资源简介

题型02 阅读理解推理判断题
题型简介
推理判断题是高考英语阅读理解中能力要求最高、难度较大的题型之一。它要求考生不仅理解文章字面意思，更要能分析隐含信息、揣测作者意图、判断文本深意。与细节题不同，推理题的答案不会直接呈现在原文中。考生必须在理解全文的基础上，通过分析语境、逻辑关系、情感色彩和事实证据，进行合理的逻辑推导，从而得出文中未明说但意欲表达的结论。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话,要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上,对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理,从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题,推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点,而推断文章出处/类型、读者对象、后续内容和写作手法为低频考点。
设题类型&命题方式
1. 隐含信息题：隐含信息推断题要求考生根据语篇内容,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。般可根据语篇提供的信息,或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系,理解关键词句的真正含义,才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词:infer(推断),indicate(表明,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(推断出)和 assume(假定,设想)。设问方式主要有:What can we learn from, .. in paragraph... What can be inferred from the... paragraph What can we infer from... What does the author indicate by mentioning. . . in paragraph... What can be inferred about. . .
2. 观点态度题：此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法,或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问方式主要有：What is the author's attitude toward... What does the author think of. .. How does the author find. .. 观点和态度一般分为三大类:①支持、赞同、乐观;②客观、中立;③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中,应特别注意文中的措辞,尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。
3. 写作意图题：各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下,作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以,这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式主要有:What is the author's purpose in writing this passage What is the purpose of this text What is the author's purpose in mentioning... What is the purpose of. .. mentioned in paragraph. ..
4．细节判断题： 这类考题考查频率较低,常包括文章出处/类型题、读者对象题、后续内容题和写作手法题等。一般来讲,文章出处/类型题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别;读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象;后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容,这种题型对考生的能力要求较高;写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法。设问方式主要有: Where is the text most probably taken from (文章出处题)Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from (文章出处题)What is the text (文章类型题)What might the author continue talking about (后续内容题)Who are the intended readers of the text (读者对象题)How is the topic introduced in the first paragraph (写作手法题)
解题思路
1： 隐含信息题解题步骤
第一步：精准定位，提取信息：根据题干关键词，迅速定位至原文相关语句。准确抓取其中对人物、事件、环境的直接描述，明确文本表层信息。
第二步：剖析语境，解读内涵：在理解字面意思的基础上，深入分析关键词句在具体语境中的功能与含义。重点把握情感色彩、语气态度及逻辑关系（如因果、转折、对比）。
第三步：多维关联，合理推断：将文本信息与上下文语境、普遍性常识及逻辑规律相结合，进行综合研判。透过表面表述，推导出作者未明言但意图表达的深层观点、写作目的或潜在结论。
第四步：验证整合，确定答案：将推断结论与原文主旨及全部已知信息进行比对验证，确保推断内容在文中有所依托、符合逻辑。最终筛选出最具支撑性且表述准确的选项。
2. 观点态度题解题步骤
一、核心态度词汇
支持/肯定 favorable, positive, approving, supportive, enthusiastic, optimistic
反对/否定 critical, negative, disapproving, doubtful, skeptical, pessimistic
中立/客观 objective, neutral, impartial, unbiased, detached
主观/情感 subjective, emotional, sentimental, passionate
消极态度 indifferent, unconcerned, cynical, sarcastic, ironic
二、解题步骤
第一步：定位关键信息。迅速扫描题干关键词，定位至原文相关段落。重点关注：直接表达观点的陈述句；人物的直接引语或独白；带有感彩的形容词、副词，评价性的行为动词。
第二步：分析语言特征。仔细分析定位语句中的措辞特点：辨析褒义、贬义或中性词汇；注意修饰词的程度强弱（如extremely, slightly），识别特殊句式（如反问、感叹、虚拟语气），抓取重复出现的评价性表达。
第三步：推断态度倾向。基于文本证据进行合理推断：对比不同观点的对立之处，分析事例选择的倾向性，考量语气基调的一致性，注意转折词后的真实态度。
第四步：验证选项匹配。将推断结果与选项进行精确比对：排除文中无依据的过度推断，区分作者态度与文中人物态度，警惕绝对化表述的干扰项，确保所选答案与全文基调一致。
3. 写作意图题解题步骤
第一步：辨识文章体裁。快速判断文章所属文体类型：广告类：结构分明，含标题、图表、价格等信息；记叙文：以人物经历或事件发展为主线；说明文：客观介绍事物特征、原理或流程；书评：包含书籍介绍与个人评价两部分内容；议论文：提出观点并展开论证，试图说服读者。
第二步：把握核心主旨。通过关键位置抓取文章要义：先重点阅读首尾段落及每段首句再标记反复出现的关键词与核心概念最后梳理文章内容的逻辑推进方向
第三步：推断写作目的。结合文体特征与主旨内容进行判断：广告类：吸引关注、推广产品、促进消费；记叙文：分享体验、传递感悟、给予启示；说明文：普及知识、提供指导、提出建议；书评：评价内容、推荐或批评作品；议论文：说服读者、倡导行动、批驳观点。
4．细节判断题解题步骤
第一步：识别文体类。通过以下特征判断文章体裁：
广告类：呈现产品特色、价格信息、促销内容，结构分明
指南类：提供旅游、会展等实用信息，注重生活指引
新闻报道：突出时效性，首段为概括性导语，客观陈述事件
科普文章：介绍科技成果，包含实验数据与专业术语
杂志文章：话题具体，生活气息浓厚，主观色彩明显
书评：兼具书籍介绍与思想评论，体现评价性
第二步：分析内容特征。根据文章内容要素进行判断：
涉及商品交易信息→广告
提供行程安排、注意事项→指南
报道近期发生的事件→新闻报道
解释科学原理或发现→科普文章
探讨日常生活话题→杂志文章
评价书籍内容价值→书评
第三步：把握语言风格。通过语言特点进一步确认：
简洁有力、富有鼓动性→广告
实用具体、描述细致→指南
客观准确、时效性强→新闻报道
严谨专业、术语丰富→科普文章
轻松活泼、情感丰富→杂志文章
生动形象、评价精准→书评
确定读者对象的方法：
明确文章主题：概括核心话题与主要内容
分析内容适配度：判断信息难度、专业程度与兴趣点适合何种群体
对应读者特征：将文章特点与可能的读者群体进行匹配（如专业人士、普通大众、特定兴趣群体等）
考向01 隐含信息题
【例1-1】(浙江省强基联盟2025年10月高三联考英语试题)
After eight days, we ventured to Molokai, Hawaii's least developed island. No resorts or chain stores spoiled its wild beauty—just dramatic cliffs meeting rough seas. Deep in the eastern wilderness, we met Greg Solatario, whose family has taken care of this land for generations. His simple off-grid life perfectly embodied mālama. Greg welcomed us warmly before leading us through jungle-covered ruins of ancestral villages. As we approached, his son Devak blew a conch shell—a traditional request to enter. "The land remembers, "Greg explained, showing us medicinal plants and ancient fishing spots. His parting words stayed with me:“Malama shouldn’t be just Hawaiian —the whole world needs this way of caring."
1.What do we know about Greg Solatario's family
A. They built new resorts in the wild. B. They have long protected the land.
C. They offered guided tours to locals. D. They fixed up the old village ruins.
【答案】B
【详解】 此题为细节推理题。解题关键在于定位描述Greg家庭的信息。文章第五段提到："we met Greg Solatario, whose family has taken care of this land for generations."（我们遇到了格雷格·索拉塔里奥，他的家族世代照料着这片土地）。"for generations"（世代）直接对应B选项中的"长期"。"has taken care of"（照料）与"保护"含义高度一致。A选项"建造新度假村"与文中描述的莫洛凯岛"没有度假村"的野生状态相矛盾。C选项"为当地人提供导游服务"文中未提及，他们是为作者这样的游客进行了引导和讲解。D选项"修复了古老的村庄废墟"错误，文中描述他们带领作者参观的是"jungle-covered ruins"（丛林覆盖的废墟），并未说他们进行了修复。
【例1-2】（广东“六校联盟”2026届高三年级第二次联考英语试题）
The red-crowned crane (丹顶鹤) is a national first-class protected wildlife. However, due to environmental and ecological damage, the number of red-crowned cranes had been dangerously declining when Zhao Shiwei joined the Zhaoquan River Management Station in 1992. Artificial breeding of red-crowned cranes became an important part of Zhao’s work.
3 red-crowned crane birds hatched at the station through his artificial program in 1996. Despite tasting success, Zhao and his team encountered hardships the following year. In 1997, not a single red-crowned crane bird hatched. And in 1998, only one red-crowned crane chick hatched through artificial breeding, but it died soon after.
1. What does the author imply about the red-crowned cranes in the first two paragraphs
A. They’re at risk of going extinct.
B. They top all other wildlife in value.
C. Their artificial breeding started in 1992.
D. Their number stopped declining in 1996.
【答案】A
【详解】 此题为隐含信息推理判断题。解题需要从文字描述中推断言外之意。正确选项A的依据：首段明确指出"the number of red-crowned cranes had been dangerously declining"（数量一直危险地下降），"dangerously"一词暗示情况严峻；第二段描述孵化工作屡遭挫折，1997年零孵化，1998年孵化后死亡，这些事实共同暗示该物种面临严重的生存危机，即"濒临灭绝"。错误选项解析：B. 错误原因：文中虽提及是"国家一级保护野生动物"，但未与其他野生动物比较价值高低。C. 错误原因：赵世伟1992年加入管理站并开始参与人工繁育，但无法推断这是丹顶鹤人工繁育的起始年份。D. 错误原因：1996年孵化3只只是一个短暂成功，随后两年又遇困境，无法得出"数量停止下降"的结论。
【变式1-1】(25-26高三上·湖南衡阳市八中·期中)
Picture this, you win two tickets to a sold-out concert and eagerly text to ask your friends if they’d like to join. There comes their response “Maybe.” Your mood immediately turns, for you need to wait for their decisions before you can figure out your plans for the concert.
If you’ve experienced anything like the above anecdote, you’re not alone. People responding “maybe” to invitations is a common yet annoying aspect of social life. What goes on in people’s heads when they aren’t sure whether to accept an invitation Social invitations can be a delicate dance. People often misread what someone extending an invitation wants to hear and overestimate an inviter’s likelihood of preferring a “maybe” over a “no.” Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation.
1. Why is the concert anecdote mentioned at the beginning
A. To explain the background of the invitation.
B. To stress the importance of quick replies.
C. To encourage immediate decision- making.
D. To introduce a common social situation.
【答案】D
【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Picture this, you win two tickets to a sold-out concert and eagerly text to ask your friends if they’d like to join. There comes their response “Maybe.” Your mood immediately turns, for you need to wait for their decisions before you can figure out your plans for the concert.(想象一下，你赢得了两张售罄音乐会的门票，急切地发短信问朋友是否愿意一起去。他们回复“也许吧”。你的心情立刻变了，因为你需要等他们做决定，才能确定自己的音乐会计划)”以及第二段中的“If you’ve experienced anything like the above anecdote, you’re not alone. People responding “maybe” to invitations is a common yet annoying aspect of social life.(如果你有过类似上述轶事的经历，你并不孤单。人们对邀请回复“也许”是社交生活中常见却令人恼火的一面)”可知，作者开头提及音乐会轶事，是为了引出人们对邀请回复“Maybe”这一常见社交场景。故选D项。
【变式1-2】(25-2江西省南昌市2025-2026学年高三上学期开学考试英语试卷)
On our very first trade, our partner welcomed us with a bottle of wine and some cheese in the fridge, and we’ve kept that gracious tradition going with our own “guests”. Since then, we’ve encountered all kinds of thoughtful acts — from the young couple who left the keys in their mailbox along with a note that said “Enjoy!” to the family who provided piles of maps, brochures, and local restaurant menus. With these small “insider” tips, we don’t just visit a city — we slip into its daily flow, free from the rush of moving from one landmark to another.
Yes, house trading did begin with our desire to travel on the cheap, but it’s become so much more than just a way to save money. It let us get glimpses of places we might never have explored otherwise, grew our belief in the warmth of strangers, and confirmed our decision to choose a lifestyle that values time over money. We all learned to share by the time we were in kindergarten, right It’s not too late to rediscover that simple truth on a whole new level.
1. Why does the author mention hosts’ thoughtful acts
A．To suggest travel tips. B．To show local customs.
C．To instruct hosting skills. D．To highlight special gains.
2. What message does the author convey in the last paragraph
A．Trust requires shared values. B．Sharing bears lasting worth.
C．Budget travel cuts living costs. D．Early habits shape adulthood.
【答案】1．D 2．B
【详解】
1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Since then, we’ve encountered all kinds of thoughtful acts — from the young couple who left the keys in their mailbox along with a note that said “Enjoy!” to the family who provided piles of maps, brochures, and local restaurant menus. With these small “insider” tips, we don’t just visit a city — we slip into its daily flow, free from the rush of moving from one landmark to another.(从那以后，我们遇到了各种各样的体贴行为——从那对把钥匙留在邮箱里的年轻夫妇，他们还留了一张纸条，上面写着“享受！”到提供大量地图、宣传册和当地餐馆菜单的家庭。有了这些小“内幕”提示，我们不只是参观一个城市——我们融入了它的日常生活，不用匆忙地从一个地标赶到另一个地标)”可知，作者提到主人的体贴行为是为了强调通过房屋置换这种旅行方式，他们获得了融入当地生活的特殊体验，这是不同于一般旅行的特殊收获。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yes, house trading did begin with our desire to travel on the cheap, but it’s become so much more than just a way to save money. It let us get glimpses of places we might never have explored otherwise, grew our belief in the warmth of strangers, and confirmed our decision to choose a lifestyle that values time over money.(是的，房屋置换确实始于我们想要廉价旅行的愿望，但它已经不仅仅是省钱的一种方式了。它让我们得以一窥那些我们可能永远不会去探索的地方，增强了我们对于陌生人温暖的信念，也坚定了我们选择一种重时间轻金钱的生活方式的决定)”可知，作者在最后一段想要传达的信息是分享具有持久的价值，它不仅带来了经济上的节省，更重要的是丰富了人们的生活体验和人际关系。故选B项。
考向02 观点态度题
【例2-1】（2025-2026学年第一学期天域全国名校协作体联考英语试题）
Philosopher Jonathan Birch, also a judge of the Jeremy Coller Centre, stressed that the Challenge is looking beyond the interspecies communication we have with pets, or that a farmer has with a sheepdog. Those relationships involve signalling and behavioural responses, Birch explains, “but that’s not telling us how animals communicate with each other... this prize is about understanding it so well that we can start to join the conversation.”
While Coller hopes his charity will reshape our attitude to animals, the truth is that even groundbreaking research has largely failed to move the dial on their welfare. Recent work on cephalopod’s (头足类动物) intelligence has not stopped plans to farm the creatures. We might one day be able to understand what animals are saying — but there is no guarantee we will listen.
1. What’s the author’s attitude toward the practical effect of the research
A. Optimistic. B. Doubtful.
C. Objective. D. Dismissive.
【答案】B
【详解】 此题为作者态度题。解题需聚焦末段的批判性语气。作者先以“虽然”承认科勒的初衷，但用“真相是”强势转折，指出研究“ largely failed to move the dial”（ largely failed to move the dial），并以头足类动物案例佐证。结尾句“but there is no guarantee we will listen”（但不能保证我们会倾听）更以悲观口吻强调了对研究落地效果的深度怀疑。A选项“乐观的”与末段整体基调相反；C选项“客观的”不准确，因作者明显带有倾向性质疑；D选项“不屑一顾的”程度过重，作者并未完全否定研究价值，而是聚焦于其现实效果的局限性。
【例2-2】（2025-2026学年度武汉市部分学校高三年级九月调研考试）
Harold Simmons never intended to become a neighborhood legend(传奇).At 73, he was just a retired worker with too much time and an empty backyard. What started as a simple garden railroad project quickly became something extraordinary.
It began with a single circular track and an old steam engine he'd rescued from a sale. Each day, he would add tiny details —a tiny general store, a little church and some handcrafted trees. The neighborhood children would sometimes look over the fence, their eyes wide with wonder.
One particularly curious 10-year-old named Maya started visiting regularly after school. Her working parents appreciated that Harold didn't mind her watching him work. He'd explain each tiny detail. Word spread. Neighbors who had previously just waved politely stopped to admire Harold's growing landscape. Children brought their parents. Retired workers shared stories about the real trains and towns the models represented.
1. What was the neighbors' attitude toward Harold's project
A. Critical. B. Negative.
C. Appreciative. D. Uncertain.
【答案】C
【详解】 此题是观点态度题。解题需要从文中对邻居行为的描述中推断其态度。第三段提到："Neighbors who had previously just waved politely stopped to admire Harold's growing landscape." 其中的"admire"（钦佩，欣赏）一词直接表明了他们的积极和赞赏的态度。随后"Children brought their parents. Retired workers shared stories..."也进一步印证了社区成员们的参与和支持。A（批评的）、B（消极的）、D（不确定的）均与文中描述的积极场景不符。
【变式2-1】(北京市通州区2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题节选)
I came to realize I wasn’t so different. Like those men, I had tied my dignity to my occupation. Technology keeps pushing aside what we took as permanent, and hard-earned skills are irrelevant in a blink. Holding on to who you were can feel suffocating (令人窒息的), but letting go is painful. Status is like clothing—superficial (肤浅的), but one’s dignity depends on it.
I suspect that many people will struggle with this during the coming AI transformation, which may replace jobs and remove entire occupations. But1. these changes also present us with an opportunity: to get rid of the idea that we each must find a calling, then hold on to that identity or admit failure. Perhaps the dignified life involves several versions of you.
My student days are now over, for the second time. When I last exchanged classroom for job market, I was 23, an ambitious writer hoping to create something on paper that might outlast me. But print isn’t what it used to be. Nor am I.
Which would best describe the author’s attitude towards future
A．Joyful. B．Adaptive. C．Indifferent. D．Pessimistic.
【答案】B
【导语】观点态度题。根据倒数第二段“I suspect that many people will struggle with this during the coming Al transformation, which may replace jobs and remove entire occupations. But these changes also present us with an opportunity: to get rid of the idea that we each must find a calling, then hold on to that identity or admit failure. Perhaps the dignified life involves several versions of you.(我怀疑，在即将到来的人工智能转型中，许多人会为此而挣扎，人工智能可能会取代一些工作，甚至消除整个职业，但这些变化也为我们提供了一个机会:摆脱那种认为我们每个人都必须找到一种使命，然后坚持这种身份或承认失败的想法。也许有尊严的生活包含了几个版本的你。)”可知，作者认为 AI带来的变革虽会取代工作，但也提供了机会 --“摆脱'必须找到一份天职并坚守身份’的想法，有尊严的生活可以包含多个版本的自己”，体现了对变化的适应态度。故选B项。
【变式2-2】(辽宁名校联考2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题)
Chiavaccini’s team videotaped 40 goats of various kinds, ages and different medical conditions at a veterinary (兽医的) hospital, making over 5,000 fixed frames. Using a behavioral pain scale, clinical history and physical exams, they classified each goat as in pain or not. The team tried three approaches, training an algorithm (算法) on different image groups while reserving others to test that training. The most balanced model was trained, adjusted and finally tested for five times, which gave 80% average accuracy. “Such training basically builds 30 years of clinical experience in 30 minutes,” Chiavaccini says.
AI-powered tools built with similar methods could someday help veterinarians make quicker and more accurate diagnoses or warn farmers of early pain in livestock. “This study shows a silver lining of AI in animal care and highlights the need for further exploration across diverse species,” says Mahmoud, a scientist in human and animal behavioral AI.
Such tools already exist for nonverbal human patients, but these systems’ effectiveness can be limited by poor image quality or nonstandard camera angles. “Many of the engineering problems we solved, like adapting to messy, real-world conditions, could be helpful to human medicine,” Chiavaccini says. “Doctors worry about perfect lighting or head positioning. Meanwhile I’m out here racing after a goat with my camera.”
1. What’s Mahmoud’s attitude toward the application of AI in animal care
A．Ambiguous. B．Cautious. C．Promising. D．Doubtful.
【答案】C
【导语】难点态度题。根据第五段中“"This study shows a silver lining of Al in animal care and highlights the need for further exploration across diverse species,” says Mahmoud, a scientist in human and animal behavioral Al(“这项研究显示了人工智能在动物护理方面的一线希望，并强调了对不同物种进行进一步探索的必要性。”人类和动物行为人工智能科学家Mahmoud表示)”可知，Mahmoud评价该研究是“AI在动物护理中的一线曙光”，并呼吁进一步探索，推知他认为人工智能在动物护理中很有前途，故选C。
考向03 写作意图题
【例3-1】（2026届山东省济南市高三年级英语开学摸底考试）
While fight-or-flight seems logical for survival, freezing appears counterproductive --- potentially too much to handle, making us incapable of acting or making a decision. But is that really all that's going on Not according to Prof Karin Roelofs, a neuroscientist who studies freezing at Radboud University. “Many people think that freezing is a kind of shutdown of the system,” she says. “What we actually find is that in threatening situations, freezing actually helps gain more information, prepare actions, and improve perception and decision making.” Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not petrified.
Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this. A virtual reality shooting game showed players with stronger freezing responses performed better and decided faster. Freezing doesn't slow responses. “Brain noise reduces. Perception increases. You make better decisions faster,” Roelofs clarifies.
Why are living statues and snipers mentioned in Paragraph 4
A. To contrast response types. B. To illustrate freezing causes.
C. To support response training. D. To criticize stressful professions.
【答案】C
【详解】 此题为写作目的题。解题需看例子所服务的论点。该段主旨句是首句“Importantly, this response can be trained.”（重要的是，这种反应是可以训练的）。紧接着，作者提到“活体雕塑”和“狙击手”，就是为了给出能够通过训练来控制冻结反应的真实例子，以此支持“可训练”这一论点。A选项“对比反应类型”错误，文中并未对比这两种职业的反应。B选项“说明冻结原因”错误，例子是用来说明如何控制冻结，而非其原因。D选项“批评压力大的职业”完全偏离文章客观中立的科普基调。
【例3-2】（2026届浙江省Z20名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考英语试题节选）
When Clara took over her grandfather’s Brooklyn bookshop in 2018, the first thing she removed wasn’t the outdated stocks, but the WiFi router. Regulars protested. A lawyer threatened to transfer his $500 monthly coffee budget elsewhere. “Books deserve the same undivided attention we demand from lovers,” she told me, polishing the brass counter her grandfather installed in 1967.
……………………
Last winter, I found her battling a new threat. A property developer had purchased their building, tripling the rent overnight. What unfolded next could fill a novel: customers organized protests on the sidewalk; the judge represented them for free; even the lawyer who once threatened to leave funded their legal defense.
1. Why is the lawyer mentioned again in paragraph 4
A. To show his contradictory behavior.
B. To illustrate the content of a novel.
C. To stress the mass support Clara received.
D. To explain the difficulty Clara came across.
【答案】C
【详解】此题为写作目的题。解题需分析人物再次出现的叙事功能。第四段的核心是讲述社区如何团结起来支持书店对抗开发商。作者列举了“customers”、“the judge”和“even the lawyer”这三种具有代表性的人物。律师的再次出现，尤其是“even”（甚至连）这个词，起到了强烈的强调和对比作用：曾经最可能因不便而离开的顾客，如今也成为了坚定的支持者。这极有力地说明了克拉拉获得的支持范围之广、程度之深，是“mass support”的体现。A（展示矛盾行为）是表面现象，作者的深层目的不是写律师本人，而是以他为例来证明支持的力量。B（解释小说内容）是比喻说法，并非真正原因。D（解释遇到的困难）中，困难是涨租，律师的出现是解决方案的一部分，而非困难本身。
【变式3-1】(浙江省杭州第二中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题节选)
Fooled by Randomness is a famous book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s landmark Incerto series, an investigation of luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision-making in a world we don’t understand.
Now in a striking new hardcover edition, Fooled by Randomness is the word-of-mouth sensation that will change the way you think about business and the world. Nassim Nicholas Taleb — seasoned trader, renowned risk expert, knowledgeable scholar, and New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan — has written a modern classic that turns on its head what we believe about luck and skill.
This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. Set against the backdrop of the most notable forum in which luck is mistaken for skill — the world of trading — Fooled by Randomness provides captivating insight into one of the least understood factors in all our lives. Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives.
The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge Karl Popper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. We also meet the fictional Nero, who seems to understand the role of randomness in his professional life but falls victim to his own irrational foolishness.
What’s the purpose of mentioning the characters in paragraph 4
A. To highlight the significance of their achievements.
B. To emphasize their success in the trading world.
C. To illustrate how foolishness always leads to failure.
D. To show examples of those who understood randomness.
【答案】D
【详解】此题为写作目的题。解题需准确理解该段首句的概括性陈述与后续例子之间的关系。正确选项D的依据：第4段首句明确说明了引入这些人物的目的：“The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance.”（书中出现了许多人物，其中一些以他们自己的方式理解了偶然的重要性。）后续列举的人物正是为了具体说明这些“以各自方式理解偶然重要性”的个体。错误选项解析：A. To highlight the significance of their achievements.（强调他们成就的重要性）：错误。文章引入这些人物是为了说明他们对“随机性”的认知，而非为了突出其成就本身。B. To emphasize their success in the trading world.（强调他们在交易世界的成功）：错误。列举的人物如Yogi Berra（棒球）、Karl Popper（哲学）、Odysseus（神话）等均与交易世界无关。C. To illustrate how foolishness always leads to failure.（说明愚蠢如何总是导致失败）：错误。该段确实提到虚构人物Nero “falls victim to his own irrational foolishness”，但这只是其中一个例子，用以说明理解理论与付诸实践的差距，并非该段列举所有人物的核心目的。该段的核心目的是展示“理解随机性”的多样例子。
【变式3-2】(江西省南昌市2026届高三年级9月测试（零模）)
…………..
House trading isn't the same as Airbnb or renting a room in someone's home: there's no exchange of money, no check-in desks or strict rules, which makes it feel more like staying as guests in each other's houses. Living in someone else's space builds a unique closeness --- admiring their bookshelf picks, the way they arrange potted plants, or family photos on the fridge turns virtual strangers into familiar faces. We've even grown repeat trades into real friendships.
On our very first trade, our partner welcomed us with a bottle of wine and some cheese in the fridge, and we've kept that gracious tradition going with our own "guests". Since then, we've encountered all kinds of thoughtful acts --- from the young couple who left the keys in their mailbox along with a note that said "Enjoy!" to the family who provided piles of maps, brochures, and local restaurant menus. With these small "insider" tips, we don't just visit a city --- we slip into its daily flow, free from the rush of moving from one landmark to another.
1. Why does the author mention hosts' thoughtful acts
A. To suggest travel tips. B. To show local customs.
C. To instruct hosting skills. D. To highlight special gains.
【答案】D
【详解】此题为写作目的题。解题需分析第三段举例的叙事功能。该段列举主人的种种贴心举动（留酒和奶酪、留钥匙和纸条、提供本地信息），是为了具体说明房屋交换带来的超出预期的、非物质的收获——人情味、本地体验和融入感。这些例子并非为了提供普适的A"旅行建议"（tips通常更实用通用），也非主要展示B"当地习俗"（菜单地图只是媒介）或C"指导接待技巧"（文章是叙事而非指南），而是为了证明这种交换方式带来了金钱买不到的D"特殊收获"。
考向04细节判断题
【例4-1】（南京市2026届高三年级学情调研考试（零模）英语试题）
Welcome to our school’s online community! Whether you’re hoping to explore the East Coast or are just making your way around campus, there are several transportation service options that University of Pennsylvania (Penn) students can take advantage of.
Penn Walking Escorts (护送) Penn’s Division of Public Safety offers free walking escorts 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Penn students can request an escort to walk them to their destinations whether that is a campus building, a dorm, or the school hospital. To request a walking escort, students can ask any Public Safety Officer or call 215-898-WALK (9255).
Penn Accessible Transit The Penn Accessible Transit service offers on-campus transportation during term time for individuals with visual disabilities and those with limitations from other conditions. To obtain access to PAT, students must email the Office of Student Disabilities Services. For teachers or staff, they can obtain approval by contacting the Office of Affirmative Action.
1. Where is this text probably taken from
A. A school website. B. A travel plan.
C.A transportation guide. D. A poster board.
【答案】A
【详解】 此题问文章出处。开篇“欢迎来到我校的在线社区”表明文章来自学校官方在线平台，内容针对学生提供交通服务信息，故A（学校网站）最合适。B旅行计划可能涉及更广泛的行程安排，但本文聚焦校园服务；C交通指南虽相关，但出处更具体为学校网站；D海报展板通常以简洁宣传为主，而非详细文本。
【例4-2】（浙江省强基联盟2025年10月高三联考英语试题）
My husband, children and I were in Hawaii. Here, we were introduced to the ancient Hawaiian concept of malama (to care for) which encourages visitors to give back to the environment and local communities through activities like habitat restoration, beach cleanups or food provision. But mālama goes beyond ecotourism — it's about leaving a place better than you found it.
And after seeking out these experiences during a three-week stay, we found mālama not only improves Hawaii, but it also made our time there much more meaningful.
1. How does the author present the topic in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By giving examples.
C. By explaining a concept. D. By providing statistics.
【答案】C
【详解】此题为写作手法题。解题关键在于分析第一段的内容构成。该段核心是围绕"mālama"这个词展开的：首先给出了它的中文含义（"关爱"），然后解释了它的具体表现（鼓励游客参与的活动），最后点明了它的深层目标（"离开时让地方更美好"）。整个段落都是在界定和阐述"mālama"这一概念。A选项（引用专家）在第一段未出现；B选项（举例）虽然后文有，但第一段中的活动列举是为了解释概念，并非作为引入主题的主要方式；D选项（提供数据）未涉及。因此，C选项最准确地概括了第一段的写作手法。
【变式4-1】(2025-2026学年第一学期天域全国名校协作体联考英语试题节选)
Is text-messaging driving us apart These days, we talk to each other a lot with our thumbs — sending six billion text messages a day, and likely a few billion more on services like Whats App.
But some worry that so much messaging leads to less communication. For instance, when hanging out with friends, we’d be texting secretively at the same time, pretending to maintain eye contact but mentally somewhere else.
1. What’s the function of the first paragraph
A. To introduce the topic. B. To describe a scene.
C. To offer an argument. D. To issue a warning.
【答案】A
【详析】此题为段落功能题。解题关键在于识别文章开篇的引入作用。第一段通过呈现"six billion text messages a day"这一具体数据和现代通讯的普遍场景，自然引出全文讨论的核心议题"text-messaging driving us apart"。B选项"描述场景"过于片面，段中的场景描述是为引入主题服务的；C选项"提供论点"不准确，本段只是客观陈述现象，尚未提出明确的赞成或反对论点；D选项"发出警告"与段落客观中立的陈述语气不符。
【变式4-2】(广东“六校联盟”2026届高三年级第二次联考英语试题节选)
One of my bad habits is saying “busy” when people ask me how I’m doing. Sometimes it’s because I actually am busy, but other times it’s because that’s what I think I’m supposed to say. That’s what important people say. That’s what people who get promoted say. But working long hours doesn’t drive better results. Never taking a vacation won’t lead to a promotion. So why are we so proud to talk about how busy we are all the time
1. How does the author introduce the topic in the first paragraph
A. By quoting famous people.
B. By presenting statistical data.
C. By comparing different opinions.
D. By introducing personal experience.
【答案】D
【详析】此题为写作手法题。解题关键在于识别文章开头的引入方式。正确选项D的依据：第一段开篇明确写道"One of my bad habits is..."（我的一个坏习惯是...），接着详细描述了自己如何习惯性回答"忙"以及对此的反思，这是典型的通过个人经历引出话题的方式。错误选项解析：A. 错误原因：本段没有引用任何名人的言论。B. 错误原因：第一段没有呈现任何统计数据。C. 错误原因：本段主要是作者的个人陈述和反思，没有系统地比较不同观点。
专题01 高考真题练
A
(2025高考北京卷英语真题)
Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements Or will they see the big word “fail” in red The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us.
My first step of redefining success began with course registrations. It is a well-known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule. When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don’t know.” They themselves don’t know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty. Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged.
Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning.
Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself.
This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little.
1．Throughout the Junior year, what was the author’s major concern
A．Pressure from choosing AP classes. B．Performance in group interviews.
C．Competition with seniors. D．Recognition by colleges.
2．The author chose fewer AP classes because of _______.
A．her own understanding of success B．her desire for academic challenges
C．her strong urge to follow the crowd D．her dream of entering a top university
3．Which would best describe the author’s first group interview
A．Dignifying. B．Rewarding. C．Engaging. D．Relaxing.
4．What can we learn from this passage
A．Everyone is the maker of their own success.
B．Success favours those with a golden heart.
C．Success knocks at your door only once.
D．A college holds the key to success.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者在高三时对大学申请和成功定义的反思，不再盲目追随他人选择大量AP课程，而是基于个人兴趣选课，并从失败的小组面试中学习，通过自我调整最终获得领导职位。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements Or will they see the big word “fail” in red (在整个高三期间，我和我的同学们一直担心，当大学将我们的整个人生故事浓缩成一篇200字的短文时，他们会看到什么。当他们回顾我们的成就时，脑海中会浮现出‘成功’这个金灿灿的词汇吗？还是会看到用红色标注的‘失败’这个醒目的大字？)”可知，作者在高三年级主要担心的是大学对他们的认可。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. (我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”可知，作者选择较少的AP课程是因为她自己对成功的理解。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. (然而，这次面试并不是一次浪费的机会。我和一位高年级的申请者交谈，她回答问题的方式反映了她对自己的信心。)”以及最后一段中“This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. (今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者认为第一次面试是有收获的，因为它让作者从中学到了东西，并影响了她后来的面试表现。故选B。
4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. (我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”以及最后一段中“This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. (今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者通过自己的经历表明，成功并非由大学或外界标准定义，而是源于自我认知与努力。“Everyone is the maker of their own success. (每个人都是自己成功的创造者。)” 符合题意。故选A。
B
(浙江首考2025年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题真题)
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.”
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.”
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
1．What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A．She is upset by her kids’ weight. B．She is critical of the way she was fed.
C．She is interested in making food. D．She is particular about what she eats.
2．Which of the following would Markey disapprove of
A．Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally. B．Offering various foods to kids at fixed times.
C．Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks. D．Talking with kids about school at mealtimes.
3．What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”
A．Make diet decisions on their own. B．Share their food with other kids.
C．Eat up what is provided for them. D．Help their parents do the dishes.
4．What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A．Costly. B．Complex.
C．Workable. D．Contradictory.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者自己因童年时被灌输饮食观念而影响了与食物的关系，心理学家建议家长在饮食上少干预，作者尝试策略后发现孩子能做更好的饮食决策。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. ‘You don’t want to get fat’ was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. (当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常被告知什么不能吃。“你不想变胖”这句话在我整个童年时期不断重复。这真的搞砸了我与食物的关系 —— 这是我花了多年时间才克服的问题)”可知，作者童年时被灌输的饮食观念对其产生了负面影响，由此可推断出，作者对自己童年时被喂养的方式持批判态度。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. ‘There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,’ she says. ‘It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.’ (根据心理学教授夏洛特·马基的说法，食物是为数不多的家长说得少反而更好的话题之一。“在育儿方面，有很多事情值得深入讨论，但我不认为食物是其中之一，”她说。“这只会给孩子们带来一些不必要的担忧和不安全感，这并不健康。”)”可知，马基不赞成家长和孩子过多谈论食物相关的话题，而向孩子解释吃零食的风险属于谈论食物的话题，所以马基不会赞成。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Instead, she recommends applying a well known concept among nutrition experts called the ‘Division of Responsibility,’ where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. (相反，她建议应用营养专家中一个著名的概念，即‘责任划分’，在这个概念中，家长在固定的时间为孩子提供各种主要是健康的食物，而孩子自己决定想吃什么和吃多少 —— 即使这意味着偶尔吃的饼干比胡萝卜多)”可知，根据“责任划分”，孩子应该自己做饮食决策。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. (我一直在尝试这些策略，我发现当我不那么严格限制时，他们确实会做出更好的决策)”可知，孩子们确实会做出更好的决策，所以作者会认为自己所遵循的策略是可行的。故选C项。
C
(2025年全国高考二卷英语真题真题)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
1．What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home.
2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste.
C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought.
4．What can we learn about wastED
A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs.
C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
D
(2025年全国高考一卷英语真题)
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept.
C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics.
2．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time.
C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water.
3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem.
C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water.
4．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study.
C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
专题02 优秀模拟题
A
(25-26高三上·湖南长沙长郡中学·月考)
As a senior resident, I often distributed poems to my team, printing and posting them above the computers in our hospital workrooms. Once, during a rare quiet moment in the ICU, with permission from my colleagues, I read a couple of poems out loud. I remember watching my colleagues’ eyes close and their bodies visibly relax as the words washed over them.
Since then, I have shared poems — my own and others’ — in talks at my institution and across the country. I’ve also led other healthcare providers in creative writing exercises during workshops, lectures and classes. Many institutions host book clubs, story slams, film screenings and other opportunities for medical learners to engage with the humanities (人文学科).
While poetry can be frightening to some, many contemporary poems provide approachable emotional experiences. Pieces like Safiya Sinclair’s “Notes on the State of Virginia” fully illustrate how a place that seems innocent or even beautiful to some can be upsetting to others. Monica Sok’s “ABC for Refugees” powerfully paints a portrait of a young child caught between languages and cultures — a reality that many pediatric (儿科的) patients face. “Ode to Small Towns” by Tyree Daye overturns common assumptions about rural life. In “Medical History”, Nicole Sealey shares a patient’s perspective on a part of health care that, for many of my students and colleagues, has been reduced to a series of check boxes on a computer screen. These and other poems provide fertile ground for enhanced understanding of the human condition, as well as inspiration for a clinician’s own potentially transformative reflective writing.
The possibilities for cooperation between literature and medicine are wide open. I believe all clinicians have a role in recognizing and dealing with how everyone has been shaped by an unreasonable society. The history, sociopolitical context, imaginative perspective and reflective practices the humanities offer may improve the practice of medicine. Through understanding others’ experiences and reflecting critically on their own, every clinician can move closer to being the kind of healer they intend to be.
1． What can we infer about the author's practice of sharing poems
A．It started in the ICU and has expanded to multiple settings.
B．It focuses only on creating original poems for medical teams.
C．It has replaced other humanities activities in medical institutions.
D．It is mainly carried out through public lectures across the country.
2． Whose poem may change people's beliefs about the countryside
A．Monica Sok’s. B．Tyree Daye’s.
C．Safiya Sinclair’s. D．Nicole Sealey’s.
3． What does Nicole Sealey’s work seem to imply
A．Doctors should have better medical skills.
B．It's urgent to upgrade the medical equipment.
C．There's room for improvement in medical care.
D．A patient can be treated from different perspectives.
4． Which statement does the author probably agree with
A．The humanities help make a better doctor.
B．The clinicians are to shape our future society.
C．Doctors must learn from each other’s experiences.
D．Reflective writing greatly benefits a doctor’s skills.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者通过分享诗歌和人文活动在医疗环境中的实践，论证了人文学科（如诗歌、反思写作）能帮助临床医生更好地理解患者、改善医疗实践，并成为更有共情的治愈者。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“As a senior resident, I often distributed poems to my team, printing and posting them above the computers in our hospital workrooms. Once, during a rare quiet moment in the ICU, with permission from my colleagues, I read a couple of poems out loud. (作为一名资深住院医师，我经常给我的团队分发诗歌，并将它们打印出来张贴在我们医院工作室的电脑上方。有一次，在重症监护室难得的安静时刻，在同事的允许下，我大声朗读了几首诗。)”和第二段“Since then, I have shared poems — my own and others’ — in talks at my institution and across the country. I' ve also led other healthcare providers in creative writing exercises during workshops, lectures and classes. (从那以后，我在自己所在的机构以及全国各地的演讲中分享了诗歌——包括我自己的和他人的。我还曾在研讨会、讲座和课堂上带领其他医疗保健提供者进行创意写作练习。)”可知，作者分享诗歌的做法它始于重症监护室，并已扩展到多种环境。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“‘Ode to Small Towns’ by Tyree Daye overturns common assumptions about rural life. (Tyree Daye的《小镇颂》颠覆了人们对乡村生活的普遍看法。)”可知，Tyree Daye的诗能改变人们对乡村的普遍看法。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In‘Medical History’, Nicole Sealey shares a patient’ s perspective on a part of health care that, for many of my students and colleagues, has been reduced to a series of check boxes on a computer screen. (在《病史》一书中，妮可·西利分享了患者对医疗保健的一部分的看法，对于我的许多学生和同事来说，这部分已经简化为电脑屏幕上的一系列复选框。)”可知，妮可·西利的作品表明医疗保健在某些方面被简化，所以还有改进的空间。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The history, sociopolitical context, imaginative perspective and reflective practices the humanities offer may improve the practice of medicine. Through understanding others’ experiences and reflecting critically on their own, every clinician can move closer to being the kind of healer they intend to be. (人文学科提供的历史、社会政治背景、想象视角和反思实践可能会改善医学实践。通过了解他人的经历并批判性地反思自己，每个临床医生都可以更接近成为他们想要成为的那种治疗师。)”可知，作者认为人文学科有助于医生成为更好的治疗者。故选A项。
B
(25-26高三上·湖北圆创联盟·月考)
Alex is an ear, nose and throat specialist, who works wonders restoring people’s hearing. But as the chief resident at a teaching hospital, he couldn’t make his young trainees listen. They were talented, but also made mistakes about which he offered clear and direct feedback. These residents kept making the same errors, as though he had never said anything to them. He couldn’t figure out why.
Alex was trapped by the mentor’s dilemma: the fact that constructive criticism, meant to push young people to do better, can hurt their confidence and motivation. What can be done
Many people believe in the compliment sandwich — burying criticism between two pieces of praise. But research shows that when young people are criticized by an authority, they care less about whether the authority is a positive person, but more about an existential question: Does this person who has power over my life think I’m incompetent The compliment sandwich, rather than addressing a young person’s fears of unworthiness, actually confirms anxieties, if the praise is for something seemingly unimportant. Studies show that young people are hungry for signs of social standing and respect, so they are especially insulted (冒犯) when they sense they are being talked down to.
There is, in fact, a simple but effective solution. Young people are found willing to take even the most severe criticism if the feedback was motivated by an appreciation for their potential. We call this “wise feedback”. It fits the needs of mentees (被指导者) well, who neither want to be held to an impossible standard, nor want to feel overprotected or dismissed. Studies also show that when you hold young people to high standards and make it clear that you believe they can meet them, young people rise to the challenge because you show respect by taking them seriously.
After knowing this, Alex sees why he couldn’t get his medical trainees to listen. He starts explaining to the medical residents that he provides critical feedback because he thinks they can improve and he takes them and their potential seriously. Alex’s young trainees have been more receptive and responsive, ultimately making fewer mistakes. They are listening to him now, partly because they feel listened to.
1． What did Alex find it difficult to do with his young trainees
A．Make them faultless.
B．Get them to take his advice.
C．Offer them clear feedback.
D．Help them to develop their talent.
2． Why is the compliment sandwich ineffective for young people
A．They are keen on gentle criticism.
B．They are desperate for more praise.
C．They are doubtful about the authority.
D．They are fearful of being seen as incapable.
3． What can be inferred about young people from paragraph 4
A．They tend to feel left out.
B．They want standards to be lowered.
C．They try to refuse challenges.
D．They expect their abilities to be trusted.
4． What is the basic structure of the text
A．Problem-Solution.
B．Cause and Effect.
C．Argument-Evidence.
D．Comparison and Contrast.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍导师Alex面临的反馈困境，分析“赞美三明治”的不足，以及“明智反馈”的有效性。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They were talented, but also made mistakes about which he offered clear and direct feedback. These residents kept making the same errors, as though he had never said anything to them.(他们很有才华，但也会犯错，对此他给出了清晰直接的反馈。这些住院医生却一直犯同样的错误，就好像他什么都没说过一样)”可知，Alex发现很难让年轻学员接受他的建议。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But research shows that when young p题型02 阅读理解推理判断题
题型简介
推理判断题是高考英语阅读理解中能力要求最高、难度较大的题型之一。它要求考生不仅理解文章字面意思，更要能分析隐含信息、揣测作者意图、判断文本深意。与细节题不同，推理题的答案不会直接呈现在原文中。考生必须在理解全文的基础上，通过分析语境、逻辑关系、情感色彩和事实证据，进行合理的逻辑推导，从而得出文中未明说但意欲表达的结论。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话,要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上,对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理,从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题,推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点,而推断文章出处/类型、读者对象、后续内容和写作手法为低频考点。
设题类型&命题方式
1. 隐含信息题：隐含信息推断题要求考生根据语篇内容,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。般可根据语篇提供的信息,或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系,理解关键词句的真正含义,才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词:infer(推断),indicate(表明,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(推断出)和 assume(假定,设想)。设问方式主要有:What can we learn from, .. in paragraph... What can be inferred from the... paragraph What can we infer from... What does the author indicate by mentioning. . . in paragraph... What can be inferred about. . .
2. 观点态度题：此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法,或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问方式主要有：What is the author's attitude toward... What does the author think of. .. How does the author find. .. 观点和态度一般分为三大类:①支持、赞同、乐观;②客观、中立;③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中,应特别注意文中的措辞,尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。
3. 写作意图题：各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下,作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以,这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式主要有:What is the author's purpose in writing this passage What is the purpose of this text What is the author's purpose in mentioning... What is the purpose of. .. mentioned in paragraph. ..
4．细节判断题： 这类考题考查频率较低,常包括文章出处/类型题、读者对象题、后续内容题和写作手法题等。一般来讲,文章出处/类型题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别;读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象;后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容,这种题型对考生的能力要求较高;写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法。设问方式主要有: Where is the text most probably taken from (文章出处题)Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from (文章出处题)What is the text (文章类型题)What might the author continue talking about (后续内容题)Who are the intended readers of the text (读者对象题)How is the topic introduced in the first paragraph (写作手法题)
解题思路
1： 隐含信息题解题步骤
第一步：精准定位，提取信息：根据题干关键词，迅速定位至原文相关语句。准确抓取其中对人物、事件、环境的直接描述，明确文本表层信息。
第二步：剖析语境，解读内涵：在理解字面意思的基础上，深入分析关键词句在具体语境中的功能与含义。重点把握情感色彩、语气态度及逻辑关系（如因果、转折、对比）。
第三步：多维关联，合理推断：将文本信息与上下文语境、普遍性常识及逻辑规律相结合，进行综合研判。透过表面表述，推导出作者未明言但意图表达的深层观点、写作目的或潜在结论。
第四步：验证整合，确定答案：将推断结论与原文主旨及全部已知信息进行比对验证，确保推断内容在文中有所依托、符合逻辑。最终筛选出最具支撑性且表述准确的选项。
2. 观点态度题解题步骤
一、核心态度词汇
支持/肯定 favorable, positive, approving, supportive, enthusiastic, optimistic
反对/否定 critical, negative, disapproving, doubtful, skeptical, pessimistic
中立/客观 objective, neutral, impartial, unbiased, detached
主观/情感 subjective, emotional, sentimental, passionate
消极态度 indifferent, unconcerned, cynical, sarcastic, ironic
二、解题步骤
第一步：定位关键信息。迅速扫描题干关键词，定位至原文相关段落。重点关注：直接表达观点的陈述句；人物的直接引语或独白；带有感彩的形容词、副词，评价性的行为动词。
第二步：分析语言特征。仔细分析定位语句中的措辞特点：辨析褒义、贬义或中性词汇；注意修饰词的程度强弱（如extremely, slightly），识别特殊句式（如反问、感叹、虚拟语气），抓取重复出现的评价性表达。
第三步：推断态度倾向。基于文本证据进行合理推断：对比不同观点的对立之处，分析事例选择的倾向性，考量语气基调的一致性，注意转折词后的真实态度。
第四步：验证选项匹配。将推断结果与选项进行精确比对：排除文中无依据的过度推断，区分作者态度与文中人物态度，警惕绝对化表述的干扰项，确保所选答案与全文基调一致。
3. 写作意图题解题步骤
第一步：辨识文章体裁。快速判断文章所属文体类型：广告类：结构分明，含标题、图表、价格等信息；记叙文：以人物经历或事件发展为主线；说明文：客观介绍事物特征、原理或流程；书评：包含书籍介绍与个人评价两部分内容；议论文：提出观点并展开论证，试图说服读者。
第二步：把握核心主旨。通过关键位置抓取文章要义：先重点阅读首尾段落及每段首句再标记反复出现的关键词与核心概念最后梳理文章内容的逻辑推进方向
第三步：推断写作目的。结合文体特征与主旨内容进行判断：广告类：吸引关注、推广产品、促进消费；记叙文：分享体验、传递感悟、给予启示；说明文：普及知识、提供指导、提出建议；书评：评价内容、推荐或批评作品；议论文：说服读者、倡导行动、批驳观点。
4．细节判断题解题步骤
第一步：识别文体类。通过以下特征判断文章体裁：
广告类：呈现产品特色、价格信息、促销内容，结构分明
指南类：提供旅游、会展等实用信息，注重生活指引
新闻报道：突出时效性，首段为概括性导语，客观陈述事件
科普文章：介绍科技成果，包含实验数据与专业术语
杂志文章：话题具体，生活气息浓厚，主观色彩明显
书评：兼具书籍介绍与思想评论，体现评价性
第二步：分析内容特征。根据文章内容要素进行判断：
涉及商品交易信息→广告
提供行程安排、注意事项→指南
报道近期发生的事件→新闻报道
解释科学原理或发现→科普文章
探讨日常生活话题→杂志文章
评价书籍内容价值→书评
第三步：把握语言风格。通过语言特点进一步确认：
简洁有力、富有鼓动性→广告
实用具体、描述细致→指南
客观准确、时效性强→新闻报道
严谨专业、术语丰富→科普文章
轻松活泼、情感丰富→杂志文章
生动形象、评价精准→书评
确定读者对象的方法：
明确文章主题：概括核心话题与主要内容
分析内容适配度：判断信息难度、专业程度与兴趣点适合何种群体
对应读者特征：将文章特点与可能的读者群体进行匹配（如专业人士、普通大众、特定兴趣群体等）
考向01 隐含信息题
【例1-1】(浙江省强基联盟2025年10月高三联考英语试题)
After eight days, we ventured to Molokai, Hawaii's least developed island. No resorts or chain stores spoiled its wild beauty—just dramatic cliffs meeting rough seas. Deep in the eastern wilderness, we met Greg Solatario, whose family has taken care of this land for generations. His simple off-grid life perfectly embodied mālama. Greg welcomed us warmly before leading us through jungle-covered ruins of ancestral villages. As we approached, his son Devak blew a conch shell—a traditional request to enter. "The land remembers, "Greg explained, showing us medicinal plants and ancient fishing spots. His parting words stayed with me:“Malama shouldn’t be just Hawaiian —the whole world needs this way of caring."
1.What do we know about Greg Solatario's family
A. They built new resorts in the wild. B. They have long protected the land.
C. They offered guided tours to locals. D. They fixed up the old village ruins.
【答案】B
【详解】 此题为细节推理题。解题关键在于定位描述Greg家庭的信息。文章第五段提到："we met Greg Solatario, whose family has taken care of this land for generations."（我们遇到了格雷格·索拉塔里奥，他的家族世代照料着这片土地）。"for generations"（世代）直接对应B选项中的"长期"。"has taken care of"（照料）与"保护"含义高度一致。A选项"建造新度假村"与文中描述的莫洛凯岛"没有度假村"的野生状态相矛盾。C选项"为当地人提供导游服务"文中未提及，他们是为作者这样的游客进行了引导和讲解。D选项"修复了古老的村庄废墟"错误，文中描述他们带领作者参观的是"jungle-covered ruins"（丛林覆盖的废墟），并未说他们进行了修复。
【例1-2】（广东“六校联盟”2026届高三年级第二次联考英语试题）
The red-crowned crane (丹顶鹤) is a national first-class protected wildlife. However, due to environmental and ecological damage, the number of red-crowned cranes had been dangerously declining when Zhao Shiwei joined the Zhaoquan River Management Station in 1992. Artificial breeding of red-crowned cranes became an important part of Zhao’s work.
3 red-crowned crane birds hatched at the station through his artificial program in 1996. Despite tasting success, Zhao and his team encountered hardships the following year. In 1997, not a single red-crowned crane bird hatched. And in 1998, only one red-crowned crane chick hatched through artificial breeding, but it died soon after.
1. What does the author imply about the red-crowned cranes in the first two paragraphs
A. They’re at risk of going extinct.
B. They top all other wildlife in value.
C. Their artificial breeding started in 1992.
D. Their number stopped declining in 1996.
【答案】A
【详解】 此题为隐含信息推理判断题。解题需要从文字描述中推断言外之意。正确选项A的依据：首段明确指出"the number of red-crowned cranes had been dangerously declining"（数量一直危险地下降），"dangerously"一词暗示情况严峻；第二段描述孵化工作屡遭挫折，1997年零孵化，1998年孵化后死亡，这些事实共同暗示该物种面临严重的生存危机，即"濒临灭绝"。错误选项解析：B. 错误原因：文中虽提及是"国家一级保护野生动物"，但未与其他野生动物比较价值高低。C. 错误原因：赵世伟1992年加入管理站并开始参与人工繁育，但无法推断这是丹顶鹤人工繁育的起始年份。D. 错误原因：1996年孵化3只只是一个短暂成功，随后两年又遇困境，无法得出"数量停止下降"的结论。
【变式1-1】(25-26高三上·湖南衡阳市八中·期中)
Picture this, you win two tickets to a sold-out concert and eagerly text to ask your friends if they’d like to join. There comes their response “Maybe.” Your mood immediately turns, for you need to wait for their decisions before you can figure out your plans for the concert.
If you’ve experienced anything like the above anecdote, you’re not alone. People responding “maybe” to invitations is a common yet annoying aspect of social life. What goes on in people’s heads when they aren’t sure whether to accept an invitation Social invitations can be a delicate dance. People often misread what someone extending an invitation wants to hear and overestimate an inviter’s likelihood of preferring a “maybe” over a “no.” Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation.
1. Why is the concert anecdote mentioned at the beginning
A. To explain the background of the invitation.
B. To stress the importance of quick replies.
C. To encourage immediate decision- making.
D. To introduce a common social situation.
【变式1-2】(25-2江西省南昌市2025-2026学年高三上学期开学考试英语试卷)
On our very first trade, our partner welcomed us with a bottle of wine and some cheese in the fridge, and we’ve kept that gracious tradition going with our own “guests”. Since then, we’ve encountered all kinds of thoughtful acts — from the young couple who left the keys in their mailbox along with a note that said “Enjoy!” to the family who provided piles of maps, brochures, and local restaurant menus. With these small “insider” tips, we don’t just visit a city — we slip into its daily flow, free from the rush of moving from one landmark to another.
Yes, house trading did begin with our desire to travel on the cheap, but it’s become so much more than just a way to save money. It let us get glimpses of places we might never have explored otherwise, grew our belief in the warmth of strangers, and confirmed our decision to choose a lifestyle that values time over money. We all learned to share by the time we were in kindergarten, right It’s not too late to rediscover that simple truth on a whole new level.
1. Why does the author mention hosts’ thoughtful acts
A．To suggest travel tips. B．To show local customs.
C．To instruct hosting skills. D．To highlight special gains.
2. What message does the author convey in the last paragraph
A．Trust requires shared values. B．Sharing bears lasting worth.
C．Budget travel cuts living costs. D．Early habits shape adulthood.
考向02 观点态度题
【例2-1】（2025-2026学年第一学期天域全国名校协作体联考英语试题）
Philosopher Jonathan Birch, also a judge of the Jeremy Coller Centre, stressed that the Challenge is looking beyond the interspecies communication we have with pets, or that a farmer has with a sheepdog. Those relationships involve signalling and behavioural responses, Birch explains, “but that’s not telling us how animals communicate with each other... this prize is about understanding it so well that we can start to join the conversation.”
While Coller hopes his charity will reshape our attitude to animals, the truth is that even groundbreaking research has largely failed to move the dial on their welfare. Recent work on cephalopod’s (头足类动物) intelligence has not stopped plans to farm the creatures. We might one day be able to understand what animals are saying — but there is no guarantee we will listen.
1. What’s the author’s attitude toward the practical effect of the research
A. Optimistic. B. Doubtful.
C. Objective. D. Dismissive.
【答案】B
【详解】 此题为作者态度题。解题需聚焦末段的批判性语气。作者先以“虽然”承认科勒的初衷，但用“真相是”强势转折，指出研究“ largely failed to move the dial”（ largely failed to move the dial），并以头足类动物案例佐证。结尾句“but there is no guarantee we will listen”（但不能保证我们会倾听）更以悲观口吻强调了对研究落地效果的深度怀疑。A选项“乐观的”与末段整体基调相反；C选项“客观的”不准确，因作者明显带有倾向性质疑；D选项“不屑一顾的”程度过重，作者并未完全否定研究价值，而是聚焦于其现实效果的局限性。
【例2-2】（2025-2026学年度武汉市部分学校高三年级九月调研考试）
Harold Simmons never intended to become a neighborhood legend(传奇).At 73, he was just a retired worker with too much time and an empty backyard. What started as a simple garden railroad project quickly became something extraordinary.
It began with a single circular track and an old steam engine he'd rescued from a sale. Each day, he would add tiny details —a tiny general store, a little church and some handcrafted trees. The neighborhood children would sometimes look over the fence, their eyes wide with wonder.
One particularly curious 10-year-old named Maya started visiting regularly after school. Her working parents appreciated that Harold didn't mind her watching him work. He'd explain each tiny detail. Word spread. Neighbors who had previously just waved politely stopped to admire Harold's growing landscape. Children brought their parents. Retired workers shared stories about the real trains and towns the models represented.
1. What was the neighbors' attitude toward Harold's project
A. Critical. B. Negative.
C. Appreciative. D. Uncertain.
【答案】C
【详解】 此题是观点态度题。解题需要从文中对邻居行为的描述中推断其态度。第三段提到："Neighbors who had previously just waved politely stopped to admire Harold's growing landscape." 其中的"admire"（钦佩，欣赏）一词直接表明了他们的积极和赞赏的态度。随后"Children brought their parents. Retired workers shared stories..."也进一步印证了社区成员们的参与和支持。A（批评的）、B（消极的）、D（不确定的）均与文中描述的积极场景不符。
【变式2-1】(北京市通州区2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题节选)
I came to realize I wasn’t so different. Like those men, I had tied my dignity to my occupation. Technology keeps pushing aside what we took as permanent, and hard-earned skills are irrelevant in a blink. Holding on to who you were can feel suffocating (令人窒息的), but letting go is painful. Status is like clothing—superficial (肤浅的), but one’s dignity depends on it.
I suspect that many people will struggle with this during the coming AI transformation, which may replace jobs and remove entire occupations. But1. these changes also present us with an opportunity: to get rid of the idea that we each must find a calling, then hold on to that identity or admit failure. Perhaps the dignified life involves several versions of you.
My student days are now over, for the second time. When I last exchanged classroom for job market, I was 23, an ambitious writer hoping to create something on paper that might outlast me. But print isn’t what it used to be. Nor am I.
Which would best describe the author’s attitude towards future
A．Joyful. B．Adaptive. C．Indifferent. D．Pessimistic.
【变式2-2】(辽宁名校联考2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题)
Chiavaccini’s team videotaped 40 goats of various kinds, ages and different medical conditions at a veterinary (兽医的) hospital, making over 5,000 fixed frames. Using a behavioral pain scale, clinical history and physical exams, they classified each goat as in pain or not. The team tried three approaches, training an algorithm (算法) on different image groups while reserving others to test that training. The most balanced model was trained, adjusted and finally tested for five times, which gave 80% average accuracy. “Such training basically builds 30 years of clinical experience in 30 minutes,” Chiavaccini says.
AI-powered tools built with similar methods could someday help veterinarians make quicker and more accurate diagnoses or warn farmers of early pain in livestock. “This study shows a silver lining of AI in animal care and highlights the need for further exploration across diverse species,” says Mahmoud, a scientist in human and animal behavioral AI.
Such tools already exist for nonverbal human patients, but these systems’ effectiveness can be limited by poor image quality or nonstandard camera angles. “Many of the engineering problems we solved, like adapting to messy, real-world conditions, could be helpful to human medicine,” Chiavaccini says. “Doctors worry about perfect lighting or head positioning. Meanwhile I’m out here racing after a goat with my camera.”
1. What’s Mahmoud’s attitude toward the application of AI in animal care
A．Ambiguous. B．Cautious. C．Promising. D．Doubtful.
考向03 写作意图题
【例3-1】（2026届山东省济南市高三年级英语开学摸底考试）
While fight-or-flight seems logical for survival, freezing appears counterproductive --- potentially too much to handle, making us incapable of acting or making a decision. But is that really all that's going on Not according to Prof Karin Roelofs, a neuroscientist who studies freezing at Radboud University. “Many people think that freezing is a kind of shutdown of the system,” she says. “What we actually find is that in threatening situations, freezing actually helps gain more information, prepare actions, and improve perception and decision making.” Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not petrified.
Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this. A virtual reality shooting game showed players with stronger freezing responses performed better and decided faster. Freezing doesn't slow responses. “Brain noise reduces. Perception increases. You make better decisions faster,” Roelofs clarifies.
Why are living statues and snipers mentioned in Paragraph 4
A. To contrast response types. B. To illustrate freezing causes.
C. To support response training. D. To criticize stressful professions.
【答案】C
【详解】 此题为写作目的题。解题需看例子所服务的论点。该段主旨句是首句“Importantly, this response can be trained.”（重要的是，这种反应是可以训练的）。紧接着，作者提到“活体雕塑”和“狙击手”，就是为了给出能够通过训练来控制冻结反应的真实例子，以此支持“可训练”这一论点。A选项“对比反应类型”错误，文中并未对比这两种职业的反应。B选项“说明冻结原因”错误，例子是用来说明如何控制冻结，而非其原因。D选项“批评压力大的职业”完全偏离文章客观中立的科普基调。
【例3-2】（2026届浙江省Z20名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考英语试题节选）
When Clara took over her grandfather’s Brooklyn bookshop in 2018, the first thing she removed wasn’t the outdated stocks, but the WiFi router. Regulars protested. A lawyer threatened to transfer his $500 monthly coffee budget elsewhere. “Books deserve the same undivided attention we demand from lovers,” she told me, polishing the brass counter her grandfather installed in 1967.
……………………
Last winter, I found her battling a new threat. A property developer had purchased their building, tripling the rent overnight. What unfolded next could fill a novel: customers organized protests on the sidewalk; the judge represented them for free; even the lawyer who once threatened to leave funded their legal defense.
1. Why is the lawyer mentioned again in paragraph 4
A. To show his contradictory behavior.
B. To illustrate the content of a novel.
C. To stress the mass support Clara received.
D. To explain the difficulty Clara came across.
【答案】C
【详解】此题为写作目的题。解题需分析人物再次出现的叙事功能。第四段的核心是讲述社区如何团结起来支持书店对抗开发商。作者列举了“customers”、“the judge”和“even the lawyer”这三种具有代表性的人物。律师的再次出现，尤其是“even”（甚至连）这个词，起到了强烈的强调和对比作用：曾经最可能因不便而离开的顾客，如今也成为了坚定的支持者。这极有力地说明了克拉拉获得的支持范围之广、程度之深，是“mass support”的体现。A（展示矛盾行为）是表面现象，作者的深层目的不是写律师本人，而是以他为例来证明支持的力量。B（解释小说内容）是比喻说法，并非真正原因。D（解释遇到的困难）中，困难是涨租，律师的出现是解决方案的一部分，而非困难本身。
【变式3-1】(浙江省杭州第二中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题节选)
Fooled by Randomness is a famous book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s landmark Incerto series, an investigation of luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision-making in a world we don’t understand.
Now in a striking new hardcover edition, Fooled by Randomness is the word-of-mouth sensation that will change the way you think about business and the world. Nassim Nicholas Taleb — seasoned trader, renowned risk expert, knowledgeable scholar, and New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan — has written a modern classic that turns on its head what we believe about luck and skill.
This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. Set against the backdrop of the most notable forum in which luck is mistaken for skill — the world of trading — Fooled by Randomness provides captivating insight into one of the least understood factors in all our lives. Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives.
The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge Karl Popper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. We also meet the fictional Nero, who seems to understand the role of randomness in his professional life but falls victim to his own irrational foolishness.
What’s the purpose of mentioning the characters in paragraph 4
A. To highlight the significance of their achievements.
B. To emphasize their success in the trading world.
C. To illustrate how foolishness always leads to failure.
D. To show examples of those who understood randomness.
【变式3-2】(江西省南昌市2026届高三年级9月测试（零模）)
…………..
House trading isn't the same as Airbnb or renting a room in someone's home: there's no exchange of money, no check-in desks or strict rules, which makes it feel more like staying as guests in each other's houses. Living in someone else's space builds a unique closeness --- admiring their bookshelf picks, the way they arrange potted plants, or family photos on the fridge turns virtual strangers into familiar faces. We've even grown repeat trades into real friendships.
On our very first trade, our partner welcomed us with a bottle of wine and some cheese in the fridge, and we've kept that gracious tradition going with our own "guests". Since then, we've encountered all kinds of thoughtful acts --- from the young couple who left the keys in their mailbox along with a note that said "Enjoy!" to the family who provided piles of maps, brochures, and local restaurant menus. With these small "insider" tips, we don't just visit a city --- we slip into its daily flow, free from the rush of moving from one landmark to another.
1. Why does the author mention hosts' thoughtful acts
A. To suggest travel tips. B. To show local customs.
C. To instruct hosting skills. D. To highlight special gains.
考向04细节判断题
【例4-1】（南京市2026届高三年级学情调研考试（零模）英语试题）
Welcome to our school’s online community! Whether you’re hoping to explore the East Coast or are just making your way around campus, there are several transportation service options that University of Pennsylvania (Penn) students can take advantage of.
Penn Walking Escorts (护送) Penn’s Division of Public Safety offers free walking escorts 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Penn students can request an escort to walk them to their destinations whether that is a campus building, a dorm, or the school hospital. To request a walking escort, students can ask any Public Safety Officer or call 215-898-WALK (9255).
Penn Accessible Transit The Penn Accessible Transit service offers on-campus transportation during term time for individuals with visual disabilities and those with limitations from other conditions. To obtain access to PAT, students must email the Office of Student Disabilities Services. For teachers or staff, they can obtain approval by contacting the Office of Affirmative Action.
1. Where is this text probably taken from
A. A school website. B. A travel plan.
C.A transportation guide. D. A poster board.
【答案】A
【详解】 此题问文章出处。开篇“欢迎来到我校的在线社区”表明文章来自学校官方在线平台，内容针对学生提供交通服务信息，故A（学校网站）最合适。B旅行计划可能涉及更广泛的行程安排，但本文聚焦校园服务；C交通指南虽相关，但出处更具体为学校网站；D海报展板通常以简洁宣传为主，而非详细文本。
【例4-2】（浙江省强基联盟2025年10月高三联考英语试题）
My husband, children and I were in Hawaii. Here, we were introduced to the ancient Hawaiian concept of malama (to care for) which encourages visitors to give back to the environment and local communities through activities like habitat restoration, beach cleanups or food provision. But mālama goes beyond ecotourism — it's about leaving a place better than you found it.
And after seeking out these experiences during a three-week stay, we found mālama not only improves Hawaii, but it also made our time there much more meaningful.
1. How does the author present the topic in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By giving examples.
C. By explaining a concept. D. By providing statistics.
【答案】C
【详解】此题为写作手法题。解题关键在于分析第一段的内容构成。该段核心是围绕"mālama"这个词展开的：首先给出了它的中文含义（"关爱"），然后解释了它的具体表现（鼓励游客参与的活动），最后点明了它的深层目标（"离开时让地方更美好"）。整个段落都是在界定和阐述"mālama"这一概念。A选项（引用专家）在第一段未出现；B选项（举例）虽然后文有，但第一段中的活动列举是为了解释概念，并非作为引入主题的主要方式；D选项（提供数据）未涉及。因此，C选项最准确地概括了第一段的写作手法。
【变式4-1】(2025-2026学年第一学期天域全国名校协作体联考英语试题节选)
Is text-messaging driving us apart These days, we talk to each other a lot with our thumbs — sending six billion text messages a day, and likely a few billion more on services like Whats App.
But some worry that so much messaging leads to less communication. For instance, when hanging out with friends, we’d be texting secretively at the same time, pretending to maintain eye contact but mentally somewhere else.
1. What’s the function of the first paragraph
A. To introduce the topic. B. To describe a scene.
C. To offer an argument. D. To issue a warning.
【变式4-2】(广东“六校联盟”2026届高三年级第二次联考英语试题节选)
One of my bad habits is saying “busy” when people ask me how I’m doing. Sometimes it’s because I actually am busy, but other times it’s because that’s what I think I’m supposed to say. That’s what important people say. That’s what people who get promoted say. But working long hours doesn’t drive better results. Never taking a vacation won’t lead to a promotion. So why are we so proud to talk about how busy we are all the time
1. How does the author introduce the topic in the first paragraph
A. By quoting famous people.
B. By presenting statistical data.
C. By comparing different opinions.
D. By introducing personal experience.
专题01 高考真题练
A
(2025高考北京卷英语真题)
Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements Or will they see the big word “fail” in red The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us.
My first step of redefining success began with course registrations. It is a well-known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule. When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don’t know.” They themselves don’t know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty. Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged.
Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning.
Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself.
This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little.
1．Throughout the Junior year, what was the author’s major concern
A．Pressure from choosing AP classes. B．Performance in group interviews.
C．Competition with seniors. D．Recognition by colleges.
2．The author chose fewer AP classes because of _______.
A．her own understanding of success B．her desire for academic challenges
C．her strong urge to follow the crowd D．her dream of entering a top university
3．Which would best describe the author’s first group interview
A．Dignifying. B．Rewarding. C．Engaging. D．Relaxing.
4．What can we learn from this passage
A．Everyone is the maker of their own success.
B．Success favours those with a golden heart.
C．Success knocks at your door only once.
D．A college holds the key to success.
B
(浙江首考2025年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题真题)
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.”
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.”
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
1．What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A．She is upset by her kids’ weight. B．She is critical of the way she was fed.
C．She is interested in making food. D．She is particular about what she eats.
2．Which of the following would Markey disapprove of
A．Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally.
B．Offering various foods to kids at fixed times.
C．Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks. D．Talking with kids about school at mealtimes.
3．What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”
A．Make diet decisions on their own. B．Share their food with other kids.
C．Eat up what is provided for them. D．Help their parents do the dishes.
4．What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A．Costly. B．Complex.
C．Workable. D．Contradictory.
C
(2025年全国高考二卷英语真题真题)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
1．What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home.
2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste.
C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought.
4．What can we learn about wastED
A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs.
C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs.
D
(2025年全国高考一卷英语真题)
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept.
C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics.
2．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time.
C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water.
3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem.
C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water.
4．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study.
C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings.
专题02 优秀模拟题
A
(25-26高三上·湖南长沙长郡中学·月考)
As a senior resident, I often distributed poems to my team, printing and posting them above the computers in our hospital workrooms. Once, during a rare quiet moment in the ICU, with permission from my colleagues, I read a couple of poems out loud. I remember watching my colleagues’ eyes close and their bodies visibly relax as the words washed over them.
Since then, I have shared poems — my own and others’ — in talks at my institution and across the country. I’ve also led other healthcare providers in creative writing exercises during workshops, lectures and classes. Many institutions host book clubs, story slams, film screenings and other opportunities for medical learners to engage with the humanities (人文学科).
While poetry can be frightening to some, many contemporary poems provide approachable emotional experiences. Pieces like Safiya Sinclair’s “Notes on the State of Virginia” fully illustrate how a place that seems innocent or even beautiful to some can be upsetting to others. Monica Sok’s “ABC for Refugees” powerfully paints a portrait of a young child caught between languages and cultures — a reality that many pediatric (儿科的) patients face. “Ode to Small Towns” by Tyree Daye overturns common assumptions about rural life. In “Medical History”, Nicole Sealey shares a patient’s perspective on a part of health care that, for many of my students and colleagues, has been reduced to a series of check boxes on a computer screen. These and other poems provide fertile ground for enhanced understanding of the human condition, as well as inspiration for a clinician’s own potentially transformative reflective writing.
The possibilities for cooperation between literature and medicine are wide open. I believe all clinicians have a role in recognizing and dealing with how everyone has been shaped by an unreasonable society. The history, sociopolitical context, imaginative perspective and reflective practices the humanities offer may improve the practice of medicine. Through understanding others’ experiences and reflecting critically on their own, every clinician can move closer to being the kind of healer they intend to be.
1． What can we infer about the author's practice of sharing poems
A．It started in the ICU and has expanded to multiple settings.
B．It focuses only on creating original poems for medical teams.
C．It has replaced other humanities activities in medical institutions.
D．It is mainly carried out through public lectures across the country.
2． Whose poem may change people's beliefs about the countryside
A．Monica Sok’s. B．Tyree Daye’s.
C．Safiya Sinclair’s. D．Nicole Sealey’s.
3． What does Nicole Sealey’s work seem to imply
A．Doctors should have better medical skills.
B．It's urgent to upgrade the medical equipment.
C．There's room for improvement in medical care.
D．A patient can be treated from different perspectives.
4． Which statement does the author probably agree with
A．The humanities help make a better doctor.
B．The clinicians are to shape our future society.
C．Doctors must learn from each other’s experiences.
D．Reflective writing greatly benefits a doctor’s skills.
B
(25-26高三上·湖北圆创联盟·月考)
Alex is an ear, nose and throat specialist, who works wonders restoring people’s hearing. But as the chief resident at a teaching hospital, he couldn’t make his young trainees listen. They were talented, but also made mistakes about which he offered clear and direct feedback. These residents kept making the same errors, as though he had never said anything to them. He couldn’t figure out why.
Alex was trapped by the mentor’s dilemma: the fact that constructive criticism, meant to push young people to do better, can hurt their confidence and motivation. What can be done
Many people believe in the compliment sandwich — burying criticism between two pieces of praise. But research shows that when young people are criticized by an authority, they care less about whether the authority is a positive person, but more about an existential question: Does this person who has power over my life think I’m incompetent The compliment sandwich, rather than addressing a young person’s fears of unworthiness, actually confirms anxieties, if the praise is for something seemingly unimportant. Studies show that young people are hungry for signs of social standing and respect, so they are especially insulted (冒犯) when they sense they are being talked down to.
There is, in fact, a simple but effective solution. Young people are found willing to take even the most severe criticism if the feedback was motivated by an appreciation for their potential. We call this “wise feedback”. It fits the needs of mentees (被指导者) well, who neither want to be held to an impossible standard, nor want to feel overprotected or dismissed. Studies also show that when you hold young people to high standards and make it clear that you believe they can meet them, young people rise to the challenge because you show respect by taking them seriously.
After knowing this, Alex sees why he couldn’t get his medical trainees to listen. He starts explaining to the medical residents that he provides critical feedback because he thinks they can improve and he takes them and their potential seriously. Alex’s young trainees have been more receptive and responsive, ultimately making fewer mistakes. They are listening to him now, partly because they feel listened to.
1． What did Alex find it difficult to do with his young trainees
A．Make them faultless.
B．Get them to take his advice.
C．Offer them clear feedback.
D．Help them to develop their talent.
2． Why is the compliment sandwich ineffective for young people
A．They are keen on gentle criticism.
B．They are desperate for more praise.
C．They are doubtful about the authority.
D．They are fearful of being seen as incapable.
3． What can be inferred about young people from paragraph 4
A．They tend to feel left out.
B．They want standards to be lowered.
C．They try to refuse challenges.
D．They expect their abilities to be trusted.
4． What is the basic structure of the text
A．Problem-Solution.
B．Cause and Effect.
C．Argument-Evidence.
D．Comparison and Contrast.
C
(2026届浙江省湖州市吴兴区等5地高三一模英语试题)
I often catch myself asking my questions to AI chatbots with a “please” and a “thank you.” Apparently, I am not alone. A 2024 survey found that approximately 67% of U.S. AI users are also polite and show gratitude toward AI search engines. Some even joked about the cost: if every polite word consumes electricity, the bill must be high. OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman replied: “Tens of millions of dollars well spent — you never know.”
In reality, of course, AI chatbots do not appreciate politeness; they lack consciousness, feelings or social needs. From a purely utilitarian (功利主义的) standpoint, all those pleases and thank yous are just flushing money down the toilet.
Still, there may be value that isn’t immediately measurable in showing gratitude toward AI. Psychologists Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough carried out an experiment in which they divided participants into three groups, asking the first to list things they are grateful for, while others listed daily troubles or simply kept journals. After 10 weeks, they found that the first group reported 25% higher happiness levels, stronger inner strength and even better physical health.
What’s true of gratitude is also true of kindness and generosity more generally. Experiments at UC Riverside found that performing “five small acts of kindness per week” produced steady increases in happiness. This idea isn’t new. The medieval thinker Maimonides wrote that “it is better for a person to give one coin to a thousand poor people than to give a thousand coins to one poor person.” He believed that regular acts of goodness, like giving charity and expressing gratitude, make us happier in the long run by turning virtue into a habit.
So perhaps all of our pleases and thank yous to AI have value, even if they cost OpenAI millions of dollars annually. Showing appreciation, even toward a machine, reinforces positive habits of courtesy (礼貌), patience and empathy. In our increasingly digital and automated world, preserving these human qualities may be more valuable than the cost of a little extra electricity. Ultimately, the beneficiary of our politeness isn’t the AI at all, but ourselves.
1．How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1
A．By quoting an expert. B．By telling a story.
C．By presenting a phenomenon. D．By defining a concept.
2．What value of gratitude does the experiment in paragraph 3 show
A．It strengthens our bodies and minds. B．It reduces daily stress levels.
C．It improves memory and creativity. D．It deepens social relationships.
3．Which of the following would Maimonides most likely approve of
A．Giving gifts to friends on birthdays.
B．Making a large donation to a charity.
C．Expressing gratitude on Thanksgiving Day.
D．Volunteering weekly at a community kitchen.
4．What message does the author mainly convey in the text
A．Courtesy to AI saves electricity bills.
B．AI improves the quality of human life.
C．Politeness benefits humans rather than AI.
D．AI learns empathy from human behavior.
D
(25-26高三上·湖南名校联盟联考·月考)
Like many people I know, I decided about a month ago to get a new iPhone. My old iPhone’s fancy features were now weak and barely working. Its battery was a joke. I went off to the Verizon store.
I made an appointment and was told it would be quick. But it wasn’t quick at all. The sales representative’s explanation of pricing and plans lasted longer than many of my lectures. It was 10 times as hard to follow. I placed my order anyway.
Three days later, when I went back to trade in my old, slow phone for the new one, the data transfer (传输) that was supposed to take 60 minutes took over three hours. Then I spent days sending text messages and emails to the sales representative to fix all the problems. Ah, the paradoxes (矛盾) of progress.
More conveniences also bring more and more inconveniences. You must download this. You must upload that. You must take a photo. You must change this setting and then that setting, and have you updated the app Update the app! Because then you’ll be able to customize your experience even further, provided you have the time and patience to educate yourself on the infinite customizations.
Yes, I’m old, and younger people are better at using all the different parts of our wireless technology. Old people and technology go together like peanut butter and sardines (沙丁鱼) — they just don’t match well. But it’s also true that people from all generations — baby boomers, Gen X, millennials, and Gen Z — all struggle with lots of things like inputs, outputs, passwords, QR codes, and reminders that didn’t exist 25 years ago.
Those tech annoyances accompany innovations that undeniably streamline a range of experiences — calling a ride, plotting a route, buying a movie or concert ticket, checking in for a flight — to a degree that I wouldn’t be foolish enough to wish away. But the innovations seldom live up fully to their promises of ease and speed, and they introduce complications and imperfections all their own.
1． Why did the author decide to buy a new iPhone
A．He needed a new phone for work.
B．He was influenced by friends to upgrade.
C．His old iPhone had failing features and a poor battery.
D．He was offered a special discount at the Verizon store.
2． Which of the following can best describe the author’s experience at the Verizon store
A．Enjoyable and user-friendly. B．Quick but disappointing.
C．Confusing and time-consuming. D．Necessary but boring.
3． What does the author think of modern technology
A．It makes life simpler but also more complicated.
B．It is mainly beneficial to younger generations.
C．It has removed many inconveniences.
D．It is too expensive for most people.
4．What can be inferred about the author from the last paragraph
A．He is completely satisfied with technological innovations.
B．He wishes these technological innovations will disappear.
C．He believes technological innovations bring more problems than solutions.
D．He acknowledges the benefits of technology but also highlights its limitations.
E
(25-26高三上·广东执信中学、汕头金山中学、深圳外国语学校·调研)
The great elephant stands in the hot African sun. Slowly the beast lifts its head and its thick trunk delicately curls around the leaves of a nearby tree, pulling out the leaves and politely slipping them into its mouth.
The beast’s great grey skin is partly broken and aged from the African sun. Some mud drops on one side from its last trip to a nearby river. Its rough hair sticks out from all over its skin and two large, white tusks curve elegantly from either side of its mouth.
Somewhere a lion roars and something else gives a loud high shout. A vulture (秃鹫) drifts over far above this world, barely a black dot in the sky. The buzzing of the countless bush insects seems to collectively shift up in high tune, almost like the whole of the savanna (热带草原) was singing some song that only they knew.
I peer through the lens (镜头) at this scene. The zoom lens shows almost every detail of the elephant: the three small cuts in its left ear from playing as a baby around thorn trees, the scar down its front leg where a lion caught it unaware as a young adult, and weathering on its great, valuable tusks from decades of living in this unforgiving grassland on a dusty continent.
And then the elephant looks at me. It looks at me with those big, eyelashed eyes with a warmth coming outwards from a vast, hidden depth there. I can suddenly feel its soul, and feel the line of elephants that came before this one, trailing back to the very beginnings of this great savanna. We will never understand what wonders this ancient being and its kind have seen and whispered to each other across the ages on this old, sacred grassland.
It looks at me, and it looks through me and sees me. The elephant knows I am there. It always did. It is not running away, nor is it fighting. It accepts and forgives. It loves. But, mostly, it just feels sad. It feels sorry for me. I cannot do this anymore.
I take my eye off the sights and hand the gun back to my partner. “Let’s go home,” I said in a quiet voice, “let’s just go home.”
1． According to the first two paragraphs, which word can best describe the elephant
A．Mysterious. B．Depressed. C．Aggressive. D．Graceful.
2． When the author sees through the lens, he is ________.
A．deeply moved and filled with sympathy
B．overwhelmed by the elephant’s strength
C．annoyed at the presence of other animals
D．shocked and scared by the elephant’s scars
3． What does the shift in focus from the elephant to the vulture and insects imply
A．The elephant is about to be attacked.
B．The author is losing interest in the elephant.
C．The elephant is part of a larger and living world.
D．The author wants to show the savanna’s dangers.
4． What can we learn from the passage
A．Nature calms our anger. B．Nature purifies our souls.
C．Nature heals our wounds. D．Nature enriches our imagination.
F
(25-26高三上·安徽A10联盟·期中)
For swimmers and surfers, sharks without teeth may sound like a relief. Yet a new study warns that this could one day become a reality, as ocean acidification threatens the sharp teeth that these top predators rely on to survive.
Sharks have several rows of teeth, and new ones usually replace lost ones quickly. But researchers found that rising ocean acidity may damage teeth faster than they can be replaced, making it harder for sharks to feed. This could affect both shark populations and the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Ocean acidification occurs when the sea absorbs large amounts of carbon dioxide, lowering pH levels. By the year 2300, the ocean’s pH may drop from today’s 8.1 to about:7.3. Such a change could bring serious challenges to many sea creatures.
To test the impact, scientists placed 60 shark teeth into tanks. One tank had normal seawater (pH 8.1) and the other was more acidic (pH 7.3). After eight weeks, teeth in the acidic water showed about twice as much damage. The teeth had come from blacktip reef sharks at a German aquarium, which were collected after the sharks naturally lost them.
According to lead researcher Maximilian Baum, acidification adds to other threats sharks already face, such as overfishing and loss of prey (猎物). Earlier research also showed that shark skin scales, which are tooth-like structures, suffer similar harm. More sensitive shark species, especially those with slower tooth replacement, may face greater risks.
Still, Baum believes sharks may adapt by replacing teeth more quickly or strengthening them. Shark tooth expert Lisa Whitenack added that even corroded teeth might still function. She stressed the need for future studies to test whether damaged teeth can still cut or puncture prey effectively.
The findings highlight the importance of reducing human-made carbon emissions. Protecting sharks’ teeth is not only about the animals themselves, but also about the health of the entire ocean ecosystem.
1． What can be inferred from the study’s findings
A．Sharks will evolve larger jaws soon.
B．Artificial lighting brings sharks more food.
C．Cutting carbon emissions helps protect sharks.
D．Most sharks already adapt well to acidic waters.
2． What did the shark tooth experiment show
A．Teeth grew stronger in acidic water.
B．Acidic water doubled tooth damage.
C．pH 7.3 water improved tooth strength.
D．Teeth in pH 8.1 water remained perfect.
3． What does Lisa Whitenack’s statement suggest
A．Corroded teeth are useless for hunting.
B．Damaged teeth need functional testing.
C．Sharks will evolve new teeth structures.
D．Acidification only affects tooth appearance.
4． What is the best title for the text
A．Sharks’ Teeth at Risk from Acid.
B．Why Sharks lose Teeth in Old Age.
C．New Discoveries About Shark Teeth.
D．The Role of Shark Teeth in Marine Ecosystems.
G
(25-26高三上·河北秦皇岛普中·期中)
Known as the “Noah’s Ark (诺亚方舟) For Plants”, the Gurukula Botanical Reserve in Kerala, India, protecting valuable plant species damaged by deforestation, urbanization, and climate change, is carefully tended by a team of 20 mostly local women.
It began in 1981 when Wolfgang Theuerkauf, a German conservationist, was gifted seven acres of old-growth rainforest. Back then, the surrounding land was being cleared for tea and fruit plantations (种植园). Wolfgang quickly acted when he saw the ancient rainforest, holding diverse plant species, start to disappear. He began to collect endangered plants, bringing them back to his land, where the Reserve was initially created. He employed and trained women of the local, rural communities. Though lacking formal education, the women were familiar with their surroundings. They learned through hands-on experience: transplanting, observing, and persevering through trial and error.
One of them, Laly Joseph, joined as a young woman. “I liked working with plants, so I joined,” she recalls. Years later, she now leads the Reserve’s plant conservation work and has even co-authored several scientific papers. Another woman, Lakshmi, used to pick coffee beans for low wages. Now she manages over 100 species of plants. There is also Sheena, a senior gardener who joined at age 15. The job has supported her children and mother after she lost her husband.
Using traditional wisdom and hands-on experimentation, the team patiently cultivates endangered plants until they can be reintroduced into the wild. Specifically, they focus on herbaceous (草本的) plants, which are vital for holding the ecosystem together. “Forests are substantially more than trees,” shares Subrabha Seshan, an educator at the Reserve. As the restored forest becomes thicker and more ecologically complex, it has attracted a wealth of wildlife: 240 bird species, 20 snake species, over 65 butterfly species, and 15 small mammal species. This biodiversity proves that the team is on the right path.
“We’re restoring nature’s ability to heal (治愈) itself,” Seshan tells the Guardian, “We do some work, but nature’s doing most of the work.”
1． What motivated Wolfgang to start the Reserve
A．The request from tea growers. B．His commitment to the gifted land.
C．The loss of the local rainforest. D．His determination to fight climate change.
2． What did the team of women benefit from working in the Reserve
A．Interest in scientific research. B．Formal university education.
C．Personal growth and stable life. D．Working skills and international fame.
3． What do Subrabha Seshan’s words mean in paragraph 4
A．Substantial trees should be planted. B．Forests include diverse creatures.
C．Wildlife protection is necessary. D．Forest ecosystem is stable.
4． Which can be a suitable title for the passage
A．Restoring Forests: Women Lead the Way
B．A German Conservationist’s Contribution
C．How to Protect Endangered Plant Species
D．Rich Biodiversity in Kerala’s Rainforests
H
（2026届浙江省宁波市海曙区等5地高三一模英语试题）
Last spring, my neighbor Donna and I, both in our seventies, spent several hours in the glorious sunshine enjoying the new season. When it was time to sit down and relax, Donna pulled out her red metal chair from her garage (车库), and I sat on an overturned plastic bucket (桶). It was fun to catch up on the news that we had missed during the long winter indoors.
However, over the next few days, it turned out that we needed more than a chair and a bucket which were not quite comfortable. Donna decided we needed a bench. After dismissing unsuitable options from local stores, she found a perfect one online. The next day it arrived. Excitedly, she opened the box and started putting it together. We proudly high-fived each other as the pieces joined up and the bench started to look like one. After a few minutes’ assistance from a neighbour, it was complete. What’s more, it was the perfect fit for two 70-somethings to carry on late afternoon chats.
Soon, the bench attracted other neighbors. One day, someone called out from the sidewalk, “What do you do on that bench ” Quick-thinking Donna called back, “It’s our ‘Thinking Bench’! We think about important things happening in our lives.” Then, the name gradually evolved—after one neighbor sat alone deep in thought, he declared it a “Decision-Making Bench”; another time, when Donna was caught napping, she insisted she was “meditating (冥想) ”, adding yet another name.
Last fall, with the temperature falling, we came to the end of sitting outdoors. We were faced with one dilemma-what to do about it in the winter Well, we sat down and thought and meditated and decided to put it in Donna’s garage for the winter.
When I glimpsed it a few times over the next months, the bench sat lonely, holding empty flower pots, and some flat, old boxes. But now after a long winter, spring flowers are ready to bloom in the warm sunshine, and we neighbours are ready to welcome “The Bench” back into our lives.
1．Donna decided to replace the chair and bucket to _________.
A．lighten the carrying load B．attract more neighbours
C．get better seating for chats D．adapt to warmer weather
2．How did the bench get its various names
A．From items placed on it. B．From seasonal discussions.
C．From users’ activities on it. D．From Donna’s creative ideas.
3．Why are pots and boxes mentioned in the last paragraph
A．To suggest the flowers would soon be planted.
B．To show the bench was not serving its purpose.
C．To describe the bench’s practical use in winter.
D．To explain why the bench needed winter storage.
4．What does “The Bench” represent by the story’s end
A．A symbol of community bonds. B．A solution to the aging problem.
C．A reminder of the past summer. D．A memory of a valued online order.
I
(25-26高三上·湖北十堰云学名校联盟·月考)
Each morning, the soft sound of slicing fills the air at a processing workshop in Zhangshu, Jiangxi province. Yuan Xiaoping, 69, stands by his workbench, skillfully slicing white peony root into pieces. The technique may seem effortless, but it is the result of more than 50 years of disciplined practice.
Yuan is a nationally recognized inheritor (继承人) of the Zhangshu traditional Chinese medicine processing technique, a form of craftsmanship named as national intangible cultural heritage in 2018. For over 1,800 years, Zhangshu, China’s medicine capital, has perfected the art of traditional herb processing, transforming raw plants into precise medicine. This craft relies on four signature tools: sharp knives for paper-thin slicing, copper pots for controlled heating, mineral-rich local water, and secret methods passed from master to apprentice.
Born into a family with a tradition in Chinese medicine, Yuan began working as an apprentice at the old Tiangitang pharmacy at the age of 16. He later studied under master craftsman Yu Shouxiang, who was renowned for his expertise in medicinal (药用的) cutting. Yuan devoted decades to mastering core ski

展开更多......

收起↑