问题或带来的积极变化。
常见问法：What problem does the robot aim to solve /What is the advantage of the new method compared to the traditional one
考查本质：考查对新旧对比和因果逻辑的理解，需要明确新事物针对的“痛点”及其带来的效率提升、成本降低等具体优势。
3. 理解新事物的应用与运作机制：此类题目深入考查新事物如何运作，可能涉及工作原理、关键技术、应用场景或具体步骤。
常见问法：How does the robot monitor the health of cattle /According to the passage, how does the new system work
考查本质：考查对过程、机制等细节信息的捕捉与理解，需要梳理文章中对技术原理或操作流程的描述。
4. 评估新事物的局限与发展前景：题目会关注新事物当前存在的不足、面临的争议或未来的发展潜力。这对应你提到的“新事物目前有什么局限性需要日后不断改进”。
常见问法：What is the limitation of the robot mentioned in the passage /What is some people's concern about the new invention
考查本质：考查批判性思维和辩证看待事物的能力，需要识别文中关于缺陷、挑战或不同看法的信息。
5. 辨析不同观点与作者态度
这类题目要求辨别文中不同人物（如支持者、怀疑者）对新事物的态度，并推断作者的隐含立场。
常见问法：What is Peter Bonds' attitude towards the robot /What does Michael Kelsey think about the robot
考查本质：考查推理判断和综合理解能力。作者态度虽未必明说，但常通过材料编排（如先抑后扬）或支持者论据的强度来体现。
解题思路
1. 研究类说明文核心解题方法
1. 结构预判法：快速把握文章脉络：在开始阅读前，先在心理上预设文章会遵循 “背景→过程→发现→结论→意义” 的基本结构。带着这个“地图”去阅读，能帮你：
快速将具体内容归位，理解其在不同部分的作用。
当题目考查特定环节时（如研究目的、研究方法），能迅速定位到原文的相应部分。
2. 首尾定位法：锁定研究目的与核心结论
研究目的：通常出现在文章开头部分。关注作者为了引出研究而描述的现象、提出的问题或指出的现有知识的空白。这些内容直接揭示了“为何研究”。
核心结论：通常位于文章结尾部分。研究的最终结论往往是全文主旨的体现，也是解答主旨大意题的关键。
3. 细节锚定法：精准捕捉研究过程与发现：研究过程与发现是细节题的高发区。解题时务必：
精准定位：根据题目关键词（如研究方法名称、特定数据等）回到原文找到对应句子。
仔细比对：将选项与原文进行细致对比，注意选项是否在范围、程度、因果关系上对原文进行了偷换或曲解。
4. 语境释义法：攻克术语与词义猜测：研究中不可避免会出现专业术语或生词。遇到时：
寻找上下文线索：密切关注该词前后的定义、解释、举例或对比关系。
利用逻辑关系：通过分析句子内部的因果、转折、并列等逻辑关系来推断词义。
5. 逻辑推理法：推断研究意义与作者意图：对于研究意义、影响或作者写作目的等推断题：
基于结论，合理推演：答案不会明说，需要你基于研究的最终结论，向前推演一步，思考其“所以然”——即这项发现可能如何应用、对现有认知或实践会产生什么影响。
辨别观点与事实：严格区分文中客观陈述的“研究发现”（事实）和作者或他人基于事实发表的“评论与看法”（观点），这对推理至关重要。
6. 主旨提炼法：概括研究核心：为文章选择最佳标题或概括主旨时：
覆盖全局：正确选项必须能涵盖研究的整体内容，而不仅仅是某个细节。
突出核心：标题应精准指向研究的核心对象与最重要发现。
警惕陷阱：注意排除那些以偏概全、过于笼统或偏离重点的选项。
2. 事实类说明文核心解题方法
1. 精准定位法：攻克细节与特征题：此类题型要求直接回到原文寻找答案。
题干定位：抓住题干中的关键名词（如 cats' meowing, solar still equipment）和位置信息（如 from the first paragraph），迅速锁定原文相关句。
比对筛选：将选项与原文信息进行逐字逐句的仔细比对。注意识别选项的同义转述，并排除无中生有、偷换概念或扩大/缩小范围的干扰项。
2. 逻辑延伸法：推断功能与用途：解答此类题目需要在事实基础上进行一步合理的逻辑推演。
寻找功能词：定位并勾画描述事物能力或特性的词句（如 can monitor..., is used to...）。
推导现实价值：基于其特性，思考“拥有这种能力，在现实中能解决什么问题或带来什么好处？”。例如，一个能监控牛群健康的机器人，其用途自然是“保障牛群健康”而非直接“治疗病牛”。
3. 步骤重建法：理清顺序与过程：对于涉及流程或构造的说明文，可视化方法非常有效。
勾画标志词：在阅读时，注意 first, then, next, finally 等序列信号词。
流程图解：在草稿纸上快速画出简单的步骤流程图或事物构造图。这能直观地帮你理清顺序，应对如 the last step 或 drops come from... 这类问题。
4. 语境分析法：破解词义与指代：这是阅读理解的核心微技能，绝不依赖词汇量猜测。
指代题：向前寻找该短语或代词所指代的那个具体名词或概念。答案通常就在前一句或前几句中。
词义题：紧密分析生词或短语所在的上下文，寻找定义、解释、举例、比较或对比等线索来推断其含义。
5. 核心聚焦法：概括主旨与标题：这是对全文内容的顶层概括。
主题句筛查：重点审查文章开头、结尾以及各段首句，这些地方通常包含中心思想。
综合概括：确保正确选项能够全面覆盖文章的说明对象及其最核心的特征或价值。
排除陷阱：果断排除以下选项：
以偏概全（只涉及某个细节）。
过于笼统（缺乏文章具体内容）。
偏离主旨（与文章核心说明对象无关）。
3. 新事物说明文核心解题方法
1. 定义定位法：精准把握新事物本质
首段聚焦：新事物的基本定义、核心功能或设计目标通常在文章开头（尤其是第一段）明确给出。
信号词捕捉：关注如 is designed to..., aims to..., the main function/purpose is... 等明确表达功能目的的信号词。
解题关键：准确识别并定位这些核心句，就能直接解答关于“新事物是什么”的问题。
2. 对比分析法：厘清优势与存在理由
寻找参照物：在文中明确找出被对比的“旧事物”或“传统方法”。
识别问题与优势：定位旧模式面临的 “痛点” （如 labor shortage, low efficiency）和新事物带来的 “亮点” （如 higher accuracy, cost-saving）。
解题关键：新事物的优势总是相对于旧事物的不足而存在。找到这个对比关系，就找到了答题的钥匙。
3. 过程可视法：理解应用与运作机制
勾画步骤与组件：对于涉及流程或构造的说明，在阅读时随手圈出 by using..., through..., the first step 等表示方法或顺序的词。
构建逻辑链：在脑中或草稿上简单梳理出“通过什么技术/方法 → 实现了什么功能 → 达到了何种效果”的逻辑链条。
解题关键：区分“监控”与“治疗”等不同性质的功能，确保对运作机制的理解精准到位。
4. 辩证思考法：评估局限与发展前景
主动预判：阅读时主动思考“这项新技术可能有什么缺点？”
定位批评意见：直接寻找表达疑虑、批评或指出不足的词句，通常位于介绍完新事物基本功能后的段落中，并伴有 however, some people concern..., the limitation is... 等信号词。
解题关键：认识到“局限性”是新事物说明文的常见组成部分，不必因其存在而否定新事物的整体价值。
5. 立场推断法：辨析观点与作者态度
划分阵营：在文中标记出不同人物及其观点，如“支持者”（Michael Kelsey）和“怀疑者”（Peter Bonds）。
分析论证强度：对比双方论据的说服力，并关注文章结构的安排（如先写反对意见再写支持意见，往往暗示作者倾向于后者）。
解题关键：作者的态度虽未必明说，但可通过其给予不同观点的篇幅、论证逻辑的强弱以及材料的组织方式推断出来。总体而言，介绍新事物的文章基调通常是谨慎乐观的。
考向01 研究类说明文
【例1-1】（25-26高三·山东德州·期中）
Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year.
Using blood samples from 44,498 UK Biobank volunteers aged 40-70, the team measured nearly 3,000 proteins. About fifteen percent of those proteins originate in a single organ, allowing an algorithm (算法) to assign an “organ age” to the brain, heart, kidneys and eight other systems. Participants were then followed for up to seventeen years. The results translate numbers into risks. One-third of the volunteers had at least one organ whose protein signature lay more than 1.5 standard deviations (标准差) from the age-adjusted average, a gap linked to sharply higher disease risks. Most striking was the brain. “The brain is the gatekeeper of longevity,” said senior author Tony Wyss-Coray, “If you’ve got an old brain, you have an increased likelihood of death.” An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.
Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention. Wyss-Coray envisions pairing the test with detailed lifestyle and medication records to see whether already-approved drugs can rewind the biological clock of a high-risk organ. “Today you go to the doctor because something aches,” he noted, “We’re trying to shift from sick care to health care.”
Unfortunately, the technology is currently available only for research, but Wyss-Coray has started two companies, Teal Omics and Vero Bioscience, approved by Harvard to turn the findings into commercial drug searches and a consumer test. “A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.”
1． Why are birthday cake candles mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To issue a warning. B．To draw a contrast.
C．To highlight a custom. D．To make a prediction.
2． What can we learn from the research
A．Severe brain aging increases death risk.
B．Organs age at the same rate individually.
C．Volunteers’ diets affect protein signatures.
D．Young brains ensure Alzheimer’s prevention.
3． Which practice matches the study in paragraph 3
A．Treating a heart attack when it happens.
B．Repairing functions of organs at high risk.
C．Tracking daily exercise before health checks.
D．Using brain age tests to prevent early diseases.
4． What is Wyss-Coray’s prediction mainly about
A．Potential clinical application.
B．Consumers’ possible reaction.
C．More researchers’ engagement.
D．Research technology innovation.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了哈佛医学院研究发现人体器官有“生物年龄”，且与疾病风险相关，未来或可应用于临床预防。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year.(生日蛋糕上的蜡烛标志着日历年龄，但它们却无法体现我们体内隐藏的“时钟”。哈佛医学院如今报告称，我们每个人的每个主要器官也都有一个“生物年龄”，即便同年出生的人，这些年龄也存在显著差异)”可知，生日蛋糕上的蜡烛代表日历年龄，而人体内部还有隐藏的生物年龄，两者形成对比。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，严重的脑部衰老会增加死亡风险。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention.(由于器官年龄在症状出现前几年就可以被检测出来，同样的血液检测可以指导预防)”以及第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，使用大脑年龄测试来预防早期疾病与第三段中的研究相匹配。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.”(“一个专注于大脑、心脏和免疫系统的流线型面板可以在两到三年内到达诊所，”他预测，“随着我们专注于更少的关键器官，成本将会下降。”)”可知，Wyss-Coray的预测主要是关于潜在的临床应用。故选A。
【例1-2】（25-26高三上·天津咸水沽一中&天津一百中·期中）
In our daily lives, we often hear about the benefits of exercise for our physical health. But have you ever wondered about its effect on our memory Well, a recent study from University College London has some interesting findings.
The researchers discovered that 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, along with at least six hours of sleep at night, could potentially lead to an improvement in cognitive performance the following day. This means that activities like cycling to work or going for a brisk walk in the morning might not only make you feel good for the day but also have a positive impact on your memory the next day.
Previous studies on the short-term effects of physical activity were mostly done in laboratories and focused on short time frames. However, this new study observed the real-life physical activity of 76 adults aged 50 — 83, who did not have cognitive impairment or dementia. These participants wore an accelerometer for eight days to track their sleep and physical activity. They also took simple online cognitive tests daily to measure their attention, memory, and processing speed.
The results showed that each 30-minute increase in physical activity corresponded to a 2% — 5% increase in episodic and working memory scores the next day. But when sleep data was considered, only the working memory score improvement remained significant. The study also found that more sedentary behavior was associated with a drop in working memory scores, while getting enough sleep led to better scores in episodic memory and other aspects.
Despite these findings, the study had its limitations. The participants were generally well-educated and had good health and high levels of daily physical activity, which might not represent the entire population. Also, the exact reason why exercise affects memory the next day is still unclear, as the benefits from neurotransmitters are thought to be short-lived.
In conclusion, while we still have more to learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enough sleep could be beneficial for our brain health and memory. So, let’s put on our running shoes and hit the sack early to give our brains a boost!(362)
1． What did the University College London study find
A．Any amount of exercise improves memory immediately.
B．Thirty minutes of exercise and proper sleep may enhance next-day cognitive ability.
C．Only intense exercise affects memory.
D．Sleep has no connection to memory improvement.
2． How was this study different from previous ones
A．It involved a larger number of participants. B．It focused only on the long-term effects.
C．It only studied younger people. D．It was based on real-life activity tracking.
3． What were the participants asked to do in the study
A．Exercise for a fixed time every day. B．Wear a device and do cognitive tests.
C．Change their diet drastically. D．Avoid all sedentary activities.
4． What are the limitations of the study
A．The participants were all athletes. B．It didn’t consider the role of diet.
C．The participants had specific characteristics. D．It was too expensive to conduct.
5． What is the main purpose of the last paragraph
A．To suggest practical applications of the findings. B．To criticize the study's limitations.
C．To propose directions for future research. D．To explain the physiological mechanisms.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍伦敦大学学院关于运动与睡眠对认知能力（尤其是记忆力）影响的最新研究发现、研究方式及局限性。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The researchers discovered that 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, along with at least six hours of sleep at night, could potentially lead to an improvement in cognitive performance the following day.(研究人员发现，30分钟的中高强度体育活动，加上每晚至少6小时的睡眠，可能会在第二天改善认知表现)”可知，该研究发现30分钟运动加充足睡眠可能提升次日认知能力。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Previous studies on the short-term effects of physical activity were mostly done in laboratories and focused on short time frames. However, this new study observed the real-life physical activity of 76 adults...(以往关于体育活动短期影响的研究大多在实验室进行，且聚焦于短时间范围。然而，这项新研究观察了76名成年人的真实生活中的体育活动……)”可知，新研究与以往研究的不同之处在于它基于真实生活中的活动追踪。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These participants wore an accelerometer for eight days to track their sleep and physical activity. They also took simple online cognitive tests daily...(这些参与者连续八天佩戴加速度计以追踪他们的睡眠和体育活动。他们还每天进行简单的在线认知测试……)”可知，参与者需要佩戴设备并完成认知测试。故选B项。
4．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The participants were generally well-educated and had good health and high levels of daily physical activity, which might not represent the entire population.(参与者普遍受过良好教育、身体健康且日常体育活动水平较高，这可能无法代表全体人群)”可知，该研究的局限性在于参与者具有特定特征，不具备广泛代表性。故选C项。
5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In conclusion, while we still have more to learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enough sleep could be beneficial for our brain health and memory. So, let’s put on our running shoes and hit the sack early to give our brains a boost!(总之，尽管我们还有很多东西要学，但这项研究表明，保持活跃和充足睡眠可能对我们的大脑健康和记忆力有益。所以，让我们穿上跑鞋，早点睡觉，给大脑充充电吧！)”可知，最后一段旨在将研究发现转化为实际建议，指导人们践行健康习惯。故选A项。
【变式1-1】（25-26高三上·河北·名校联考期中）
Every human being is longing for connection. From birth, social interactions shape our brain architecture, and this need becomes especially intense in adolescence — a stage when identity is forming and peer relationships hold huge weight. It’s no surprise, then, that even brief social isolation (孤独) can deeply change how teenagers think, feel, and behave. A recent study by the University of Cambridge sheds new light on just how sensitive young people are to loneliness.
The research involved 40 mentally healthy adolescents aged 16 to 19 with typical social connection levels. On two separate days, each participant spent 3-4 hours alone before completing computer tasks measuring reward-seeking motivation (e.g., reacting to social interaction images or money-earning games). The critical difference: one day, they had no social contact at all (no phones, no Internet); the other, they could use devices for virtual interaction. The results were striking: after total isolation, teens showed far stronger drive to seek rewards—staring longer at happy social scenes and excelling (胜出) more in money-earning games. Virtual socializing softened this shift, though it still caused a drop in positive mood.
This study adds nuance (细微差别) to the social media debate. While digital platforms are often blamed for rising teen loneliness, they acted as a buffer here, easing loneliness and reducing intense reward-seeking. Yet they’re no cure-all — Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore notes virtual connection brings risks like harmful content or addiction. Its value depends on context: it helps when in-person bonds are scarce but can never replace their richness.
Global teen loneliness has doubled in a decade, driven by academic pressure, changing family structures, economic instability, and more — not just social media. Loneliness ties to depression, anxiety, and even long-term cardiovascular risks.
The study’s core lesson: social interaction is a basic human need, not a luxury. For caregivers, educators, and society, creating environments where teens build genuine in-person connections is essential for healthy development. Loneliness, ultimately, is a signal — seek community. Answering that call doesn’t just ease teens’ present pain; it lays the groundwork for their lifelong well-being.
1． What difference was found between the two test days in the study
A．Teens used more devices on the day with total isolation.
B．Positive mood dropped only on the day of no social contact.
C．Total isolation led to stronger reward-seeking motivation in teens.
D．Virtual interaction made teens perform worse in money-earning games.
2． What can we infer about virtual socializing from the text
A．It has both positive effects and potential risks for teens.
B．It is the main cause of increasing teen loneliness globally.
C．It can completely replace in-person connections for teens.
D．It eliminates the need for teens to seek real-world rewards.
3． What does the author think of teens’ healthy development
A．Virtual socializing is sufficient. B．Loneliness is self-overcomable.
C．Academic pressure is the biggest barrier. D．In-person social connections are essential.
4． Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Dangers of Social Media for adolescents
B．A Study on Teenagers’ Love for Virtual Interaction
C．The Profound Impact of Loneliness on adolescents
D．How to Reduce Teenagers’ Loneliness in Digital Times
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍剑桥大学关于青少年孤独感的研究，揭示完全隔离、虚拟社交对青少年的影响及社交互动对其健康发展的重要性。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“On two separate days, each participant spent 3-4 hours alone before completing computer tasks measuring reward-seeking motivation (e.g., reacting to social interaction images or money-earning games). The critical difference: one day, they had no social contact at all (no phones, no Internet); the other, they could use devices for virtual interaction. The results were striking: after total isolation, teens showed far stronger drive to seek rewards—staring longer at happy social scenes and excelling (胜出) more in money-earning games. Virtual socializing softened this shift, though it still caused a drop in positive mood.(在两次独立实验日中，每位参与者需独处3-4小时后完成计算机任务，包括测量奖赏寻求动机（如对社交互动图像的反应或赚钱游戏）。关键差异在于：其中一天完全禁止社交接触（禁用手机和互联网）；另一天则允许通过设备进行虚拟互动。结果令人震惊：经历完全隔离后，青少年表现出更强的奖赏寻求驱动力——他们会更久地凝视快乐社交场景，在赚钱游戏中的胜出率也显著提升。虚拟社交虽能缓解这种转变，但仍会导致积极情绪下降)”可知，完全隔离与可进行虚拟社交的两天相比，完全隔离会让青少年产生更强的寻求奖励动机。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“While digital platforms are often blamed for rising teen loneliness, they acted as a buffer here, easing loneliness and reducing intense reward-seeking. Yet they’re no cure-all — Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore notes virtual connection brings risks like harmful content or addiction.(虽然数字平台经常被指责导致青少年孤独感上升，但它们在这里起到了缓冲作用，缓解了孤独感，减少了强烈的寻求奖励行为。然而，它们并非万能药——萨拉-杰恩·布莱克莫尔教授指出，虚拟连接存在有害内容或成瘾等风险)”可知，虚拟社交对青少年既有积极影响（缓解孤独），也有潜在风险（有害内容、成瘾）。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“For caregivers, educators, and society, creating environments where teens build genuine in-person connections is essential for healthy development.(对于照顾者、教育者和社会来说，创造让青少年建立真正面对面连接的环境对其健康发展至关重要)”可知，作者认为面对面社交对青少年健康发展至关重要。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Every human being is longing for connection. From birth, social interactions shape our brain architecture, and this need becomes especially intense in adolescence — a stage when identity is forming and peer relationships hold huge weight. It’s no surprise, then, that even brief social isolation (孤独) can deeply change how teenagers think, feel, and behave. A recent study by the University of Cambridge sheds new light on just how sensitive young people are to loneliness.(渴望联结是人类的本质需求。自出生起，社交互动就在塑造我们的大脑结构，这种需求在青春期变得尤为强烈——此时正值人格形成期，同伴关系举足轻重。因此，即便是短暂的社会隔离，也能深刻改变青少年的思维、情感和行为模式，这并不令人意外。剑桥大学的最新研究进一步揭示了年轻人对孤独的敏感程度)”可知，文章围绕剑桥大学关于青少年孤独的研究展开，介绍了孤独感（完全隔离）对青少年行为、情绪的影响，虚拟社交在缓解孤独感中的作用与局限，以及孤独感的危害和应对方向，核心是阐述孤独感对青少年的深远影响。所以最佳标题为“孤独感对青少年的深远影响”。故选C项。
【变式1-2】（25-26高三上·安徽·期中）
Autism (自闭症) should not be viewed as a single condition with a unified underlying cause, according to scientists who found that those diagnosed early in childhood typically have a distinct genetic profile to those diagnosed later.
“The term ‘autism’ likely describes multiple conditions,” said Dr. Varun Warrier, from Cambridge’s department of psychiatry, senior author of the research. “For the first time, we have found that earlier and later diagnosed autism have different underlying biological and developmental profiles.” While autism is defined as having challenges with social communication, sensory processing and restrictive behaviours, there is huge variability in how these difficulties present themselves between individuals. Scientists have been investigating whether subgrouping the population based on shared features or pathways could make the study of autism more manageable.
The international study, published in Nature, based on genetic data from more than 45,000 autistic people in Europe and the US, found that the underlying genetic profiles differed greatly between those diagnosed with autism earlier and later in life, with only limited overlap. It showed that the average genetic profile of later-diagnosed autism is closer to that of ADHD (a mental disease), as well as to mental health conditions such as depression and PTSD, than it is to autism diagnosed in early childhood.
Those diagnosed in early childhood, typically before six years old, were more likely to show behavioural difficulties from early childhood, including difficulty in walking fast and interpreting hand gestures, as well as problems with social interaction, but remain stable. Those diagnosed with autism later, typically after the age of 10, were more likely to experience increasing social and behavioural difficulties during adolescence and also had an increased likelihood of mental health conditions such as depression.
The scientists are not advocating a move towards two diagnostic categories, saying that this could be unhelpful for the many who fall somewhere in the middle.
Prof Uta Frith, a professor at University College London, who was not involved in the research, said,“It makes me hopeful that even more subgroups will come to light, and each will find an appropriate diagnostic label. It is time to realize that’ autism’ has become a ragbag (大杂烩) of different conditions.”
1． What is typical of autism
A．Inability to behave controllably. B．Tendency to talk too much.
C．Eagerness for public attention. D．Difficulty in relieving loneliness.
2． What does the underlined word “overlap” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Contrast. B．Commonality. C．Variation. D．Stability.
3． What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The relationship between age and autism.
B．Mental health risks in adolescents with autism.
C．Social interaction difficulties in autism patients.
D．Differences in autism features based on diagnosis age.
4． What can be inferred from Prof Uta Frith’s words
A．Autism is a consequence of mixed factors.
B．Different categories of autism have been properly labeled.
C．More diagnostic categories of autism are to be discovered.
D．The research should be improved with more detailed data.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了自闭症不应被视为单一病症，科学家发现早期和晚期诊断的自闭症患者具有不同的遗传特征。研究还发现，晚期诊断的自闭症的遗传特征更接近多动症、抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍等心理健康问题。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“While autism is defined as having challenges with social communication, sensory processing and restrictive behaviours, there is huge variability in how these difficulties present themselves between individuals.(虽然自闭症被定义为在社会交流、感觉处理和限制性行为方面存在挑战，但这些困难在个体之间的表现方式存在巨大差异。)”可知，自闭症的典型特征是无法控制行为。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据上文“The international study, published in Nature, based on genetic data from more than 45,000 autistic people in Europe and the US, found that the underlying genetic profiles differed greatly between those diagnosed with autism earlier and later in life.(这项发表在《自然》杂志上的国际研究基于欧洲和美国45000多名自闭症患者的遗传数据，发现早期和晚期诊断的自闭症患者的潜在遗传特征存在很大差异)”可知，早期和晚期诊断的自闭症患者的潜在遗传特征存在很大差异，所以共同性有限，由此可知，“overlap”在此处的意思是“共同性”。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Those diagnosed in early childhood, typically before six years old, were more likely to show behavioural difficulties from early childhood, including difficulty in walking fast and interpreting hand gestures, as well as problems with social interaction, but remain stable. Those diagnosed with autism later, typically after the age of 10, were more likely to experience increasing social and behavioural difficulties during adolescence and also had an increased likelihood of mental health conditions such as depression.(幼儿期（通常为6岁前）被确诊的患者，更可能从童年早期就表现出行为障碍，包括快走困难、手势理解障碍以及社交互动问题，但症状会保持稳定。10岁后（通常为10岁以上）被确诊自闭症的患者，更可能在青春期出现日益严重的社交和行为障碍，且患上抑郁症等心理健康疾病的概率也更高。)”可知，第四段主要讲的是根据诊断年龄划分的自闭症特征差异。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Prof Uta Frith, a professor at University College London, who was not involved in the research, said, “It makes me hopeful that even more subgroups will come to light, and each will find an appropriate diagnostic label. It is time to realize that’ autism’ has become a ragbag (大杂烩) of different conditions.”(伦敦大学学院教授乌塔 弗里斯（未参与该研究）表示：“这让我满怀希望——未来会有更多亚组被发现，且每个亚组都能获得合适的诊断标签。现在是时候意识到，‘自闭症’已经成了包含多种不同病症的大杂烩。”)”可知，Uta Frith教授认为自闭症已经成为不同病症的大杂烩，所以将会发现更多的自闭症诊断类别。故选C。
考向02 事实类说明文
【例2-1】（25-26高三·山东省实验中学·期中）
What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could. Different from the exchange-based relationship, real-life experiences with these situations might be the opposite: These are the times when many people are most likely to support their friends.
A recent research backs this up. “When surveyed about what they want in a friend, people didn’t place a high value on paying back any debts — something highly valued from a social exchange perspective”. “Instead, they considered other traits — such as loyalty, reliability and being there in times of need — to be much more important”, Charlie Kirk, leader of the investigation added. The essence of friendship may be what is called risk-pooling where our ancient ancestors support each other to survive life challenges.
According to the survey by The Human Generosity Project, a cross-disciplinary research collaboration, this kind of friendship can still be found across societies, from “kere kere” in Fiji to “tomor marang” among the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native group in Kenya and Tanzania who rely on cattle herds to make their living, cultivate friends who help them when they are in need, with no expectation about paying each other back. Just like the “neighboring” network rooted in southern Arizona and New Mexico, farmers help their neighbors with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury or illness.
“What all these findings suggest is that friendship is less about the exchange of favors and more about being there for each other when unforeseeable disaster strikes. Friendship seems more like an insurance plan designed to kick in when you need it most rather than a system of balanced exchange”, says Charlie.
In a world of growing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pooling friendships and striving to be a good partner yourself may help you build resilience. Our ancestors survived with the help of this kind of relationship; our future may depend on them too.
1． How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A．By defining a concept. B．By making a comparison.
C．By analyzing reasons. D．By giving examples.
2． Which may be valued according to social exchange theory
A．A good grasp of maths. B．A timely period of company.
C．Balanced cost and benefit. D．Distinguished survival skills.
3． What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The cases of risk-pooling friendship. B．The reasons for risk-pooling friendship.
C．The mechanism of exchange-based friendship. D．The possible logic of exchange-based relationship.
4． What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Kirk’s research findings
A．Dismissive. B．Approving. C．Neutral. D．Doubtful.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出社会交换理论与现实友谊相悖，研究表明友谊核心是风险共担而非利益交换，且这种友谊普遍存在，对当下和未来都很重要。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could. Different from the exchange-based relationship, real-life experiences with these situations might be the opposite: These are the times when many people are most likely to support their friends.(倘若你的朋友正身处家庭中的生死攸关的困境之中，那么社会交换理论会指出，你最好放弃与他们保持联系，因为他们给你的益处远远没有达到应有的水平。与基于交换的关系不同，与这类情况的实际接触可能会呈现出相反的情况：在这些关键时刻，许多人最有可能支持自己的朋友)”可知，作者在第一段通过比较提出这个问题。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第一段“What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could.(如果你的朋友正遭遇家庭中的生死危机，社会交换理论会建议你疏远他们，因为他们无法再为你提供以往那样多的益处)”可知，根据社会交换理论，成本与收益的平衡可以被评估。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“According to the survey by The Human Generosity Project, a cross-disciplinary research collaboration, this kind of friendship can still be found across societies, from “kere kere” in Fiji to “tomor marang” among the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native group in Kenya and Tanzania who rely on cattle herds to make their living, cultivate friends who help them when they are in need, with no expectation about paying each other back. Just like the “neighboring” network rooted in southern Arizona and New Mexico, farmers help their neighbors with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury or illness.(根据“人类慷慨度项目”（一项跨学科研究合作项目）的调查，这种友谊在不同社会中依然存在，从斐济的“克雷克雷”到乌干达伊克人的“托莫尔马朗”都属于此类。同样，肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的马赛族人依靠牛群为生，他们也会结交能在自己需要时提供帮助的朋友，而且彼此之间并不期望回报。就像扎根于亚利桑那州南部和新墨西哥州的“邻里”网络一样，农民们会在面对诸如意外、受伤或疾病等不可预测的挑战时帮助他们的邻居)”可知，第三段主要讲了风险共担型友谊案例。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a world of growing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pooling friendships and striving to be a good partner yourself may help you build resilience. Our ancestors survived with the help of this kind of relationship; our future may depend on them too.(在这样一个充满不确定性的世界里，培养能够共担风险的友谊，并努力成为一位优秀的伴侣，或许能帮助你增强适应能力。我们的先辈正是依靠这种关系才得以生存下来；而我们的未来或许也取决于这种关系)”可知，作者对查理·柯克的研究成果持赞成态度。故选B。
【例2-2】（25-26高三上·河北秦皇岛山海关一中·月考）
My grandmother was an extraordinary woman who single-handedly raised three children while working multiple jobs and volunteering in her community. I loved her for her warm heart and belief in nature. But there’s one particular thing that I didn’t see eye-to-eye with her: her firm belief that everything used to be much better. My grandmother criticized everything from modern food options to modern equipment like computers. Once, she threw out a calculator because she thought it unnecessary.
This worldview is a classic example of “declinism”, a pessimistic thinking bias leading people to believe that things are constantly getting worse over time. It reflects an overly negative view of the current situation, and usually goes hand in hand with tendencies to romanticize the past. Individuals with declinist views often recall positive memories of the past while overlooking negative ones.
Negative news reporting often triggers (引起) declinism. Alarmist news stories of war, disaster, and suffering frequently occupy TV and newspaper headlines because they’re effective in grabbing attention. With hopelessness occupying each title page, it’s hardly surprising if people assume that things are going downhill. Once the seed of declinism is planted, the notion is difficult to shake off. Confirmation bias can perpetuate the negative worldview because people seek out information to confirm their ideas.
Declinism plays into humans’ rooted fear of change. Sticking with what’s known is easy. Doing things “the way we’ve always done them” provides comfort in an uncertain world. Declinism may even have evolutionary advantages. Pessimistic worrying about the world’s decline may motivate us to get prepared and minimize personal risks.
To deal with declinism, factual, statistical information might go a long way. Providing objective facts about current levels of crime, poverty, and suffering compared to past data can challenge negative worldviews. One possibility could be to use the power of AI to provide relevant information and tailor it to address particular concerns, supported by recent research that found chatbot (聊天机器人) dialogues to be effective for tackling misperceptions.
1． What does the author’s grandmother think of modern conveniences
A．They are odd. B．They are nonsense.
C．They are vital. D．They are convenient.
2． What does the underlined word “perpetuate” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Carry on. B．Work out. C．Make up. D．Turn up.
3． What is paragraph 4 about
A．What is the result of declinism B．How does declinism shape thinking
C．Who does declinism affect most D．Why is declinism so persuasive
4． What’s the best title for the text
A．Overcoming Declinism: Turning to AI
B．Embrace Change: Dealing with Declinism
C．The Past and Present: A Comparative Angle
D．The Power of Memory: Remembering Old Days
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍衰落主义的含义、成因及应对方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“My grandmother criticized everything from modern food options to modern equipment like computers. Once, she threw out a calculator because she thought it unnecessary.(我的祖母批评从现代食物选择到电脑等现代设备的一切。有一次，她扔掉了一个计算器，因为她觉得没必要。)”可知，祖母认为现代便利设施是没必要的，毫无意义。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Once the seed of declinism is planted, the notion is difficult to shake off. Confirmation bias can perpetuate the negative worldview because people seek out information to confirm their ideas.(一旦衰落主义的种子被种下，这种观念就很难摆脱。证实偏差会perpetuate这种消极的世界观，因为人们会寻求信息来证实他们的想法。)”可知，因为人们会寻求信息来证实他们的想法，所以证实偏差会让这种消极的世界观一直持续下去，所以perpetuate意为“持续，延续”。故选A。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Declinism plays into humans’ rooted fear of change. Sticking with what’s known is easy. Doing things “the way we’ve always done them” provides comfort in an uncertain world. Declinism may even have evolutionary advantages. Pessimistic worrying about the world’s decline may motivate us to get prepared and minimize personal risks.(衰落主义迎合了人类对变化的根深蒂固的恐惧。坚持已知的很容易。在不确定的世界里，“按照我们一直以来的方式”做事会带来安慰。衰落主义甚至可能具有进化优势。对世界衰落的悲观担忧可能会激励我们做好准备，将个人风险降到最低。)”可知，本段主要讲的是衰落主义为什么如此有说服力。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“To deal with declinism, factual, statistical information might go a long way. Providing objective facts about current levels of crime, poverty, and suffering compared to past data can challenge negative worldviews. One possibility could be to use the power of AI to provide relevant information and tailor it to address particular concerns, supported by recent research that found chatbot (聊天机器人) dialogues to be effective for tackling misperceptions.(为了应对衰落主义，事实和统计数据可能会大有帮助。提供关于当前犯罪、贫困和苦难水平的客观事实，并与过去的数据进行比较，可以挑战消极的世界观。一种可能性是利用人工智能的力量提供相关信息，并根据特定需求进行调整，最近的研究发现聊天机器人对话对于解决误解是有效的。)”可知，本文主要讲述了衰落主义这一悲观思维偏差，并提出了应对方法，即接受变化，应对衰落主义。所以B选项“Embrace Change: Dealing with Declinism(接受变化：应对衰落主义)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
【变式2-1】（25-26高三·云南昆明一中·第三次联考）
If you are a perfectionist, you are probably familiar with the feeling of wanting to get everything right. You may struggle with handing in impressive papers, stress over joint projects, and even worry about insignificant errors from the past.
High standards are one thing, but perfectionism is quite another. Perfectionists hold themselves to unrealistically high standards and become self-critical if they believe they fail to meet these standards. Perfectionists are also likely to feel shame if they experience failures, which often leads them to avoid situations where they are anxious they might fail.
Although people see the pursuit of excellence as a good thing, on the extreme end, it might do harm. Researchers have found that perfectionism is associated with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. Besides, people who are more strongly identified with perfectionist qualities have reported higher levels of overall psychological unease.
Giving up on perfection doesn’t mean being less successful. In fact, because mistakes are an essential part of learning and growing, accepting imperfection can actually help people in the long run.
One possible alternative to perfectionism involves developing a growth mindset. Unlike those with fixed mindsets, who see their skill levels as unchangeable, those with growth mindsets believe they can improve their abilities by learning from their mistakes. Parents can help their children develop healthier attitudes toward failure: praise their children for making an effort even if their results are imperfect, and help the children learn to persevere (坚持) when mistakes happen.
Another potential alternative is to develop self-sympathy. Think about how you would respond to a friend if he has made a major mistake. Odds are, you’d probably respond with kindness and understanding, knowing that your friend meant well. The idea behind self-sympathy is that we should treat ourselves kindly and avoid being consumed by negative emotions.
After all, it’s possible to make peace with perfectionism and develop a healthier way of setting goals for yourself.
1． What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A．The features of perfectionists. B．The standards of perfectionism.
C．The situations of perfectionism. D．The experiences of perfectionists.
2． What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．The pursuit of excellence does harm to people. B．Perfectionism may worsen mental health states.
C．The perfectionist qualities are easy to identify. D．A high level of unease signals a stable mindset.
3． What sets growth and fixed mindsets apart
A．How to change attitudes. B．How to evaluate children.
C．How to improve abilities. D．How to perceive mistakes.
4． How can one develop self-sympathy
A．By accepting oneself after failures. B．By avoiding making major mistakes.
C．By responding to friends with care. D．By understanding negative emotions.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了完美主义的特点、其可能带来的危害，以及摆脱完美主义的两种替代方式——培养成长型思维和自我同情。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Perfectionists hold themselves to unrealistically high standards and become self-critical if they believe they fail to meet these standards. Perfectionists are also likely to feel shame if they experience failures, which often leads them to avoid situations where they are anxious they might fail. (完美主义者给自己设定了不切实际的高标准，如果他们认为自己没有达到这些标准，就会自我批评。完美主义者在经历失败时也可能感到羞耻，这通常会让他们避免担心自己可能会失败的情况)”可知，第二段主要讲述了完美主义者的特征。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Researchers have found that perfectionism is associated with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. Besides, people who are more strongly identified with perfectionist qualities have reported higher levels of overall psychological unease. (研究人员发现，完美主义与抑郁、焦虑和饮食失调有关。此外，那些更强烈认同完美主义特质的人表示自己整体心理不安的程度更高)”可推知，完美主义可能会使心理健康状况恶化。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Unlike those with fixed mindsets, who see their skill levels as unchangeable, those with growth mindsets believe they can improve their abilities by learning from their mistakes. (与那些认为自己的技能水平不可改变的固定型思维模式的人不同，成长型思维模式的人认为他们可以通过从错误中学习来提高自己的能力)”可知，成长型思维和固定型思维的区别在于如何看待错误。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据第六段“Think about how you would respond to a friend if he has made a major mistake. Odds are, you’d probably respond with kindness and understanding, knowing that your friend meant well. The idea behind self-sympathy is that we should treat ourselves kindly and avoid being consumed by negative emotions. (想想如果你的朋友犯了大错，你会如何回应他。你很可能会以善意和理解回应，因为你知道你的朋友是出于好意。自我同情背后的理念是，我们应该善待自己，避免被负面情绪所吞噬)”可知，培养自我同情的方式是像对待朋友一样善待自己，在犯错时以善良和理解回应自己，避免被负面情绪消耗，这本质上是在失败后接受自己。故选A项。
【变式2-2】（24-25高三·广东肇庆·一模）
Nowadays, many Chinese tourists are so troubled by holiday crowds that seeking out unheralded (冷门的) destinations has become a trend known as “reverse travel”. Aside from providing people with better travel experiences with fewer crowds, reverse travel also meets their need for novelty and uniqueness.
A key driver of travelers heading to lesser-known cities is cost. While the Labor Day holiday saw record numbers of domestic travelers, average spending per person remained below pre-pandemic levels according to a report. Hotels in lesser-known cities can be five times cheaper than in Beijing or Shanghai.
The reverse travel trend has seen surging bookings in smaller cities, driven mostly by young people escaping the crowds on Shanghai’s Nanjing Road or in Beijing’s Forbidden City. Wang Xinyu is one of them. During the Labor Day holiday, she left for Weihai, a less famous city for traveling. “Not only can I experience the local way of life by wandering through a park or exploring a market, but the hotel here also costs only a third of the price of Nanjing’s downtown hotels — it’s much more cost-effective,” says Wang.
However, escaping large popular cities doesn’t guarantee better experiences. The recent virality of niche (小众的) travel spots has revealed formerly hidden gems (宝石) to more travelers, but many small towns and rural areas aren’t well equipped to handle the new tourist influx. Handan, a city of 9 million in Hebei Province, suffered overcrowding during the Labor Day holiday when it was listed as the seventh most popular “niche” travel spot by social media. Those who come with high hopes of idyllic (田园风的) breaks often instead find limited public transport, entertainment facilities, and charm. Some even report boredom.
No destination or time is perfect. Either visitors see famous sites and face the crowds, or head off the beaten track and endure worse accommodation and transport options. “With the crazy amount of people traveling now, you have to let go of something if you want some peace and quiet,” says Mr. Zhai, a tourism researcher from Beijing.
1． Why does the author mention Wang Xinyu’s traveling experience
A．To explain how to choose hotels. B．To introduce Weihai’s scenic spots.
C．To present reverse travel’s advantages. D．To prove young people love traveling.
2． What might have caused unpleasant reverse traveling experiences
A．Low budget way of traveling. B．Higher hotel costs during holidays.
C．Overcrowding in famous destinations. D．Inadequate facilities in small destinations.
3． What might be Mr. Zhai’s attitude to traveling
A．Travelers prefer unheralded spots. B．Travelers need to think carefully.
C．Traditional tours are in decline. D．Reverse travel is a new trend.
4． What would be a suitable title for the text
A．Reverse Travel: Trends and Troubles B．Cost-effective Holidays Gain Popularity
C．Holiday Crowds Trouble Chinese Tourists D．Famous Attractions VS Small Destinations
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“反向旅行”这一新兴旅游趋势，包括其背后的原因、优势以及可能带来的问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Wang Xinyu is one of them. During the Labor Day holiday, she left for Weihai, a less famous city for traveling. “Not only can I experience the local way of life by wandering through a park or exploring a market, but the hotel here also costs only a third of the price of Nanjing’s downtown hotels — it’s much more cost-effective,” says Wang. (王馨宇就是其中之一。劳动节假期期间，她去了威海，一个不太有名的旅游城市。王馨宇说：“我不仅可以通过在公园漫步或逛市场来体验当地的生活方式，而且这里的酒店价格也只有南京市区酒店价格的三分之一——这要划算得多。”)”可知，王馨宇的旅行经历展示了反向旅行的好处，即能体验当地生活方式且费用较低。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, escaping large popular cities doesn’t guarantee better experiences. The recent virality of niche travel spots has revealed formerly hidden gems to more travelers, but many small towns and rural areas aren’t well equipped to handle the new tourist influx. (然而，逃离大型热门城市并不能保证有更好的体验。最近小众旅游景点的流行向更多的旅行者揭示了以前隐藏的宝石，但许多小镇和农村地区并没有很好的设施来应对新的游客涌入。)”可知，小型旅游目的地的设施不足可能导致不愉快的反向旅行体验。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“No destination or time is perfect. Either visitors see famous sites and face the crowds, or head off the beaten track and endure worse accommodation and transport options. “With the crazy amount of people traveling now, you have to let go of something if you want some peace and quiet,” says Mr. Zhai, a tourism researcher from Beijing. (没有完美的目的地或时间。游客要么去看著名的景点，面对人群，要么走不寻常的路，忍受更差的住宿和交通选择。北京的一位旅游研究员翟先生说：“现在旅行的人太多了，如果你想要一些宁静，你就必须放弃一些东西。”)”可知，翟先生认为旅行者需要仔细考虑，权衡利弊，做出选择。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, many Chinese tourists are so troubled by holiday crowds that seeking out unheralded destinations has become a trend known as “reverse travel”. (如今，许多中国游客被假日人群所困扰，以至于寻找鲜为人知的目的地已成为一种被称为“反向旅行”的趋势。)”和最后一段“No destination or time is perfect. (没有完美的目的地或时间。)”以及文章中间部分介绍了反向旅行的优势和可能带来的问题可知，这篇文章主要讨论了反向旅行的趋势及其带来的麻烦，所以选项A：“反向旅游：趋势与问题”适合作为文章标题。故选A。
考向03 新事物说明文
【例3-1】（25-26高三·江西上进联考·阶段检测）
Exercising has many health benefits. Soon, it could help lower your electricity bill! Instead of spending hours charging your wearable devices, scientists from the United Kingdom have developed a nano device that generates electricity from running energy.
The flexible nanogenerator (纳米发电机), which turns some mechanical energy into electricity, could become as useful in creating clean energy as solar cells. A study published in Nano Energy showed it produces 1,000 milliwatts of power — a 140-fold increase over traditional 10-milliwatt nanogenerators.
“What’s really exciting is that our little device with high energy harvesting efficiency could one day rival the power of solar panels and could be used to run anything from self-powered sensors to smart home systems that run without ever needing a battery change,” explains Md Delowar Hussain, a researcher at the University of Surrey and lead author of the study.
Researchers have created a new nanogenerator that collects and turns the energy from everyday movements into electricity. It uses materials that become electrically charged when in contact. Think of how rubbing a balloon on someone’s hair makes it stick to each other because of static electricity (静电). Instead of one electrode (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay of workers who shift mechanical energy, like running, into electricity. Each electrode collects a charge and then passes it on to the next electrode. The accumulating charge creates more energy in a process known as the charge regeneration effect.
Hussain says the ultimate goal is to use these nanogenerators to capture and use energy from everyday movements, like your morning run, mechanical vibrations, ocean waves, or opening a door. “The key innovation with our nanogenerator is that we’ve enhanced the technology with 34 tiny energy collectors using a laser technique that can be scaled up for manufacture to increase energy efficiency further.” Hussain says.
For now, the researchers are working on launching a company that uses nanogenerators like the one in the study to create self-powered, harmless healthcare sensors. These devices could then expand to other sections of health technology.
1． What does the underlined word “rival” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Absorb. B．Balance. C．Reflect. D．Match.
2． What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．How the nanogenerator works. B．Why the device needs electrodes.
C．When static electricity works in balloons. D．What the charge regeneration effect is.
3． What’s the feature of nanogenerator
A．It requires daily battery replacement. B．It mainly captures energy from sports.
C．It adopts efficiency-boosting technology. D．It is too expensive for mass production.
4． What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To advertise a fitness product. B．To introduce a novel generator.
C．To show how to generate electricity. D．To explain the benefits of exercise.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型纳米发电机，它能将日常运动的能量收集并转化为电能，并有望在效率和功率上媲美太阳能电池板。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词前的“What’s really exciting is that our little device with high energy harvesting efficiency...(真正令人兴奋的是，我们这种能量收集效率很高的小型设备……)”及后面的“could be used to run anything from self-powered sensors to smart home systems that run without ever needing a battery change(可以用来运行任何东西，从自供电传感器到智能家居系统，而不需要更换电池)”可知， 前文提到该纳米发电机“能量收集效率高”，后文补充其可用于驱动自供电传感器、不需要换电池的智能家居系统等，说明该纳米发电机将来有望媲美太阳能板。故可推知rival意为“与……相匹敌，比得上”。 故选D。
2．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Researchers have created a new nanogenerator that collects and turns the energy from everyday movements into electricity. It uses materials that become electrically charged when in contact.(研究人员创造了一种新的纳米发电机，它可以收集日常运动产生的能量并将其转化为电能。它使用的材料在接触时会带电)”及“Instead of one electrode (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay of workers who shift mechanical energy, like running, into electricity. (新的设备不是由一个电极单独传递能量，而是有一组“接力工人”将机械能（如跑步）转化为电能)”可知，本段主要解释了纳米发电机的工作原理。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The key innovation with our nanogenerator is that we’ve enhanced the technology with 34 tiny energy collectors using a laser technique that can be scaled up for manufacture to increase energy efficiency further. (我们的纳米发电机的关键创新在于，我们使用一种可扩大生产规模的激光技术，集成了34个微型能量收集器，从而进一步提高了能源效率)”可知，这种纳米发电机的特点是采用了能提高效率的技术。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段“scientists from the United Kingdom have developed a nano device that generates electricity from running energy(来自英国的科学家已经开发出一种纳米装置，可以通过运行的能量发电)”引出话题，接着第三段“What’s really exciting is that our little device with high energy harvesting efficiency could one day...(真正令人兴奋的是，我们这个能量收集效率很高的小设备有一天可能……)”介绍了新型纳米发电机的发展前景；第四段“It uses materials that become electrically charged when in contact. Think of how rubbing a balloon on someone’s hair makes it stick to each other because of static electricity (静电). Instead of one electrode (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay of workers who shift mechanical energy, like running, into electricity.(它使用的材料在接触时会带电。想象一下，在某人的头发上摩擦气球是如何因为静电而粘在一起的。这种新设备不是由一个电极自己传递能量，而是有一组“接力工人”将机械能（如跑步）转化为电能)”介绍其工作原理；第五段“The key innovation with our nanogenerator is that...(我们的纳米发电机的关键创新在于……)”介绍其创新技术特点。由此可知，全文核心是向读者介绍这种新颖的发电机。故选B。
【例3-2】（25-26高三上·四川绵阳三台中学·月考）
As bird numbers fall worldwide, scientists are using algorithm (算法)-powered apps to gather data about bird species.
One such example is the owl project, where researchers placed more than 1,600 recorders to track where the endangered species spends its time. But that’s a lot for a human to sort through. “There’s no way we can listen to that— not even close, right ” says Connor Wood, a researcher leading the owl project. “We need flexible tools to identify as many bird species as possible.”
In 2016, Connor Wood approached Stefan Kahl, a computer scientist at Chemnitz University, to help create an algorithm that processes bird sounds recorded in the wild. Two years later, the team launched the official BirdNET app, which allows people to upload their own recordings from various devices. The app converts a bird’s song into an image of soundwaves known as spectrogram (声谱图). Then, the image is fed into the app’s algorithm which can accurately show the unique frequency changes, timing, and amplitude (振幅) of a particular call. “These patterns that the algorithms find are much more subtle and fine-grained than what any human could do,” says Kahl.
It turns out this team actually can process this flood of data—they just need a little help from BirdNET, an AI-powered system that can identify more than 6,000 species of birds just by their calls. Wood and his team recently used BirdNET to create the first ecosystem-wide assessment of spotted owl populations across the Sierra Nevada. This information shows owl population trends that can boost restoration and conservation efforts.
Over the past decade, several apps have popped up that use AI to identify different bird sounds. However, like most AI-based technology, these apps aren’t without limitations. In 2023, ecologist Pérez-Granados found that BirdNET didn’t always register a bird’s song, and sometimes misidentified it as another species.
There are some ways to lessen these risks, including accounting for uncertainty using statistical models or manually going through identifications to double check data. For a 2022 study, Wood and his team assessed the accuracy of BirdNET submissions, and found their data could successfully reproduce the known migratory routes of several North American and European birds. And more research shows AI can identify bird behaviors and distribution, which is critical题型08 阅读理解说明文
题型简介
在高考英语的语境下，说明文是一种以解释、阐述为主要目的的文体。它的核心功能是“告知”，而非“讲述故事”（记叙文）或“论证观点”（议论文）。简单来说，说明文就是用来传递知识、解释现象、阐述事物工作原理或介绍某种事物的文章。
主要特点：客观性与准确性：文章通常基于事实和信息，语言客观，力求准确，较少掺杂作者的个人情感或主观意见。逻辑性与条理性：文章结构清晰，层次分明。常使用时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（如从因到果、从现象到本质、从整体到部分等）来组织内容。
主题明确：一篇文章通常围绕一个核心主题或几个密切相关的方面展开。
方法多样：为了把复杂的事物说清楚，作者会运用多种说明方法，例如：下定义：明确解释一个概念是什么。举例子：用具体实例来使说明更生动、易懂。列数据：使用数字、统计数据来增强说服力和精确性。作比较：将陌生事物与熟悉事物进行比较，突出其特点。分类别：将事物分成不同类别，分别说明。
常见话题：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文题材非常广泛，常涉及：科普知识：如黑洞、人工智能、基因编辑、气候变化等。社会文化：如不同国家的节日习俗、社交礼仪、社会现象分析等。新技术/新发明：介绍某项新技术的原理、应用或影响。健康与生活：如睡眠的重要性、健康饮食的建议、某种疾病的成因等。动植物研究：介绍某种动植物的独特习性、生存环境等。
设题类型&命题方式
考向1 研究类说明文
研究类说明文通常遵循一个清晰的叙事结构：为何研究 → 如何研究 → 有何发现 → 意义何在。高考命题也紧密围绕这个结构展开。
1. 研究背景与目的：考查“推理判断”：这类题目不直接询问文章中的事实，而是考查你对研究起因和动机的深层理解。
典型问法：What is the author's purpose in writing this passage (作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？)/What prompted the research (是什么促成了这项研究？)
解题关键：答案通常不会明说。你需要根据文章开头描述的某种现象、一个未解决的问题或一个现有理论的困境，来推断出研究者开展此项工作的背景和初衷。
2. 研究过程与方法：考查“细节理解”与“词义猜测”：这部分聚焦于研究的具体操作和执行层面，是细节题的高发区。
典型问法：How did the researchers carry out their study (研究人员是如何开展研究的？)/What is the function of the underlined word "methodology" (划线词“methodology”的功能是什么？)
解题关键：你需要准确定位并理解关于研究对象、实验设计、使用工具、操作步骤等具体信息。同时，一些表示研究方法和步骤的专业术语可能会通过“词义猜测题”来考查，需要根据上下文（如下定义、举例子）来推断其含义。
3. 研究数据与发现：考查“细节理解”与“推理判断”：这是文章的核心，命题会直接考查研究的直接结果和初步发现。
典型问法：What did the study find (研究发现了什么？)
解题关键：精准定位描述研究结果和数据的关键句。注意区分哪些是本研究“发现”的事实，哪些是基于事实的“进一步推断”。
4. 研究结论与主旨：考查“主旨大意”：这是研究的最终产出，即研究者对整个工作的总结性论断。
典型问法：What is the main idea of the passage (文章的主旨是什么？)/What is the best title for the passage (文章的最佳标题是什么？)
解题关键：研究的“结论”往往就是文章的“主旨”。你需要超越具体细节，抓住研究者最终得出的核心观点、理论突破或对现象的根本性解释。结论通常出现在文章的结尾部分。
5. 研究意义与展望：考查“推理判断”：这类题目考查你对研究价值和应用前景的理解，是最高层次的思考。
典型问法：What is the significance of the research (这项研究的意义是什么？)/What can we learn from the passage (我们可以从文章中学到什么？)
解题关键：答案通常隐含在文中。你需要根据研究的结论，推断其在现实生活中的应用、对未来研究的启发或对社会/科学领域的潜在影响。
考向2 事实类说明文
1. 特征与细节辨析：这是最基础的题型，直接考查对文章中事物特征、属性、构成部分等具体信息的捕捉与理解。解题的关键在于精准定位，并注意选项与原文在表达上的同义转换。
常见问法：What can be learned about cats’ meowing from the first paragraph / What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph
考查本质：确认考生是否准确获取了文本直接陈述的、支撑事物说明的关键事实。
2. 功能与用途推断：此类题目要求考生基于事物的描述，推断其实际作用、应用场景或带来的影响。这需要将事物的特征与其在现实世界中的价值联系起来。
常见问法：What is the main use of... / What would be the positive effect of... / How does a pet cat assess different situations
考查本质：考查从“是什么”到“有什么用”的思维跨越，需要结合文本信息进行合理的逻辑延伸。
3. 理清步骤与顺序：对于介绍过程、方法或构造的事物，题目会聚焦于对操作流程或事件发展环节的理解。
常见问法：What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still / When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from
考查本质：考查对时间顺序、空间顺序或程序逻辑的把握，要求能厘清各个环节的先后与关联。
4. 理解词义与指代：要求考生根据上下文线索，推断出生词、短语或代词的具体含义。
常见问法：Which best explains the phrase “xxx” in paragraph 3 （词义猜测）
What does the underlined phrase “xxx” in paragraph 2 refer to （指代关系）
考查本质：考查利用语境理解特定语言单位真实含义的能力，而非依赖词汇量。
5. 概括主旨与标题 此类题目为最高层次的概括，要求基于对全文的深入理解，提炼核心内容，为文章选择最贴切的标题。
常见问法：What is a suitable title for the text
考查本质：考查对文章整体说明对象及其核心特征的综合概括能力，需排除片面、笼统或偏离主题的观点。
考向3 新事物说明文
1. 识别新事物的定义与核心特征：这类题目要求准确理解文章中介绍的新事物究竟是什么，包括其基本定义、形态或最主要的功能。
常见问法：What is the new robot in the first paragraph designed to do /What is the main function of the device mentioned in the text
考查本质：考查对文章核心说明对象的把握，答案通常出现在文章开头部分。
2. 分析新事物的优势与存在理由：这类题目聚焦新事物相较于旧有方式的优越性，即其产生的必要性、解决的问题或带来的积极变化。
常见问法：What problem does the robot aim to solve /What is the advantage of the new method compared to the traditional one
考查本质：考查对新旧对比和因果逻辑的理解，需要明确新事物针对的“痛点”及其带来的效率提升、成本降低等具体优势。
3. 理解新事物的应用与运作机制：此类题目深入考查新事物如何运作，可能涉及工作原理、关键技术、应用场景或具体步骤。
常见问法：How does the robot monitor the health of cattle /According to the passage, how does the new system work
考查本质：考查对过程、机制等细节信息的捕捉与理解，需要梳理文章中对技术原理或操作流程的描述。
4. 评估新事物的局限与发展前景：题目会关注新事物当前存在的不足、面临的争议或未来的发展潜力。这对应你提到的“新事物目前有什么局限性需要日后不断改进”。
常见问法：What is the limitation of the robot mentioned in the passage /What is some people's concern about the new invention
考查本质：考查批判性思维和辩证看待事物的能力，需要识别文中关于缺陷、挑战或不同看法的信息。
5. 辨析不同观点与作者态度
这类题目要求辨别文中不同人物（如支持者、怀疑者）对新事物的态度，并推断作者的隐含立场。
常见问法：What is Peter Bonds' attitude towards the robot /What does Michael Kelsey think about the robot
考查本质：考查推理判断和综合理解能力。作者态度虽未必明说，但常通过材料编排（如先抑后扬）或支持者论据的强度来体现。
解题思路
1. 研究类说明文核心解题方法
1. 结构预判法：快速把握文章脉络：在开始阅读前，先在心理上预设文章会遵循 “背景→过程→发现→结论→意义” 的基本结构。带着这个“地图”去阅读，能帮你：
快速将具体内容归位，理解其在不同部分的作用。
当题目考查特定环节时（如研究目的、研究方法），能迅速定位到原文的相应部分。
2. 首尾定位法：锁定研究目的与核心结论
研究目的：通常出现在文章开头部分。关注作者为了引出研究而描述的现象、提出的问题或指出的现有知识的空白。这些内容直接揭示了“为何研究”。
核心结论：通常位于文章结尾部分。研究的最终结论往往是全文主旨的体现，也是解答主旨大意题的关键。
3. 细节锚定法：精准捕捉研究过程与发现：研究过程与发现是细节题的高发区。解题时务必：
精准定位：根据题目关键词（如研究方法名称、特定数据等）回到原文找到对应句子。
仔细比对：将选项与原文进行细致对比，注意选项是否在范围、程度、因果关系上对原文进行了偷换或曲解。
4. 语境释义法：攻克术语与词义猜测：研究中不可避免会出现专业术语或生词。遇到时：
寻找上下文线索：密切关注该词前后的定义、解释、举例或对比关系。
利用逻辑关系：通过分析句子内部的因果、转折、并列等逻辑关系来推断词义。
5. 逻辑推理法：推断研究意义与作者意图：对于研究意义、影响或作者写作目的等推断题：
基于结论，合理推演：答案不会明说，需要你基于研究的最终结论，向前推演一步，思考其“所以然”——即这项发现可能如何应用、对现有认知或实践会产生什么影响。
辨别观点与事实：严格区分文中客观陈述的“研究发现”（事实）和作者或他人基于事实发表的“评论与看法”（观点），这对推理至关重要。
6. 主旨提炼法：概括研究核心：为文章选择最佳标题或概括主旨时：
覆盖全局：正确选项必须能涵盖研究的整体内容，而不仅仅是某个细节。
突出核心：标题应精准指向研究的核心对象与最重要发现。
警惕陷阱：注意排除那些以偏概全、过于笼统或偏离重点的选项。
2. 事实类说明文核心解题方法
1. 精准定位法：攻克细节与特征题：此类题型要求直接回到原文寻找答案。
题干定位：抓住题干中的关键名词（如 cats' meowing, solar still equipment）和位置信息（如 from the first paragraph），迅速锁定原文相关句。
比对筛选：将选项与原文信息进行逐字逐句的仔细比对。注意识别选项的同义转述，并排除无中生有、偷换概念或扩大/缩小范围的干扰项。
2. 逻辑延伸法：推断功能与用途：解答此类题目需要在事实基础上进行一步合理的逻辑推演。
寻找功能词：定位并勾画描述事物能力或特性的词句（如 can monitor..., is used to...）。
推导现实价值：基于其特性，思考“拥有这种能力，在现实中能解决什么问题或带来什么好处？”。例如，一个能监控牛群健康的机器人，其用途自然是“保障牛群健康”而非直接“治疗病牛”。
3. 步骤重建法：理清顺序与过程：对于涉及流程或构造的说明文，可视化方法非常有效。
勾画标志词：在阅读时，注意 first, then, next, finally 等序列信号词。
流程图解：在草稿纸上快速画出简单的步骤流程图或事物构造图。这能直观地帮你理清顺序，应对如 the last step 或 drops come from... 这类问题。
4. 语境分析法：破解词义与指代：这是阅读理解的核心微技能，绝不依赖词汇量猜测。
指代题：向前寻找该短语或代词所指代的那个具体名词或概念。答案通常就在前一句或前几句中。
词义题：紧密分析生词或短语所在的上下文，寻找定义、解释、举例、比较或对比等线索来推断其含义。
5. 核心聚焦法：概括主旨与标题：这是对全文内容的顶层概括。
主题句筛查：重点审查文章开头、结尾以及各段首句，这些地方通常包含中心思想。
综合概括：确保正确选项能够全面覆盖文章的说明对象及其最核心的特征或价值。
排除陷阱：果断排除以下选项：
以偏概全（只涉及某个细节）。
过于笼统（缺乏文章具体内容）。
偏离主旨（与文章核心说明对象无关）。
3. 新事物说明文核心解题方法
1. 定义定位法：精准把握新事物本质
首段聚焦：新事物的基本定义、核心功能或设计目标通常在文章开头（尤其是第一段）明确给出。
信号词捕捉：关注如 is designed to..., aims to..., the main function/purpose is... 等明确表达功能目的的信号词。
解题关键：准确识别并定位这些核心句，就能直接解答关于“新事物是什么”的问题。
2. 对比分析法：厘清优势与存在理由
寻找参照物：在文中明确找出被对比的“旧事物”或“传统方法”。
识别问题与优势：定位旧模式面临的 “痛点” （如 labor shortage, low efficiency）和新事物带来的 “亮点” （如 higher accuracy, cost-saving）。
解题关键：新事物的优势总是相对于旧事物的不足而存在。找到这个对比关系，就找到了答题的钥匙。
3. 过程可视法：理解应用与运作机制
勾画步骤与组件：对于涉及流程或构造的说明，在阅读时随手圈出 by using..., through..., the first step 等表示方法或顺序的词。
构建逻辑链：在脑中或草稿上简单梳理出“通过什么技术/方法 → 实现了什么功能 → 达到了何种效果”的逻辑链条。
解题关键：区分“监控”与“治疗”等不同性质的功能，确保对运作机制的理解精准到位。
4. 辩证思考法：评估局限与发展前景
主动预判：阅读时主动思考“这项新技术可能有什么缺点？”
定位批评意见：直接寻找表达疑虑、批评或指出不足的词句，通常位于介绍完新事物基本功能后的段落中，并伴有 however, some people concern..., the limitation is... 等信号词。
解题关键：认识到“局限性”是新事物说明文的常见组成部分，不必因其存在而否定新事物的整体价值。
5. 立场推断法：辨析观点与作者态度
划分阵营：在文中标记出不同人物及其观点，如“支持者”（Michael Kelsey）和“怀疑者”（Peter Bonds）。
分析论证强度：对比双方论据的说服力，并关注文章结构的安排（如先写反对意见再写支持意见，往往暗示作者倾向于后者）。
解题关键：作者的态度虽未必明说，但可通过其给予不同观点的篇幅、论证逻辑的强弱以及材料的组织方式推断出来。总体而言，介绍新事物的文章基调通常是谨慎乐观的。
考向01 研究类说明文
【例1-1】（25-26高三·山东德州·期中）
Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year.
Using blood samples from 44,498 UK Biobank volunteers aged 40-70, the team measured nearly 3,000 proteins. About fifteen percent of those proteins originate in a single organ, allowing an algorithm (算法) to assign an “organ age” to the brain, heart, kidneys and eight other systems. Participants were then followed for up to seventeen years. The results translate numbers into risks. One-third of the volunteers had at least one organ whose protein signature lay more than 1.5 standard deviations (标准差) from the age-adjusted average, a gap linked to sharply higher disease risks. Most striking was the brain. “The brain is the gatekeeper of longevity,” said senior author Tony Wyss-Coray, “If you’ve got an old brain, you have an increased likelihood of death.” An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.
Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention. Wyss-Coray envisions pairing the test with detailed lifestyle and medication records to see whether already-approved drugs can rewind the biological clock of a high-risk organ. “Today you go to the doctor because something aches,” he noted, “We’re trying to shift from sick care to health care.”
Unfortunately, the technology is currently available only for research, but Wyss-Coray has started two companies, Teal Omics and Vero Bioscience, approved by Harvard to turn the findings into commercial drug searches and a consumer test. “A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.”
1． Why are birthday cake candles mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To issue a warning. B．To draw a contrast.
C．To highlight a custom. D．To make a prediction.
2． What can we learn from the research
A．Severe brain aging increases death risk. B．Organs age at the same rate individually.
C．Volunteers’ diets affect protein signatures. D．Young brains ensure Alzheimer’s prevention.
3． Which practice matches the study in paragraph 3
A．Treating a heart attack when it happens. B．Repairing functions of organs at high risk.
C．Tracking daily exercise before health checks. D．Using brain age tests to prevent early diseases.
4． What is Wyss-Coray’s prediction mainly about
A．Potential clinical application. B．Consumers’ possible reaction.
C．More researchers’ engagement. D．Research technology innovation.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了哈佛医学院研究发现人体器官有“生物年龄”，且与疾病风险相关，未来或可应用于临床预防。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year.(生日蛋糕上的蜡烛标志着日历年龄，但它们却无法体现我们体内隐藏的“时钟”。哈佛医学院如今报告称，我们每个人的每个主要器官也都有一个“生物年龄”，即便同年出生的人，这些年龄也存在显著差异)”可知，生日蛋糕上的蜡烛代表日历年龄，而人体内部还有隐藏的生物年龄，两者形成对比。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，严重的脑部衰老会增加死亡风险。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention.(由于器官年龄在症状出现前几年就可以被检测出来，同样的血液检测可以指导预防)”以及第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，使用大脑年龄测试来预防早期疾病与第三段中的研究相匹配。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.”(“一个专注于大脑、心脏和免疫系统的流线型面板可以在两到三年内到达诊所，”他预测，“随着我们专注于更少的关键器官，成本将会下降。”)”可知，Wyss-Coray的预测主要是关于潜在的临床应用。故选A。
【例1-2】（25-26高三上·天津咸水沽一中&天津一百中·期中）
In our daily lives, we often hear about the benefits of exercise for our physical health. But have you ever wondered about its effect on our memory Well, a recent study from University College London has some interesting findings.
The researchers discovered that 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, along with at least six hours of sleep at night, could potentially lead to an improvement in cognitive performance the following day. This means that activities like cycling to work or going for a brisk walk in the morning might not only make you feel good for the day but also have a positive impact on your memory the next day.
Previous studies on the short-term effects of physical activity were mostly done in laboratories and focused on short time frames. However, this new study observed the real-life physical activity of 76 adults aged 50 — 83, who did not have cognitive impairment or dementia. These participants wore an accelerometer for eight days to track their sleep and physical activity. They also took simple online cognitive tests daily to measure their attention, memory, and processing speed.
The results showed that each 30-minute increase in physical activity corresponded to a 2% — 5% increase in episodic and working memory scores the next day. But when sleep data was considered, only the working memory score improvement remained significant. The study also found that more sedentary behavior was associated with a drop in working memory scores, while getting enough sleep led to better scores in episodic memory and other aspects.
Despite these findings, the study had its limitations. The participants were generally well-educated and had good health and high levels of daily physical activity, which might not represent the entire population. Also, the exact reason why exercise affects memory the next day is still unclear, as the benefits from neurotransmitters are thought to be short-lived.
In conclusion, while we still have more to learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enough sleep could be beneficial for our brain health and memory. So, let’s put on our running shoes and hit the sack early to give our brains a boost!(362)
1． What did the University College London study find
A．Any amount of exercise improves memory immediately.
B．Thirty minutes of exercise and proper sleep may enhance next-day cognitive ability.
C．Only intense exercise affects memory.
D．Sleep has no connection to memory improvement.
2． How was this study different from previous ones
A．It involved a larger number of participants. B．It focused only on the long-term effects.
C．It only studied younger people. D．It was based on real-life activity tracking.
3． What were the participants asked to do in the study
A．Exercise for a fixed time every day. B．Wear a device and do cognitive tests.
C．Change their diet drastically. D．Avoid all sedentary activities.
4． What are the limitations of the study
A．The participants were all athletes. B．It didn’t consider the role of diet.
C．The participants had specific characteristics. D．It was too expensive to conduct.
5． What is the main purpose of the last paragraph
A．To suggest practical applications of the findings. B．To criticize the study's limitations.
C．To propose directions for future research. D．To explain the physiological mechanisms.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍伦敦大学学院关于运动与睡眠对认知能力（尤其是记忆力）影响的最新研究发现、研究方式及局限性。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The researchers discovered that 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, along with at least six hours of sleep at night, could potentially lead to an improvement in cognitive performance the following day.(研究人员发现，30分钟的中高强度体育活动，加上每晚至少6小时的睡眠，可能会在第二天改善认知表现)”可知，该研究发现30分钟运动加充足睡眠可能提升次日认知能力。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Previous studies on the short-term effects of physical activity were mostly done in laboratories and focused on short time frames. However, this new study observed the real-life physical activity of 76 adults...(以往关于体育活动短期影响的研究大多在实验室进行，且聚焦于短时间范围。然而，这项新研究观察了76名成年人的真实生活中的体育活动……)”可知，新研究与以往研究的不同之处在于它基于真实生活中的活动追踪。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These participants wore an accelerometer for eight days to track their sleep and physical activity. They also took simple online cognitive tests daily...(这些参与者连续八天佩戴加速度计以追踪他们的睡眠和体育活动。他们还每天进行简单的在线认知测试……)”可知，参与者需要佩戴设备并完成认知测试。故选B项。
4．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The participants were generally well-educated and had good health and high levels of daily physical activity, which might not represent the entire population.(参与者普遍受过良好教育、身体健康且日常体育活动水平较高，这可能无法代表全体人群)”可知，该研究的局限性在于参与者具有特定特征，不具备广泛代表性。故选C项。
5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In conclusion, while we still have more to learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enough sleep could be beneficial for our brain health and memory. So, let’s put on our running shoes and hit the sack early to give our brains a boost!(总之，尽管我们还有很多东西要学，但这项研究表明，保持活跃和充足睡眠可能对我们的大脑健康和记忆力有益。所以，让我们穿上跑鞋，早点睡觉，给大脑充充电吧！)”可知，最后一段旨在将研究发现转化为实际建议，指导人们践行健康习惯。故选A项。
【变式1-1】（25-26高三上·河北·名校联考期中）
Every human being is longing for connection. From birth, social interactions shape our brain architecture, and this need becomes especially intense in adolescence — a stage when identity is forming and peer relationships hold huge weight. It’s no surprise, then, that even brief social isolation (孤独) can deeply change how teenagers think, feel, and behave. A recent study by the University of Cambridge sheds new light on just how sensitive young people are to loneliness.
The research involved 40 mentally healthy adolescents aged 16 to 19 with typical social connection levels. On two separate days, each participant spent 3-4 hours alone before completing computer tasks measuring reward-seeking motivation (e.g., reacting to social interaction images or money-earning games). The critical difference: one day, they had no social contact at all (no phones, no Internet); the other, they could use devices for virtual interaction. The results were striking: after total isolation, teens showed far stronger drive to seek rewards—staring longer at happy social scenes and excelling (胜出) more in money-earning games. Virtual socializing softened this shift, though it still caused a drop in positive mood.
This study adds nuance (细微差别) to the social media debate. While digital platforms are often blamed for rising teen loneliness, they acted as a buffer here, easing loneliness and reducing intense reward-seeking. Yet they’re no cure-all — Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore notes virtual connection brings risks like harmful content or addiction. Its value depends on context: it helps when in-person bonds are scarce but can never replace their richness.
Global teen loneliness has doubled in a decade, driven by academic pressure, changing family structures, economic instability, and more — not just social media. Loneliness ties to depression, anxiety, and even long-term cardiovascular risks.
The study’s core lesson: social interaction is a basic human need, not a luxury. For caregivers, educators, and society, creating environments where teens build genuine in-person connections is essential for healthy development. Loneliness, ultimately, is a signal — seek community. Answering that call doesn’t just ease teens’ present pain; it lays the groundwork for their lifelong well-being.
1． What difference was found between the two test days in the study
A．Teens used more devices on the day with total isolation.
B．Positive mood dropped only on the day of no social contact.
C．Total isolation led to stronger reward-seeking motivation in teens.
D．Virtual interaction made teens perform worse in money-earning games.
2． What can we infer about virtual socializing from the text
A．It has both positive effects and potential risks for teens.
B．It is the main cause of increasing teen loneliness globally.
C．It can completely replace in-person connections for teens.
D．It eliminates the need for teens to seek real-world rewards.
3． What does the author think of teens’ healthy development
A．Virtual socializing is sufficient. B．Loneliness is self-overcomable.
C．Academic pressure is the biggest barrier. D．In-person social connections are essential.
4． Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Dangers of Social Media for adolescents
B．A Study on Teenagers’ Love for Virtual Interaction
C．The Profound Impact of Loneliness on adolescents
D．How to Reduce Teenagers’ Loneliness in Digital Times
【变式1-2】（25-26高三上·安徽·期中）
Autism (自闭症) should not be viewed as a single condition with a unified underlying cause, according to scientists who found that those diagnosed early in childhood typically have a distinct genetic profile to those diagnosed later.
“The term ‘autism’ likely describes multiple conditions,” said Dr. Varun Warrier, from Cambridge’s department of psychiatry, senior author of the research. “For the first time, we have found that earlier and later diagnosed autism have different underlying biological and developmental profiles.” While autism is defined as having challenges with social communication, sensory processing and restrictive behaviours, there is huge variability in how these difficulties present themselves between individuals. Scientists have been investigating whether subgrouping the population based on shared features or pathways could make the study of autism more manageable.
The international study, published in Nature, based on genetic data from more than 45,000 autistic people in Europe and the US, found that the underlying genetic profiles differed greatly between those diagnosed with autism earlier and later in life, with only limited overlap. It showed that the average genetic profile of later-diagnosed autism is closer to that of ADHD (a mental disease), as well as to mental health conditions such as depression and PTSD, than it is to autism diagnosed in early childhood.
Those diagnosed in early childhood, typically before six years old, were more likely to show behavioural difficulties from early childhood, including difficulty in walking fast and interpreting hand gestures, as well as problems with social interaction, but remain stable. Those diagnosed with autism later, typically after the age of 10, were more likely to experience increasing social and behavioural difficulties during adolescence and also had an increased likelihood of mental health conditions such as depression.
The scientists are not advocating a move towards two diagnostic categories, saying that this could be unhelpful for the many who fall somewhere in the middle.
Prof Uta Frith, a professor at University College London, who was not involved in the research, said,“It makes me hopeful that even more subgroups will come to light, and each will find an appropriate diagnostic label. It is time to realize that’ autism’ has become a ragbag (大杂烩) of different conditions.”
1． What is typical of autism
A．Inability to behave controllably. B．Tendency to talk too much.
C．Eagerness for public attention. D．Difficulty in relieving loneliness.
2． What does the underlined word “overlap” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Contrast. B．Commonality. C．Variation. D．Stability.
3． What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The relationship between age and autism.
B．Mental health risks in adolescents with autism.
C．Social interaction difficulties in autism patients.
D．Differences in autism features based on diagnosis age.
4． What can be inferred from Prof Uta Frith’s words
A．Autism is a consequence of mixed factors.
B．Different categories of autism have been properly labeled.
C．More diagnostic categories of autism are to be discovered.
D．The research should be improved with more detailed data.
考向02 事实类说明文
【例2-1】（25-26高三·山东省实验中学·期中）
What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could. Different from the exchange-based relationship, real-life experiences with these situations might be the opposite: These are the times when many people are most likely to support their friends.
A recent research backs this up. “When surveyed about what they want in a friend, people didn’t place a high value on paying back any debts — something highly valued from a social exchange perspective”. “Instead, they considered other traits — such as loyalty, reliability and being there in times of need — to be much more important”, Charlie Kirk, leader of the investigation added. The essence of friendship may be what is called risk-pooling where our ancient ancestors support each other to survive life challenges.
According to the survey by The Human Generosity Project, a cross-disciplinary research collaboration, this kind of friendship can still be found across societies, from “kere kere” in Fiji to “tomor marang” among the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native group in Kenya and Tanzania who rely on cattle herds to make their living, cultivate friends who help them when they are in need, with no expectation about paying each other back. Just like the “neighboring” network rooted in southern Arizona and New Mexico, farmers help their neighbors with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury or illness.
“What all these findings suggest is that friendship is less about the exchange of favors and more about being there for each other when unforeseeable disaster strikes. Friendship seems more like an insurance plan designed to kick in when you need it most rather than a system of balanced exchange”, says Charlie.
In a world of growing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pooling friendships and striving to be a good partner yourself may help you build resilience. Our ancestors survived with the help of this kind of relationship; our future may depend on them too.
1． How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A．By defining a concept. B．By making a comparison.
C．By analyzing reasons. D．By giving examples.
2． Which may be valued according to social exchange theory
A．A good grasp of maths. B．A timely period of company.
C．Balanced cost and benefit. D．Distinguished survival skills.
3． What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The cases of risk-pooling friendship. B．The reasons for risk-pooling friendship.
C．The mechanism of exchange-based friendship. D．The possible logic of exchange-based relationship.
4． What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Kirk’s research findings
A．Dismissive. B．Approving. C．Neutral. D．Doubtful.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出社会交换理论与现实友谊相悖，研究表明友谊核心是风险共担而非利益交换，且这种友谊普遍存在，对当下和未来都很重要。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could. Different from the exchange-based relationship, real-life experiences with these situations might be the opposite: These are the times when many people are most likely to support their friends.(倘若你的朋友正身处家庭中的生死攸关的困境之中，那么社会交换理论会指出，你最好放弃与他们保持联系，因为他们给你的益处远远没有达到应有的水平。与基于交换的关系不同，与这类情况的实际接触可能会呈现出相反的情况：在这些关键时刻，许多人最有可能支持自己的朋友)”可知，作者在第一段通过比较提出这个问题。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第一段“What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could.(如果你的朋友正遭遇家庭中的生死危机，社会交换理论会建议你疏远他们，因为他们无法再为你提供以往那样多的益处)”可知，根据社会交换理论，成本与收益的平衡可以被评估。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“According to the survey by The Human Generosity Project, a cross-disciplinary research collaboration, this kind of friendship can still be found across societies, from “kere kere” in Fiji to “tomor marang” among the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native group in Kenya and Tanzania who rely on cattle herds to make their living, cultivate friends who help them when they are in need, with no expectation about paying each other back. Just like the “neighboring” network rooted in southern Arizona and New Mexico, farmers help their neighbors with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury or illness.(根据“人类慷慨度项目”（一项跨学科研究合作项目）的调查，这种友谊在不同社会中依然存在，从斐济的“克雷克雷”到乌干达伊克人的“托莫尔马朗”都属于此类。同样，肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的马赛族人依靠牛群为生，他们也会结交能在自己需要时提供帮助的朋友，而且彼此之间并不期望回报。就像扎根于亚利桑那州南部和新墨西哥州的“邻里”网络一样，农民们会在面对诸如意外、受伤或疾病等不可预测的挑战时帮助他们的邻居)”可知，第三段主要讲了风险共担型友谊案例。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a world of growing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pooling friendships and striving to be a good partner yourself may help you build resilience. Our ancestors survived with the help of this kind of relationship; our future may depend on them too.(在这样一个充满不确定性的世界里，培养能够共担风险的友谊，并努力成为一位优秀的伴侣，或许能帮助你增强适应能力。我们的先辈正是依靠这种关系才得以生存下来；而我们的未来或许也取决于这种关系)”可知，作者对查理·柯克的研究成果持赞成态度。故选B。
【例2-2】（25-26高三上·河北秦皇岛山海关一中·月考）
My grandmother was an extraordinary woman who single-handedly raised three children while working multiple jobs and volunteering in her community. I loved her for her warm heart and belief in nature. But there’s one particular thing that I didn’t see eye-to-eye with her: her firm belief that everything used to be much better. My grandmother criticized everything from modern food options to modern equipment like computers. Once, she threw out a calculator because she thought it unnecessary.
This worldview is a classic example of “declinism”, a pessimistic thinking bias leading people to believe that things are constantly getting worse over time. It reflects an overly negative view of the current situation, and usually goes hand in hand with tendencies to romanticize the past. Individuals with declinist views often recall positive memories of the past while overlooking negative ones.
Negative news reporting often triggers (引起) declinism. Alarmist news stories of war, disaster, and suffering frequently occupy TV and newspaper headlines because they’re effective in grabbing attention. With hopelessness occupying each title page, it’s hardly surprising if people assume that things are going downhill. Once the seed of declinism is planted, the notion is difficult to shake off. Confirmation bias can perpetuate the negative worldview because people seek out information to confirm their ideas.
Declinism plays into humans’ rooted fear of change. Sticking with what’s known is easy. Doing things “the way we’ve always done them” provides comfort in an uncertain world. Declinism may even have evolutionary advantages. Pessimistic worrying about the world’s decline may motivate us to get prepared and minimize personal risks.
To deal with declinism, factual, statistical information might go a long way. Providing objective facts about current levels of crime, poverty, and suffering compared to past data can challenge negative worldviews. One possibility could be to use the power of AI to provide relevant information and tailor it to address particular concerns, supported by recent research that found chatbot (聊天机器人) dialogues to be effective for tackling misperceptions.
1． What does the author’s grandmother think of modern conveniences
A．They are odd. B．They are nonsense.
C．They are vital. D．They are convenient.
2． What does the underlined word “perpetuate” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Carry on. B．Work out. C．Make up. D．Turn up.
3． What is paragraph 4 about
A．What is the result of declinism B．How does declinism shape thinking
C．Who does declinism affect most D．Why is declinism so persuasive
4． What’s the best title for the text
A．Overcoming Declinism: Turning to AI
B．Embrace Change: Dealing with Declinism
C．The Past and Present: A Comparative Angle
D．The Power of Memory: Remembering Old Days
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍衰落主义的含义、成因及应对方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“My grandmother criticized everything from modern food options to modern equipment like computers. Once, she threw out a calculator because she thought it unnecessary.(我的祖母批评从现代食物选择到电脑等现代设备的一切。有一次，她扔掉了一个计算器，因为她觉得没必要。)”可知，祖母认为现代便利设施是没必要的，毫无意义。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Once the seed of declinism is planted, the notion is difficult to shake off. Confirmation bias can perpetuate the negative worldview because people seek out information to confirm their ideas.(一旦衰落主义的种子被种下，这种观念就很难摆脱。证实偏差会perpetuate这种消极的世界观，因为人们会寻求信息来证实他们的想法。)”可知，因为人们会寻求信息来证实他们的想法，所以证实偏差会让这种消极的世界观一直持续下去，所以perpetuate意为“持续，延续”。故选A。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Declinism plays into humans’ rooted fear of change. Sticking with what’s known is easy. Doing things “the way we’ve always done them” provides comfort in an uncertain world. Declinism may even have evolutionary advantages. Pessimistic worrying about the world’s decline may motivate us to get prepared and minimize personal risks.(衰落主义迎合了人类对变化的根深蒂固的恐惧。坚持已知的很容易。在不确定的世界里，“按照我们一直以来的方式”做事会带来安慰。衰落主义甚至可能具有进化优势。对世界衰落的悲观担忧可能会激励我们做好准备，将个人风险降到最低。)”可知，本段主要讲的是衰落主义为什么如此有说服力。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“To deal with declinism, factual, statistical information might go a long way. Providing objective facts about current levels of crime, poverty, and suffering compared to past data can challenge negative worldviews. One possibility could be to use the power of AI to provide relevant information and tailor it to address particular concerns, supported by recent research that found chatbot (聊天机器人) dialogues to be effective for tackling misperceptions.(为了应对衰落主义，事实和统计数据可能会大有帮助。提供关于当前犯罪、贫困和苦难水平的客观事实，并与过去的数据进行比较，可以挑战消极的世界观。一种可能性是利用人工智能的力量提供相关信息，并根据特定需求进行调整，最近的研究发现聊天机器人对话对于解决误解是有效的。)”可知，本文主要讲述了衰落主义这一悲观思维偏差，并提出了应对方法，即接受变化，应对衰落主义。所以B选项“Embrace Change: Dealing with Declinism(接受变化：应对衰落主义)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
【变式2-1】（25-26高三·云南昆明一中·第三次联考）
If you are a perfectionist, you are probably familiar with the feeling of wanting to get everything right. You may struggle with handing in impressive papers, stress over joint projects, and even worry about insignificant errors from the past.
High standards are one thing, but perfectionism is quite another. Perfectionists hold themselves to unrealistically high standards and become self-critical if they believe they fail to meet these standards. Perfectionists are also likely to feel shame if they experience failures, which often leads them to avoid situations where they are anxious they might fail.
Although people see the pursuit of excellence as a good thing, on the extreme end, it might do harm. Researchers have found that perfectionism is associated with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. Besides, people who are more strongly identified with perfectionist qualities have reported higher levels of overall psychological unease.
Giving up on perfection doesn’t mean being less successful. In fact, because mistakes are an essential part of learning and growing, accepting imperfection can actually help people in the long run.
One possible alternative to perfectionism involves developing a growth mindset. Unlike those with fixed mindsets, who see their skill levels as unchangeable, those with growth mindsets believe they can improve their abilities by learning from their mistakes. Parents can help their children develop healthier attitudes toward failure: praise their children for making an effort even if their results are imperfect, and help the children learn to persevere (坚持) when mistakes happen.
Another potential alternative is to develop self-sympathy. Think about how you would respond to a friend if he has made a major mistake. Odds are, you’d probably respond with kindness and understanding, knowing that your friend meant well. The idea behind self-sympathy is that we should treat ourselves kindly and avoid being consumed by negative emotions.
After all, it’s possible to make peace with perfectionism and develop a healthier way of setting goals for yourself.
1． What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A．The features of perfectionists. B．The standards of perfectionism.
C．The situations of perfectionism. D．The experiences of perfectionists.
2． What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．The pursuit of excellence does harm to people. B．Perfectionism may worsen mental health states.
C．The perfectionist qualities are easy to identify. D．A high level of unease signals a stable mindset.
3． What sets growth and fixed mindsets apart
A．How to change attitudes. B．How to evaluate children.
C．How to improve abilities. D．How to perceive mistakes.
4． How can one develop self-sympathy
A．By accepting oneself after failures. B．By avoiding making major mistakes.
C．By responding to friends with care. D．By understanding negative emotions.
【变式2-2】（24-25高三·广东肇庆·一模）
Nowadays, many Chinese tourists are so troubled by holiday crowds that seeking out unheralded (冷门的) destinations has become a trend known as “reverse travel”. Aside from providing people with better travel experiences with fewer crowds, reverse travel also meets their need for novelty and uniqueness.
A key driver of travelers heading to lesser-known cities is cost. While the Labor Day holiday saw record numbers of domestic travelers, average spending per person remained below pre-pandemic levels according to a report. Hotels in lesser-known cities can be five times cheaper than in Beijing or Shanghai.
The reverse travel trend has seen surging bookings in smaller cities, driven mostly by young people escaping the crowds on Shanghai’s Nanjing Road or in Beijing’s Forbidden City. Wang Xinyu is one of them. During the Labor Day holiday, she left for Weihai, a less famous city for traveling. “Not only can I experience the local way of life by wandering through a park or exploring a market, but the hotel here also costs only a third of the price of Nanjing’s downtown hotels — it’s much more cost-effective,” says Wang.
However, escaping large popular cities doesn’t guarantee better experiences. The recent virality of niche (小众的) travel spots has revealed formerly hidden gems (宝石) to more travelers, but many small towns and rural areas aren’t well equipped to handle the new tourist influx. Handan, a city of 9 million in Hebei Province, suffered overcrowding during the Labor Day holiday when it was listed as the seventh most popular “niche” travel spot by social media. Those who come with high hopes of idyllic (田园风的) breaks often instead find limited public transport, entertainment facilities, and charm. Some even report boredom.
No destination or time is perfect. Either visitors see famous sites and face the crowds, or head off the beaten track and endure worse accommodation and transport options. “With the crazy amount of people traveling now, you have to let go of something if you want some peace and quiet,” says Mr. Zhai, a tourism researcher from Beijing.
1． Why does the author mention Wang Xinyu’s traveling experience
A．To explain how to choose hotels. B．To introduce Weihai’s scenic spots.
C．To present reverse travel’s advantages. D．To prove young people love traveling.
2． What might have caused unpleasant reverse traveling experiences
A．Low budget way of traveling. B．Higher hotel costs during holidays.
C．Overcrowding in famous destinations. D．Inadequate facilities in small destinations.
3． What might be Mr. Zhai’s attitude to traveling
A．Travelers prefer unheralded spots. B．Travelers need to think carefully.
C．Traditional tours are in decline. D．Reverse travel is a new trend.
4． What would be a suitable title for the text
A．Reverse Travel: Trends and Troubles B．Cost-effective Holidays Gain Popularity
C．Holiday Crowds Trouble Chinese Tourists D．Famous Attractions VS Small Destinations
考向03 新事物说明文
【例3-1】（25-26高三·江西上进联考·阶段检测）
Exercising has many health benefits. Soon, it could help lower your electricity bill! Instead of spending hours charging your wearable devices, scientists from the United Kingdom have developed a nano device that generates electricity from running energy.
The flexible nanogenerator (纳米发电机), which turns some mechanical energy into electricity, could become as useful in creating clean energy as solar cells. A study published in Nano Energy showed it produces 1,000 milliwatts of power — a 140-fold increase over traditional 10-milliwatt nanogenerators.
“What’s really exciting is that our little device with high energy harvesting efficiency could one day rival the power of solar panels and could be used to run anything from self-powered sensors to smart home systems that run without ever needing a battery change,” explains Md Delowar Hussain, a researcher at the University of Surrey and lead author of the study.
Researchers have created a new nanogenerator that collects and turns the energy from everyday movements into electricity. It uses materials that become electrically charged when in contact. Think of how rubbing a balloon on someone’s hair makes it stick to each other because of static electricity (静电). Instead of one electrode (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay of workers who shift mechanical energy, like running, into electricity. Each electrode collects a charge and then passes it on to the next electrode. The accumulating charge creates more energy in a process known as the charge regeneration effect.
Hussain says the ultimate goal is to use these nanogenerators to capture and use energy from everyday movements, like your morning run, mechanical vibrations, ocean waves, or opening a door. “The key innovation with our nanogenerator is that we’ve enhanced the technology with 34 tiny energy collectors using a laser technique that can be scaled up for manufacture to increase energy efficiency further.” Hussain says.
For now, the researchers are working on launching a company that uses nanogenerators like the one in the study to create self-powered, harmless healthcare sensors. These devices could then expand to other sections of health technology.
1． What does the underlined word “rival” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Absorb. B．Balance. C．Reflect. D．Match.
2． What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．How the nanogenerator works. B．Why the device needs electrodes.
C．When static electricity works in balloons. D．What the charge regeneration effect is.
3． What’s the feature of nanogenerator
A．It requires daily battery replacement. B．It mainly captures energy from sports.
C．It adopts efficiency-boosting technology. D．It is too expensive for mass production.
4． What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To advertise a fitness product. B．To introduce a novel generator.
C．To show how to generate electricity. D．To explain the benefits of exercise.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型纳米发电机，它能将日常运动的能量收集并转化为电能，并有望在效率和功率上媲美太阳能电池板。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词前的“What’s really exciting is that our little device with high energy harvesting efficiency...(真正令人兴奋的是，我们这种能量收集效率很高的小型设备……)”及后面的“could be used to run anything from self-powered sensors to smart home systems that run without ever needing a battery change(可以用来运行任何东西，从自供电传感器到智能家居系统，而不需要更换电池)”可知， 前文提到该纳米发电机“能量收集效率高”，后文补充其可用于驱动自供电传感器、不需要换电池的智能家居系统等，说明该纳米发电机将来有望媲美太阳能板。故可推知rival意为“与……相匹敌，比得上”。 故选D。
2．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Researchers have created a new nanogenerator that collects and turns the energy from everyday movements into electricity. It uses materials that become electrically charged when in contact.(研究人员创造了一种新的纳米发电机，它可以收集日常运动产生的能量并将其转化为电能。它使用的材料在接触时会带电)”及“Instead of one electrode (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay of workers who shift mechanical energy, like running, into electricity. (新的设备不是由一个电极单独传递能量，而是有一组“接力工人”将机械能（如跑步）转化为电能)”可知，本段主要解释了纳米发电机的工作原理。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The key innovation with our nanogenerator is that we’ve enhanced the technology with 34 tiny energy collectors using a laser technique that can be scaled up for manufacture to increase energy efficiency further. (我们的纳米发电机的关键创新在于，我们使用一种可扩大生产规模的激光技术，集成了34个微型能量收集器，从而进一步提高了能源效率)”可知，这种纳米发电机的特点是采用了能提高效率的技术。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段“scientists from the United Kingdom have developed a nano device that generates electricity from running energy(来自英国的科学家已经开发出一种纳米装置，可以通过运行的能量发电)”引出话题，接着第三段“What’s really exciting is that our little device with high energy harvesting efficiency could one day...(真正令人兴奋的是，我们这个能量收集效率很高的小设备有一天可能……)”介绍了新型纳米发电机的发展前景；第四段“It uses materials that become electrically charged when in contact. Think of how rubbing a balloon on someone’s hair makes it stick to each other because of static electricity (静电). Instead of one electrode (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay of workers who shift mechanical energy, like running, into electricity.(它使用的材料在接触时会带电。想象一下，在某人的头发上摩擦气球是如何因为静电而粘在一起的。这种新设备不是由一个电极自己传递能量，而是有一组“接力工人”将机械能（如跑步）转化为电能)”介绍其工作原理；第五段“The key innovation with our nanogenerator is that...(我们的纳米发电机的关键创新在于……)”介绍其创新技术特点。由此可知，全文核心是向读者介绍这种新颖的发电机。故选B。
【例3-2】（25-26高三上·四川绵阳三台中学·月考）
As bird numbers fall worldwide, scientists are using algorithm (算法)-powered apps to gather data about bird species.
One such example is the owl project, where researchers placed more than 1,600 recorders to track where the endangered species spends its time. But that’s a lot for a human to sort through. “There’s no way we can listen to that— not even close, right ” says Connor Wood, a researcher leading the owl project. “We need flexible tools to identify as many bird species as possible.”
In 2016, Connor Wood approached Stefan Kahl, a computer scientist at Chemnitz University, to help create an algorithm that processes bird sounds recorded in the wild. Two years later, the team launched the official BirdNET app, which allows people to upload their own recordings from various devices. The app converts a bird’s song into an image of soundwaves known as spectrogram (声谱图). Then, the image is fed into the app’s algorithm which can accurately show the unique frequency changes, timing, and amplitude (振幅) of a particular call. “These patterns that the algorithms find are much more subtle and fine-grained than what any human could do,” says Kahl.
It turns out this team actually can process this flood of data—they just need a little help from BirdNET, an AI-powered system that can identify more than 6,000 species of birds just by their calls. Wood and his team recently used BirdNET to create the first ecosystem-wide assessment of spotted owl populations across the Sierra Nevada. This information shows owl population trends that can boost restoration and conservation efforts.
Over the past decade, several apps have popped up that use AI to identify different bird sounds. However, like most AI-based technology, these apps aren’t without limitations. In 2023, ecologist Pérez-Granados found that BirdNET didn’t always register a bird’s song, and sometimes misidentified it as another species.
There are some ways to lessen these risks, including accounting for uncertainty using statistical models or manually going through identifications to double check data. For a 2022 study, Wood and his team assessed the accuracy of BirdNET submissions, and found their data could successfully reproduce the known migratory routes of several North American and European birds. And more research shows AI can identify bird behaviors and distribution, which is critical for conservation.
1． Why do researchers need flexible tools according to paragraph 2
A．Bird songs are hard to hear in recordings. B．There are too many recordings to process.
C．Recordings have lots of background noise. D．Manual work often leads to more mistakes.
2． How does BirdNet identify bird species
A．By analyzing bird call patterns. B．By recording videos and sounds.
C．By showing bird images and clips. D．By describing bird behavior details.
3． What do the findings of Cristian Pérez-Granados suggest
A．BirdNET detects bird species accurately. B．BirdNET helps protect endangered birds.
C．Algorithms clearly underperform humans. D．AI-based tools may have certain problems.
4． What is suggested to improve BirdNET’s performance
A．Mapping global bird distribution patterns. B．Expanding the BirdNET’s recording range.
C．Combining manual and technical methods. D．Improving the accuracy of the submissions.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，围绕“AI技术助力鸟类保护”展开，介绍了BirdNET应用程序的开发背景、工作原理，以及其在鸟类数据收集和种群评估中的作用，同时也提及该类AI工具的局限性及改进方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“One such example is the owl project, where researchers placed more than 1,600 recorders to track where the endangered species spends its time. But that’s a lot for a human to sort through. “There’s no way we can listen to that— not even close, right ” says Connor Wood, a researcher leading the owl project. “We need flexible tools to identify as many bird species as possible.”(猫头鹰项目就是这样一个例子：研究人员放置了1600多台记录仪，追踪这种濒危物种的活动地点。但这些数据量太大，人类根本无法逐一处理。“我们不可能听完所有录音 —— 完全不可能，对吧？” 猫头鹰项目的负责人、研究员康纳 伍德说道，“我们需要灵活的工具，来识别尽可能多的鸟类物种”)”可知，研究人员需要灵活工具的核心原因是记录仪产生的录音数据过多，人力难以处理。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The app converts a bird’s song into an image of soundwaves known as spectrogram. Then, the image is fed into the app’s algorithm which can accurately show the unique frequency changes, timing, and amplitude of a particular call. (该应用将鸟鸣声转换为名为声谱图的声波图像。随后，这张图像会被输入应用的算法中，算法能准确识别特定鸣叫的独特频率变化、时长和振幅)”可知，BirdNET通过分析鸟鸣的频率、时长、振幅等模式来识别鸟类物种。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“However, like most AI-based technology, these apps aren’t without limitations. In 2023, ecologist Pérez-Granados found that BirdNET didn’t always register a bird’s song, and sometimes misidentified it as another species. (然而，和大多数AI技术一样，这些应用也并非没有局限性。2023年，生态学家佩雷斯-格拉纳多斯发现，BirdNET有时无法识别出鸟鸣声，有时还会将其误判为其他物种的声音)”可知，佩雷斯-格拉纳多斯的发现表明“基于AI的工具（如BirdNET）可能存在一定问题”。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“There are some ways to lessen these risks, including accounting for uncertainty using statistical models or manually going through identifications to double check data. (有一些方法可以降低这些风险，包括使用统计模型考虑不确定性，或通过人工逐一核对识别结果来复查数据)”可知，改进BirdNET性能的方法包括技术手段（统计模型）与人工手段结合”。故选C项。
【变式3-1】（25-26高三上·江苏盐城七校联盟·月考）
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. A transplant (移植) is the only treatment available to patients with end-stage heart failure, but there is a severe shortage of heart donors. That means there’s an urgent need to develop new ways to regenerate a diseased heart. Now the good news is that the world’s first complete 3D-printed heart, made using the patient’s own cells and materials, has been created in a lab.
Until now, success has been limited to printing only simple tissues without blood vessels (血管). “This is the first time anyone has successfully printed an entire heart anywhere,” said team leader Tal Dvir.
The 3D-printed heart is only about a third the size of an actual human heart and it doesn’t actually work. But it’s a groundbreaking step toward engineering customized (定制的) organs that can be transplanted with less risk of rejection. Dvir noted that scientists have managed to print a 3D structure of a heart before, but not with cells or blood vessels. The use of biological materials from a patient is key to successful engineering of tissues and organs.
Ideally, the biomaterial should possess the same biochemical and mechanical properties of the patients’ own tissues. This way, their bodies will be less likely to reject the organ, making transplants much safer.
While the 3D-printed heart is about a third the size of a human heart, the same technology can be used to print a normal-sized one. The team’s next step is to culture (培养) printed hearts in the lab and “teach them to behave” like real hearts. Then, researchers plan to transplant the 3D-printed heart into lab animals.
“Our results demonstrate the potential of our approach to engineering personalized tissue and organ replacement in the future,” Dvir said. “Maybe in 10 years, there will be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world, and these procedures will be conducted routinely.”
1． What can be inferred from the world’s first complete 3D-printed heart
A．It makes organ transplants risk-free.
B．It bridges gaps in biological organ printing.
C．It solves the donor shortage for heart transplants.
D．It has the same properties as natural heart tissues.
2． What does Dvir imply about the previous 3D-printed heart structures in paragraph 3
A．They were ready for transplant to animals.
B．They matched the size of real human hearts.
C．They lacked cell-based biological components.
D．They contained complete blood vessel networks.
3． What will Dvir’s team do in the future
A．They will first test printed hearts on humans.
B．They will focus on curing early heart failure.
C．They will change the biological materials used.
D．They will improve the heart’s functional performance.
4． What’s Dvir’s attitude towards the 3D printing technology
A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Negative. D．Indifferent.
【变式3-2】(2024·福建泉州·一检)
Stanford assistant professor Ruike Zhao published a groundbreaking medical breakthrough in Nature: using a tiny 2 mm micro-robot, she increased the success rate of blood clot (血块) removal from a mere 11% to an amazing 90%, sending shockwaves through the medical world.
In modern society, about one in every dozen people may experience a blood clot in their lifetime. It is widely known that blood clots are the leading cause of strokes and heart attacks. During treatment, the ability to quickly and effectively restore blood flow becomes a matter of life and death.
Unfortunately, traditional mechanical methods have a low success rate. The process is like trying to pick up broken tofu with chopsticks — not only is success unlikely, but the situation may even worsen. Blood clots may break apart while being deformed, resulting in small pieces stuck in hard-to-reach areas.
However, Professor Zhao’s 2 mm micro-robot enters blood vessels (血管) and, using high-speed rotation (旋转), generates forces to reduce the clot size to 5%. It’s like when you press and rub soft things, like hair, between your hands. The force makes them stick together into a small ball. The micro-robot works similarly, using pressure to bring the clot components together, making them easier to remove. This process requires no drugs, causes no vessel damage, and effectively releases trapped red blood cells back into blood.
What’s astonishing is that this innovation is inspired from subway TBMs, tunnel-boring machines (盾构机). The way tunnel-boring machines efficiently handle hard soil and rock in narrow spaces inspired the creation. This brilliant Chinese researcher miniaturized the enormous underground machine to a size tens of thousands of times smaller and adapted it for use in human blood vessels.
Currently, the technology has been successfully tested on pigs. While most of these studies remain in the laboratory phase, the breakthrough itself is exciting. This technology may soon extend beyond blood clots to address issues like kidney stones or gallstones.
1． How does the author present the breakthrough in paragraph 1
A．By explaining a technical term. B．By contrasting the statistics.
C．By providing the study’s background. D．By citing an authority.
2． What is the advantage of Zhao’s micro-robot over traditional methods
A．It generates blood more rapidly. B．It prevents clots from forming again.
C．It is recyclable and economical. D．It raises success rate and reduces side effects.
3． What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning TBMs
A．The cost of medical robotics. B．The reason behind the numerous trials.
C．The inspiration behind the innovation. D．The importance of modern machinery.
4． What is the last paragraph about
A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study.
C．Necessity for tests on more animals. D．Potential application of the invention.
专题01 高考真题练
A
（2025·全国·高考Ⅱ卷）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is

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