资源简介

题型09 阅读理解议论文
题型简介
议论文，是一种通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述作者观点、主张或立场的文体。它的核心目的不是讲述一个故事（如记叙文），也不是描述一个事物（如说明文），而是为了说服读者，让读者同意并接受自己的观点。
论点；论据；论证是议论文的“三要素”这是议论文的基石，缺一不可。
论点：文章的灵魂与核心。是什么：作者对所论述问题所持的观点、见解或主张。它必须是一个明确的、表示判断的陈述句。要求：正确、鲜明、深刻。一篇文章只有一个中心论点，它像一根红线，贯穿全文。
论据：文章的血肉与支撑。是什么：用来证明论点成立的理由和依据。类型：事实论据：确凿的事例、统计数据、历史史实等。俗话说“事实胜于雄辩”。道理论据：经过实践检验的、公认的道理，如科学原理、名言警句、格言谚语等。
论证：文章的骨架与脉络。是什么：运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法。它揭示了论点和论据之间的逻辑联系。作用：就像用砖块（论据）盖房子（论点），论证就是盖房子的具体方法和过程（如何打地基、如何砌墙）。
设题类型&命题方式
考向01 观点对比型议论文
这类文章的核心是讨论关于某一话题的两种对立或不同的观点，并最终给出作者自己的看法。
设题核心： 考查辨别不同观点、理解论证逻辑和把握作者立场的能力。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
观点识别题
典型问法：What is the first/some people’s opinion on... （一些人对……持什么观点？）/what do those who hold the opposite view believe （持相反观点的人认为？）
考查重点：要求准确识别并区分文中呈现的双方观点，避免张冠李戴。
作者立场题
典型问法：What is the author’s attitude towards... （作者对……的态度是什么？）/Which opinion does the author agree with （作者同意哪个观点？）
考查重点：考查是否能在双方观点的碰撞中，准确把握作者最终的倾向和个人立场。
论证目的题
典型问法：Why does the author mention “…” in paragraph X （作者为什么在第X段提到“……”？）
典型问法：Why does the author cite the example of（……的例子被用来证明。）
考查重点：考查对论证过程的理解，即文中的事例、数据等论据是为支持哪一个观点（通常是作者所倾向的观点）服务的。
主旨要义题
典型问法：What is the main purpose of the passage （这篇文章的主要目的是什么？）/What is the best title for the text （文章最好的标题是什么？）
考查重点：此类文章的主旨往往不是简单介绍两种观点，而是“通过对比两种观点，来引出并论证作者自己的结论”。
考向2 问题解决型议论文
这类文章通常围绕一个社会问题或现象展开，分析其成因、危害，并提出解决方案或建议。
设题核心： 考查对问题本质、成因、后果及解决方案的逻辑链条的理解。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
问题/原因识别题
典型问法：What is the serious problem discussed in the passage （文章中讨论的严重问题是什么？）/What is the root cause of... according to the text （根据文章，……的根本原因是什么？）
考查重点：考查对文章所界定核心问题及其背后原因的准确理解。
后果/影响推断题
典型问法：What would be the negative effect of... （……可能带来什么负面影响？）/The author believes that the problem may lead to . （作者认为这个问题可能导致。）
考查重点：考查对问题所引发后果的推断和理解，这类信息有时是明确陈述的，有时需要根据原因进行逻辑推导。
方案/措施细节题
典型问法：What measure/step is suggested to solve the problem （建议采取什么措施/步骤来解决这个问题？）/What is the key to tackling the issue . （解决这个问题的关键是。）
考查重点：直接考查对文中提出的具体解决方案的细节把握。
写作目的题
典型问法：The main purpose of the passage is to . （这篇文章的主要目的是。）/What does the author call on people to do （作者呼吁人们做什么？）
考查重点：此类文章的写作目的通常是“分析一个问题并呼吁采取行动（提出解决方案）”，而不仅仅是描述问题本身。
考向3 现象阐述型议论文
这类文章针对某一社会现象、潮流或新生事物，阐述其表现、分析其影响（积极和/或消极），并表达作者的看法。
设题核心： 考查对现象本身、其多方面影响以及作者评价的全面理解。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
现象特征题
典型问法：What do we know about the trend of... （关于……的潮流，我们知道什么？）/According to the text, Why is xxx.. becoming popular ？（根据文章，……变得流行是因为。）
考查重点：考查对所述现象的基本特征、表现或流行原因的把握。
影响分析题
典型问法：What is the positive/negative impact of... mentioned in the passage （文章中提到的……的积极/消极影响是什么？）
典型问法：What is one of the challenges brought by... . （……带来的挑战之一是。）
考查重点：要求区分现象的积极影响与消极影响，并准确匹配文中提到的具体细节。
作者态度题
典型问法：What is the author’s attitude towards this phenomenon （作者对这一现象的态度是什么？）
典型问法：How does the author feel about... （作者对……感觉如何？）
考查重点：考查对作者整体评价的判断。作者的态度可能是支持的、反对的、担忧的，或辩证看待的（既看到好处也看到坏处）。
写作意图题
典型问法：What is the author’s purpose in writing this text （作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？）
典型问法：The text is written to . （写这篇文章是为了。）
考查重点：此类文章的写作意图通常是“向读者介绍并评价某一现象”，使其引起关注和思考。解题思路
考向01 观点对比型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：厘清观点归属，把握作者倾向。
1. 观点标记法：识别不同立场
技巧要点：阅读时，主动用笔或脑记标记出不同观点的“信号词”。如“Some people argue...”, “Others believe...”, “Critics claim...”，以及表达作者自己观点的“However, I think...”, “From my perspective...”。这能帮你快速理清论证的阵营，避免在答题时混淆双方观点。
2. 立场定位法：锁定作者最终态度
技巧要点：作者的态度往往在文章结尾处变得清晰。重点关注转折词（如But, However, Nevertheless）之后和结论段的论述。作者通常会先客观陈述双方观点，再通过权衡或反驳，最终亮明自己的立场。找到这个立场，是解答作者态度题和主旨题的关键。
3. 论据追踪法：理解论证服务对象
技巧要点：当题目问及某个例子或引用的目的时，不要孤立地看这个例子本身。要向前或向后看一两句，这个例子通常是为了支持它前面的那个观点。问自己：“这个论据是在为谁说话？” 答案就会一目了然。
考向02 问题解决型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：梳理逻辑链条，从问题追踪到方案。
1. 问题界定法：抓住核心议题
技巧要点：此类文章开篇通常会着力描述一个现象的严重性或普遍性，以此引出“核心问题”。阅读开头时，要主动概括“文章到底在讨论什么问题？”，这是理解全文的逻辑起点。
2. 因果链条法：连接问题、原因与方案
技巧要点：在脑中或草稿上构建一个简单的逻辑图：“问题 → 原因 → 后果 → 解决方案”。解题时，尤其是面对询问原因、影响或措施的题目，迅速在逻辑链上定位，能帮你清晰地将选项与文章信息对应起来，避免张冠李戴。
3. 目的导向法：判断写作意图
技巧要点：问题解决型文章的最终目的极少是“描述一个可怕的现状”，而必然是“分析和解决一个问题”。因此，在判断写作目的或选择标题时，要优先选择那些包含“解决方案”、“呼吁行动”或“探讨出路”含义的选项。
考向03 现象阐述型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：全面分析影响，辩证看待评价。
1. 现象特征概括法：明确讨论对象
技巧要点：在阅读开头部分后，尝试用一句话概括“文章讨论的是什么现象及其主要特征”。这能确保你对讨论对象有清晰的认识，为后续分析其影响和评价打下坚实基础。
2. 利弊清单法：系统梳理影响
技巧要点：阅读时，有意识地将描述积极影响（advantages, benefits, positives）和消极影响（disadvantages, drawbacks, challenges）的信息点进行分类。这能让你在回答影响分析题时，快速、准确地找到对应内容，避免遗漏。
3. 情感词汇捕捉法：推断作者态度
技巧要点：作者的态度不仅通过直接陈述（I think...）来表达，更常常隐藏在所用的形容词和副词中。关注诸如“wonderful”, “promising”, “alarming”, “worrying”, “overwhelming”等带有感彩的词汇，它们是判断作者是“支持”、“反对”还是“谨慎看待”该现象的关键线索。
4. 主旨聚焦法：把握文章重心
技巧要点：现象阐述型文章的主旨，通常是“介绍某一现象并引发思考或评论”。选择标题或概括主旨时，要选择能覆盖现象本身且能体现文章分析性、评论性的选项，而非仅仅描述现象或其中一个侧面。
考向01 观点对比型议论文
【例1-1】（25-26高三·山东临沂·期中）
You may have seen this: As an event begins, somebody takes the microphone and lists off the Native American tribes who once inhabited the place where the event is held. Such “land acknowledgments” have become common practice over the past decade, at university ceremonies, rock concerts, and even the Academy Awards. The idea is that recognizing these former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or just empty signals
You can’t right a wrong until you admit it. Behind each land acknowledgement is a recognition that cities and towns across the United States occupy land that was once inhabited by other peoples. The troubled history of how this came to be so, and the often terrible implications for those who were here before, is implicit. Land acknowledgements encourage us to look back with empathy and reflection, sharing a societal narrative that is honest and bends toward justice.
This simple practice, which costs nothing and requires no special training, can challenge us to think more critically about our own histories. It’s only fair that we practice seeing those events through the perspectives of all participants and understanding their experiences as well. And naming them makes that history more visible.
However, land acknowledgements are as vain as they often feel. The lives we live today are built on the results of decisions made, actions taken, successes achieved and losses suffered by those who came before us. Even for those who don’t like the outcome, there is little we can do to change it. Furthermore, the practice offers no solutions. “A land acknowledgement is what you give when you have no intention of giving land,” Graeme Wood writes in The Atlantic. “It’s like a receipt provided by a highway robber, noting all the jewels and gold coins he has stolen.”
In reality, land acknowledgements are a performative act more for the benefit of the speaker than for the peoples being spoken for. Specifically, land acknowledgements “become an excuse for folks to feel good and move on with their lives,” notes the Native Governance Center, without actually contributing anything to the community.
1． Why does the author describe the scene at the beginning of Paragraph 1
A．To illustrate the wide application of a practice.
B．To show the high popularity of a social activity.
C．To introduce the discussion about a social phenomenon.
D．To stress the necessity of correcting historical mistakes.
2． What does the underlined word “implicit” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Stated. B．Forgetten. C．Unspoken. D．Complicated.
3． What is Graeme Wood’s attitude towards land acknowledges
A．Ironic (讽刺的) and critical. B．Supportive and approving.
C．Cautious and objective. D．Doubtful and dismissive.
4． Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．A New Perspective on Native American Tribes
B．Land Acknowledgments: Meaningful or Meaningless
C．The Historical Injustice behind Land Acknowledgments
D．The Rise of Land Acknowledgments: From Oscars to Campuses
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了“土地致谢”在各类活动中日益普遍，有人认为其能促使人们反思历史不公、彰显历史，也有人批评它空洞无实、无实际解决方案，仅为表演性行为。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Such “land acknowledgments” have become common practice over the past decade, at university ceremonies, rock concerts, and even the Academy Awards. The idea is that recognizing these former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or just empty signals ( 在过去的十年中，这样的“土地致谢”已经成为一种普遍的做法，在大学典礼、摇滚音乐会，甚至是奥斯卡颁奖典礼上。我们的想法是，通过名字来认识这些前居民，提醒我们他们曾经在这里，并有助于改善历史上的不公正。但它们对社会是有益的实践，还是只是空洞的信号？)”可知，开篇描述“活动开场时提及原住民部落”的场景，随后点明这是“土地致谢”实践，紧接着提出核心疑问 “这一做法对社会有用，还是仅为空洞信号”。由此可推知，作者描述第一段开头的场景是为了引入关于一种社会现象的讨论。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“You can’t right a wrong until you admit it. Behind each land acknowledgement is a recognition that cities and towns across the United States occupy land that was once inhabited by other peoples.( 除非你承认错误，否则你无法纠正错误。在每一个“土地致谢”的背后，都是承认美国各地的城镇占据了曾经被其他民族居住的土地。)”以及划线单词句中“The troubled history of how this came to be so, and the often terrible implications for those who were here before, is….( 关于这种情况如何发生的混乱历史，以及对之前在这里的人的可怕影响，都是……。)”可知，虽然土地致谢背后表达了对“土地曾属于他人”的认可，但并未承认错误，这段历史的“问题本质及对原住民的可怕影响”并未直接说出，是“隐含的”。由此可知，划线单词implicit为“隐含的”的意思，和C选项Unspoken“不言而喻的”意思相近。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中““A land acknowledgement is what you give when you have no intention of giving land,” Graeme Wood writes in The Atlantic. “It’s like a receipt provided by a highway robber, noting all the jewels and gold coins he has stolen.”(格雷姆·伍德（Graeme Wood）在《大西洋月刊》（The Atlantic）上写道：“当你无意出让土地时，你就会给予承认。”“这就像公路抢劫犯提供的收据，上面写着他偷了多少珠宝和金币。”)”可推知，格雷姆·伍德将土地致谢比作“强盗提供的收据”，暗指其“只承认侵占，却不归还土地”，用讽刺的比喻表达强烈批判态度。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“The idea is that recognizing these former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or just empty signals ( 我们的想法是，通过名字来认识这些前居民，提醒我们他们曾经在这里，并有助于改善历史上的不公正。但它们对社会是有益的实践，还是只是空洞的信号？)”可知，文章开篇引入“土地致谢”现象，随后分别阐述支持方（有意义，促进反思、承认历史）和反对方（无意义，空洞、无实际行动）的观点，核心围绕“该做法是否有价值”展开。由此可知，文章的最佳标题是“土地致谢：有意义还是没有意义？”。故选B项。
【变式1-1】（2025·浙江·天域全国名校协作体·一模）
Is text-messaging driving us apart These days, we talk to each other a lot with our thumbs — sending six billion text messages a day, and likely a few billion more on services like Whats App.
But some worry that so much messaging leads to less communication. For instance, when hanging out with friends, we’d be texting secretively at the same time, pretending to maintain eye contact but mentally somewhere else.
New technologies often upset the way we relate to one another, of course. But such division caused by texting have a strong echo in the arguments we had over telephone a hundred years ago. The small device gave us a new way to contact one another and quickly promote new forms of socializing. Callers arranged regular “visiting” calls, dialing remote family to catch up on news.
Soon, though, social critics thought it would be so easy to talk that we’d never leave each other alone. Others worried that the telephone sped up life, demanding instant reactions. The use of the telephone gave little room for reflection. It produced a craziness in the ordinary concerns of life which didn’t make for domestic happiness. “We shall soon be nothing but transparent piles of jelly (果冻) to each other,” a London writer moaned in 1897.
However, nowadays the telephone call seems like a throwback to a gentler era. When Jenna Birch, a communication professor at the University of Iowa, started dating a man who insisted on calling her on the phone, she found it warm and delightful. So she doesn’t think the shift to texting has degraded our interactions. According to her study, teenagers who text the most are also those who spend the most time face to face with munication, it seems, brings more communication, and — as she argues — just because talk happens in text doesn’t mean it’s not meaningful.
Michéle Martin of Carleton University, thinks we’re living through a replay of the telephone, where the things that made it valuable — instant communications — are the same that made it annoying. “People believe they are liberated because they can bring the mobile phone everywhere,” Martin says. “But at the same time, they are slaves to it.”
1． What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．To introduce the topic. B．To describe a scene.
C．To offer an argument. D．To issue a warning.
2． According to paragraph 4, what does telephone use cause
A．People experience very tight schedule. B．People tend to lack individuality.
C．People become narrow and uninformed. D．People lose the ability to reflect.
3． What can we learn from paragraph 5
A．Telephone calls are particularly welcomed in dating.
B．Teenagers are addicted to communicating by texting.
C．The shift to texting is destructive to face-to-face time.
D．The meaning of communication goes beyond medium.
4． What’s the best title for the text
A．Oh My God! We’ve Been Here Before!
B．Gone with the Wind, Dear Texting!
C．Life is Too Short for So Many Texting.
D．Oh, Telephone, a Tale of Two Sides.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了短信交流是否导致人与人之间疏远，通过对比短信与电话交流的影响来探讨这一问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Is text-messaging driving us apart These days, we talk to each other a lot with our thumbs — sending six billion text messages a day, and likely a few billion more on services like Whats App.(短信正在让我们疏远吗？如今，我们经常用拇指互相交谈——每天发送60亿条短信，而在Whats App等服务上可能还会多发送几十亿条。)”可知，第一段通过提出“短信是否让我们疏远”的问题，并给出当前短信发送量的数据，来引出文章要讨论的主题。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“ Soon, though, social critics thought it would be so easy to talk that we’d never leave each other alone. Others worried that the telephone sped up life, demanding instant reactions. The use of the telephone gave little room for reflection. It produced a craziness in the ordinary concerns of life which didn’t make for domestic happiness. “We shall soon be nothing but transparent piles of jelly ( 果冻 ) to each other,” a London writer moaned in 1897.(然而不久之后，社会评论家们认为，仅仅通过通话就能交流得如此顺畅，以至于我们根本无法独处片刻。还有人担心电话会加快生活节奏，要求人们立即做出反应。电话的使用几乎没有给人们留下思考的空间。它让日常生活中原本平凡的事情变得混乱不堪，这不利于家庭的幸福。“我们很快就会变成彼此透明的果冻般的存在了。”1897 年，一位伦敦作家如此哀叹道。)”可知，文章第四段提到，反对电话的人认为，电话使得人们交流过于便捷，会让人失去独处的时间，还会加速生活节奏，要求人们即时回应，且缺乏思考空间，甚至认为这会让人们在日常事务中变得 “疯狂”，一位伦敦作家还抱怨 “我们很快会变成彼此面前透明的果冻”，暗示人们会因电话失去个性和隐私。A 选项 “日程紧张” 并非原文强调的核心问题；C 选项 “视野狭窄、信息闭塞” 与电话促进沟通的特点相悖；D 选项 “失去思考能力” 原文表述为 “缺乏思考空间（gave little room for reflection）”，并非 “失去思考能力”，表述不准确，故 B 选项正确。电话的使用导致人们往往缺乏个性。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“However, nowadays the telephone call seems like a throwback to a gentler era. When Jenna Birch, a communication professor at the University of Iowa, started dating a man who insisted on calling her on the phone, she found it warm and delightful. So she doesn’t think the shift to texting has degraded our interactions. According to her study, teenagers who text the most are also those who spend the most time face to face with munication, it seems, brings more communication, and — as she argues — just because talk happens in text doesn’t mean it’s not meaningful.(但如今，打电话反而像是回到了更温和的旧时光。爱荷华大学的传播学教授珍娜 伯奇曾和一个坚持打电话联系她的人约会，她觉得这种方式温暖又愉快。因此她认为，转向短信交流并没有降低我们互动的质量。根据她的研究，发短信最多的青少年，也是和朋友面对面相处时间最长的群体。看来，沟通只会带来更多沟通——而且正如她所说，不能仅仅因为交流是通过短信进行的，就否定它的意义。)”可知，沟通的意义超越了媒介本身。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章首先提出短信是否导致人与人之间疏远的问题，然后通过对比短信与电话交流的影响，指出新技术往往会改变我们彼此相处的方式，但短信交流并不一定意味着沟通没有意义。文章最后提到，我们正在经历电话时代的重演，其中使电话有价值的东西——即时通讯——也是使它令人讨厌的东西。因此，A选项“Oh My God! We’ve Been Here Before!(天哪！我们以前来过这里！)”最符合文章主旨，既表达了短信与电话交流影响的相似性，又带有一种对历史重演的感慨，适合用作标题。故选A。
【变式1-2】（25-26高三上·安徽合肥七中·月考）
Climate experts are having a debate: they are asking whether the UK should focus more on adapting to climate change or trying to prevent it.
David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up. Despite the many policies which attempt to stop climate change, it now seems unavoidable that the world will pass the 1.5℃ or 2℃ increases in average global temperature that are likely to induce large changes in the climate.
Some activists claim that adaptation is not practicable. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race.
However, the mainstream view of many scientists and economists, who work on climate change, is that global warming could lead to large changes in our environment. Significant parts of the world currently heavily populated could become effectively uninhabitable while other parts currently unsuitable for high-density human habitation would become more habitable. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures both climate and weather are likely to become more volatile — including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events.
These would be significant changes, but it would be perfectly practicable for humans to adapt to them. The issue is not whether adapting would be technically practicable, but whether it would be desirable either in moral or practical terms. Are we willing to accept a warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing (兴旺) of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human living across the world
It is by no means clear on what basis we ought to morally prefer the plants and animals that flourish under today’s climate to those that would flourish under a warmer, more changeable climate. However, adaptation will be achievable and is a necessity considering warming is now unavoidable. Slower GDP growth and thus slower climate change ought to make greater efforts at adaptation more attractive.
1． According to the passage, who hesitate(s) to adapt to the climate change
A．Economists. B．Climate experts. C．David Frost. D．The activists.
2． The underlined word “volatile” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．changeable B．predictable C．bearable D．noticeable
3． The questions in Paragraph 5 are mainly aimed at ________.
A．expressing doubts about people’s adaptability
B．presenting examples of future climate patterns
C．highlighting the consequences of human activities
D．helping people decide on their openness to adaptation
4． Which of the following might the author agree with
A．Slowing climate change deserves great efforts.
B．Global warming is preventable to some extent.
C．Adaptation to climate change is beyond question.
D．Protection of the current species is a top priority.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了目前关于如何应对气候变化有两种不同观点——适应气候变化或者阻止气候变化，但作者认为适应气候变化是可行的和必要的。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Some activists claim that adaptation is not practicable.(部分原因是一些积极分子声称适应是不可行的。)”可知，一些积极分子认为适应气候变化不可行，所以他们对适应气候变化感到犹豫。故选D。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段破折号后的“including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events(包括暴风雨、洪水和其他天气事件的频率增加)”可知，风暴、洪水和其他天气事件发生的频率增加，由此可推测出，气候和天气可能变得更加多变。volatile意为“易变的”，与changeable意思最接近。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The issue is not whether adapting would be technically practicable, but whether it would be desirable either in moral or practical terms.(问题不在于适应在技术上是否可行，而在于从道德或实践角度来看是否可取。)”可知，从技术上来说适应气候变化是可行的，但问题是从道德或实践角度来看适应气候变化是否可取。接下来“Are we willing to accept a warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing (兴旺) of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human living across the world (我们是否愿意接受一个实质上更温暖的世界，人类生活在这个世界的不同地方？我们是否愿意接受某些物种可能灭绝，以及那些目前不太成功的物种和尚未进化的新物种更加繁荣？我们是否愿意接受世界各地人类居住模式发生重大转变的后果？)”用提问的方式引发人们思考是否能接受气候变化带来的影响，由此可推测出，这些问题旨在帮助人们确定自己对适应的接受性。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“However, adaptation will be achievable and is a necessity considering warming is now unavoidable.(然而，考虑到气候变暖目前不可避免的程度，适应将是可行的，也是必要的。)”可知，作者认为气候变暖是不可避免的，所以适应是可行的和必要的，由此可推测出，作者认为适应气候变化是毋庸置疑的。故选C。
考向02 问题解决型议论文
【例2-1】（25-26高三·安徽部分学校·联考）
For a long time, being busy has become part of who we are. We associate being busy with being productive, and being productive with being successful. We tend to think having an inundated itinerary and flying through life at a fast speed are an effective marker of how well we are doing. However, many people who live this way are often very tired and struggling. To change this, we need to slow down.
Recently, there has been a growing movement against busyness. More people are seeking time for themselves and learning to say “no” to more invitations. Supporters of “slow living” argue that life is better when we move more slowly. They believe that taking things one step at a time, without rushing or overloading your schedule, allows you to enjoy the present moment. In my view, slow living is about being mindful of the here-and-now, making thoughtful choices about how to use your time, and appreciating the simple joys of life. This approach is beneficial both physically and mentally.
For those with chronic (慢性的) illnesses, slow living can be life-changing. Hannah Hoskins, who suffers from severe muscle pain, sometimes only has the energy to sit up for ten minutes. She says, “Slow living saved my life. It teaches us that productivity isn’t the ultimate goal, and that as humans, we need to live fully, not just work endlessly. Realizing it’s impossible to ‘do everything’ frees you to decide whether you truly want to keep doing what you’re doing.”
Hannah’s advice for those trying to practice slow living is to start small. She suggests, “Say ‘no’ to something you feel obliged (有责任的) to do but are actually afraid of. Once you see that the world doesn’t end and people don’t dislike you for saying no, keep practicing. The more you ask yourself, ‘Is this something I really want to do, or am I doing it because I feel I should ’ the easier it becomes to stop doing things you don’t enjoy.”
1． What do the underlined words “an inundated itinerary” in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A．An exciting chance. B．A flexible arrangement.
C．An overloaded calendar. D．A well-planned journey.
2． What can we infer from people’s recent views on being busy
A．They are beginning to question its value.
B．They consider it an essential part of life.
C．They think it is a barrier to happiness.
D．They believe staying busy leads to success.
3． What does the author try to show by mentioning Hannah Hoskins in Paragraph 3
A．Productivity measurements should be revised.
B．Overworking is the root cause of chronic pain.
C．Chronic illness requires a complete lifestyle change.
D．A slower pace benefits people with long-term health issues.
4． What is Hannah Hoskins’s suggestion about
A．Doing whatever one wants.
B．Avoiding challenges to feel safe.
C．Defeating fear to unlock greater potential.
D．Refusing tasks you fear but feel obliged to do.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了现代社会中“忙碌文化”的弊端，并倡导通过“慢生活”（slow living）理念来改善身心健康与生活品质。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中划线词上文“We associate being busy with being productive, and being productive with being successful.(我们把忙碌和高效联系在一起，把高效和成功联系在一起。)”以及下文“flying through life at a fast speed(生活节奏飞快)”可知，划线部分所在句子“We tend to think having an inundated itinerary and flying through life at a fast speed are an effective marker of how well we are doing.(我们倾向于认为，有an inundated itinerary，生活节奏飞快，是我们做得有多好的有效标志。)”指人们往往认为行程很满、忙碌、节奏快是工作高效、优秀的标志，an inundated itinerary的意思是“排得满满的日程表，繁忙的日程安排”，和“An overloaded calendar(超负荷的日程表)”意思相近。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Recently, there has been a growing movement against busyness. More people are seeking time for themselves and learning to say “no” to more invitations. Supporters of “slow living” argue that life is better when we move more slowly. They believe that taking things one step at a time, without rushing or overloading your schedule, allows you to enjoy the present moment.(最近，一场反对忙碌的运动正在兴起。越来越多的人在为自己寻找时间，学会对更多的邀请说“不”。“慢生活”的支持者认为，当我们行动更慢时，生活就会更好。他们认为，一步一步来，不匆忙或超载你的时间表，让你享受当下。)”可知，人们开始质疑忙的价值，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的第一句“For those with chronic (慢性的) illnesses, slow living can be life-changing.(对于那些患有慢性疾病的人来说，慢生活可以改变他们的生活。)”以及下文“Hannah Hoskins, who suffers from severe muscle pain, sometimes only has the energy to sit up for ten minutes. She says, “Slow living saved my life. It teaches us that productivity isn’t the ultimate goal, and that as humans, we need to live fully, not just work endlessly. Realizing it’s impossible to ‘do everything’ frees you to decide whether you truly want to keep doing what you’re doing.”(汉娜·霍斯金斯（Hannah Hoskins）患有严重的肌肉疼痛，有时她只有精力坐起来十分钟。她说：“慢生活救了我的命。它告诉我们，生产力不是最终目标，作为人类，我们需要充实地生活，而不仅仅是无休止地工作。意识到‘做所有事情’是不可能的，你就可以自由地决定自己是否真的想继续做你正在做的事情。”)”可知，作者在第三段提到Hannah Hoskins，是想要说明慢节奏对有长期健康问题的人有益。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“She suggests(她建议)”和“Say ‘no’ to something you feel obliged (有责任的) to do but are actually afraid of.(对你觉得有义务做但实际上害怕做的事情说‘不’。)”可知，Hannah Hoskins的建议是拒绝你害怕却不得不做的任务。故选D。
【例2-2】（25-26高三上·重庆南开中学·期中）
The common fear that a friend secretly dislikes us often reflects internal insecurities rather than actual ill will. People frequently interpret neutral or unclear behaviors — such as brief text replies or delayed responses — as signs of rejection. Even well-meaning words of comfort like “no worries” may be perceived as mocking or insincere.
This tendency can be explained through what is known as the fawn response, a behavioral pattern less recognized than the “fight or flight” reaction. The fawn response involves attempts to please others in order to feel safe, a strategy often developed in childhood when facing critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or an unstable home environment. While this strategy may ease conflict temporarily, it can also lead to a habitual cycle of approval-seeking. We might intellectually understand that a friend isn’t upset with us — but those “old ways of being” bite hard. Something was learned early on: “I need to try harder and do more to be loved.”
This pattern has several consequences. On the personal level, it fuels anxiety, as individuals repeatedly question whether they have offended their peers. On the interpersonal level, it can strain relationships, since constant demands for reassurance may frustrate friends and even create the very rejection that was worried about. In this way, assuming everyone is annoyed with you can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The key is understanding that it is not the end of the world — or a friendship. Conflict is not only unavoidable; it can even be healing, demonstrating that intimacy can survive difference. Learning to tolerate discomfort, rather than avoiding it at all costs, can foster both toughness and closeness.
Social media, unfortunately, worsens social anxiety. The absence of nonverbal cues makes it easy to misinterpret tone, while the constant visibility of online interactions can intensify feelings of exclusion or neglect. Managing these anxieties requires conscious effort. Instead of seeking immediate reassurance, individuals can pause to ask: Am I truly being rejected, or am I simply anxious Developing tolerance for uncertainty can interrupt the cycle and reduce dependence on others’ approval. Trust also plays a role. When friends say they are simply busy or distracted, accept their words at face value. After all, no question or magic phrase can control another person’s perception. Even if it could, you might be robbing yourself of opportunities to grow, learn or deepen a bond.
1． What can we learn about the fawn response
A．It reflects the belief that approval requires effort.
B．It is a reaction aimed at avoiding danger.
C．It is a cycle of seeking constant approval.
D．It always prevents conflict from occurring.
2． What does “a self- fulfilling prophecy” in paragraph 3 mean
A．A pattern that tries to entertain others.
B．An outcome that happens as feared.
C．A prediction that is certain to fail.
D．A belief that one is self-made.
3． According to the author, conflict in a relationship can be ________.
A．a sign of a growing disagreement
B．a chance to strengthen a friendship
C．a problem that should be avoided
D．a way to test its toughness
4． What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Where friendship problems lie.
B．Why magic words fail to do wonders.
C．How to handle anxiety caused by social media.
D．What leads people to seek constant reassurance.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨人们担心朋友暗中不喜欢自己的心理源于讨好型反应，分析其影响，并给出应对社交媒体加剧的社交焦虑的方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The fawn response involves attempts to please others in order to feel safe, a strategy often developed in childhood when facing critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or an unstable home environment.(讨好型反应包括试图取悦他人以获得安全感，这种策略通常在童年时期面对挑剔或情感忽视的父母，或不稳定的家庭环境时形成。)”以及“Something was learned early on: “I need to try harder and do more to be loved.”(早年就学到的东西：“我需要更努力，做得更多才能被爱。”)”可知，讨好型反应体现了“获得认可需要付出努力”这一观念。故选A项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“it can strain relationships, since constant demands for reassurance may frustrate friends and even create the very rejection that was worried about.(它会使关系紧张，因为不断寻求安慰可能会让朋友感到沮丧，甚至造成原本担心的拒绝。)”可知，原本担心被拒绝，最终因自身行为真的引发了拒绝，即“预言应验”，所以“a self-fulfilling prophecy”指“如担忧般发生的结果”。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Conflict is not only unavoidable; it can even be healing, demonstrating that intimacy can survive difference.(冲突不仅不可避免；它甚至可以是有治愈作用的，表明亲密关系可以经受住分歧的考验。)”可知，作者认为关系中的冲突可能是巩固友谊的机会。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Social media, unfortunately, worsens social anxiety.(不幸的是，社交媒体加剧了社交焦虑。)”以及“Managing these anxieties requires conscious effort.(管理这些焦虑需要有意识的努力。)”可知，该段主要围绕“如何应对社交媒体引发的焦虑”展开。故选C项。
【变式2-1】（25-26高三·上海市曹杨中学·期中）
Recently, a friend celebrating a milestone birthday announced that her new goal was to stop feeling so anxious about everything, and instead to have fun. She asked for my advice on how to do that. I told her about something that the Danish philosopher S ren Kierkegaard identified back in the 19th century as a challenge each person must face to keep from falling into despair. He regarded this as “the most important thing” in life. Kierkegaard was referring to anxiety itself. He believed that understanding and using one’s anxiety was the great opportunity and adventure of life.
Modern research supports this idea. In 2014, scholars writing in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology published a study on how a person’s anxiety while performing a task affected “flow,” the intensely rewarding state of focus originally identified in the 1970s by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. The researchers found that flow states were highest when subjects felt some anxiety but were not overpowered by it. Perhaps you can relate to feeling fully alive when you’re working within your abilities but are just on the edge of them.
Instead of treating anxiety as something purely negative, we can see it as a useful signal. It is protective insofar as it alerts you to potential threats. If you remove all anxiety when you’re driving, for example, you may not be alert enough to the dangers of traffic. Even people who experience what is generally regarded as a severe level have noted that they gain some emotional benefits from their anxiety. As Scott Stossel, author of My Age of Anxiety: Fear, Hope, Dread, and the Search for Peace of Mind, notes, anxiety can raise one’s awareness of others, promote understanding, and bring one greater self-knowledge.
While severe, dysregulated anxiety should rightly be treated as a medical concern, ordinary anxiety need not be seen as harmful. If understood and managed properly, it can even be a friend. The first step is to accept anxiety as a normal occurrence, not try to mold it back. Experiments have found that people who tried to control their anxious behaviors felt even more anxious, compared with those who accepted these feelings.
The next step is to reframe anxiety, not as dread but as evidence of an exciting opportunity. The Harvard psychiatrist Kevin Majeres has defined anxiety as “adrenaline with a negative frame.” The right goal is not to get rid of adrenaline but to change how we interpret it. This can be as simple as saying, when something is stressing you out, “This is exciting.”
1． What does “this idea” (paragraph 2) refer to
A．Anxiety leads people to despair. B．Anxiety can play a positive role.
C．Anxiety is what adults must live with. D．Adventure begins with feelings of anxiety.
2． What can be inferred about the public attitude toward anxiety from the passage
A．Many people hold a mistaken view of anxiety.
B．Most people view anxiety simply as a part of life.
C．Public understanding of anxiety has recently improved.
D．People’s understanding of anxiety differs across cultures.
3． Which of the following is a suggested way to deal with anxiety
A．Take medication whenever you begin to feel anxious.
B．Avoid activities that might cause nervousness or stress.
C．Try to block anxious thoughts and control every reaction.
D．Accept the feeling and see it as a sign of new possibilities.
4． Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A．Turning Anxiety into Strength ` B．The Hidden Dangers of Anxiety
C．Living Without Feeling Anxious D．Why Anxiety Is a Modern Disease
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要通过丹麦哲学家Kierkegaard的观点与现代研究，提出焦虑并非纯粹的负面情绪，而是具有积极作用的信号。阐述了焦虑能助力专注状态、预警潜在威胁、带来情感益处等价值，并给出了接纳焦虑、重构其意义的应对方法。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“He believed that understanding and using one's anxiety was the great opportunity and adventure of life. (他认为，理解并利用自身的焦虑是人生中重大的机遇和冒险。)”以及第二段中“Modern research supports this idea. In 2014, scholars writing in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology published a study on how a person's anxiety while performing a task affected “flow,” the intensely rewarding state of focus originally identified in the 1970s by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. (现代研究支持这一观点。2014年，学者们在《实验社会心理学杂志》上发表了一项研究，探讨人们在执行任务时的焦虑如何影响“心流”——这是Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi在20世纪70年代首次提出的一种极具回报感的专注状态。)”可知，第一段中提到Kierkegaard认为理解并利用焦虑是人生中重大的机会和冒险，第二段中现代研究支持了这一观点，即焦虑可以产生积极的影响。因此，“this idea”指的是焦虑可以发挥积极作用。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Instead of treating anxiety as something purely negative, we can see it as a useful signal. (与其把焦虑看作纯粹消极的东西，不如把它看作一个有用的信号。)”以及第四段中“While severe, dysregulated anxiety should right be treated as a medical concern, ordinary anxiety need not be seen as harmful. (虽然严重的、失调的焦虑确实应该被视为一种医疗问题，但普通的焦虑不必被视为有害的。)”可知，公众通常将焦虑视为纯粹消极的东西，而文章指出焦虑可以是有用的信号，普通的焦虑不必被视为有害的。因此，许多人对焦虑存在误解。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The first step is to accept anxiety as a normal occurrence, not try to mold it back. (第一步是接受焦虑是一种正常现象，而不是试图改变它。)”和第五段中“The next step is to reframe anxiety, not as dread but as evidence of an exciting opportunity. (下一步是重新定义焦虑，不是将其视为恐惧，而是将其视为激动人心的机会的证据。)”可知，文章应对焦虑的建议是“接纳这种情绪，并将其视为新可能的信号”。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“He believed that understanding and using one's anxiety was the great opportunity and adventure of life. (他认为，理解并利用自身的焦虑是人生中重大的机遇和冒险。)”和第三段中“Instead of treating anxiety as something purely negative, we can see it as a useful signal. (与其把焦虑看作纯粹消极的东西，不如把它看作一个有用的信号。)”可知，文章核心是打破“焦虑即负面”的固有认知，强调焦虑的积极作用，并给出将其转化为助力的方法，“Turning Anxiety into Strength (把焦虑变成力量)”最能概括主旨，适宜作为标题使用。故选A项。
【变式2-2】（25-26高三上·江西·仿真一模）
Given the popularity of inexpensive food that promotes overeating, it makes sense that we try to guard against “cheap and unhealthy” food in an effort to be healthy. But we may be overcorrecting, forgetting that “cheap and healthy” food exists, too.
According to a recent study, many people believe that healthy food must be more expensive than unhealthy food, and that healthy food just needs to be expensive. In fact, the study’s researchers found that a high-price tag will even convince consumers that a certain food is healthful. “It’s concerning. The findings suggest that price of food alone can affect our understanding of what is healthy,” Rebecca Reczek, a co-author of the study, said in a statement.
According to Reczek, the purpose of the study was to examine the popular belief that eating healthy food means spending more money. And sometimes that’s the truth: Organic products, wild-caught seafood and food that accommodates chronic (慢性的) diseases, all typically cost more money. But other times, the nutritional value of food ranks all the same.
In one experiment, Reczek gave participants a new food product. Some participants were told the product was very healthy. Others were told the product had little nutritional value. Participants who were told the product was good for them rated the food as pricier (更高价的) than those who thought it was unhealthy. And here’s what usually happened: People tended to read more reviews about the product when it was offered at a lower price in order to trust that it was healthy.
The idea that we all believe healthy food needs to be more expensive works against us. “We don’t have to be misled,” Reczek said. “We can compare nutrition labels and do more research before we go to the grocery store. We can use facts rather than our intuition (直觉).”
1． Which of the following statements reflects the author’s opinion
A．People’s health awareness needs improving.
B．The cheaper food is, the less people will eat.
C．The price of food can’t reflect its health degree.
D．It is wrong of people to seek health at all costs.
2． Which of the following food is often regarded as more expensive
A．Farmed seafood. B．Organic food. C．Wild mushrooms. D．Fresh vegetables.
3． What does Reczek suggest we do in the last paragraph
A．Ignore nutrition labels. B．Believe intuition.
C．Compare the price tag. D．Shop smartly.
4． What can be the best title for the text
A．How to eat cheaply and healthily
B．Don’t be misled by price tags any more.
C．People falsely believe pricier food is healthier.
D．What influences our choices when we buy food
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章指出很多人认为健康食品一定更贵，价格会影响人们对食物健康程度的判断，作者通过实验解释这一现象，并建议人们理性购物。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But we may be overcorrecting, forgetting that “cheap and healthy” food exists, too.(但我们或许做得过头了，忘记了“价格低廉且健康”的食品也是存在的)”以及第二段“In fact, the study’s researchers found that a high-price tag will even convince consumers that a certain food is healthful.(事实上，该研究的研究人员发现，高昂的价格甚至会让消费者认为某种食品是健康的)”可知，作者认为食物价格与食物健康没有必然联系，言外之意是食物价格并不能反映其健康程度。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“And sometimes that’s the truth: Organic products, wild-caught seafood and food that accommodates chronic (慢性的) diseases, all typically cost more money.(有时情况确实如此：有机食品、野生捕捞的海鲜以及适合慢性病患者的食品，通常价格都更高)”可知，有机食品通常被认为是更贵的食物。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““We don’t have to be misled,” Reczek said. “We can compare nutrition labels and do more research before we go to the grocery store. We can use facts rather than our intuition (直觉).”(雷切克说：“我们不必被误导。在去超市购物之前，我们可以对照营养标签并进行更多研究。我们可以依据事实而非凭直觉来做决定。”)”可知，Reczek建议我们购物时要依据事实而不是直觉，要理性、明智，即聪明地购物。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“According to a recent study, many people believe that healthy food must be more expensive than unhealthy food, and that healthy food just needs to be expensive. In fact, the study’s researchers found that a high-price tag will even convince consumers that a certain food is healthful.(根据最近的一项研究，许多人认为健康食品必然要比不健康食品贵，而且他们认为健康食品只需保持高价即可。事实上，该研究的研究人员发现，高昂的价格甚至会让消费者认为某种食品是健康的)”可知，本文主要论述了人们错误地认为价格更高的食物更健康这一现象。故 C项“人们错误地认为价格较高的食物更健康”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选C。
考向03 现象阐述型议论文
【例3-1】（25-26高三·江苏南京中华中学·期中）
After Alexander Pushkin was shot in a duel (决斗) in 1837, crowds of mourners formed in Saint Petersburg. When the wagon carrying the much loved poet’s body reached Pskov province, where he was to be buried, admirers tried to pull the vehicle themselves.
Today’s celebrity funerals tend to involve the public largely digitally rather than in person. But people are passionate all the same. In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are odd, even irrational.
Unlike other kinds of grief, this one is not rooted in personal intimacy. If you ever interacted with a cherished author, it was probably during a book tour when she signed your copy of her novel. Maybe you once locked eyes with a musician during a live concert and he smiled at you, but actually he did not even know you.
Objectively, sorrow makes sense when a star dies young or violently. Had she not died at 27, who knows what music Amy Winehouse would have added to her already impressive collections of work The death of a long-lived and fulfilled artist, however, is far from the saddest item in an average day’s headlines. And while most ordinary people sink into oblivion, these celebrities live on in their output. Why, then, are these losses felt so widely and keenly
One interpretation is that departed celebrities are merely the messengers. Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied.
More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists.
1． Why does the author mention Milan Kundera and Michael Gambon in paragraph 2
A．To prove that celebrities’ funerals tend to attract wider public attention.
B．To illustrate why people express their sadness at the loss of those celebrities.
C．To show that people’s grief over celebrities’ death is ridiculous and impractical.
D．To demonstrate that people’s mourning for celebrities seems strange and unreasonable.
2． The underlined phrase “sink into oblivion” in paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．are upset B．are desperate C．are helpless D．are forgotten
3． What can we learn from the passage
A．People won’t mourn for celebrities unless they have intimate relationships with celebrities.
B．It’s natural that people mourn for celebrities dying young but not for those long-lived ones.
C．People feel sad for the passing of celebrities because of the mental nourishment received.
D．People attend celebrities’ funerals, either in person or on the Internet, to express their loyalty.
4． What’s the author’s attitude towards public mourning for the celebrities
A．Neutral. B．Supportive. C．Skeptical. D．Concerned.
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨公众哀悼名人的现象，指出尽管缺乏私人交集，人们因名人的精神滋养而真的感到悲伤，并认为这种集体哀悼是原子化时代的情感连接契机。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are odd, even irrational. (在过去的几个月里，米兰·昆德拉和迈克尔·甘本的悲痛传遍了互联网。如果你停下来想一想，这种对作家和演员的强烈感情的表达是奇怪的，甚至是非理性的。)”可知，作者以昆德拉和甘本为例，引出后面的观点：公众对名人的哀悼看似奇怪且不合理。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线短语前面的“most ordinary people (大多数普通人)”和后面的“these celebrities live on in their output (这些名人在他们的作品中活了下来)”可知，sink into oblivion与live on“长存”形成对比，表明普通人死后易被遗忘，而名人因作品不朽，画线短语的意思是“被遗忘”。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied. (你过去的一部分——音乐家是你的配乐，作家是你的盟友的那些年——似乎会随着他们一起消逝。悲伤可以被看作是对他们提供的和谐与快乐的一种感激。)”可知，人们因获得精神滋养而为名人的离世感到悲伤。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists. (更重要的是，艺术家的逝去成为了思想交流的契机。在这个原子化时代，当批判成为默认基调时，一位深受爱戴的人物离世，恰恰为同好们提供了分享美好情感与珍贵回忆的机会。这些悲伤的时刻，正是艺术家们留给世人的最后礼物。)”可知，作者肯定哀悼的合理性，认为这是精神联结的体现，态度偏向支持。故选B项。
【例3-2】（25-26高三·福建厦门双十中学·期中）
After earning a bachelor’s degree, I was determined to do what I love, so I headed straight to graduate school to investigate social problems. For almost a decade, I told everyone I encountered that they should do the same. “Follow your passion,” I suggested. “You can figure out the employment stuff later.”
It wasn’t until I began to research this widely accepted career advice that I understood how problematic it really was. As a sociologist, I interviewed college students and professional workers to learn what it really meant to pursue their dreams, which I will refer to here as the passion principle. I was stunned by what I found out about it.
Surveys show the American public has long held the passion principle as a career decision-making priority. And its popularity is even stronger among those facing job instability. Advocates believe following one’s passion can provide workers with both the motivation necessary to work hard and a place to find fulfillment.
Yet, what I found is that this path does not necessarily lead to fulfillment, but is one of the most powerful cultural forces that aggravate overwork. I also found that promoting the pursuit of one’s passion helps aggravate social inequalities. While the passion principle is broadly popular, not everyone has the necessary resources to turn their passion into a stable, good-paying job. Passion-seekers from wealthy families are better able to wait until a job they are passionate about comes along without worrying about student loans. And they often have access to parents’ social networks to help them find jobs. Surveys revealed that working-class and first-generation college graduates, regardless of their career field, are more likely than their wealthier peers to end up in low-paying unskilled jobs when they pursue their passion.
It’s not just well-off passion-seekers who benefit from the passion principle. Employers of passionate workers do, too. They showed greater interest in passionate applicants in part because they believed the applicants would work hard at their jobs without expecting an increase in pay. They even sacrifice a good salary, job stability and leisure time to work in a job they love.
1． What did the author advise people do for almost a decade
A．Pursue their careers with passion. B．Do whatever that fascinates them.
C．Follow widely accepted career advice. D．Study social problems in graduate school.
2． How did the author feel about the passion principle through his research
A．He was right to have followed it. B．He was struck by its broad popularity.
C．He was astonished by its consequences. D．He was further convinced of its soundness.
3． What does the underlined word “aggravate” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean
A．Intensify. B．Prevent. C．Address. D．Deserve.
4． What does the author say about employers of passionate workers
A．They sacrifice stability to work in their job. B．They help passion-seekers become well-off.
C．They let their workers benefit from the principle. D．They take advantage of the passionate workers.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对“追随热情”这一职业建议的看法转变，作者原本坚信并建议他人追随热情，但通过研究发现这一原则存在问题，不仅不一定带来满足感，还会加剧过度工作和社会不平等，同时雇主也会利用热情的求职者。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For almost a decade, I told everyone I encountered that they should do the same. “Follow your passion,” I suggested. “You can figure out the employment stuff later.”(近十年来，我对遇到的每个人都说他们也该这么做。“追随你的热情，”我建议道，“工作相关的事之后再想办法就行。”)”可知，作者在近十年的时间里建议人们用热情追求事业。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It wasn’t until I began to research this widely accepted career advice that I understood how problematic it really was. As a sociologist, I interviewed college students and professional workers to learn what it really meant to pursue their dreams, which I will refer to here as the passion principle. I was stunned by what I found out about it.(直到我开始研究这条被广泛认可的职业建议，才明白它实际上存在诸多问题。作为社会学家，我采访了大学生和职场人士，想了解追逐梦想的真正含义——在此我将其称为“热情原则”。而我从中发现的真相，让我大为震惊。)”可知，作者对热情原则的后果感到惊讶。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据上文“Yet, what I found is that this path does not necessarily lead to fulfillment, (然而，我发现这条道路未必能让人获得满足感)”和下文“I also found that promoting the pursuit of one’s passion helps aggravate social inequalities.(我还发现，宣扬追逐热爱会进一步加剧社会不平等。)”可知，作者发现这条道路反而会成为加剧过度工作的最强大文化力量之一。由此可推测出“aggravate”的意思是“加剧”，与Intensify意思相近。故选A。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“They showed greater interest in passionate applicants in part because they believed the applicants would work hard at their jobs without expecting an increase in pay. They even sacrifice a good salary, job stability and leisure time to work in a job they love.(雇主们对有热情的求职者表现出更高的兴趣，部分原因是他们认为这些求职者会努力工作，却不会期待加薪。为了从事自己热爱的工作，这些求职者甚至会牺牲高薪、工作稳定性和闲暇时间。)”可知，热情的求职者会为了从事一份热爱的工作而牺牲高薪、工作稳定和休闲时间，而雇主对热情的求职者表现出更大的兴趣，所以作者认为热情员工的雇主利用了热情的员工。故选D。
【变式3-1】（25-26高三·重庆巴蜀中学·10月月考）
For some readers, a dictionary opens up a world. Dictionaries contain multiple pleasures, such as settling word-game wars by turning actual pages. For the rest, a dictionary is either outdated or strictly online. In 2012, Encyclopaedia Britannica stopped printing new editions, going digital-only.
In his book, Unabridged: The Thrill of (and Threat to) the Modern Dictionary, American journalist Stefan Fatsis writes of the shift brought about by our decade-old dependence on search engines: “Definitions, good and bad, were a click away, and most people didn’t care or couldn’t tell which was which: expert research, scraped data, zombie (僵尸) websites, whatever popped up in a search.”
When I was a child, I loved dictionaries, and so did every sensible parent in Calcutta. If your child was literate, one of the 20 volumes of the Oxford English Dictionary or an illustratedCollins was the surest way to keep them happily occupied, setting them off on hunts for lost or forgotten words.
Fatsis sees dictionary-making as “a human endeavor (努力) stretching back to the third millennium BCE”. From the Akkadians to Sanskrit scholars, what dictionary makers hoped to do went far beyond the already tricky task of writing definitions: their job was to explain and track “the endless shifts in language”.
Change is inevitable, though Fatsis also asks what we lose in the name of convenience. He writes, “the job of the dictionary was firmly established… By the time I finished this book, it wasn’t clear how much longer flesh-bone-and-blood lexicographers would be needed to document the march of the English language. Between traditional search engines and AI-enhanced search through LLMs (large language models), the way we look up words, and find meaning in language itself, has changed.”
We can’t claim that humanity still needs physical dictionaries. Like encyclopedias and atlases, the best of them have long moved online. Indeed, the starting points of most search engines were the encyclopedias and dictionaries compiled (编纂) by experts. But I plan to hold on to my beloved, dog-eared physical dictionaries — such priceless time capsules, one of the last paradises of freedom from the endless scroll of digital content.
1． What has reduced people’s reliance on physical dictionaries
A．The decline of the print media. B．The convenience of online lookup.
C．People’s indifference to accuracy. D．Publishers’ insistence on going digital.
2． What can we infer about the future of real-life lexicographers
A．Their workload will double. B．They will remain in demand.
C．Their existence is threatened. D．They need to upgrade their skills.
3． Why does the author stick to physical dictionaries
A．They boost long-term memory. B．They last longer than digital files.
C．They offer an escape from screens. D．They give more authoritative definitions.
4． What can be a suitable title for the text
A．A Word in Favor of Dictionaries B．My Love for Looking up Words
C．A Best-seller on the Theme of Change D．Human Endeavors in Dictionary-making
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了数字时代纸质词典的使用减少现象，分析了其原因，探讨了词典编纂者的未来，并表达了作者对纸质词典的珍视。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“In his book, Unabridged: The Thrill of (and Threat to) the Modern Dictionary, American journalist Stefan Fatsis writes of the shift brought about by our decade-old dependence on search engines: “Definitions, good and bad, were a click away, and most people didn’t care or couldn’t tell which was which: expert research, scraped data, zombie (僵尸) websites, whatever popped up in a search.”(美国记者斯蒂芬·法特西斯在其著作《未删节本：现代词典的诱惑与威胁》中，记述了人类对搜索引擎长达十年的依赖所带来的变革：“无论是精良的释义还是粗劣的诠释，皆可一键获取。绝大多数人对此毫不在意，抑或无力辨别——专业研究、抓取数据、僵尸网站，凡是搜索所得皆照单全收。”)”可知，网络搜索的便捷性使人们只需点击一下就能获取定义，从而减少了对纸质词典的依赖。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“By the time I finished this book, it wasn’t clear how much longer flesh-bone-and-blood lexicographers would be needed to document the march of the English language.(等我写完这本书时，已无法确定，人们还需要有血有肉的词典编纂者多久，来记录英语语言的发展进程)”可知，作者不确定现实中的词典编纂者还能被需要多久，由此可推知，现实生活中的词典编纂者的生存受到了威胁。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But I plan to hold on to my beloved, dog-eared physical dictionaries — such priceless time capsules, one of the last paradises of freedom from the endless scroll of digital content.(但我仍打算保留我那本心爱的、书页卷角的纸质词典——它就像无比珍贵的时光胶囊，也是摆脱无休无止滚动的数字内容后，仅存的自由天堂之一)”可知，作者坚持使用纸质词典是因为它们提供了从屏幕中解脱出来的机会，是摆脱无休无止滚动的数字内容的天堂。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“We can’t claim that humanity still needs physical dictionaries. Like encyclopedias and atlases, the best of them have long moved online. Indeed, the starting points of most search engines were the encyclopedias and dictionaries compiled (编纂) by experts. But I plan to hold on to my beloved, dog-eared physical dictionaries — such priceless time capsules, one of the last paradises of freedom from the endless scroll of digital content.(我们无法断言人类仍需要实体词典。正如百科全书与地图册，其中最优秀的早已迁移至线上。事实上，多数搜索引擎的起点正是专家编纂的词典与百科全书。但我仍打算保留我那本心爱的、书页卷角的纸质词典——它就像无比珍贵的时光胶囊，也是摆脱无休无止滚动的数字内容后，仅存的自由天堂之一)”可知，文章主要讨论了数字时代纸质词典的使用减少现象，并表达了作者对纸质词典的珍视，认为它们是无比珍贵的时光胶囊，是摆脱无休无止滚动的数字内容后，仅存的自由天堂之一，A项“A Word in Favor of Dictionaries(为纸质词典正名)”概括了文章的主旨，适合作为标题。故选A项。
【变式3-2】（25-26高三·湖南长沙雅礼中学·月考）
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtfu题型09 阅读理解议论文
题型简介
议论文，是一种通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述作者观点、主张或立场的文体。它的核心目的不是讲述一个故事（如记叙文），也不是描述一个事物（如说明文），而是为了说服读者，让读者同意并接受自己的观点。
论点；论据；论证是议论文的“三要素”这是议论文的基石，缺一不可。
论点：文章的灵魂与核心。是什么：作者对所论述问题所持的观点、见解或主张。它必须是一个明确的、表示判断的陈述句。要求：正确、鲜明、深刻。一篇文章只有一个中心论点，它像一根红线，贯穿全文。
论据：文章的血肉与支撑。是什么：用来证明论点成立的理由和依据。类型：事实论据：确凿的事例、统计数据、历史史实等。俗话说“事实胜于雄辩”。道理论据：经过实践检验的、公认的道理，如科学原理、名言警句、格言谚语等。
论证：文章的骨架与脉络。是什么：运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法。它揭示了论点和论据之间的逻辑联系。作用：就像用砖块（论据）盖房子（论点），论证就是盖房子的具体方法和过程（如何打地基、如何砌墙）。
设题类型&命题方式
考向01 观点对比型议论文
这类文章的核心是讨论关于某一话题的两种对立或不同的观点，并最终给出作者自己的看法。
设题核心： 考查辨别不同观点、理解论证逻辑和把握作者立场的能力。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
观点识别题
典型问法：What is the first/some people’s opinion on... （一些人对……持什么观点？）/what do those who hold the opposite view believe （持相反观点的人认为？）
考查重点：要求准确识别并区分文中呈现的双方观点，避免张冠李戴。
作者立场题
典型问法：What is the author’s attitude towards... （作者对……的态度是什么？）/Which opinion does the author agree with （作者同意哪个观点？）
考查重点：考查是否能在双方观点的碰撞中，准确把握作者最终的倾向和个人立场。
论证目的题
典型问法：Why does the author mention “…” in paragraph X （作者为什么在第X段提到“……”？）
典型问法：Why does the author cite the example of（……的例子被用来证明。）
考查重点：考查对论证过程的理解，即文中的事例、数据等论据是为支持哪一个观点（通常是作者所倾向的观点）服务的。
主旨要义题
典型问法：What is the main purpose of the passage （这篇文章的主要目的是什么？）/What is the best title for the text （文章最好的标题是什么？）
考查重点：此类文章的主旨往往不是简单介绍两种观点，而是“通过对比两种观点，来引出并论证作者自己的结论”。
考向2 问题解决型议论文
这类文章通常围绕一个社会问题或现象展开，分析其成因、危害，并提出解决方案或建议。
设题核心： 考查对问题本质、成因、后果及解决方案的逻辑链条的理解。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
问题/原因识别题
典型问法：What is the serious problem discussed in the passage （文章中讨论的严重问题是什么？）/What is the root cause of... according to the text （根据文章，……的根本原因是什么？）
考查重点：考查对文章所界定核心问题及其背后原因的准确理解。
后果/影响推断题
典型问法：What would be the negative effect of... （……可能带来什么负面影响？）/The author believes that the problem may lead to . （作者认为这个问题可能导致。）
考查重点：考查对问题所引发后果的推断和理解，这类信息有时是明确陈述的，有时需要根据原因进行逻辑推导。
方案/措施细节题
典型问法：What measure/step is suggested to solve the problem （建议采取什么措施/步骤来解决这个问题？）/What is the key to tackling the issue . （解决这个问题的关键是。）
考查重点：直接考查对文中提出的具体解决方案的细节把握。
写作目的题
典型问法：The main purpose of the passage is to . （这篇文章的主要目的是。）/What does the author call on people to do （作者呼吁人们做什么？）
考查重点：此类文章的写作目的通常是“分析一个问题并呼吁采取行动（提出解决方案）”，而不仅仅是描述问题本身。
考向3 现象阐述型议论文
这类文章针对某一社会现象、潮流或新生事物，阐述其表现、分析其影响（积极和/或消极），并表达作者的看法。
设题核心： 考查对现象本身、其多方面影响以及作者评价的全面理解。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
现象特征题
典型问法：What do we know about the trend of... （关于……的潮流，我们知道什么？）/According to the text, Why is xxx.. becoming popular ？（根据文章，……变得流行是因为。）
考查重点：考查对所述现象的基本特征、表现或流行原因的把握。
影响分析题
典型问法：What is the positive/negative impact of... mentioned in the passage （文章中提到的……的积极/消极影响是什么？）
典型问法：What is one of the challenges brought by... . （……带来的挑战之一是。）
考查重点：要求区分现象的积极影响与消极影响，并准确匹配文中提到的具体细节。
作者态度题
典型问法：What is the author’s attitude towards this phenomenon （作者对这一现象的态度是什么？）
典型问法：How does the author feel about... （作者对……感觉如何？）
考查重点：考查对作者整体评价的判断。作者的态度可能是支持的、反对的、担忧的，或辩证看待的（既看到好处也看到坏处）。
写作意图题
典型问法：What is the author’s purpose in writing this text （作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？）
典型问法：The text is written to . （写这篇文章是为了。）
考查重点：此类文章的写作意图通常是“向读者介绍并评价某一现象”，使其引起关注和思考。解题思路
考向01 观点对比型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：厘清观点归属，把握作者倾向。
1. 观点标记法：识别不同立场
技巧要点：阅读时，主动用笔或脑记标记出不同观点的“信号词”。如“Some people argue...”, “Others believe...”, “Critics claim...”，以及表达作者自己观点的“However, I think...”, “From my perspective...”。这能帮你快速理清论证的阵营，避免在答题时混淆双方观点。
2. 立场定位法：锁定作者最终态度
技巧要点：作者的态度往往在文章结尾处变得清晰。重点关注转折词（如But, However, Nevertheless）之后和结论段的论述。作者通常会先客观陈述双方观点，再通过权衡或反驳，最终亮明自己的立场。找到这个立场，是解答作者态度题和主旨题的关键。
3. 论据追踪法：理解论证服务对象
技巧要点：当题目问及某个例子或引用的目的时，不要孤立地看这个例子本身。要向前或向后看一两句，这个例子通常是为了支持它前面的那个观点。问自己：“这个论据是在为谁说话？” 答案就会一目了然。
考向02 问题解决型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：梳理逻辑链条，从问题追踪到方案。
1. 问题界定法：抓住核心议题
技巧要点：此类文章开篇通常会着力描述一个现象的严重性或普遍性，以此引出“核心问题”。阅读开头时，要主动概括“文章到底在讨论什么问题？”，这是理解全文的逻辑起点。
2. 因果链条法：连接问题、原因与方案
技巧要点：在脑中或草稿上构建一个简单的逻辑图：“问题 → 原因 → 后果 → 解决方案”。解题时，尤其是面对询问原因、影响或措施的题目，迅速在逻辑链上定位，能帮你清晰地将选项与文章信息对应起来，避免张冠李戴。
3. 目的导向法：判断写作意图
技巧要点：问题解决型文章的最终目的极少是“描述一个可怕的现状”，而必然是“分析和解决一个问题”。因此，在判断写作目的或选择标题时，要优先选择那些包含“解决方案”、“呼吁行动”或“探讨出路”含义的选项。
考向03 现象阐述型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：全面分析影响，辩证看待评价。
1. 现象特征概括法：明确讨论对象
技巧要点：在阅读开头部分后，尝试用一句话概括“文章讨论的是什么现象及其主要特征”。这能确保你对讨论对象有清晰的认识，为后续分析其影响和评价打下坚实基础。
2. 利弊清单法：系统梳理影响
技巧要点：阅读时，有意识地将描述积极影响（advantages, benefits, positives）和消极影响（disadvantages, drawbacks, challenges）的信息点进行分类。这能让你在回答影响分析题时，快速、准确地找到对应内容，避免遗漏。
3. 情感词汇捕捉法：推断作者态度
技巧要点：作者的态度不仅通过直接陈述（I think...）来表达，更常常隐藏在所用的形容词和副词中。关注诸如“wonderful”, “promising”, “alarming”, “worrying”, “overwhelming”等带有感彩的词汇，它们是判断作者是“支持”、“反对”还是“谨慎看待”该现象的关键线索。
4. 主旨聚焦法：把握文章重心
技巧要点：现象阐述型文章的主旨，通常是“介绍某一现象并引发思考或评论”。选择标题或概括主旨时，要选择能覆盖现象本身且能体现文章分析性、评论性的选项，而非仅仅描述现象或其中一个侧面。
考向01 观点对比型议论文
【例1-1】（25-26高三·山东临沂·期中）
You may have seen this: As an event begins, somebody takes the microphone and lists off the Native American tribes who once inhabited the place where the event is held. Such “land acknowledgments” have become common practice over the past decade, at university ceremonies, rock concerts, and even the Academy Awards. The idea is that recognizing these former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or just empty signals
You can’t right a wrong until you admit it. Behind each land acknowledgement is a recognition that cities and towns across the United States occupy land that was once inhabited by other peoples. The troubled history of how this came to be so, and the often terrible implications for those who were here before, is implicit. Land acknowledgements encourage us to look back with empathy and reflection, sharing a societal narrative that is honest and bends toward justice.
This simple practice, which costs nothing and requires no special training, can challenge us to think more critically about our own histories. It’s only fair that we practice seeing those events through the perspectives of all participants and understanding their experiences as well. And naming them makes that history more visible.
However, land acknowledgements are as vain as they often feel. The lives we live today are built on the results of decisions made, actions taken, successes achieved and losses suffered by those who came before us. Even for those who don’t like the outcome, there is little we can do to change it. Furthermore, the practice offers no solutions. “A land acknowledgement is what you give when you have no intention of giving land,” Graeme Wood writes in The Atlantic. “It’s like a receipt provided by a highway robber, noting all the jewels and gold coins he has stolen.”
In reality, land acknowledgements are a performative act more for the benefit of the speaker than for the peoples being spoken for. Specifically, land acknowledgements “become an excuse for folks to feel good and move on with their lives,” notes the Native Governance Center, without actually contributing anything to the community.
1． Why does the author describe the scene at the beginning of Paragraph 1
A．To illustrate the wide application of a practice.
B．To show the high popularity of a social activity.
C．To introduce the discussion about a social phenomenon.
D．To stress the necessity of correcting historical mistakes.
2． What does the underlined word “implicit” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Stated. B．Forgetten. C．Unspoken. D．Complicated.
3． What is Graeme Wood’s attitude towards land acknowledges
A．Ironic (讽刺的) and critical.
B．Supportive and approving.
C．Cautious and objective.
D．Doubtful and dismissive.
4． Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．A New Perspective on Native American Tribes
B．Land Acknowledgments: Meaningful or Meaningless
C．The Historical Injustice behind Land Acknowledgments
D．The Rise of Land Acknowledgments: From Oscars to Campuses
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了“土地致谢”在各类活动中日益普遍，有人认为其能促使人们反思历史不公、彰显历史，也有人批评它空洞无实、无实际解决方案，仅为表演性行为。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Such “land acknowledgments” have become common practice over the past decade, at university ceremonies, rock concerts, and even the Academy Awards. The idea is that recognizing these former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or just empty signals ( 在过去的十年中，这样的“土地致谢”已经成为一种普遍的做法，在大学典礼、摇滚音乐会，甚至是奥斯卡颁奖典礼上。我们的想法是，通过名字来认识这些前居民，提醒我们他们曾经在这里，并有助于改善历史上的不公正。但它们对社会是有益的实践，还是只是空洞的信号？)”可知，开篇描述“活动开场时提及原住民部落”的场景，随后点明这是“土地致谢”实践，紧接着提出核心疑问 “这一做法对社会有用，还是仅为空洞信号”。由此可推知，作者描述第一段开头的场景是为了引入关于一种社会现象的讨论。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“You can’t right a wrong until you admit it. Behind each land acknowledgement is a recognition that cities and towns across the United States occupy land that was once inhabited by other peoples.( 除非你承认错误，否则你无法纠正错误。在每一个“土地致谢”的背后，都是承认美国各地的城镇占据了曾经被其他民族居住的土地。)”以及划线单词句中“The troubled history of how this came to be so, and the often terrible implications for those who were here before, is….( 关于这种情况如何发生的混乱历史，以及对之前在这里的人的可怕影响，都是……。)”可知，虽然土地致谢背后表达了对“土地曾属于他人”的认可，但并未承认错误，这段历史的“问题本质及对原住民的可怕影响”并未直接说出，是“隐含的”。由此可知，划线单词implicit为“隐含的”的意思，和C选项Unspoken“不言而喻的”意思相近。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中““A land acknowledgement is what you give when you have no intention of giving land,” Graeme Wood writes in The Atlantic. “It’s like a receipt provided by a highway robber, noting all the jewels and gold coins he has stolen.”(格雷姆·伍德（Graeme Wood）在《大西洋月刊》（The Atlantic）上写道：“当你无意出让土地时，你就会给予承认。”“这就像公路抢劫犯提供的收据，上面写着他偷了多少珠宝和金币。”)”可推知，格雷姆·伍德将土地致谢比作“强盗提供的收据”，暗指其“只承认侵占，却不归还土地”，用讽刺的比喻表达强烈批判态度。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“The idea is that recognizing these former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or just empty signals ( 我们的想法是，通过名字来认识这些前居民，提醒我们他们曾经在这里，并有助于改善历史上的不公正。但它们对社会是有益的实践，还是只是空洞的信号？)”可知，文章开篇引入“土地致谢”现象，随后分别阐述支持方（有意义，促进反思、承认历史）和反对方（无意义，空洞、无实际行动）的观点，核心围绕“该做法是否有价值”展开。由此可知，文章的最佳标题是“土地致谢：有意义还是没有意义？”。故选B项。
【变式1-1】（2025·浙江·天域全国名校协作体·一模）
Is text-messaging driving us apart These days, we talk to each other a lot with our thumbs — sending six billion text messages a day, and likely a few billion more on services like Whats App.
But some worry that so much messaging leads to less communication. For instance, when hanging out with friends, we’d be texting secretively at the same time, pretending to maintain eye contact but mentally somewhere else.
New technologies often upset the way we relate to one another, of course. But such division caused by texting have a strong echo in the arguments we had over telephone a hundred years ago. The small device gave us a new way to contact one another and quickly promote new forms of socializing. Callers arranged regular “visiting” calls, dialing remote family to catch up on news.
Soon, though, social critics thought it would be so easy to talk that we’d never leave each other alone. Others worried that the telephone sped up life, demanding instant reactions. The use of the telephone gave little room for reflection. It produced a craziness in the ordinary concerns of life which didn’t make for domestic happiness. “We shall soon be nothing but transparent piles of jelly (果冻) to each other,” a London writer moaned in 1897.
However, nowadays the telephone call seems like a throwback to a gentler era. When Jenna Birch, a communication professor at the University of Iowa, started dating a man who insisted on calling her on the phone, she found it warm and delightful. So she doesn’t think the shift to texting has degraded our interactions. According to her study, teenagers who text the most are also those who spend the most time face to face with munication, it seems, brings more communication, and — as she argues — just because talk happens in text doesn’t mean it’s not meaningful.
Michéle Martin of Carleton University, thinks we’re living through a replay of the telephone, where the things that made it valuable — instant communications — are the same that made it annoying. “People believe they are liberated because they can bring the mobile phone everywhere,” Martin says. “But at the same time, they are slaves to it.”
1． What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．To introduce the topic. B．To describe a scene.
C．To offer an argument. D．To issue a warning.
2． According to paragraph 4, what does telephone use cause
A．People experience very tight schedule. B．People tend to lack individuality.
C．People become narrow and uninformed. D．People lose the ability to reflect.
3． What can we learn from paragraph 5
A．Telephone calls are particularly welcomed in dating.
B．Teenagers are addicted to communicating by texting.
C．The shift to texting is destructive to face-to-face time.
D．The meaning of communication goes beyond medium.
4． What’s the best title for the text
A．Oh My God! We’ve Been Here Before! B．Gone with the Wind, Dear Texting!
C．Life is Too Short for So Many Texting. D．Oh, Telephone, a Tale of Two Sides.
【变式1-2】（25-26高三上·安徽合肥七中·月考）
Climate experts are having a debate: they are asking whether the UK should focus more on adapting to climate change or trying to prevent it.
David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up. Despite the many policies which attempt to stop climate change, it now seems unavoidable that the world will pass the 1.5℃ or 2℃ increases in average global temperature that are likely to induce large changes in the climate.
Some activists claim that adaptation is not practicable. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race.
However, the mainstream view of many scientists and economists, who work on climate change, is that global warming could lead to large changes in our environment. Significant parts of the world currently heavily populated could become effectively uninhabitable while other parts currently unsuitable for high-density human habitation would become more habitable. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures both climate and weather are likely to become more volatile — including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events.
These would be significant changes, but it would be perfectly practicable for humans to adapt to them. The issue is not whether adapting would be technically practicable, but whether it would be desirable either in moral or practical terms. Are we willing to accept a warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing (兴旺) of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human living across the world
It is by no means clear on what basis we ought to morally prefer the plants and animals that flourish under today’s climate to those that would flourish under a warmer, more changeable climate. However, adaptation will be achievable and is a necessity considering warming is now unavoidable. Slower GDP growth and thus slower climate change ought to make greater efforts at adaptation more attractive.
1． According to the passage, who hesitate(s) to adapt to the climate change
A．Economists. B．Climate experts. C．David Frost. D．The activists.
2． The underlined word “volatile” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．changeable B．predictable C．bearable D．noticeable
3． The questions in Paragraph 5 are mainly aimed at ________.
A．expressing doubts about people’s adaptability
B．presenting examples of future climate patterns
C．highlighting the consequences of human activities
D．helping people decide on their openness to adaptation
4． Which of the following might the author agree with
A．Slowing climate change deserves great efforts.
B．Global warming is preventable to some extent.
C．Adaptation to climate change is beyond question.
D．Protection of the current species is a top priority.
考向02 问题解决型议论文
【例2-1】（25-26高三·安徽部分学校·联考）
For a long time, being busy has become part of who we are. We associate being busy with being productive, and being productive with being successful. We tend to think having an inundated itinerary and flying through life at a fast speed are an effective marker of how well we are doing. However, many people who live this way are often very tired and struggling. To change this, we need to slow down.
Recently, there has been a growing movement against busyness. More people are seeking time for themselves and learning to say “no” to more invitations. Supporters of “slow living” argue that life is better when we move more slowly. They believe that taking things one step at a time, without rushing or overloading your schedule, allows you to enjoy the present moment. In my view, slow living is about being mindful of the here-and-now, making thoughtful choices about how to use your time, and appreciating the simple joys of life. This approach is beneficial both physically and mentally.
For those with chronic (慢性的) illnesses, slow living can be life-changing. Hannah Hoskins, who suffers from severe muscle pain, sometimes only has the energy to sit up for ten minutes. She says, “Slow living saved my life. It teaches us that productivity isn’t the ultimate goal, and that as humans, we need to live fully, not just work endlessly. Realizing it’s impossible to ‘do everything’ frees you to decide whether you truly want to keep doing what you’re doing.”
Hannah’s advice for those trying to practice slow living is to start small. She suggests, “Say ‘no’ to something you feel obliged (有责任的) to do but are actually afraid of. Once you see that the world doesn’t end and people don’t dislike you for saying no, keep practicing. The more you ask yourself, ‘Is this something I really want to do, or am I doing it because I feel I should ’ the easier it becomes to stop doing things you don’t enjoy.”
1． What do the underlined words “an inundated itinerary” in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A．An exciting chance.
B．A flexible arrangement.
C．An overloaded calendar.
D．A well-planned journey.
2． What can we infer from people’s recent views on being busy
A．They are beginning to question its value.
B．They consider it an essential part of life.
C．They think it is a barrier to happiness.
D．They believe staying busy leads to success.
3． What does the author try to show by mentioning Hannah Hoskins in Paragraph 3
A．Productivity measurements should be revised.
B．Overworking is the root cause of chronic pain.
C．Chronic illness requires a complete lifestyle change.
D．A slower pace benefits people with long-term health issues.
4． What is Hannah Hoskins’s suggestion about
A．Doing whatever one wants.
B．Avoiding challenges to feel safe.
C．Defeating fear to unlock greater potential.
D．Refusing tasks you fear but feel obliged to do.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了现代社会中“忙碌文化”的弊端，并倡导通过“慢生活”（slow living）理念来改善身心健康与生活品质。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中划线词上文“We associate being busy with being productive, and being productive with being successful.(我们把忙碌和高效联系在一起，把高效和成功联系在一起。)”以及下文“flying through life at a fast speed(生活节奏飞快)”可知，划线部分所在句子“We tend to think having an inundated itinerary and flying through life at a fast speed are an effective marker of how well we are doing.(我们倾向于认为，有an inundated itinerary，生活节奏飞快，是我们做得有多好的有效标志。)”指人们往往认为行程很满、忙碌、节奏快是工作高效、优秀的标志，an inundated itinerary的意思是“排得满满的日程表，繁忙的日程安排”，和“An overloaded calendar(超负荷的日程表)”意思相近。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Recently, there has been a growing movement against busyness. More people are seeking time for themselves and learning to say “no” to more invitations. Supporters of “slow living” argue that life is better when we move more slowly. They believe that taking things one step at a time, without rushing or overloading your schedule, allows you to enjoy the present moment.(最近，一场反对忙碌的运动正在兴起。越来越多的人在为自己寻找时间，学会对更多的邀请说“不”。“慢生活”的支持者认为，当我们行动更慢时，生活就会更好。他们认为，一步一步来，不匆忙或超载你的时间表，让你享受当下。)”可知，人们开始质疑忙的价值，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的第一句“For those with chronic (慢性的) illnesses, slow living can be life-changing.(对于那些患有慢性疾病的人来说，慢生活可以改变他们的生活。)”以及下文“Hannah Hoskins, who suffers from severe muscle pain, sometimes only has the energy to sit up for ten minutes. She says, “Slow living saved my life. It teaches us that productivity isn’t the ultimate goal, and that as humans, we need to live fully, not just work endlessly. Realizing it’s impossible to ‘do everything’ frees you to decide whether you truly want to keep doing what you’re doing.”(汉娜·霍斯金斯（Hannah Hoskins）患有严重的肌肉疼痛，有时她只有精力坐起来十分钟。她说：“慢生活救了我的命。它告诉我们，生产力不是最终目标，作为人类，我们需要充实地生活，而不仅仅是无休止地工作。意识到‘做所有事情’是不可能的，你就可以自由地决定自己是否真的想继续做你正在做的事情。”)”可知，作者在第三段提到Hannah Hoskins，是想要说明慢节奏对有长期健康问题的人有益。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“She suggests(她建议)”和“Say ‘no’ to something you feel obliged (有责任的) to do but are actually afraid of.(对你觉得有义务做但实际上害怕做的事情说‘不’。)”可知，Hannah Hoskins的建议是拒绝你害怕却不得不做的任务。故选D。
【例2-2】（25-26高三上·重庆南开中学·期中）
The common fear that a friend secretly dislikes us often reflects internal insecurities rather than actual ill will. People frequently interpret neutral or unclear behaviors — such as brief text replies or delayed responses — as signs of rejection. Even well-meaning words of comfort like “no worries” may be perceived as mocking or insincere.
This tendency can be explained through what is known as the fawn response, a behavioral pattern less recognized than the “fight or flight” reaction. The fawn response involves attempts to please others in order to feel safe, a strategy often developed in childhood when facing critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or an unstable home environment. While this strategy may ease conflict temporarily, it can also lead to a habitual cycle of approval-seeking. We might intellectually understand that a friend isn’t upset with us — but those “old ways of being” bite hard. Something was learned early on: “I need to try harder and do more to be loved.”
This pattern has several consequences. On the personal level, it fuels anxiety, as individuals repeatedly question whether they have offended their peers. On the interpersonal level, it can strain relationships, since constant demands for reassurance may frustrate friends and even create the very rejection that was worried about. In this way, assuming everyone is annoyed with you can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The key is understanding that it is not the end of the world — or a friendship. Conflict is not only unavoidable; it can even be healing, demonstrating that intimacy can survive difference. Learning to tolerate discomfort, rather than avoiding it at all costs, can foster both toughness and closeness.
Social media, unfortunately, worsens social anxiety. The absence of nonverbal cues makes it easy to misinterpret tone, while the constant visibility of online interactions can intensify feelings of exclusion or neglect. Managing these anxieties requires conscious effort. Instead of seeking immediate reassurance, individuals can pause to ask: Am I truly being rejected, or am I simply anxious Developing tolerance for uncertainty can interrupt the cycle and reduce dependence on others’ approval. Trust also plays a role. When friends say they are simply busy or distracted, accept their words at face value. After all, no question or magic phrase can control another person’s perception. Even if it could, you might be robbing yourself of opportunities to grow, learn or deepen a bond.
1． What can we learn about the fawn response
A．It reflects the belief that approval requires effort.
B．It is a reaction aimed at avoiding danger.
C．It is a cycle of seeking constant approval.
D．It always prevents conflict from occurring.
2． What does “a self- fulfilling prophecy” in paragraph 3 mean
A．A pattern that tries to entertain others.
B．An outcome that happens as feared.
C．A prediction that is certain to fail.
D．A belief that one is self-made.
3． According to the author, conflict in a relationship can be ________.
A．a sign of a growing disagreement
B．a chance to strengthen a friendship
C．a problem that should be avoided
D．a way to test its toughness
4． What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Where friendship problems lie.
B．Why magic words fail to do wonders.
C．How to handle anxiety caused by social media.
D．What leads people to seek constant reassurance.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨人们担心朋友暗中不喜欢自己的心理源于讨好型反应，分析其影响，并给出应对社交媒体加剧的社交焦虑的方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The fawn response involves attempts to please others in order to feel safe, a strategy often developed in childhood when facing critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or an unstable home environment.(讨好型反应包括试图取悦他人以获得安全感，这种策略通常在童年时期面对挑剔或情感忽视的父母，或不稳定的家庭环境时形成。)”以及“Something was learned early on: “I need to try harder and do more to be loved.”(早年就学到的东西：“我需要更努力，做得更多才能被爱。”)”可知，讨好型反应体现了“获得认可需要付出努力”这一观念。故选A项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“it can strain relationships, since constant demands for reassurance may frustrate friends and even create the very rejection that was worried about.(它会使关系紧张，因为不断寻求安慰可能会让朋友感到沮丧，甚至造成原本担心的拒绝。)”可知，原本担心被拒绝，最终因自身行为真的引发了拒绝，即“预言应验”，所以“a self-fulfilling prophecy”指“如担忧般发生的结果”。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Conflict is not only unavoidable; it can even be healing, demonstrating that intimacy can survive difference.(冲突不仅不可避免；它甚至可以是有治愈作用的，表明亲密关系可以经受住分歧的考验。)”可知，作者认为关系中的冲突可能是巩固友谊的机会。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Social media, unfortunately, worsens social anxiety.(不幸的是，社交媒体加剧了社交焦虑。)”以及“Managing these anxieties requires conscious effort.(管理这些焦虑需要有意识的努力。)”可知，该段主要围绕“如何应对社交媒体引发的焦虑”展开。故选C项。
【变式2-1】（25-26高三·上海市曹杨中学·期中）
Recently, a friend celebrating a milestone birthday announced that her new goal was to stop feeling so anxious about everything, and instead to have fun. She asked for my advice on how to do that. I told her about something that the Danish philosopher S ren Kierkegaard identified back in the 19th century as a challenge each person must face to keep from falling into despair. He regarded this as “the most important thing” in life. Kierkegaard was referring to anxiety itself. He believed that understanding and using one’s anxiety was the great opportunity and adventure of life.
Modern research supports this idea. In 2014, scholars writing in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology published a study on how a person’s anxiety while performing a task affected “flow,” the intensely rewarding state of focus originally identified in the 1970s by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. The researchers found that flow states were highest when subjects felt some anxiety but were not overpowered by it. Perhaps you can relate to feeling fully alive when you’re working within your abilities but are just on the edge of them.
Instead of treating anxiety as something purely negative, we can see it as a useful signal. It is protective insofar as it alerts you to potential threats. If you remove all anxiety when you’re driving, for example, you may not be alert enough to the dangers of traffic. Even people who experience what is generally regarded as a severe level have noted that they gain some emotional benefits from their anxiety. As Scott Stossel, author of My Age of Anxiety: Fear, Hope, Dread, and the Search for Peace of Mind, notes, anxiety can raise one’s awareness of others, promote understanding, and bring one greater self-knowledge.
While severe, dysregulated anxiety should rightly be treated as a medical concern, ordinary anxiety need not be seen as harmful. If understood and managed properly, it can even be a friend. The first step is to accept anxiety as a normal occurrence, not try to mold it back. Experiments have found that people who tried to control their anxious behaviors felt even more anxious, compared with those who accepted these feelings.
The next step is to reframe anxiety, not as dread but as evidence of an exciting opportunity. The Harvard psychiatrist Kevin Majeres has defined anxiety as “adrenaline with a negative frame.” The right goal is not to get rid of adrenaline but to change how we interpret it. This can be as simple as saying, when something is stressing you out, “This is exciting.”
1． What does “this idea” (paragraph 2) refer to
A．Anxiety leads people to despair.
B．Anxiety can play a positive role.
C．Anxiety is what adults must live with.
D．Adventure begins with feelings of anxiety.
2． What can be inferred about the public attitude toward anxiety from the passage
A．Many people hold a mistaken view of anxiety.
B．Most people view anxiety simply as a part of life.
C．Public understanding of anxiety has recently improved.
D．People’s understanding of anxiety differs across cultures.
3． Which of the following is a suggested way to deal with anxiety
A．Take medication whenever you begin to feel anxious.
B．Avoid activities that might cause nervousness or stress.
C．Try to block anxious thoughts and control every reaction.
D．Accept the feeling and see it as a sign of new possibilities.
4． Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A．Turning Anxiety into Strength `
B．The Hidden Dangers of Anxiety
C．Living Without Feeling Anxious
D．Why Anxiety Is a Modern Disease
【变式2-2】（25-26高三上·江西·仿真一模）
Given the popularity of inexpensive food that promotes overeating, it makes sense that we try to guard against “cheap and unhealthy” food in an effort to be healthy. But we may be overcorrecting, forgetting that “cheap and healthy” food exists, too.
According to a recent study, many people believe that healthy food must be more expensive than unhealthy food, and that healthy food just needs to be expensive. In fact, the study’s researchers found that a high-price tag will even convince consumers that a certain food is healthful. “It’s concerning. The findings suggest that price of food alone can affect our understanding of what is healthy,” Rebecca Reczek, a co-author of the study, said in a statement.
According to Reczek, the purpose of the study was to examine the popular belief that eating healthy food means spending more money. And sometimes that’s the truth: Organic products, wild-caught seafood and food that accommodates chronic (慢性的) diseases, all typically cost more money. But other times, the nutritional value of food ranks all the same.
In one experiment, Reczek gave participants a new food product. Some participants were told the product was very healthy. Others were told the product had little nutritional value. Participants who were told the product was good for them rated the food as pricier (更高价的) than those who thought it was unhealthy. And here’s what usually happened: People tended to read more reviews about the product when it was offered at a lower price in order to trust that it was healthy.
The idea that we all believe healthy food needs to be more expensive works against us. “We don’t have to be misled,” Reczek said. “We can compare nutrition labels and do more research before we go to the grocery store. We can use facts rather than our intuition (直觉).”
1． Which of the following statements reflects the author’s opinion
A．People’s health awareness needs improving.
B．The cheaper food is, the less people will eat.
C．The price of food can’t reflect its health degree.
D．It is wrong of people to seek health at all costs.
2． Which of the following food is often regarded as more expensive
A．Farmed seafood. B．Organic food.
C．Wild mushrooms. D．Fresh vegetables.
3． What does Reczek suggest we do in the last paragraph
A．Ignore nutrition labels. B．Believe intuition.
C．Compare the price tag. D．Shop smartly.
4． What can be the best title for the text
A．How to eat cheaply and healthily
B．Don’t be misled by price tags any more.
C．People falsely believe pricier food is healthier.
D．What influences our choices when we buy food
考向03 现象阐述型议论文
【例3-1】（25-26高三·江苏南京中华中学·期中）
After Alexander Pushkin was shot in a duel (决斗) in 1837, crowds of mourners formed in Saint Petersburg. When the wagon carrying the much loved poet’s body reached Pskov province, where he was to be buried, admirers tried to pull the vehicle themselves.
Today’s celebrity funerals tend to involve the public largely digitally rather than in person. But people are passionate all the same. In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are odd, even irrational.
Unlike other kinds of grief, this one is not rooted in personal intimacy. If you ever interacted with a cherished author, it was probably during a book tour when she signed your copy of her novel. Maybe you once locked eyes with a musician during a live concert and he smiled at you, but actually he did not even know you.
Objectively, sorrow makes sense when a star dies young or violently. Had she not died at 27, who knows what music Amy Winehouse would have added to her already impressive collections of work The death of a long-lived and fulfilled artist, however, is far from the saddest item in an average day’s headlines. And while most ordinary people sink into oblivion, these celebrities live on in their output. Why, then, are these losses felt so widely and keenly
One interpretation is that departed celebrities are merely the messengers. Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied.
More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists.
1． Why does the author mention Milan Kundera and Michael Gambon in paragraph 2
A．To prove that celebrities’ funerals tend to attract wider public attention.
B．To illustrate why people express their sadness at the loss of those celebrities.
C．To show that people’s grief over celebrities’ death is ridiculous and impractical.
D．To demonstrate that people’s mourning for celebrities seems strange and unreasonable.
2． The underlined phrase “sink into oblivion” in paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．are upset B．are desperate
C．are helpless D．are forgotten
3． What can we learn from the passage
A．People won’t mourn for celebrities unless they have intimate relationships with celebrities.
B．It’s natural that people mourn for celebrities dying young but not for those long-lived ones.
C．People feel sad for the passing of celebrities because of the mental nourishment received.
D．People attend celebrities’ funerals, either in person or on the Internet, to express their loyalty.
4． What’s the author’s attitude towards public mourning for the celebrities
A．Neutral. B．Supportive.
C．Skeptical. D．Concerned.
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨公众哀悼名人的现象，指出尽管缺乏私人交集，人们因名人的精神滋养而真的感到悲伤，并认为这种集体哀悼是原子化时代的情感连接契机。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are odd, even irrational. (在过去的几个月里，米兰·昆德拉和迈克尔·甘本的悲痛传遍了互联网。如果你停下来想一想，这种对作家和演员的强烈感情的表达是奇怪的，甚至是非理性的。)”可知，作者以昆德拉和甘本为例，引出后面的观点：公众对名人的哀悼看似奇怪且不合理。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线短语前面的“most ordinary people (大多数普通人)”和后面的“these celebrities live on in their output (这些名人在他们的作品中活了下来)”可知，sink into oblivion与live on“长存”形成对比，表明普通人死后易被遗忘，而名人因作品不朽，画线短语的意思是“被遗忘”。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied. (你过去的一部分——音乐家是你的配乐，作家是你的盟友的那些年——似乎会随着他们一起消逝。悲伤可以被看作是对他们提供的和谐与快乐的一种感激。)”可知，人们因获得精神滋养而为名人的离世感到悲伤。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists. (更重要的是，艺术家的逝去成为了思想交流的契机。在这个原子化时代，当批判成为默认基调时，一位深受爱戴的人物离世，恰恰为同好们提供了分享美好情感与珍贵回忆的机会。这些悲伤的时刻，正是艺术家们留给世人的最后礼物。)”可知，作者肯定哀悼的合理性，认为这是精神联结的体现，态度偏向支持。故选B项。
【例3-2】（25-26高三·福建厦门双十中学·期中）
After earning a bachelor’s degree, I was determined to do what I love, so I headed straight to graduate school to investigate social problems. For almost a decade, I told everyone I encountered that they should do the same. “Follow your passion,” I suggested. “You can figure out the employment stuff later.”
It wasn’t until I began to research this widely accepted career advice that I understood how problematic it really was. As a sociologist, I interviewed college students and professional workers to learn what it really meant to pursue their dreams, which I will refer to here as the passion principle. I was stunned by what I found out about it.
Surveys show the American public has long held the passion principle as a career decision-making priority. And its popularity is even stronger among those facing job instability. Advocates believe following one’s passion can provide workers with both the motivation necessary to work hard and a place to find fulfillment.
Yet, what I found is that this path does not necessarily lead to fulfillment, but is one of the most powerful cultural forces that aggravate overwork. I also found that promoting the pursuit of one’s passion helps aggravate social inequalities. While the passion principle is broadly popular, not everyone has the necessary resources to turn their passion into a stable, good-paying job. Passion-seekers from wealthy families are better able to wait until a job they are passionate about comes along without worrying about student loans. And they often have access to parents’ social networks to help them find jobs. Surveys revealed that working-class and first-generation college graduates, regardless of their career field, are more likely than their wealthier peers to end up in low-paying unskilled jobs when they pursue their passion.
It’s not just well-off passion-seekers who benefit from the passion principle. Employers of passionate workers do, too. They showed greater interest in passionate applicants in part because they believed the applicants would work hard at their jobs without expecting an increase in pay. They even sacrifice a good salary, job stability and leisure time to work in a job they love.
1． What did the author advise people do for almost a decade
A．Pursue their careers with passion.
B．Do whatever that fascinates them.
C．Follow widely accepted career advice.
D．Study social problems in graduate school.
2． How did the author feel about the passion principle through his research
A．He was right to have followed it.
B．He was struck by its broad popularity.
C．He was astonished by its consequences.
D．He was further convinced of its soundness.
3． What does the underlined word “aggravate” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean
A．Intensify. B．Prevent. C．Address. D．Deserve.
4． What does the author say about employers of passionate workers
A．They sacrifice stability to work in their job.
B．They help passion-seekers become well-off.
C．They let their workers benefit from the principle.
D．They take advantage of the passionate workers.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对“追随热情”这一职业建议的看法转变，作者原本坚信并建议他人追随热情，但通过研究发现这一原则存在问题，不仅不一定带来满足感，还会加剧过度工作和社会不平等，同时雇主也会利用热情的求职者。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For almost a decade, I told everyone I encountered that they should do the same. “Follow your passion,” I suggested. “You can figure out the employment stuff later.”(近十年来，我对遇到的每个人都说他们也该这么做。“追随你的热情，”我建议道，“工作相关的事之后再想办法就行。”)”可知，作者在近十年的时间里建议人们用热情追求事业。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It wasn’t until I began to research this widely accepted career advice that I understood how problematic it really was. As a sociologist, I interviewed college students and professional workers to learn what it really meant to pursue their dreams, which I will refer to here as the passion principle. I was stunned by what I found out about it.(直到我开始研究这条被广泛认可的职业建议，才明白它实际上存在诸多问题。作为社会学家，我采访了大学生和职场人士，想了解追逐梦想的真正含义——在此我将其称为“热情原则”。而我从中发现的真相，让我大为震惊。)”可知，作者对热情原则的后果感到惊讶。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据上文“Yet, what I found is that this path does not necessarily lead to fulfillment, (然而，我发现这条道路未必能让人获得满足感)”和下文“I also found that promoting the pursuit of one’s passion helps aggravate social inequalities.(我还发现，宣扬追逐热爱会进一步加剧社会不平等。)”可知，作者发现这条道路反而会成为加剧过度工作的最强大文化力量之一。由此可推测出“aggravate”的意思是“加剧”，与Intensify意思相近。故选A。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“They showed greater interest in passionate applicants in part because they believed the applicants would work hard at their jobs without expecting an increase in pay. They even sacrifice a good salary, job stability and leisure time to work in a job they love.(雇主们对有热情的求职者表现出更高的兴趣，部分原因是他们认为这些求职者会努力工作，却不会期待加薪。为了从事自己热爱的工作，这些求职者甚至会牺牲高薪、工作稳定性和闲暇时间。)”可知，热情的求职者会为了从事一份热爱的工作而牺牲高薪、工作稳定和休闲时间，而雇主对热情的求职者表现出更大的兴趣，所以作者认为热情员工的雇主利用了热情的员工。故选D。
【变式3-1】（25-26高三·重庆巴蜀中学·10月月考）
For some readers, a dictionary opens up a world. Dictionaries contain multiple pleasures, such as settling word-game wars by turning actual pages. For the rest, a dictionary is either outdated or strictly online. In 2012, Encyclopaedia Britannica stopped printing new editions, going digital-only.
In his book, Unabridged: The Thrill of (and Threat to) the Modern Dictionary, American journalist Stefan Fatsis writes of the shift brought about by our decade-old dependence on search engines: “Definitions, good and bad, were a click away, and most people didn’t care or couldn’t tell which was which: expert research, scraped data, zombie (僵尸) websites, whatever popped up in a search.”
When I was a child, I loved dictionaries, and so did every sensible parent in Calcutta. If your child was literate, one of the 20 volumes of the Oxford English Dictionary or an illustratedCollins was the surest way to keep them happily occupied, setting them off on hunts for lost or forgotten words.
Fatsis sees dictionary-making as “a human endeavor (努力) stretching back to the third millennium BCE”. From the Akkadians to Sanskrit scholars, what dictionary makers hoped to do went far beyond the already tricky task of writing definitions: their job was to explain and track “the endless shifts in language”.
Change is inevitable, though Fatsis also asks what we lose in the name of convenience. He writes, “the job of the dictionary was firmly established… By the time I finished this book, it wasn’t clear how much longer flesh-bone-and-blood lexicographers would be needed to document the march of the English language. Between traditional search engines and AI-enhanced search through LLMs (large language models), the way we look up words, and find meaning in language itself, has changed.”
We can’t claim that humanity still needs physical dictionaries. Like encyclopedias and atlases, the best of them have long moved online. Indeed, the starting points of most search engines were the encyclopedias and dictionaries compiled (编纂) by experts. But I plan to hold on to my beloved, dog-eared physical dictionaries — such priceless time capsules, one of the last paradises of freedom from the endless scroll of digital content.
1． What has reduced people’s reliance on physical dictionaries
A．The decline of the print media. B．The convenience of online lookup.
C．People’s indifference to accuracy. D．Publishers’ insistence on going digital.
2． What can we infer about the future of real-life lexicographers
A．Their workload will double. B．They will remain in demand.
C．Their existence is threatened. D．They need to upgrade their skills.
3． Why does the author stick to physical dictionaries
A．They boost long-term memory. B．They last longer than digital files.
C．They offer an escape from screens. D．They give more authoritative definitions.
4． What can be a suitable title for the text
A．A Word in Favor of Dictionaries B．My Love for Looking up Words
C．A Best-seller on the Theme of Change D．Human Endeavors in Dictionary-making
【变式3-2】（25-26高三·湖南长沙雅礼中学·月考）
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
1． What was the key for children to get a second treat in the Stanford test
A．Selecting their favorite sugary snack.
B．Remaining alone in the room for 15 minutes.
C．Resisting the immediate desire to eat the first one.
D．Following the instructions given by the psychologist.
2． What does the author imply by “a version of the marshmallow test” for adults
A．Adults are tested with digital devices instead of treats.
B．Adults face more complex temptations than children.
C．Adults must also delay contentment in the digital age.
D．Adults are assessed on the ability to share information.
3． According to the text, what is the root cause of people’s struggle against temptation
A．The lack of self-discipline in our contemporary society.
B．The mismatch between our ancient brains and modern environment.
C．The overabundance of calorie-rich foods in the market.
D．The constant bombardment of new information from digital devices.
4． Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Marshmallow Test: Lessons for Modern Life
B．Delaying Satisfaction: A Key to Success
C．Why Our Brains Struggle in the Modern World
D．How to Manage Information Consumption
专题01 高考真题练
A
（2025·全国·高考一卷）
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
1． What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A．Cars often get stuck on the road. B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more. D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
2． What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A．Keep their cities livable. B．Promote cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families. D．Make expressways accessible.
3． What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A．They boosted the sales of cars. B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support. D．They advocated building new parks.
4． What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Why the Rush B．What’s Next
C．Where to Stay D．Who to Blame
B
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·高考）
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
1． What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
2． What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
3． Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text.
4． What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
C
(2024·全国甲卷·高考)
“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.
1． Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie
A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list.
2． What did the author realize after seeing Gracie
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by character.
C．Each type of literature has its unique end.
D．A story which begins well will end well.
3． What is expected of a good ending
A．It satisfies readers’ taste. B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive. D．It is open for imagination.
4． Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A．To give examples of great novelists. B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine. D．To recommend their new books.
专题02 优秀模拟题
A
（25-26高三·山东泰安·期中）
In an age of endless scrolling and bite-sized information, the practice of “deep reading” — the immersive(沉浸式的), focused engagement with a complex text — is facing an undeniable challenge. Nicholas Carr, in his famous work The Shallows, argues that the Internet is reshaping our brains, promoting quick scanning over sustained concentration. This shift, he warns, comes at a cost to our capacity for deep thought and comprehension.
Neurological studies support this concern. When we read deeply, specific brain regions associated with language, memory, and perspective-taking show significant activity. It’s a slow, demanding process that builds rich mental models and fosters critical thinking. In contrast, the scattered (零散的), hyperlinked nature of online reading often keeps us at a surface level, training the brain for rapid decision-making about what to click next rather than for thoughtful analysis.
However, it’s not all doom and gloom. The question isn’t necessarily about rejecting digital tools, but about cultivating a balanced “diet” of reading habits. Educational technologists point out that digital platforms can also support deep reading when used intentionally. Features like annotation (注释) tools, keyword search, and access to vast online libraries can enhance understanding, provided we consciously resist the pull of distraction.
The key lies in mindfulness. Just as we schedule time for physical exercise, we must intentionally carve out periods for uninterrupted reading. This might mean setting aside the smartphone and picking up a physical book, or using app blockers to create a distraction-free digital space for engaging with longer articles. The goal is to regain control over our attention, training our minds to settle into a text without the urge to constantly switch tasks.
Ultimately, deep reading is not merely a skill for academics; it’s a vital exercise for the mind in a fragmented (支离破碎的) world. It strengthens our ability to think critically, empathize with others, and engage with complex ideas — capacities more crucial than ever in navigating the complexities of the 21st century.
1． What is the main concern raised in the first paragraph
A．The rising cost of deep thought. B．The negative influence of social media.
C．The poor quality of online information. D．The decline of the deep reading ability.
2． What does the neurological research mentioned in paragraph 2 show
A．Different reading styles activate the brain differently.
B．Online reading can improve all decision-making skills.
C．Deep reading is a slow and effortless process.
D．Hyperlinks are essential for building memory.
3． What does the underlined word “mindfulness” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．The ability to remember details. B．The conscious practice to focus.
C．The technique of reading faster. D．The method of using digital tools.
4． What is the main purpose of the text
A．To introduce the latest digital reading platforms.
B．To advocate the value and practice of deep reading.
C．To criticize the shallowness of online information.
D．To compare the effects of reading on paper and on screen.
B
（25-26高三·陕西镇安中学·期中）
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