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题型35 阅读理解必刷
主题01 人与社会——科学技术；社会服务；教育评价与教育政策；商业哲学；生活方式；人际交往；数字化转型；绿色科技
Passage A
(2026届江西省高三上学期高考仿真模拟考试三)
It’s nice to have your research covered by the national media, but recent biology graduate Jewel Garcia at Seattle Pacific University (SPU) adds it’s better to conduct the research with “an awesome team of professors and peers (同辈).”
Garcia’s yearlong research study, “Dishonest salmon (三文鱼) business in Seattle’s sushi restaurants and grocery stores”, was led by SPU Biology Professor Tracie Delgado and conducted with three fellow students. The group acquired salmon samples from 67 grocery stores and 52 sushi restaurants. DNA from each sample was tested in the lab to identify the fish. The study revealed that 11% grocery stores and 33% Seattle-area sushi restaurants with wild salmon on the menu were actually farmed salmon.
Conducting this type of student research is usually done in graduate school, but professor Delgado says undergraduate research is a unique feature of the SPU Biology Department. “By providing students with research opportunities in the classroom, they not only grow as a scientist, but they also develop the self-confidence to become leaders in their future careers,” says Delgado.
Garcia, who did a similar study of salmon in her genetics class, was grateful to get this opportunity. “You can get awesome support at SPU because the process was collaborative. Every aspect had so many hands on it and you were in close contact with so many professors,” says Garcia.
SPU’s location also proved importance for the study. Washington state is a global supplier of several Pacific Ocean salmon species, and a 2013 law requires salmon to be identified as wild-caught Pacific or farm-raised Atlantic. “Failure to properly label wild salmon is a serious problem because it prevents accurate tracking of supply chains and makes it more difficult to sustain wild salmon,” says Delgado. “It’s important to continue to develop and enforce law that requires accurate seafood labeling, from fisher to plate, and educate the public on how commercial salmon cheating impacts wild salmon conservation. This is the realistic meaning of the research.”
1．What did the study reveal about the salmon business in Seattle
A．One-third of wild salmon in Seattle were not fresh.
B．Some wild salmon were replaced with farmed ones.
C．Salmon in the restaurants actually was another species.
D．Both wild and farmed salmon were available in the market.
2．What does the underlined word “collaborative” mean in paragraph 4
A．Cooperative. B．Independent. C．Complicated. D．Flexible.
3．What is the significance of accurately labeling wild salmon according to the text
A．It makes salmon easier to identify.
B．It limits the supply of farmed salmon.
C．It facilitates salmon conservation efforts.
D．It reduces the impact of commercial cheating.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Are you really eating wild salmon
B．SPU research on fishing industry
C．How can seafood business restore credit
D．A novel way of labeling wild salmon
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了SPU一项研究揭示西雅图三文鱼市场存在冒充现象。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The study revealed that 11% grocery stores and 33% Seattle-area sushi restaurants with wild salmon on the menu were actually farmed salmon.(该研究显示，11%的杂货店以及33%在菜单上提供野生三文鱼的西雅图地区寿司店所售的三文鱼实际上是养殖的三文鱼)”可知，这项研究揭示了西雅图三文鱼生意中存在一些野生三文鱼被养殖三文鱼替代的情况。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“You can get awesome support at SPU(在西雅图太平洋大学，你可以获得极好的支持)”以及后文“Every aspect had so many hands on it and you were in close contact with so many professors(每一个环节都有众多人员参与其中，而且你还能与众多教授保持密切联系)”可知，可以在SPU得到很棒的支持，每个方面都有很多人参与，你和很多教授都有密切的联系，说明这个过程应该是“合作的”。故划线词意思是“合作的”。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Failure to properly label wild salmon is a serious problem because it prevents accurate tracking of supply chains and makes it more difficult to sustain wild salmon(未能对野生三文鱼进行正确标注是一个严重的问题，因为这会妨碍对供应链的准确追踪，并使保护野生三文鱼变得更加困难)”可知，准确标注野生三文鱼的种类有助于三文鱼保护工作。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The study revealed that 11% grocery stores and 33% Seattle-area sushi restaurants with wild salmon on the menu were actually farmed salmon.(该研究显示，11%的杂货店以及33%在菜单上提供野生三文鱼的西雅图地区寿司店所售的三文鱼实际上是养殖的三文鱼)”以及全文围绕一项研究展开，西雅图大学生物学教授特蕾西·德尔加多带领学生团队对西雅图地区寿司店和杂货店的三文鱼进行样本测试，发现其菜单上的野生三文鱼有相当一部分实际上是养殖三文鱼。文章最后也对该研究的现实意义做了阐释，强调正确标记野生三文鱼有利于该物种的保护。因此C项“你真的在吃野生三文鱼吗？”既贴合研究核心发现，又能引发读者对主题的关注，符合主旨，为最佳标题。故选A。
Passage B
(25-26高三上·湖南长沙岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学·月考)
Most air conditioners use refrigerant gases called HFCs (氢氟碳化合物)，which are hundreds of times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CO . Researchers have long sought ways to produce cooling systems that do without these troublesome gases. Now Exergyn, a Dublin-based company, claims to have developed a new type of air conditioning which avoids using HFCs.
Exergyn’s system uses nitinol, a shape-memory alloy (合金) of nickel and titanium. All shape-memory alloys release heat when compressed (压缩), and then absorb it when the pressure is released and they return to their original shape. But Exergyn’s version of nitinol displays this quality to a remarkable degree. For its experimental model, the company produced 4 cm plates of the alloy, each with holes to permit the passage of a heat-carrying liquid or gas. A range of eco-friendly substances such as water, salty water and air can-be employed in that role, thus avoiding the use of HFCs.
Kevin O’ Toole, Exergyn’s managing director, explains, “To build a refrigerator involves fitting these plates together into stacks of 50 or more. Four stacks make a unit. The stacks are compressed in turn. At any given moment, one stack is being compressed, one released, one pre-heated and one pre- cooled. To cool a room involves passing one hot circuit and one cold circuit of the heat-carrying fluid or gas through this four-stack unit.”
This method of cooling is not only more environmentally friendly than an HFC set-up, but will also be less expensive to buy and 30%–40% cheaper to run. It will be lighter and smaller, too. As for reliability, the prototype’s performance suggests the unit could operate for more than 40 years without a problem.
Development is still continuing, but products may be only a few years away. Exergyn has also begun talks with carmakers and aerospace companies about setting up joint-development projects. With cars and some small aircraft going electric, it is not just cooling the cabin that manufacturers have to think about, but also cooling the batteries.
1． What are the holes in the plates of alloy intended for
A．Avoiding the use of those troublesome gases such as HFCs.
B．Testing a range of substances such as water, salty water and air.
C．Passing the heat-carrying fluid or gas through the four-stack unit.
D．Helping compress, release, pre-heat and pre-cool the four stacks.
2． What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about concerning the new type of cooling
A．Its potential. B．Its strengths.
C．Its functions. D．Its affordability.
3． What can we infer about Exergyn from the last paragraph
A．It is likely to expand its business.
B．It will set up an aerospace company.
C．It has brought the technology to market.
D．It will lead the market of air conditioning.
4． Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Model: a four-stack unit B．HFCs: a potential crisis
C．Exergyn: a future winner D．Nitinol: a cooler alternative
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一款不含氢氟碳化合物的新型环保空调及其工作原理与优势。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“For its experimental model, the company produced 4 cm plates of the alloy, each with holes to permit the passage of a heat-carrying liquid or gas. (在实验模型中，该公司制造了4平方厘米的合金板，每块板上都有孔洞，以便载热液体或气体通过)”可知，合金板上的孔洞用途是让载热流体或气体通过。故选C项。
2．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“This method of cooling is not only more environmentally friendly than an HFC set-up, but will also be less expensive to buy and 30%–40% cheaper to run. It will be lighter and smaller, too. As for reliability, the prototype’s performance suggests the unit could operate for more than 40 years without a problem. (这种制冷方式不仅比氢氟碳化合物制冷系统更环保，而且购买成本更低，运行成本也低30%至40%。它还会更轻、更小。在可靠性方面，原型机的表现表明该设备可以无故障运行40年以上)”可知，该段主要介绍了这种新型制冷方式的各项优势。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Exergyn has also begun talks with carmakers and aerospace companies about setting up joint-development projects. (埃克瑟金公司也已开始与汽车制造商和航空航天公司洽谈建立联合开发项目)”可知，该公司正计划拓展业务领域，很可能会扩大自身的业务规模。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“ Now Exergyn, a Dublin-based company, claims to have developed a new type of air conditioning which avoids using HFCs.(现在，总部位于都柏林的埃克瑟金公司声称已经开发出一种新型空调，可以避免使用氢氟碳化物)”和第二段中“ Exergyn’s system uses nitinol, a shape-memory alloy (合金) of nickel and titanium. All shape-memory alloys release heat when compressed (压缩), and then absorb it when the pressure is released and they return to their original shape.(埃克瑟金的系统使用镍钛诺，一种由镍和钛组成的形状记忆合金。所有的形状记忆合金在被压缩时都会释放热量，然后在压力释放时吸收热量，然后恢复到原来的形状)”可知，文章围绕一款以镍钛诺形状记忆合金为核心的新型制冷设备展开，介绍了其工作原理、优势以及未来的发展方向，这种合金是替代氢氟碳化合物制冷的新选择。D选项 “Nitinol: a cooler alternative(镍钛诺：一种制冷新选择)”最能概括全文主旨，适合用作标题。故选D项。
Passage C
(25-26高三上·湖南衡阳第八中学·适应性考试)
This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t.
To avoid discouraging students, some school districts did away with D and F grades.
Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as the SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled.
That’s true not just of low-achieving students. In a 2023 survey, educators said that close to half of students argue for higher grades than they earn, and 8 out of 10 teachers give in. It’s hard to blame them: A third or more of students and parents disturb them when they don’t.
Unearned grades are damaging in many ways. Some students, armed with good grades, march off to college to find themselves in remedial (补习的) classes because they haven’t learned enough to take college-level courses. Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce. There are also complaints from college professors that the students aren’t even good at reading books.
Grade inflation has followed students into college. Some professors hesitate to grade accurately because of student evaluations, which are often more negative for tough graders. Remember that about 70% of college instructors are adjunct (兼职) professors who have few job protections. Many Ivy League students have learned to cherry-pick easy-grading professors. Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more. We have to ask ourselves as a society: Do we want college to be a place of intellectual growth — or a performative exercise in grade fishing
1． What are parents fooled into thinking
A．SAT is the best measure of their children's abilities.
B．The purpose of education is to make better citizens.
C．Grade-point averages are vital for college application.
D．Children’s high grades reflect their exceptional abilities.
2． What is a consequence of grade inflation
A．Employers favor students with higher degrees.
B．Graduates fall short of employers’ expectations.
C．Remedial classes become required courses in college.
D．Low-achieving students find it harder to enter college.
3． What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Tough graders desire job security.
B．Strict grading promotes real learning.
C．Student evaluations fuel intellectual growth.
D．Easy-grading professors start grade inflation.
4． What is the best title of the text
A．The game of scores B．Today, Grade A is for average
C．The force behind grade inflation D．Now, learning takes the front seat
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了成绩膨胀的现象，指出现在教育中成绩和学位的目标取代了学习本身，成绩膨胀导致学生实际学习不足，不能满足雇主的需求，作者认为应该重视真正的学习，而不是单纯追求高分。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as the SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled.(平均绩点一直在上升，尽管像学术能力评估测试（SAT）这样的全国标准化考试成绩并没有提高。并不是说我认为标准化考试是衡量优秀的最终标准。但是当成绩和考试分数之间的差距如此之大且持续存在时，家长和公众不应该被愚弄)”可知，学生的平均绩点持续上升，但全国标准化考试成绩却没有相应提高，当成绩和考试分数差距很大且持续存在时，父母和公众不应该被愚弄，即父母被误导认为孩子的高分反映了他们卓越的能力。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce.(雇主抱怨高中生甚至大学毕业生缺乏劳动力所需的基本技能)”可知，雇主抱怨高中甚至大学毕业生缺乏劳动力所需的基本技能，即成绩膨胀的后果是毕业生达不到雇主的期望。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more.(然而，布朗大学的一项研究发现，接受评分标准更严格的教授课程的学生学到的东西更多)”可知，布朗大学的一项研究发现，接受评分标准更严格的教授课程的学生学到的东西更多。由此推知，严格的评分能促进真正的学习。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t.(这听起来可能有些不切实际地守旧，但我仍然喜欢教育是关于学习的理念：学习事实、技能、文化、分析以及获取灵感。教育本应让我们成为更优秀的公民。但在过去的十年里，学习的目标逐渐让位于分数和学位。其不幸的结果是两者都出现了膨胀。它们不断攀升；而学习却并未跟上)”及下文内容可知，文章主要讨论了成绩膨胀的现象，指出现在学生的成绩虚高，实际能力不足，很多学生和家长被高成绩所误导，给分宽松的现象普遍存在，而严格的评分能促进真正的学习。由此可知，文章最好的标题是B项“Today, Grade A is for average(如今，A 等级只是平均分)”。故选B项。
Passage D
(25-26高三上·江苏南通区、通州区、启东如东县·期中)
The age of pre-sorting mixed plastic waste may soon be over. The secret weapon is a cheap catalyst (催化剂) targeting the most problematic plastic. The findings are detailed in a study published in the journal Nature Chemistry.
Even after decades of worldwide efforts, recycling plastic remains much easier said than done. The frustrating reality is largely thanks to polyolefins (聚烯烃). Humans make about 220 million tons of polyolefin-based products every year, most of which are single-use items like milk bottles, trash bags, and juice boxes.
However, less than 10 percent of polyolefin products are recycled annually, resulting in mountains of waste destined for landfills or being burnt. That’s because while other plastics are typically broken down with catalysts, breaking down polyolefin is difficult due to its tough carbon-carbon molecular bonds (分子键). “Polyolefins don’t have any weak links. Every bond is incredibly strong and chemically unreactive,” said Yosi Kratish, a chemist at Northwestern University.
Meanwhile, burning polyolefins requires temperatures as high as 700℃. “Everything can be burned, of course,” said Kratish. “But we wanted to find an elegant way to add the minimum amount of energy to obtain the maximum value product.” A potential solution combining hydrogen gas and a catalyst can deconstruct polyolefin plastic into useful hydrocarbons, but the process also involves high temperatures and expensive catalysts. But Kratish’s team found a workaround.
Unlike rare metals, engineers discovered that an alternative called cationic nickel (阳离子镍) is cheap and easy to collect. Other nickel-based catalysts include multiple reaction sites. Cationic nickel’s single-site variant allows it to function more like a precise sharp knife. Instead of breaking down all of a plastic’s structure, this option specifically targets those carbon-carbon bonds at a much lower temperature and with half the hydrogen gas pressure.
“That is amazing. It’s definitely not something anybody expected” Kratish said. If proven to be scalable (可规模化) and efficient, the new catalyst could largely cut down the need for plastic pre-sorting while also reducing the amount of microplastics released into the environment every day.
1． Recycling polyolefin remains difficult due to its ________.
A．industrial value B．practical application
C．chemical structure D．environmental impact
2． What does “an elegant way” in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Combining hydrogen gas with cationic nickel.
B．Deconstructing polyolefins into hydrocarbons.
C．Burning polyolefins at a high temperature.
D．Breaking down all of a plastic’s structure.
3． What is the advantage of cationic nickel over other catalysts
A．It avoids many steps of processing. B．It operates effectively at a lower cost.
C．It breaks down all types of plastic. D．It produces higher quality end products.
4． What is the passage mainly about
A．The challenge of recycling polyolefins.
B．The process of breaking carbon bonds.
C．A basic theory of applying catalysts.
D．A new method of recycling polyolefins.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了聚烯烃塑料因化学结构坚固难以回收，多被填埋或焚烧。美国团队研发出廉价的阳离子镍催化剂，可低温高效分解其碳-碳键，有望终结塑料预分类，减少微塑料污染。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“That’s because while other plastics are typically broken down with catalysts, breaking down polyolefin is difficult due to its tough carbon-carbon molecular bonds (分子键).(这是因为，其他塑料通常可以通过催化剂分解，而聚烯烃的分解却很困难，因为其碳-碳分子键非常坚固)”可知，由于聚烯烃的化学结构原因，对其进行回收处理仍然存在困难。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段提到“potential solution combining hydrogen gas and a catalyst”（氢气+催化剂的潜在解决方案），但传统方案需高温和昂贵催化剂；第五段紧接着介绍Kratish团队的突破——使用廉价的阳离子镍作为催化剂。“an elegant way”指“以最低能量获得最大价值产品的方法”，即“氢气+阳离子镍”的组合，既解决传统方案的弊端，又实现高效分解。故划线词指的是“将氢气与阳离子态的镍相结合”故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Unlike rare metals, engineers discovered that an alternative called cationic nickel (阳离子镍) is cheap and easy to collect. Other nickel-based catalysts include multiple reaction sites. Cationic nickel’s single-site variant allows it to function more like a precise sharp knife. Instead of breaking down all of a plastic’s structure, this option specifically targets those carbon-carbon bonds at a much lower temperature and with half the hydrogen gas pressure.(与稀有金属不同，工程师们发现一种名为“阳离子镍”的替代品价格低廉且易于获取。其他基于镍的催化剂具有多个反应位点。阳离子镍的单位型变体使其更像是一把精准锋利的刀。它不会破坏塑料的整个结构，而是专门针对那些碳-碳键，且在更低的温度下操作，氢气压力也仅为常规方法的一半)”可知，与其他催化剂相比，阳离子镍成本更低，运行效果却更佳。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The age of pre-sorting mixed plastic waste may soon be over. The secret weapon is a cheap catalyst (催化剂) targeting the most problematic plastic. The findings are detailed in a study published in the journal Nature Chemistry.(对混合塑料废弃物进行预先分类的时代或许即将结束。其关键在于一种廉价的催化剂，它专门针对那些最难处理的塑料。相关研究结果发表在《自然化学》杂志上)”结合文章开篇点明“混合塑料预分类时代或终结，核心是针对难回收塑料的廉价催化剂”，随后围绕聚烯烃回收难题展开，重点介绍 Kratish 团队研发的“阳离子镍催化剂”这一新方法，包括其优势和应用前景。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是一种回收聚烯烃的新方法。故选D。
Passage E
(25-26高三上·江苏南京外国语学校·月考)
The education technology (edtech) industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with investment (投资) in this field increasing more than forty times over the last decade. As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom.
“Only 11% of education decision makers were looking at any type of evidence to make a purchasing decision on an edtech tool,” said Isabelle Hau, executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, an organization that helps improve how well children and adults learn. “And only 7% of edtech tools around the world have any kind of strict, dependable evidence that they work.”
Besides the lack of research on which tools help students get better grades in this fast-growing edtech field, making sure everyone can get these tools fairly is also challenging. “Many of these tools aren’t shared fairly. This has to do with who pays the money for them and how the money is provided,” Ms. Hau explained. “Around the world, there’s still a huge divide in how easy it is for people in different places to use digital tools (like computers and tablets).”
Hau joins GSE Dean Dan Schwartz and Senior Lecturer Denise Pope as they discuss edtech’s rocketing growth, what’s driving that growth, and how school leaders, the government, and other organizations can help teachers get the tools that will best serve their students.
“A lot of people are working on it, including us, of course, because we have a big role to play in improving learning outcomes for children and educators,” Hau said. She also shared tips and resources for businessmen looking to get into the edtech space. “You need to start small, and you need to start with a handful of partners that love your solution. And then from there you can expect to grow in size.”
1． What might be the school leaders’ concern about edtech tools
A．Originality. B．Effectiveness. C．Safety. D．Convenience.
2． What does the underlined part “a huge divide” in paragraph 3 probably refer to
A．The inequality in access to digital tools.
B．The difference in the quality of edtech products.
C．The gap in digital skills between teachers and students.
D．The imbalance in educational development across regions.
3． What is Hau’s suggestion for businessmen interested in edtech
A．Dream big. B．Seek investment.
C．Be practical. D．Be independent.
4． What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend edtech products and services.
B．To complain about the poor quality of edtech tools.
C．To provide detailed guidance on choosing edtech tools.
D．To expose the challenges in the fast-growing edtech field.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了教育科技行业发展迅速，但学校领导面临工具选择难题，且公平获取工具也具有挑战性。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The education technology (edtech) industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with investment (投资) in this field increasing more than forty times over the last decade. As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom.(近年来，教育科技行业发展迅猛，过去十年间，该领域的投资增长了四十多倍。因此，市场上充斥着各种新工具和新成立的教育科技公司，这使得学校领导者和教师难以判断哪些工具在课堂上能真正发挥最佳效果。)”可知，学校领导和教师很难弄清楚哪些工具在课堂上最有效，即他们担心教育科技工具的有效性。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中““Many of these tools aren’t shared fairly. This has to do with who pays the money for them and how the money is provided,” Ms. Hau explained. “Around the world, there’s still a huge divide in how easy it is for people in different places to use digital tools (like computers and tablets).”(Hau女士解释道：“许多工具并没有得到公平共享。这关系到谁来为这些工具买单，以及资金是如何提供的。”“在全球范围内，不同地区的人们使用数字工具（如电脑和平板电脑）的便利程度仍存在a huge divide。”)”可知，此处指世界各地的人们使用数字工具的难易程度存在巨大差距，即数字工具获取的不平等性，a huge divide的意思是“数字工具获取的不平等性”。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“She also shared tips and resources for businessmen looking to get into the edtech space. “You need to start small, and you need to start with a handful of partners that love your solution. And then from there you can expect to grow in size.”(她还为有意进入教育科技领域的商人分享了建议和资源。“你需要从小处着手，你需要从一些喜欢你的解决方案的合作伙伴开始。然后从那里你可以期待规模的增长。”)”可知，Hau建议有意进入教育科技领域的商人要从小处着手，务实一些。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom.(因此，市场上充斥着各种新工具和新成立的教育科技公司，这使得学校领导者和教师难以判断哪些工具在课堂上能真正发挥最佳效果。)”以及第三段中“Besides the lack of research on which tools help students get better grades in this fast-growing edtech field, making sure everyone can get these tools fairly is also challenging.(除了在这个快速增长的教育科技领域缺乏关于哪些工具能帮助学生取得更好成绩的研究之外，确保每个人都能公平地获得这些工具也是一个挑战。)”可知，文章主要介绍了教育科技行业快速发展带来的挑战，包括学校领导和教师难以选择有效的工具，以及确保公平获取这些工具的挑战。作者的目的是揭示快速增长的教育技术领域的挑战。故选D。
Passage F
Fooled by Randomness is a famous book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s landmark Incerto series, an investigation of luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision-making in a world we don’t understand.
Now in a striking new hardcover edition, Fooled by Randomness is the word-of-mouth sensation that will change the way you think about business and the world. Nassim Nicholas Taleb — seasoned trader, renowned risk expert, knowledgeable scholar, and New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan — has written a modern classic that turns on its head what we believe about luck and skill.
This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. Set against the backdrop of the most notable forum in which luck is mistaken for skill — the world of trading — Fooled by Randomness provides captivating insight into one of the least understood factors in all our lives. Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives.
The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge Karl Popper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. We also meet the fictional Nero, who seems to understand the role of randomness in his professional life but falls victim to his own irrational foolishness.
However, the most recognizable character of all remains unnamed — the lucky fool who happens to be in the right place at the right time — he embodies the “survival of the least fit.” Such individuals attract devoted followers who believe in their mentor’s (导师) insights and methods. But no one can copy what is obtained by chance.
Are we capable of distinguishing the fortunate charlatan (冒充内行的人) from the genuine innovator Must we always try to uncover nonexistent messages in random events It may be impossible to guard ourselves against the unpredictability of the goddess Fortuna, but after reading Fooled by Randomness we can be a little better prepared.
1． What is Fooled by Randomness mainly about
A．The success of modern traders.
B．The importance of skill in trading.
C．The role of luck in life and business.
D．The impact of human errors on decision-making.
2． What’s the purpose of mentioning the characters in paragraph 4
A．To highlight the significance of their achievements.
B．To emphasize their success in the trading world.
C．To illustrate how foolishness always leads to failure.
D．To show examples of those who understood randomness.
3． What does “lucky fool” in paragraph 5 really refer to
A．A trader known for their skill and achievements.
B．A scholar famous for their insights and methods.
C．Someone who owes their success to skill, ignoring luck.
D．A person who foolishly undervalues hard work and devotion.
4． According to the passage, what mistake do people often make
A．They overestimate their personal abilities.
B．They fail to see how chance affects their success.
C．They depend heavily on guidance from mentors.
D．They overlook significant events in daily life.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了纳西姆·尼古拉斯·塔勒布的著作《随机漫步的傻瓜》的主要内容，该书探讨了运气、不确定性、概率、人为错误、风险和在我们不理解的世界中做决策的问题。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. (这本书是关于运气的——或者更准确地说，是关于我们如何在生活和商业中感知和应对运气的。)”可知，《随机漫步的傻瓜》主要是关于运气在生活和商业中的作用。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge Karl Popper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. We also meet the fictional Nero, who seems to understand the role of randomness in his professional life but falls victim to his own irrational foolishness. (书中塑造了许多人物，他们中的一些人以自己的方式理解了偶然性的意义：棒球传奇人物尤吉·贝拉；知识哲学家卡尔·波普尔；现代金融家乔治·索罗斯；以及希腊航行者奥德修斯。我们还会遇到虚构的尼禄，他似乎明白随机性在他职业生活中的作用，但却成为自己非理性愚蠢的受害者。)”可知，第四段提到的人物都理解了随机性或偶然性的意义，作者列举这些人物是为了举例说明那些理解随机性的人。故选D项。
3．词句猜测题。根据第五段“However, the most recognizable character of all remains unnamed — the lucky fool who happens to be in the right place at the right time — he embodies the “survival of the least fit. (然而，最容易被认出的人物却没有名字——那个恰好在正确时间出现在正确地点的幸运傻瓜——他体现了“最不适应者的生存”。)”可知，“lucky fool”指的是那些恰好在正确时间出现在正确地点，即靠运气取得成功的人，而不是靠技能或努力。再结合后文“Such individuals attract devoted followers who believe in their mentor’s (导师) insights and methods. But no one can copy what is obtained by chance. (这样的人会吸引忠实的追随者，他们相信导师的见解和方法。但没有人能复制靠机会获得的东西。)”可知，“lucky fool”是指将成功归因于自身技能而忽视运气成分，实则是靠运气获得成功的人。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives. (作者以娱乐性的叙事风格写作，探讨了与我们低估偶然事件对我们生活影响相关的重大智力问题。)”和最后一段“Are we capable of distinguishing the fortunate charlatan (冒充内行的人) from the genuine innovator Must we always try to uncover nonexistent messages in random events It may be impossible to guard ourselves against the unpredictability of the goddess Fortuna, but after reading Fooled by Randomness we can be a little better prepared.(我们能区分幸运的冒充内行的人和真正的创新者吗？我们必须总是试图在随机事件中发现不存在的信息吗？也许我们无法防范命运女神的不可预测性，但读完《随机漫步的傻瓜》后，我们可以做更好一点的准备。)”可推知，人们常常犯的错误是没有看到偶然性(即机会或运气)对他们成功的影响，即忽视了运气的作用。故选B项。
Passage G
(2025届广东省华南师范大学附属中学高三下学期综合测试三)
We have a problem，and the strange thing is that we not only know about it, but also celebrate it. Just today, someone boasted (自夸) to me that she was so busy she’s averaged four hours of sleep a night for the last two weeks. She wasn’t complaining; she was proud of the fact. She is not alone.
Why are rational (理性的) people so irrational in their behavior The answer is that we’re in the midst of a bubble (泡沫). I call it “The More Bubble”.
The nature of bubbles is that something is overvalued until—eventually—the bubble bursts, and we’re left wondering why we were so irrational in the first place. The thing we’re overvaluing now is the opinion of doing it all, having it all, achieving it all.
This bubble is being enabled by a combination of three powerful trends: smart phones, social media, and extreme consumerism (消费主义). The result is not just information overload, but opinion overload. We are more aware than at any time in history of what everyone else is doing and, therefore, what we should be doing. In the process, we have been sold a bill of goods: that success means being supermen and superwomen who can get it all done. Of course, we boasted about being busy—it’s code for being successful and important.
And our answer to the problem of more is always more. We need more technology to help us create more technologies. We need to move our workload to free up our own time to do yet even more.
Luckily, there is a solution to asking for more: asking for less, but better. A growing number of people are making this change. I call these people Essentialists.
These people are designing their lives around what is essential and removing everything else. These people arrange to have actual weekends (during which they are not working). They create technology-free zones in their homes. They trade time on Facebook with calling those few friends who really matter to them. Instead of running to different meetings, they put space on their plans to get important work done.
So we have two choices: We can be among the last people caught up in “The More Bubble,” or we can join the growing community of Essentialists and get more of what matters in our one precious life.
1．When the woman said she only slept for four hours a night for two weeks, she ________.
A．was unsatisfied with her lifestyle
B．was asking for suggestions
C．took pride in doing so
D．knew few people were like her
2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The cause and result of “The More Bubble”.
B．The advantages of “The More Bubble”.
C．The solutions to “The More Bubble”.
D．The value of “The More Bubble”.
3．According to the article, Essentialists are those who ________.
A．give up certain things for what matters in life
B．prefer to change frequently
C．are tired of information and opinions
D．are eager to become successful and important
4．What’s the author’s attitude towards “The More Bubble”？
A．Supportive. B．Undecided.
C．Disapproval. D．Doubt.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．C
【分析】本文主要讲述了所谓的“泡沫文化”，叙述了这种“The More Bubble”的本质，出现的原因及后果。
1．C细节理解题。第一段“Just today, someone boasted to me that she was so busy she’s averaged four hours of sleep a night for the last two weeks. She wasn’t complaining; she was proud of the fact.” （今天，有人（自夸）对我说，她很忙，以至于她是最后两周夜间平均睡眠四小时。她没有抱怨，她为事实感到自豪。）可知，C项正确。
2．A主旨大意题。“This bubble is being enabled by a combination of three powerful trends…The result is not just information overload, but opinion overload.”（这个泡沫是由三个强大的趋势结合起来的：……结果不仅仅是信息超载，更是舆论超载。）可知，本段是讲更多泡沫的起因。故选A。
3．A细节判断题。倒数第二段中“These people are designing their lives around what is essential and removing everything else… calling those few friends who really matter to them. …they put space on their plans to get important work done.”从本段可知，这些人知道生活中什么是重要的，他们会为了重要的东西而放弃某些东西。故选A。
4．C推理判断题。文中作者使用了一些词如“boasted (自夸) to me”、“Why are rational (理性的) people so irrational in their behavior”中的irrational（不合理的，荒谬的; 无理性的）、“overvalued（过高估计的）”等可看出作者是disapproval（不赞同，反对），故选C。
Passage H
(25-26高三上·重庆南开中学校·月考)
For parents, dealing with school schedules can be a nightmare: half-days, days off, and vacation. It imposes (强加) a burden so great that they simply cannot be the caretakers or workers they want to be. It’s hard to imagine any working parent who would be able to handle regular 3 p.m. school dismissals, along with frequent half-days and full days off. After all, how many parents get more than 10 weeks of vacation each year How many struggle to afford camps
However, even if we should be moving in the direction of more time spent at schools, don’t hold your breath. Increasingly, public school systems are embracing four-day weeks. Of course, many of the cuts are born of financial necessity. But we’ve failed to recognize how something as basic as school schedules dramatically disadvantages working parents, along with those who can’t afford the mountain of out-of-school costs these schedules impose. It has always been surprising to Ulrich Boser, an expert on learning, that politicians don’t even raise the topic of school schedules. Working 9 to 5 really resonates with individuals, he says. And yet, “It’s not like we’ve seen any presidential candidates run on school being nine to five.”
The change we want is difficult to carry out. Some parents — particularly, affluent parents — strongly resist changes to school calendars, especially if they want to sign their children up for certain after-school activities or camps, or if they’ve got vacation plans. And then there’s the business community. Restaurants, ice cream parlors, and hotels all depend on high school students as employees. All of this makes it more challenging to increase the amount of time students spend in schools.
Though few politicians care about it, there are enormous advantages to adopting a school schedule that looks a little more like a work schedule. Change could come gradually. In a city,you could imagine creating just one year-round elementary school. Being a student there would be purely voluntary. Teachers who opt in would get paid more for their additional work. We would start small, and see if children and adults embraced the advantages.
1．What is the root cause of the problem parents face
A．The financial burden of after-school camps.
B．An over-packed schedule of school activities.
C．A lack of vacation time provided by employers.
D．The conflict between work and school schedules.
2． What are public schools doing now
A．Increasing tuition fees. B．Shortening school time.
C．Drawing political attention. D．Extending school schedules.
3． What does the underlined word “affluent” in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Wealthy. B．Worried.
C．Uneducated. D．Overprotective.
4． What is mainly discussed in the last paragraph
A．Benefits of the solution. B．Challenges to the reform.
C．Consequences of the issue. D．Suggestions for the change.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了家长面临的学校日程与工作冲突问题及解决方案。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“For parents, dealing with school schedules can be a nightmare: half-days, days off, and vacation. It imposes (强加) a burden so great that they simply cannot be the caretakers or workers they want to be. (对于父母来说，应对学校的日程安排可能是一场噩梦：半天假、休息日和假期。这给他们带来了巨大的负担，以至于他们根本无法成为自己想成为的照顾者或工作者)”可知，家长面临的问题的根源是工作和学校日程之间的冲突，使得他们无法兼顾工作和照顾孩子。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Increasingly, public school systems are embracing four-day weeks. (越来越多的公立学校系统开始实行每周四天制)”可知，公立学校正在缩短学校时间，实行每周四天制。故选B。
3．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Some parents — particularly, affluent parents — strongly resist changes to school calendars, especially if they want to sign their children up for certain after-school activities or camps, or if they’ve got vacation plans. (一些家长——尤其是affluent的家长——强烈反对改变学校日程，特别是如果他们想为孩子报名参加某些课外活动或夏令营，或者他们有度假计划的话)”可知，这些家长有经济能力为孩子报名参加课外活动或夏令营，或者有度假计划，因此可以推断出这些家长是富有的，“affluent”意为“富裕的”。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Change could come gradually. In a city, you could imagine creating just one year-round elementary school. Being a student there would be purely voluntary. Teachers who opt in would get paid more for their additional work. We would start small, and see if children and adults embraced the advantages. (改变可以慢慢来。在一个城市里，你可以想象只创建一所全年制的小学。在那里上学完全是自愿的。选择加入的教师将因其额外的工作而获得更高的报酬。我们将从小事做起，看看儿童和成人是否接受这些优势)”可知，最后一段主要讨论了对于改变学校日程的一些具体建议，如创建全年制小学、教师额外工作报酬等。故选D。
Passage I
(25-26高三上·重庆南开中学·期中)
Adding legs to robots that have minimal awareness of the environment around them can help the robots operate more effectively in difficult environment, my colleagues and I found.
We were inspired by Claude Shannon’s communication theory, which showed that repeated information can ensure reliability when sending messages through noisy communication channels. We wondered if the same principle could help move goods via robot. That is, if we want to transport goods over “noisy” environment, say fallen trees and large rocks, in a reasonable amount of time, could we do it by just adding legs to the robot and do so without expensive sensors and cameras
Our idea was to forget about sensing altogether and replace it with the simple act of taking repeated steps. Our analysis suggested this could provide reliable and predictable movement. To test our hypothesis, we built robots inspired by centipedes (蜈蚣) and gradually increased their legs from six to sixteen. The more legs we added, the better the robots moved over uneven surfaces. We then tried outdoor tests on real ground. Even without sensors, the many-legged robots showed impressive flexibility. This gives them potential uses in agriculture, space exploration, and search-and-rescue work.
Transporting goods is essential to modern society. Other researchers are building increasingly intelligent humanoid robots. But such machines depend heavily on accurate sensors to know where they are and what lies ahead, limiting them in unpredictable environments. In search-and-rescue operations, for example, sensors can be damaged and surroundings can change suddenly.
We have already applied our findings to the field of crop farming by founding a company that uses these robots to efficiently weed farmland. As we continue to advance this technology, we are focused on refining the robot’s design and functionality. The team’s next step is to determine the ideal number of legs to balance the performance and cost. So far, we know that twelve legs are the minimum for effective movement without sensing, but we are still exploring the perfect number.
Our work shows that dealing with difficult environment can be as simple as taking it one step at a time — provided you have enough legs. By focusing on motion rather than high-tech sensing, we may open the door to robots that can go where others cannot.
1． What led the team to their robot design
A．More-is-better communication theory. B．Repetition in humanoid robots tests.
C．Roads and tracks for easier transport. D．Stronger motors for rough surface.
2． What advantage do many-legged robots have over humanoid robots
A．They can carry heavier loads. B．They take less time to produce.
C．They are reliable even without sensors. D．They move stably on uneven surfaces.
3． What is the next goal of the author and his team
A．Reduce the robot’s legs for better performance.
B．Test the robot with more farming companies.
C．Adapt the robot for space exploration.
D．Improve the robot’s design to boost efficiency.
4． What idea does the author suggest in the last paragraph
A．Robots with legs can handle all situations.
B．Biological inspiration is key to robot design.
C．Progress relies on rethinking basic principles.
D．Simplicity can tackle complex problems.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍作者团队受香农通信理论启发，设计多腿机器人，其无需昂贵传感器仍能在复杂环境高效作业，且已应用于农业，团队正优化设计。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“We were inspired by Claude Shannon’s communication theory, which showed that repeated information can ensure reliability when sending messages through noisy communication channels. (我们受到克劳德·香农通信理论的启发，该理论表明，在通过嘈杂的通信渠道发送信息时，重复的信息可以确保可靠性。)”可知，香农“重复信息可保障可靠性”的通信理论（即“越多越优”的核心逻辑）促使团队开展多腿机器人设计。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Even without sensors, the many-legged robots showed impressive flexibility. (即使没有传感器，这种多腿机器人也展现出了令人印象深刻的灵活性。)”和第四段中的“But such machines depend heavily on accurate sensors to know where they are and what lies ahead, limiting them in unpredictable environments. (但这类机器严重依赖精确的传感器来了解自身位置和前方情况，这限制了它们在不可预测环境中的表现。)”可知，多腿机器人相较于类人机器人的优势是无需传感器仍能可靠运行。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“As we continue to advance this technology, we are focused on refining the robot’s design and functionality. The team’s next step is to determine the ideal number of legs to balance the performance and cost. (随着我们继续推进这项技术，我们正专注于改进机器人的设计和功能。该团队的下一步是确定理想的腿数，以平衡性能和成本。)”可知，作者团队的下一个目标是改进机器人设计，提升其效率与实用性。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Our work shows that dealing with difficult environment can be as simple as taking it one step at a time — provided you have enough legs. By focusing on motion rather than high-tech sensing, we may open the door to robots that can go where others cannot. (我们的研究表明，应对复杂环境可以像一步一个脚印那么简单——只要你有足够的腿。通过专注于运动而非高科技传感，我们可能会为那些能够到达其他机器人无法到达的地方的机器人打开大门。)”可知，作者通过多腿机器人的案例，传递出“简单方法可解决复杂问题”的观点。故选D项。
Passage J
(2026届湖北省湖北省部分市州高三上学期一模调研)
In the digital era, where social media floods with ceaseless sharing, 26-year-old illustrator Lina from Hangzhou stands as a striking example. She regularly posts artworks and travel snapshots on Instagram but seldom replies to comments or engages in private conversations. “I love sharing fragments (碎片) of my life, yet building deep connections with strangers feels emotionally exhausting”, she admits. Lina’s attitude represents a growing trend among today’s youth: light socializing, a pattern that prioritizes self-expression over intensive emotional bonds in the virtual world.
Sociologist Min Li observes that social media, once a hub (中心) for developing relationships, has changed into a “self-showcase” platform for the younger generation. Instead of seeking active interactions, they share content like scenic photos or daily routines, with little expectation of feedback. Actions such as casually unfollowing, blocking strangers or using 24-hour disappearing posts show their wish to avoid burdensome “emotional labor” from shallow virtual ties. This shift comes from their desire to escape overwhelming pressure from empty digital interactions.
While critics dismiss light socializing as a sign of “emotional coldness”, it actually reflects a thoughtful adaptation. Psychologist Lu Chen argues that by embracing this approach, young people regain control over their online space — sharing freely without the anxiety of meeting others’ expectations. Even social platforms have evolved to meet this need: many now offer “silent modes”, such as hidden interaction records and one-way posting features, acknowledging the widespread acceptance of light socializing.
In a world tightly bound by digital connections, light socializing strikes a delicate balance between self-expression and privacy protection. It is not a refusal of social bonds but a wise pursuit of healthier, more autonomous online engagement. This trend shows the younger generation’s maturity in safeguarding their mental well-being, representing a forward-looking and thoughtful approach to modern social interactions.
1．What does Lina do on social media
A．She only posts artworks.
B．She shares life but skips deep chats.
C．She never replies to comments.
D．She focuses on building deep online bonds.
2．According to Min Li, what has social media become for young people now
A．A center for deep relationships.
B．A platform for personal display.
C．A tool to seek frequent interactions.
D．A space to reduce pressure by virtual ties.
3．What can we infer about “light socializing”
A．It encourages safe online engagement.
B．It makes young people emotionally cold.
C．It relies mainly on platforms’ silent modes.
D．It abandons social bonds to protect mental health.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Keep Silent Mode On
B．Keep the Digital Distance
C．Social Media: “Self-showcase” Platform
D．Emotional Coldness: Online Life’s Secret
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章以26岁的杭州插画师Lina为例，阐述了在数字时代，年轻人在社交媒体上呈现出“轻社交”的趋势，即注重自我表达而非深度情感联系，这种趋势反映了年轻人对心理健康的守护，是一种有前瞻性和深思熟虑的现代社交互动方式。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“She regularly posts artworks and travel snapshots on Instagram but seldom replies to comments or engages in private conversations. “I love sharing fragments (碎片) of my life, yet building deep connections with strangers feels emotionally exhausting”, she admits.(她经常在Instagram上发布艺术作品和旅行照片，但很少回复评论或参与私人对话。“我喜欢分享我生活中的片段，但与陌生人建立深厚的联系在情感上让人筋疲力尽，”她承认)”可知，Lina在社交媒体上分享生活，但避免深度聊天。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Sociologist Min Li observes that social media, once a hub (中心) for developing relationships, has changed into a “self-showcase” platform for the younger generation(社会学家李敏观察到，社交媒体曾经是发展关系的中心，现在已经变成了年轻一代的“自我展示”平台)”可知，根据李敏的说法，社交媒体现在已经成为年轻人个人展示的平台。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In a world tightly bound by digital connections, light socializing strikes a delicate balance between self-expression and privacy protection. It is not a refusal of social bonds but a wise pursuit of healthier, more autonomous online engagement.(在一个被数字联系紧密束缚的世界里，轻社交在自我表达和隐私保护之间取得了微妙的平衡。这不是对社会关系的拒绝，而是对更健康、更自主的在线参与的明智追求)”可知，轻社交不是对社会关系的拒绝，而是对更健康、更自主的在线参与的明智追求。由此推知，“轻社交”鼓励安全的在线参与。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“She regularly posts artworks and travel snapshots on Instagram but seldom replies to comments or engages in private conversations. “I love sharing fragments (碎片) of my life, yet building deep connections with strangers feels emotionally exhausting”, she admits.(她经常在Instagram上发布艺术作品和旅行照片，但很少回复评论或参与私人对话。“我喜欢分享我生活中的片段，但与陌生人建立深厚的联系在情感上让人筋疲力尽，”她承认)”、第二段“Sociologist Min Li observes that social media, once a hub (中心) for developing relationships, has changed into a “self-showcase” platform for the younger generation(社会学家李敏观察到，社交媒体曾经是发展关系的中心，现在已经变成了年轻一代的“自我展示”平台)”、以及最后一段“In a world tightly bound by digital connections, light socializing strikes a delicate balance between self-expression and privacy protection. It is not a refusal of social bonds but a wise pursuit of healthier, more autonomous online engagement(在一个被数字联系紧密束缚的世界里，轻社交在自我表达和隐私保护之间取得了微妙的平衡。这不是对社会关系的拒绝，而是对更健康、更自主的在线参与的明智追求)”可知，本文主要讨论了年轻人在社交媒体上选择“轻社交”的方式，在数字连接紧密的世界中，保持一定的数字距离，以平衡自我表达和隐私保护，所以B项“Keep the Digital Distance(保持数字距离)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选B项。
主题02 人与自我——教育理念；语言交际；健康生活；文学赏析；个人发展；科学精神；文化认同；心理成长
Passage A
(25-26高三·广东广州增城区·月考)
Do you remember the name of your kindergarten teacher I do—mine was Mrs. White. I always thought she must be some distant relative of Walt Disney’s Snow White, with her bright blue eyes, short dark hair, red lips and fair skin.
I don’t remember much about what we learned in her class, but my mother once told me that we used to write a lot. Every time I brought my writings home, mom would notice many mistakes. Bu no red corrections and always a star. Somotimes-even a Good! It made my heart soar with happiness, but it worried my mom. One day when she met Mrs. White, she asked her why she never corrected my mistakes—why she never red-penciled in the right spellings or pointed out grammatical errors.
Mom said Mrs. White replied, “The children are just beginning to get excited about using words, about forming sentences. I-don’t want to dampen that onthusiasm with red ink. Spelling and grammar can wait. The wonder of words won’t.” Maybe those weren’t her exact words—this was long ago, and mom could only recall the gist. The rest I added in. I grew up learning to use words with loving confidence like that.
Now it occurs to me that if Mrs. White had used her red pen more precisely, I probably wouldn’t be telling you about this now. I look back and think she must have been a rather extraordinary teacher—for exercising such red-pen restraint, to allow the pleasure, wonder, and excitement of expression to flower—however faultily—like that.
I used to misspell “beautiful” a lot—even after I entered high school. I’d often put the “a” before the “e”—a mistake that always fiustrated my teacher. But I’m glad I never stopped using it. “Pretty” is easier to spell, but it doesn’t hold as much meaning as you want to convey sometimes. Thanks to Mrs. White, I never hesitate to write what I mean—even with imperfect spelling. Because life isn’t “pretty”—it’s “baeutiful”: flawed yet truly wonderful.
1． What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．The author’s attitude to schoolwork.
B．The teacher’s response to the writings.
C．The author’s academic performance.
D．The teacher’s disservice to the students.
2． What can we know from Mrs. White’s reply
A．She was too busy to mark every paper.
B．She believed spelling was unimportant.
C．She couldn’t correct all the students’ mistakes.
D．She was careful not to ruin the joy of expression.
3． What does the author think of Mrs. White’s way of teaching
A．Far-reaching. B．Contradictory. C．Conventional. D．Practical.
4． What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To honor a respected kindergarten teacher.
B．To share an unforgettable learning experience.
C．To tell how early encouragement fuels lifelong confidence.
D．To prove technical accuracy is less important than creativity.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者回忆了幼儿园老师Mrs. White不批改她作业中错别字，反而鼓励她写作的经历。作者认为老师保护了孩子用词的热情，培养了她自信的写作态度。作者感激老师，并认识到创作乐趣比完美拼写更重要，这影响了她对生活的看法。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Every time I brought my writings home, mom would notice many mistakes. Bu no red corrections always a star. Somotimes-even a Good! It made my heart soar with happiness, but it worried my mom. (每次我把我的作品带回家，妈妈都会注意到很多错误。但是没有红色的修正，总是有一个小星星，有时候甚至是一个“好！”这让我心里充满了喜悦，但却让妈妈很担心。)”以及后文“One day when she met Mrs. White, she asked her why she never corrected my mistakes—why she never red-penciled in the right spellings or pointed out grammatical errors.( 有一天，当她见到怀特老师时，便问她为何从不纠正我的错误——为何从不用红笔标出正确的拼写方式，也从不指出语法上的错误。)”可知，这里的“it”指代的是老师对学生作品不进行错误纠正，而是给出一些评价的这种回应方式即老师对作者作业的反馈让作者充满了喜悦却让妈妈很担心。B选项“The teacher’s response to the writings.(教师对这些作品的回应。)”符合题意。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Mom said Mrs. White replied, ‘The children are just beginning to get excited about using words, about forming sentences. I don’t want to dampen that enthusiasm with red ink. Spelling and grammar can wait. The wonder of words won’t.’(妈妈说怀特老师回答说：“孩子们刚刚开始对使用单词、组成句子感到兴奋。我不想用红墨水来抑制他们的热情。拼写和语法可以等一等。单词的奇妙之处不会等。”)”可知，从怀特老师的回复中推断出她很小心，不想破坏孩子们表达的乐趣。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Now it occurs to me that if Mrs. White had used her red pen more precisely, I probably wouldn’t be telling you about this now. I look back and think she must have been a rather extraordinary teacher—for exercising such red-pen restraint, to allow the pleasure, wonder, and excitement of expression to flower—however faultily—like that. (现在我想到，如果怀特老师更精确地使用她的红笔，我可能现在就不会跟你说这些了。我回想起来，觉得她一定是一位相当非凡的老师——她如此克制地使用红笔，让表达的乐趣、惊奇和兴奋能够像那样绽放——尽管有错误。)”以及最后一段中“Thanks to Mrs. White, I never hesitate to write what I mean—even with imperfect spelling.( 多亏了怀特夫人，我敢于直抒己见——即便拼写不太准确也没关系。)”可知，作者因为老师的影响而一直敢于表达自己真实的想法；因此作者认为怀特老师的教学方式影响深远。A选项“Far-reaching.(影响深远的)”符合题意。故选A。
4．推理判断题。结合最后一段“Because life isn’t ‘pretty’—it’s ‘baeutiful’: flawed yet truly wonderful. (因为生活不是“美好的”——它是“美丽的”：有缺陷但真的很精彩。)”以及通读全文，文章主要讲述了作者幼儿园的White老师不纠正学生写作中的错误，让学生自由表达，这种教学方式对作者产生了深远的影响，让作者敢于用不完美的拼写表达自己真实的想法。因此作者写这篇文章的目的是为了纪念一位受尊敬的幼儿园老师。故选A。
Passage B
(2025届广东省广州大学附属中学高三下学期毕业班综合测试（三）)
It’s a classic complaint in relationships, especially romantic ones: “She said she was okay with me forgetting her birthday! Then why is she throwing dishes in the kitchen Are the two things related ”
The answer is munication is more than words. It’s how those words are said, the tone, the order, even the choice of a particular word. It’s multi-dimensional, as explored by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber in Meaning and Relevance. Consider the following example: Peter got angry and Mary left; Mary left and Peter got angry. Though identical in words, their meanings differ completely. The first one may have us thinking: Wow, Peter must get angry often if Mary leaves. The second sentence suggests that Peter wants more from Mary. Same words — a totally different context.
Human language is not a code (编码). True codes have a one-to-one relationship with meaning. One sound, one definition. This is what we see with animals. Wilson and Sperber explain that “coded communication works best when emitter (发出者) and receiver share exactly the same code. ” Not so for humans. We communicate more than the definitions of our words would suggest. This is inferential communication, and it means that we understand not only the words spoken, but the context in which they are spoken. .
Irony (反语) is a great example of how powerfully we can communicate context with a few simple words. It is more than just stating the opposite. For example, when Mary says, after a boring party, “That was fun”, she is neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring. Rather, she is expressing an emotion. Three words replace paragraphs, showcasing language’s efficiency.
Wilson and Sperber concluded that human language developed and became so powerful because of two unique abilities of humans: language and the power to try to interpret mental states of others. We look for context for the words we hear. And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.
1．What does the complaint in Paragraph 1 mainly indicate
A．The inconsistence between words and meaning.
B．The importance of remembering vital moments.
C．The necessity of straightforward communication.
D．The unavoidability of argument in a couple's life.
2．What may make human language different from true codes
A．The context included in understanding meanings.
B．The definitions made by words in communication.
C．The coded communication between emitter and receiver.
D．The one-to-one relationship between word and meaning.
3．How does Mary’s statement “That was fun” illustrate about irony
A．It simplifies language to save time. B．It covers the true feelings of people.
C．It needs wordy explanations to make sense. D．It uses fewer words for complex meanings.
4．What does the author suggest in communication
A．Focusing on the opposite. B．Taking language literally.
C．Reading beyond the words. D．Avoiding using ironic tones.
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍人类语言交流特点及反语在交流中的作用。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“She said she was okay with me forgetting her birthday! Then why is she throwing dishes in the kitchen Are the two things related (她说她不介意我忘记她的生日！那她为什么在厨房里摔盘子呢？这两件事有关系吗？)”以及第二段“Communication is more than words. It’s how those words are said, the tone, the order, even the choice of a particular word.(交流不仅仅是言语。还包括这些话是怎么说的，语气，顺序，甚至是某个特定单词的选择)”可推知，第一段的抱怨主要表明了言语和意思之间的不一致。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Human language is not a code (编码). True codes have a one-to-one relationship with meaning. One sound, one definition. This is what we see with animals. Wilson and Sperber explain that “coded communication works best when emitter (发出者) and receiver share exactly the same code. ” Not so for humans. We communicate more than the definitions of our words would suggest. This is inferential communication, and it means that we understand not only the words spoken, but the context in which they are spoken.(人类语言不是一种编码。真正的编码与意义有着一一对应的关系。一种声音，一种定义。这就是我们在动物身上看到的情况。威尔逊和斯珀伯解释说：“当发出者和接收者拥有完全相同的编码时，编码交流效果最佳。”人类则不是这样。我们交流的内容比我们所说的单词的定义要多。这是一种推理交流，这意味着我们不仅理解所说的单词，而且理解它们所使用的语境)”可知，理解意义时所包含的语境使人类语言不同于真正的编码。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Irony (反语) is a great example of how powerfully we can communicate context with a few simple words. It is more than just stating the opposite. For example, when Mary says, after a boring party, “That was fun”, she is neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring. Rather, she is expressing an emotion. Three words replace paragraphs, showcasing language’s efficiency.(反语是一个很好的例子，说明我们如何用几个简单的词来有力地传达语境。它不仅仅是陈述相反的意思。例如，当玛丽在一个无聊的聚会后说“那很有趣”时，她既不是说聚题型35 阅读理解必刷
主题01 人与社会——科学技术；社会服务；教育评价与教育政策；商业哲学；生活方式；人际交往；数字化转型；绿色科技
Passage A
(2026届江西省高三上学期高考仿真模拟考试三)
It’s nice to have your research covered by the national media, but recent biology graduate Jewel Garcia at Seattle Pacific University (SPU) adds it’s better to conduct the research with “an awesome team of professors and peers (同辈).”
Garcia’s yearlong research study, “Dishonest salmon (三文鱼) business in Seattle’s sushi restaurants and grocery stores”, was led by SPU Biology Professor Tracie Delgado and conducted with three fellow students. The group acquired salmon samples from 67 grocery stores and 52 sushi restaurants. DNA from each sample was tested in the lab to identify the fish. The study revealed that 11% grocery stores and 33% Seattle-area sushi restaurants with wild salmon on the menu were actually farmed salmon.
Conducting this type of student research is usually done in graduate school, but professor Delgado says undergraduate research is a unique feature of the SPU Biology Department. “By providing students with research opportunities in the classroom, they not only grow as a scientist, but they also develop the self-confidence to become leaders in their future careers,” says Delgado.
Garcia, who did a similar study of salmon in her genetics class, was grateful to get this opportunity. “You can get awesome support at SPU because the process was collaborative. Every aspect had so many hands on it and you were in close contact with so many professors,” says Garcia.
SPU’s location also proved importance for the study. Washington state is a global supplier of several Pacific Ocean salmon species, and a 2013 law requires salmon to be identified as wild-caught Pacific or farm-raised Atlantic. “Failure to properly label wild salmon is a serious problem because it prevents accurate tracking of supply chains and makes it more difficult to sustain wild salmon,” says Delgado. “It’s important to continue to develop and enforce law that requires accurate seafood labeling, from fisher to plate, and educate the public on how commercial salmon cheating impacts wild salmon conservation. This is the realistic meaning of the research.”
1．What did the study reveal about the salmon business in Seattle
A．One-third of wild salmon in Seattle were not fresh.
B．Some wild salmon were replaced with farmed ones.
C．Salmon in the restaurants actually was another species.
D．Both wild and farmed salmon were available in the market.
2．What does the underlined word “collaborative” mean in paragraph 4
A．Cooperative. B．Independent. C．Complicated. D．Flexible.
3．What is the significance of accurately labeling wild salmon according to the text
A．It makes salmon easier to identify.
B．It limits the supply of farmed salmon.
C．It facilitates salmon conservation efforts.
D．It reduces the impact of commercial cheating.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Are you really eating wild salmon
B．SPU research on fishing industry
C．How can seafood business restore credit
D．A novel way of labeling wild salmon
Passage B
(25-26高三上·湖南长沙岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学·月考)
Most air conditioners use refrigerant gases called HFCs (氢氟碳化合物)，which are hundreds of times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CO . Researchers have long sought ways to produce cooling systems that do without these troublesome gases. Now Exergyn, a Dublin-based company, claims to have developed a new type of air conditioning which avoids using HFCs.
Exergyn’s system uses nitinol, a shape-memory alloy (合金) of nickel and titanium. All shape-memory alloys release heat when compressed (压缩), and then absorb it when the pressure is released and they return to their original shape. But Exergyn’s version of nitinol displays this quality to a remarkable degree. For its experimental model, the company produced 4 cm plates of the alloy, each with holes to permit the passage of a heat-carrying liquid or gas. A range of eco-friendly substances such as water, salty water and air can-be employed in that role, thus avoiding the use of HFCs.
Kevin O’ Toole, Exergyn’s managing director, explains, “To build a refrigerator involves fitting these plates together into stacks of 50 or more. Four stacks make a unit. The stacks are compressed in turn. At any given moment, one stack is being compressed, one released, one pre-heated and one pre- cooled. To cool a room involves passing one hot circuit and one cold circuit of the heat-carrying fluid or gas through this four-stack unit.”
This method of cooling is not only more environmentally friendly than an HFC set-up, but will also be less expensive to buy and 30%–40% cheaper to run. It will be lighter and smaller, too. As for reliability, the prototype’s performance suggests the unit could operate for more than 40 years without a problem.
Development is still continuing, but products may be only a few years away. Exergyn has also begun talks with carmakers and aerospace companies about setting up joint-development projects. With cars and some small aircraft going electric, it is not just cooling the cabin that manufacturers have to think about, but also cooling the batteries.
1． What are the holes in the plates of alloy intended for
A．Avoiding the use of those troublesome gases such as HFCs.
B．Testing a range of substances such as water, salty water and air.
C．Passing the heat-carrying fluid or gas through the four-stack unit.
D．Helping compress, release, pre-heat and pre-cool the four stacks.
2． What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about concerning the new type of cooling
A．Its potential. B．Its strengths.
C．Its functions. D．Its affordability.
3． What can we infer about Exergyn from the last paragraph
A．It is likely to expand its business.
B．It will set up an aerospace company.
C．It has brought the technology to market.
D．It will lead the market of air conditioning.
4． Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Model: a four-stack unit B．HFCs: a potential crisis
C．Exergyn: a future winner D．Nitinol: a cooler alternative
Passage C
(25-26高三上·湖南衡阳第八中学·适应性考试)
This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t.
To avoid discouraging students, some school districts did away with D and F grades.
Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as the SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled.
That’s true not just of low-achieving students. In a 2023 survey, educators said that close to half of students argue for higher grades than they earn, and 8 out of 10 teachers give in. It’s hard to blame them: A third or more of students and parents disturb them when they don’t.
Unearned grades are damaging in many ways. Some students, armed with good grades, march off to college to find themselves in remedial (补习的) classes because they haven’t learned enough to take college-level courses. Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce. There are also complaints from college professors that the students aren’t even good at reading books.
Grade inflation has followed students into college. Some professors hesitate to grade accurately because of student evaluations, which are often more negative for tough graders. Remember that about 70% of college instructors are adjunct (兼职) professors who have few job protections. Many Ivy League students have learned to cherry-pick easy-grading professors. Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more. We have to ask ourselves as a society: Do we want college to be a place of intellectual growth — or a performative exercise in grade fishing
1． What are parents fooled into thinking
A．SAT is the best measure of their children's abilities.
B．The purpose of education is to make better citizens.
C．Grade-point averages are vital for college application.
D．Children’s high grades reflect their exceptional abilities.
2． What is a consequence of grade inflation
A．Employers favor students with higher degrees.
B．Graduates fall short of employers’ expectations.
C．Remedial classes become required courses in college.
D．Low-achieving students find it harder to enter college.
3． What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Tough graders desire job security.
B．Strict grading promotes real learning.
C．Student evaluations fuel intellectual growth.
D．Easy-grading professors start grade inflation.
4． What is the best title of the text
A．The game of scores B．Today, Grade A is for average
C．The force behind grade inflation D．Now, learning takes the front seat
Passage D
(25-26高三上·江苏南通区、通州区、启东如东县·期中)
The age of pre-sorting mixed plastic waste may soon be over. The secret weapon is a cheap catalyst (催化剂) targeting the most problematic plastic. The findings are detailed in a study published in the journal Nature Chemistry.
Even after decades of worldwide efforts, recycling plastic remains much easier said than done. The frustrating reality is largely thanks to polyolefins (聚烯烃). Humans make about 220 million tons of polyolefin-based products every year, most of which are single-use items like milk bottles, trash bags, and juice boxes.
However, less than 10 percent of polyolefin products are recycled annually, resulting in mountains of waste destined for landfills or being burnt. That’s because while other plastics are typically broken down with catalysts, breaking down polyolefin is difficult due to its tough carbon-carbon molecular bonds (分子键). “Polyolefins don’t have any weak links. Every bond is incredibly strong and chemically unreactive,” said Yosi Kratish, a chemist at Northwestern University.
Meanwhile, burning polyolefins requires temperatures as high as 700℃. “Everything can be burned, of course,” said Kratish. “But we wanted to find an elegant way to add the minimum amount of energy to obtain the maximum value product.” A potential solution combining hydrogen gas and a catalyst can deconstruct polyolefin plastic into useful hydrocarbons, but the process also involves high temperatures and expensive catalysts. But Kratish’s team found a workaround.
Unlike rare metals, engineers discovered that an alternative called cationic nickel (阳离子镍) is cheap and easy to collect. Other nickel-based catalysts include multiple reaction sites. Cationic nickel’s single-site variant allows it to function more like a precise sharp knife. Instead of breaking down all of a plastic’s structure, this option specifically targets those carbon-carbon bonds at a much lower temperature and with half the hydrogen gas pressure.
“That is amazing. It’s definitely not something anybody expected” Kratish said. If proven to be scalable (可规模化) and efficient, the new catalyst could largely cut down the need for plastic pre-sorting while also reducing the amount of microplastics released into the environment every day.
1． Recycling polyolefin remains difficult due to its ________.
A．industrial value B．practical application
C．chemical structure D．environmental impact
2． What does “an elegant way” in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Combining hydrogen gas with cationic nickel.
B．Deconstructing polyolefins into hydrocarbons.
C．Burning polyolefins at a high temperature.
D．Breaking down all of a plastic’s structure.
3． What is the advantage of cationic nickel over other catalysts
A．It avoids many steps of processing. B．It operates effectively at a lower cost.
C．It breaks down all types of plastic. D．It produces higher quality end products.
4． What is the passage mainly about
A．The challenge of recycling polyolefins.
B．The process of breaking carbon bonds.
C．A basic theory of applying catalysts.
D．A new method of recycling polyolefins.
Passage E
(25-26高三上·江苏南京外国语学校·月考)
The education technology (edtech) industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with investment (投资) in this field increasing more than forty times over the last decade. As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom.
“Only 11% of education decision makers were looking at any type of evidence to make a purchasing decision on an edtech tool,” said Isabelle Hau, executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, an organization that helps improve how well children and adults learn. “And only 7% of edtech tools around the world have any kind of strict, dependable evidence that they work.”
Besides the lack of research on which tools help students get better grades in this fast-growing edtech field, making sure everyone can get these tools fairly is also challenging. “Many of these tools aren’t shared fairly. This has to do with who pays the money for them and how the money is provided,” Ms. Hau explained. “Around the world, there’s still a huge divide in how easy it is for people in different places to use digital tools (like computers and tablets).”
Hau joins GSE Dean Dan Schwartz and Senior Lecturer Denise Pope as they discuss edtech’s rocketing growth, what’s driving that growth, and how school leaders, the government, and other organizations can help teachers get the tools that will best serve their students.
“A lot of people are working on it, including us, of course, because we have a big role to play in improving learning outcomes for children and educators,” Hau said. She also shared tips and resources for businessmen looking to get into the edtech space. “You need to start small, and you need to start with a handful of partners that love your solution. And then from there you can expect to grow in size.”
1． What might be the school leaders’ concern about edtech tools
A．Originality. B．Effectiveness. C．Safety. D．Convenience.
2． What does the underlined part “a huge divide” in paragraph 3 probably refer to
A．The inequality in access to digital tools.
B．The difference in the quality of edtech products.
C．The gap in digital skills between teachers and students.
D．The imbalance in educational development across regions.
3． What is Hau’s suggestion for businessmen interested in edtech
A．Dream big. B．Seek investment.
C．Be practical. D．Be independent.
4． What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend edtech products and services.
B．To complain about the poor quality of edtech tools.
C．To provide detailed guidance on choosing edtech tools.
D．To expose the challenges in the fast-growing edtech field.
Passage F
Fooled by Randomness is a famous book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s landmark Incerto series, an investigation of luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision-making in a world we don’t understand.
Now in a striking new hardcover edition, Fooled by Randomness is the word-of-mouth sensation that will change the way you think about business and the world. Nassim Nicholas Taleb — seasoned trader, renowned risk expert, knowledgeable scholar, and New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan — has written a modern classic that turns on its head what we believe about luck and skill.
This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. Set against the backdrop of the most notable forum in which luck is mistaken for skill — the world of trading — Fooled by Randomness provides captivating insight into one of the least understood factors in all our lives. Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives.
The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge Karl Popper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. We also meet the fictional Nero, who seems to understand the role of randomness in his professional life but falls victim to his own irrational foolishness.
However, the most recognizable character of all remains unnamed — the lucky fool who happens to be in the right place at the right time — he embodies the “survival of the least fit.” Such individuals attract devoted followers who believe in their mentor’s (导师) insights and methods. But no one can copy what is obtained by chance.
Are we capable of distinguishing the fortunate charlatan (冒充内行的人) from the genuine innovator Must we always try to uncover nonexistent messages in random events It may be impossible to guard ourselves against the unpredictability of the goddess Fortuna, but after reading Fooled by Randomness we can be a little better prepared.
1． What is Fooled by Randomness mainly about
A．The success of modern traders.
B．The importance of skill in trading.
C．The role of luck in life and business.
D．The impact of human errors on decision-making.
2． What’s the purpose of mentioning the characters in paragraph 4
A．To highlight the significance of their achievements.
B．To emphasize their success in the trading world.
C．To illustrate how foolishness always leads to failure.
D．To show examples of those who understood randomness.
3． What does “lucky fool” in paragraph 5 really refer to
A．A trader known for their skill and achievements.
B．A scholar famous for their insights and methods.
C．Someone who owes their success to skill, ignoring luck.
D．A person who foolishly undervalues hard work and devotion.
4． According to the passage, what mistake do people often make
A．They overestimate their personal abilities.
B．They fail to see how chance affects their success.
C．They depend heavily on guidance from mentors.
D．They overlook significant events in daily life.
Passage G
(2025届广东省华南师范大学附属中学高三下学期综合测试三)
We have a problem，and the strange thing is that we not only know about it, but also celebrate it. Just today, someone boasted (自夸) to me that she was so busy she’s averaged four hours of sleep a night for the last two weeks. She wasn’t complaining; she was proud of the fact. She is not alone.
Why are rational (理性的) people so irrational in their behavior The answer is that we’re in the midst of a bubble (泡沫). I call it “The More Bubble”.
The nature of bubbles is that something is overvalued until—eventually—the bubble bursts, and we’re left wondering why we were so irrational in the first place. The thing we’re overvaluing now is the opinion of doing it all, having it all, achieving it all.
This bubble is being enabled by a combination of three powerful trends: smart phones, social media, and extreme consumerism (消费主义). The result is not just information overload, but opinion overload. We are more aware than at any time in history of what everyone else is doing and, therefore, what we should be doing. In the process, we have been sold a bill of goods: that success means being supermen and superwomen who can get it all done. Of course, we boasted about being busy—it’s code for being successful and important.
And our answer to the problem of more is always more. We need more technology to help us create more technologies. We need to move our workload to free up our own time to do yet even more.
Luckily, there is a solution to asking for more: asking for less, but better. A growing number of people are making this change. I call these people Essentialists.
These people are designing their lives around what is essential and removing everything else. These people arrange to have actual weekends (during which they are not working). They create technology-free zones in their homes. They trade time on Facebook with calling those few friends who really matter to them. Instead of running to different meetings, they put space on their plans to get important work done.
So we have two choices: We can be among the last people caught up in “The More Bubble,” or we can join the growing community of Essentialists and get more of what matters in our one precious life.
1．When the woman said she only slept for four hours a night for two weeks, she ________.
A．was unsatisfied with her lifestyle
B．was asking for suggestions
C．took pride in doing so
D．knew few people were like her
2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The cause and result of “The More Bubble”.
B．The advantages of “The More Bubble”.
C．The solutions to “The More Bubble”.
D．The value of “The More Bubble”.
3．According to the article, Essentialists are those who ________.
A．give up certain things for what matters in life
B．prefer to change frequently
C．are tired of information and opinions
D．are eager to become successful and important
4．What’s the author’s attitude towards “The More Bubble”？
A．Supportive. B．Undecided.
C．Disapproval. D．Doubt.
Passage H
(25-26高三上·重庆南开中学校·月考)
For parents, dealing with school schedules can be a nightmare: half-days, days off, and vacation. It imposes (强加) a burden so great that they simply cannot be the caretakers or workers they want to be. It’s hard to imagine any working parent who would be able to handle regular 3 p.m. school dismissals, along with frequent half-days and full days off. After all, how many parents get more than 10 weeks of vacation each year How many struggle to afford camps
However, even if we should be moving in the direction of more time spent at schools, don’t hold your breath. Increasingly, public school systems are embracing four-day weeks. Of course, many of the cuts are born of financial necessity. But we’ve failed to recognize how something as basic as school schedules dramatically disadvantages working parents, along with those who can’t afford the mountain of out-of-school costs these schedules impose. It has always been surprising to Ulrich Boser, an expert on learning, that politicians don’t even raise the topic of school schedules. Working 9 to 5 really resonates with individuals, he says. And yet, “It’s not like we’ve seen any presidential candidates run on school being nine to five.”
The change we want is difficult to carry out. Some parents — particularly, affluent parents — strongly resist changes to school calendars, especially if they want to sign their children up for certain after-school activities or camps, or if they’ve got vacation plans. And then there’s the business community. Restaurants, ice cream parlors, and hotels all depend on high school students as employees. All of this makes it more challenging to increase the amount of time students spend in schools.
Though few politicians care about it, there are enormous advantages to adopting a school schedule that looks a little more like a work schedule. Change could come gradually. In a city,you could imagine creating just one year-round elementary school. Being a student there would be purely voluntary. Teachers who opt in would get paid more for their additional work. We would start small, and see if children and adults embraced the advantages.
1．What is the root cause of the problem parents face
A．The financial burden of after-school camps.
B．An over-packed schedule of school activities.
C．A lack of vacation time provided by employers.
D．The conflict between work and school schedules.
2． What are public schools doing now
A．Increasing tuition fees. B．Shortening school time.
C．Drawing political attention. D．Extending school schedules.
3． What does the underlined word “affluent” in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Wealthy. B．Worried.
C．Uneducated. D．Overprotective.
4． What is mainly discussed in the last paragraph
A．Benefits of the solution. B．Challenges to the reform.
C．Consequences of the issue. D．Suggestions for the change.
Passage I
(25-26高三上·重庆南开中学·期中)
Adding legs to robots that have minimal awareness of the environment around them can help the robots operate more effectively in difficult environment, my colleagues and I found.
We were inspired by Claude Shannon’s communication theory, which showed that repeated information can ensure reliability when sending messages through noisy communication channels. We wondered if the same principle could help move goods via robot. That is, if we want to transport goods over “noisy” environment, say fallen trees and large rocks, in a reasonable amount of time, could we do it by just adding legs to the robot and do so without expensive sensors and cameras
Our idea was to forget about sensing altogether and replace it with the simple act of taking repeated steps. Our analysis suggested this could provide reliable and predictable movement. To test our hypothesis, we built robots inspired by centipedes (蜈蚣) and gradually increased their legs from six to sixteen. The more legs we added, the better the robots moved over uneven surfaces. We then tried outdoor tests on real ground. Even without sensors, the many-legged robots showed impressive flexibility. This gives them potential uses in agriculture, space exploration, and search-and-rescue work.
Transporting goods is essential to modern society. Other researchers are building increasingly intelligent humanoid robots. But such machines depend heavily on accurate sensors to know where they are and what lies ahead, limiting them in unpredictable environments. In search-and-rescue operations, for example, sensors can be damaged and surroundings can change suddenly.
We have already applied our findings to the field of crop farming by founding a company that uses these robots to efficiently weed farmland. As we continue to advance this technology, we are focused on refining the robot’s design and functionality. The team’s next step is to determine the ideal number of legs to balance the performance and cost. So far, we know that twelve legs are the minimum for effective movement without sensing, but we are still exploring the perfect number.
Our work shows that dealing with difficult environment can be as simple as taking it one step at a time — provided you have enough legs. By focusing on motion rather than high-tech sensing, we may open the door to robots that can go where others cannot.
1． What led the team to their robot design
A．More-is-better communication theory. B．Repetition in humanoid robots tests.
C．Roads and tracks for easier transport. D．Stronger motors for rough surface.
2． What advantage do many-legged robots have over humanoid robots
A．They can carry heavier loads. B．They take less time to produce.
C．They are reliable even without sensors. D．They move stably on uneven surfaces.
3． What is the next goal of the author and his team
A．Reduce the robot’s legs for better performance.
B．Test the robot with more farming companies.
C．Adapt the robot for space exploration.
D．Improve the robot’s design to boost efficiency.
4． What idea does the author suggest in the last paragraph
A．Robots with legs can handle all situations.
B．Biological inspiration is key to robot design.
C．Progress relies on rethinking basic principles.
D．Simplicity can tackle complex problems.
Passage J
(2026届湖北省湖北省部分市州高三上学期一模调研)
In the digital era, where social media floods with ceaseless sharing, 26-year-old illustrator Lina from Hangzhou stands as a striking example. She regularly posts artworks and travel snapshots on Instagram but seldom replies to comments or engages in private conversations. “I love sharing fragments (碎片) of my life, yet building deep connections with strangers feels emotionally exhausting”, she admits. Lina’s attitude represents a growing trend among today’s youth: light socializing, a pattern that prioritizes self-expression over intensive emotional bonds in the virtual world.
Sociologist Min Li observes that social media, once a hub (中心) for developing relationships, has changed into a “self-showcase” platform for the younger generation. Instead of seeking active interactions, they share content like scenic photos or daily routines, with little expectation of feedback. Actions such as casually unfollowing, blocking strangers or using 24-hour disappearing posts show their wish to avoid burdensome “emotional labor” from shallow virtual ties. This shift comes from their desire to escape overwhelming pressure from empty digital interactions.
While critics dismiss light socializing as a sign of “emotional coldness”, it actually reflects a thoughtful adaptation. Psychologist Lu Chen argues that by embracing this approach, young people regain control over their online space — sharing freely without the anxiety of meeting others’ expectations. Even social platforms have evolved to meet this need: many now offer “silent modes”, such as hidden interaction records and one-way posting features, acknowledging the widespread acceptance of light socializing.
In a world tightly bound by digital connections, light socializing strikes a delicate balance between self-expression and privacy protection. It is not a refusal of social bonds but a wise pursuit of healthier, more autonomous online engagement. This trend shows the younger generation’s maturity in safeguarding their mental well-being, representing a forward-looking and thoughtful approach to modern social interactions.
1．What does Lina do on social media
A．She only posts artworks.
B．She shares life but skips deep chats.
C．She never replies to comments.
D．She focuses on building deep online bonds.
2．According to Min Li, what has social media become for young people now
A．A center for deep relationships.
B．A platform for personal display.
C．A tool to seek frequent interactions.
D．A space to reduce pressure by virtual ties.
3．What can we infer about “light socializing”
A．It encourages safe online engagement.
B．It makes young people emotionally cold.
C．It relies mainly on platforms’ silent modes.
D．It abandons social bonds to protect mental health.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Keep Silent Mode On
B．Keep the Digital Distance
C．Social Media: “Self-showcase” Platform
D．Emotional Coldness: Online Life’s Secret
主题02 人与自我——教育理念；语言交际；健康生活；文学赏析；个人发展；科学精神；文化认同；心理成长
Passage A
(25-26高三·广东广州增城区·月考)
Do you remember the name of your kindergarten teacher I do—mine was Mrs. White. I always thought she must be some distant relative of Walt Disney’s Snow White, with her bright blue eyes, short dark hair, red lips and fair skin.
I don’t remember much about what we learned in her class, but my mother once told me that we used to write a lot. Every time I brought my writings home, mom would notice many mistakes. Bu no red corrections and always a star. Somotimes-even a Good! It made my heart soar with happiness, but it worried my mom. One day when she met Mrs. White, she asked her why she never corrected my mistakes—why she never red-penciled in the right spellings or pointed out grammatical errors.
Mom said Mrs. White replied, “The children are just beginning to get excited about using words, about forming sentences. I-don’t want to dampen that onthusiasm with red ink. Spelling and grammar can wait. The wonder of words won’t.” Maybe those weren’t her exact words—this was long ago, and mom could only recall the gist. The rest I added in. I grew up learning to use words with loving confidence like that.
Now it occurs to me that if Mrs. White had used her red pen more precisely, I probably wouldn’t be telling you about this now. I look back and think she must have been a rather extraordinary teacher—for exercising such red-pen restraint, to allow the pleasure, wonder, and excitement of expression to flower—however faultily—like that.
I used to misspell “beautiful” a lot—even after I entered high school. I’d often put the “a” before the “e”—a mistake that always fiustrated my teacher. But I’m glad I never stopped using it. “Pretty” is easier to spell, but it doesn’t hold as much meaning as you want to convey sometimes. Thanks to Mrs. White, I never hesitate to write what I mean—even with imperfect spelling. Because life isn’t “pretty”—it’s “baeutiful”: flawed yet truly wonderful.
1． What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．The author’s attitude to schoolwork.
B．The teacher’s response to the writings.
C．The author’s academic performance.
D．The teacher’s disservice to the students.
2． What can we know from Mrs. White’s reply
A．She was too busy to mark every paper.
B．She believed spelling was unimportant.
C．She couldn’t correct all the students’ mistakes.
D．She was careful not to ruin the joy of expression.
3． What does the author think of Mrs. White’s way of teaching
A．Far-reaching. B．Contradictory. C．Conventional. D．Practical.
4． What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To honor a respected kindergarten teacher.
B．To share an unforgettable learning experience.
C．To tell how early encouragement fuels lifelong confidence.
D．To prove technical accuracy is less important than creativity.
Passage B
(2025届广东省广州大学附属中学高三下学期毕业班综合测试（三）)
It’s a classic complaint in relationships, especially romantic ones: “She said she was okay with me forgetting her birthday! Then why is she throwing dishes in the kitchen Are the two things related ”
The answer is munication is more than words. It’s how those words are said, the tone, the order, even the choice of a particular word. It’s multi-dimensional, as explored by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber in Meaning and Relevance. Consider the following example: Peter got angry and Mary left; Mary left and Peter got angry. Though identical in words, their meanings differ completely. The first one may have us thinking: Wow, Peter must get angry often if Mary leaves. The second sentence suggests that Peter wants more from Mary. Same words — a totally different context.
Human language is not a code (编码). True codes have a one-to-one relationship with meaning. One sound, one definition. This is what we see with animals. Wilson and Sperber explain that “coded communication works best when emitter (发出者) and receiver share exactly the same code. ” Not so for humans. We communicate more than the definitions of our words would suggest. This is inferential communication, and it means that we understand not only the words spoken, but the context in which they are spoken. .
Irony (反语) is a great example of how powerfully we can communicate context with a few simple words. It is more than just stating the opposite. For example, when Mary says, after a boring party, “That was fun”, she is neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring. Rather, she is expressing an emotion. Three words replace paragraphs, showcasing language’s efficiency.
Wilson and Sperber concluded that human language developed and became so powerful because of two unique abilities of humans: language and the power to try to interpret mental states of others. We look for context for the words we hear. And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.
1．What does the complaint in Paragraph 1 mainly indicate
A．The inconsistence between words and meaning.
B．The importance of remembering vital moments.
C．The necessity of straightforward communication.
D．The unavoidability of argument in a couple's life.
2．What may make human language different from true codes
A．The context included in understanding meanings.
B．The definitions made by words in communication.
C．The coded communication between emitter and receiver.
D．The one-to-one relationship between word and meaning.
3．How does Mary’s statement “That was fun” illustrate about irony
A．It simplifies language to save time. B．It covers the true feelings of people.
C．It needs wordy explanations to make sense. D．It uses fewer words for complex meanings.
4．What does the author suggest in communication
A．Focusing on the opposite. B．Taking language literally.
C．Reading beyond the words. D．Avoiding using ironic tones.
Passage C
(2026届重庆名校联盟高三第一次联考)
If your day starts with a harsh alarm sound, you might want to rethink your wake-up routine. New research from the University of Virginia’s School of Nursing suggests that the way you’re waking up could be putting unnecessary stress on your heart.
Nursing doctoral student Yeonsu Kim studied 32 participants and found that being forced awake — like by a loud phone alarm — can lead to a significant morning blood pressure surge. This happens when your body is suddenly shifted from sleep to wakefulness. And it was found to be 74% higher in participants who were awakened by an alarm after five hours of sleep compared to those who woke up naturally. And that’s no small concern — morning blood pressure surges have been linked to serious cardiovascular (心血管的) risks, including stroke and heart attack.
The increase in blood pressure activates your sympathetic nervous system — the same system that sets off the “fight or flight” response. That can lead to a rapid heartbeat, anxiety, exhaustion, and even physical symptoms like headaches and nosebleeds.
The good news There are better, healthier ways to greet the day. Instead of relying on harsh alarms, many people are turning to gentler methods — and research backs them up. One popular option is a gradual light alarm, also known as a sunrise alarm clock. These devices imitate the rising sun by slowly increasing in brightness over a set period of time. The gentle light helps signal your body to reduce melatonin (褪黑激素) production and transition into wakefulness more naturally, reducing dizziness and morning stress.
There are also alarm apps that use soft music or nature sounds that gradually get louder, helping you wake without shocking your system. A 2020 study even found that melodic sounds — like a song you can sing along with — help reduce sleep inertia, a sleepy, heavy feeling that can linger for hours after waking up.
Small changes can make a big difference in how your body starts the day and your heart will thank you for it!
1．What physical symptoms can be caused by activating the sympathetic nervous system
A．Nervousness and tiredness. B．Slower heartbeat.
C．Improved sleep quality. D．Reduced melatonin levels.
2．What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph
A．The dangers of using traditional alarm clocks.
B．The importance of getting enough sleep every night.
C．The introduction and benefits of gradual light alarms.
D．How melatonin affects our sleep quality.
3．What can be inferred from the research findings mentioned in the passage
A．People who wake up naturally never experience morning blood pressure surges.
B．Gradual waking methods may lower the risk of heart-related diseases.
C．Reducing melatonin production immediately improves cardiovascular health.
D．Loud alarms are the primary cause of strokes and heart attacks worldwide.
4．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To persuade us to stop using alarms.
B．To criticize modern sleep habits.
C．To compare different types of alarm sounds.
D．To explain the dangers of sudden wake-up methods
Passage D
(2026届广西壮族自治区柳州市高三第一次模拟)
Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, set in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Havana, is a powerful and simple story about an old fisherman’s battle with a giant marlin (马林鱼). This short novel directly led to him winning the Nobel Prize for Literature. It presents the human struggle against the powerful forces of nature. The plot centers on Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman. His struggle to catch the marlin represents Hemingway’s favorite themes: facing physical and moral challenges with dignity. Unlike the violent manliness in some of Hemingway’s other works, Santiago’s heroism is defined by his patience, skill, and remarkable perseverance. Through this character, Hemingway explores the concept of grace (优雅) under pressure, demonstrating how one can maintain honor even in the face of extreme misfortune.
Hemingway’s writing style is clear and vivid. He uses precise, descriptive language to bring the sea and the struggle to life. For example, as a storm approaches, he writes that “the rising wind roughened the surface of the sea and the waves were talking to each other.” Such imagery allows readers to fully imagine the scene and appreciate the author’s masterful command of language, transforming an ordinary fishing trip into a deep universal experience.
The story’s ending is deeply meaningful. After Santiago finally defeats the marlin, his prize is eaten by sharks on his way home. He returns to port with only the skeleton (骨骼) of the fish. This is not a story of pure victory, but one of dignified loss that conveys a significant message about life. The final line — “the old man was dreaming about the lions” — suggests that true honor lies not in the reward.but in the spirit of the struggle itself.
This masterpiece remains the last great achievement of Hemingway’s brilliant career, continuing to inspire readers worldwide with its deep insight. For any student seeking to understand courage and dignity, this book is essential reading.
1．How is Santiago’s heroism different from that in Hemingway’s other works
A．It avoids struggles. B．It leads to material rewards.
C．It emphasizes spiritual strength. D．It focuses on violent manliness.
2．Why does the author quote the sentence about the waves in paragraph 2
A．To demonstrate the old man’s sailing skills.
B．To illustrate Hemingway’s descriptive power.
C．To analyze the symbolic meaning of storms.
D．To prove the accuracy of weather descriptions.
3．What central theme does the book convey
A．The joy of fighting against sharks. B．The value of practical survival skills.
C．The importance of ocean conservation. D．The dignity of struggling against hardship.
4．What kind of passage is the text
A．A book review. B．A short story.
C．A news report. D．A biography.
Passage E
(2026届福建省泉州市高中毕业班质量检测一)
Have you ever made a resolution to “study harder”, only to fall back into old habits within a week John Whitmore's Coaching for Performance provides the solution — the GROW model. This simple yet powerful framework (框架) stands for Goal, Reality, Options, and Will. It transforms fuzzy goals into concrete results by guiding you through each step of the process with clearer wishes.
Imagine a student transforming “I need better grades” into “I'll raise my algebra score from 72 to 85 by doing three extra practice problems daily.” This Goal-setting step creates measurable targets, just like an athlete aiming to cut two seconds off their time. The power of GROW emerges when we honestly face Reality — that same student might admit wasting 90 minutes on social media, while the athlete recognizes poor pacing. These self-assessments, achieved through guided reflection rather than criticism, reveal the true roadblocks to progress.
The Options phase shines as people create their own solutions. A nervous speaker might record speeches or join drama club — self-chosen strategies work best, far more effective than imposed advice. This leads naturally to the Will stage, where commitment turns plans into action. Our algebra student might schedule Sunday study sessions, while the runner commits to daily training. Such personalized plans generate real results-15% grade improvements or personal bests-because the drive comes from within, not from external pressure.
Whitmore's revolutionary insight redefines effective coaching: it's not about providing answers, but about asking the right questions. This principle forms the foundation of the GROW model, which succeeds because it agrees with how human motivation actually works.
What makes Coaching for Performance so valuable is that it offers a structured yet flexible system. The GROW framework provides clear guidance while allowing for personal adaptation — a balance that explains its effectiveness. At its core, Whitmore's message is empowering: every individual already possesses the capacity for change. The GROW model simply provides the tools — strategic questioning, honest self-reflection, and actionable steps — to help people realize this potential.
1．What does the underlined word “fuzzy” mean in paragraph 1
A．Unclear. B．Impractical. C．Irrelevant. D．Overall.
2．What problem does the student recognize in the "Reality" stage
A．He lacks support from teachers. B．His study materials are ineffective.
C．He wastes time on social media. D．His self-assessments are unrealistic.
3．Why does the author mention the nervous speaker in paragraph 3
A．To emphasize the role of external pressure.
B．To criticize traditional public speaking training.
C．To illustrate the significance of professional advice.
D．To show how self-chosen strategies boost commitment.
4．What does the author think of Whitmore's book
A．It is a reflection of students' characters. B．It is a reminder of trusting humanity.
C．It is applicable to various challenges. D．It is instrumental to choosing careers.
Passage F
These days it’s quite easy to strike up a conversation with artificial intelligence (AI). Ask some chatbots a question, and they’ll even provide an engaging response verbally. You can chat with them across multiple languages and request a reply in a particular dialect or accent.
It is now even possible to use AI-powered speech cloning tools to imitate the voices of real humans. It raises an interesting question: Is there anything unique about the human voice to help us distinguish it from robo-speech
Jonathan Harrington, a professor of phonetics (语音学) and digital speech processing at the University of Munich, Germany, has spent decades studying the complexity of how humans talk and produce the sounds of words and accents. Even he is impressed by the capabilities of AI-powered voice tools. But he believes there are still some important cues that can help us to tell if we are talking to a human or an Al. “To some extent, computer-generated speech has been quite poor and not very human-like”, says Harrington.
He further gives the following reasons. Listening for the emphasis words given in a sentence can be a good trick for spotting computer-generated speech. This is because humans use emphasis to give a sentence more meaning. Intonation — the rise and fall of the voice in speaking across a sentence — can also change the same words from being a statement into a question. Phrasing is also an important factor. The way a sentence is broken up can also change its meaning. Together these elements are famous as sentence-level prosody (韵律学).
There are also moves to make deepfake detection software more readily available to consumers. But in the unavoidable race between AI generation and AI detection, we may find new value in something we have lost in our increasingly virtually connected world — physical interaction. Perhaps in the search to find out if you are speaking to a human, the solution is simple — spending more time meeting in person.
1．What does the underlined word “imitate” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Distinguish. B．Adjust. C．Raise. D．Copy.
2．What does Harrington think of human speech
A．It is poor. B．It is expressive.
C．It is very computer-like. D．It is made up of two elements
3．How can people tell AI-powered speech from human voice according to Harrington
A．By asking questions. B．By analyzing speech contents.
C．By identifying rhythm patterns. D．By changing sentence structures.
4．What does the author propose doing in the last paragraph
A．Avoiding physical interaction. B．Interacting in the virtual world.
C．Having a face-to-face conversation. D．Making deepfake detection software.
Passage G
(2026届河北省衡水市高三上学期三模英语试题)
A longtime University of Iowa professor’s life-changing cystic fibrosis (囊性纤维化) research was honored with one of biomedicine’s most famous awards — often referred to as the “American Nobel.” Dr. Michael J. Welsh, along with two other scientists, won the 2025 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award for their work on treatments that have lengthened and bettered the lives of patients with cystic fibrosis. A genetic disorder that causes thick mucus (黏液) to block organ functions, cystic fibrosis most often affects the lungs where infections lead to progressive destruction.
When Welsh started his medical career nearly 50 years ago, cystic fibrosis was a serious disease, with patients rarely seeing their 30th birthday. Facing numerous failures, he never gave up, believing that answers would be found. Using Welsh’s results, the two other honored scientists worked for decades to develop Trikafta, a drug that made cystic cystic fibrosis possible to control for about 90% of those diagnosed. Today, cystic fibrosis patients’ life expectancy can be well into the 80s.
Specifically, Welsh’s research changed the fundamental understanding of a critical protein, known as CFTR, and how it is transformed by a gene mutation (突变) in cystic fibrosis patients, resulting in a breakdown of the body’s usual protective systems. With that knowledge, Welsh’s team proved that if cooled down, the mutated CFTR protein could be “corrected” in a sense, a key discovery that allowed scientists to explore the possibility of a more permanent fix to the protein’s damage.
“Mike Welsh’s work illustrates how fundamental science—driven by curiosity, cooperation, and purpose—can lead to transformative innovations and treatments,” Dr. Denise Jamieson, the university’s vice president, says in a news release.
While Welsh said that he is “incredibly honored to receive this award,” he points to the cooperative science and the many unnamed researchers who made the groundbreaking work possible. “For me, it is truly a celebration of our entire scientific enterprise,” Welsh said in the release. By sharing credit with all contributors, he showed his dedication to the scientific cause.
1．Why is “American Nobel” mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To show why this award is highly respected.
B．To stress the challenges of fibrosis treatment.
C．To prove the research deserves the Nobel Prize.
D．To explain why the research gained world fame.
2．What is the primary significance of Dr. Welsh’s research
A．Discovering the genetic cause of cystic fibrosis.
B．Developing the final drug combination for patients.
C．Transforming a deadly disease into a manageable one.
D．Serving as a new diagnosis basis for cystic fibrosis.
3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The main difficulties in protein research.
B．The process of developing a new fibrosis treatment.
C．A full explanation of how gene changes affect health.
D．A breakthrough discovery about fixing a faulty protein.
4．Which of the following can best describe Dr. Welsh
A．Determined and humble. B．Strict and responsible.
C．Independent and creative. D．Courageous and confident.
Passage H
(25-26高三上·江苏扬州大学附属中学·阶段检测四)
When I was growing up, my mom often said that no matter what grades I got in school as long as I did my best, she’d be proud of me. Then she added, “But if you didn’t get an A, I’ll know you didn’t do your best.” She said it with a smile, but I took it seriously. I shouldn’t settle for anything less than perfect. My greatest weakness is that I’m too much of a perfectionist.
Perfectionism is the desire to be 100% perfect. The goal is zero faults and no failures. In an increasingly competitive world, kids face growing pressure from parents to be perfect and severe criticism when they fall short. Every fault is a blow to their self-esteem (自尊). I’ve lived it myself.
When I won the fifth-grade quiz bowl on world explorers, I beat myself up afterward for missing one question. How could I forget that the sea route to India was discovered by da Gama, but not Magellan When I made the finals of a Mortal Kombat tournament and won a lifetime pass to a local movie theater, I didn’t celebrate. Third place is the second loser. When I won the first prize in a math test, I was disappointed. Only a 98 Not good enough. There was always a voice in the back of my mind whispering that it wasn’t enough and that I could have done better.
It was during my college years that I started to question the value of this perfectionism. I met people who didn’t seem to be weighed down by the same expectations, who accepted their mistakes and saw them as opportunities for growth rather than failures. They taught me that it was okay to be imperfect, that it was human to make mistakes, and that sometimes, the most important lessons come from our failures.
1． What is paragraph 1 mainly about
A．The disadvantage of being a perfectionist.
B．Why the author became a perfectionist.
C．How the author got the good grades in school.
D．The feeling of being grateful to the author’s mother.
2． What made the author unsatisfied with what had been achieved
A．Blame from parents. B．Eagerness to be perfect.
C．Desire to get first prize. D．Pressure of competitions.
3． What made the author change the attitude towards perfectionism
A．Losing expectation to succeed.
B．Realizing the harm of being perfect.
C．Learning lessons from other people’s failure.
D．Encountering those accepting imperfection.
4． Which column of a magazine may the text be taken from
A．Coming-of-Age Stories. B．Parenting Styles.
C．People of Achievement. D．Challenges Facing Youth.
Passage I
(25-26高三上·陕西西安高新第一中学·三模)
Have you ever paid close attention to a cloud and noticed its ever-changing forms If not, you could be missing out on something quite wondrous.
Cloud spotting doesn’t require much. Sometimes, it can be an invitation to be marveled by something so common that we’ve become blind to it. Or you can go deeper, trying to make sense of the sky by learning the different cloud types.
A pop science blogger surnamed Zheng, 25, known as the “Cloud Collector” on the lifestyle platform Xiaohongshu, initially started her account to share cloud photos in 2022.
Zheng, who enjoys finding delight in recording the beauty of daily life, considered it a way to spread lovely moments to more people. “Clouds have always served as a source of comfort for me,” said Zheng based in Fujian.
For Zheng, one of her most unforgettable cloud-spotting experiences occurred during a flight. It was the first time that she saw a special natural phenomenon called a “glory”, produced by water drops in the air. It appeared as a hazy light point in the middle of a circular rainbow halo (光环). “It was such a surprise,” Zheng recalled.
As a growing number of online users began to show interest and raise questions, Zheng realized that she could offer more science content about cloud spotting. So she started to learn more by referring to specialized books and consulting individuals with expertise in meteorology (气象学).
Zheng has now shared nearly 2000 pieces of popular science content, including cloud identification, formation, comparisons of different cloud types and weather-related knowledge. Her account now has over 210,000 followers on Xiaohongshu, and there are five group chats on the platform where thousands of users share their daily cloud-watching experiences.
Looking ahead, Zheng has plans to hold several gallery exhibitions. “The first round of exhibitions will be in Xiamen in Fujian and in Chengdu in Sichuan,” Zheng said, adding that she’s gathering more cloud photos and the unique stories behind them. By doing this, she hopes to inspire more people to appreciate the beauty of the “gentle white giants” in the sky.
1． Why was Mrs. Zheng called “cloud collector”
A．She discovered how clouds changed.
B．She is an enthusiast of cloud-spotting.
C．She was very bored and wanted to find happiness.
D．She created a social media account to share cloud photos.
2． According to the text, how is a “glory” formed
A．It is merely an optical illusion.
B．It is created by human-made sources.
C．It is generated by water droplets in the air.
D．It is caused by the reflection of airplane lights.
3． What kind of person is Mrs. Zheng
A．Creative and straightforward B．Curious and life-loving
C．Observant and knowledgeable D．Patient and far-sighted
4． What can we learn from the text
A．Cloud spotting is a difficult hobby to start.
B．Zheng had founded exhibitions in multiple cities.
C．Zheng systematically shared cloud science content.
D．Many users actively shared cloud-watching experiences.
Passage J
(2026届湖北省八校联考高三上学期一模英语试题)
At the start of my first lesson in Chinese calligraphy, my teacher told me to write my name. After I put it down, he said, plainly: “Now I will teach you how to make it beautiful.” I felt my breath catch.
Growing up in Singapore, I had an uneasy relationship with my Chinese name. My parents are ethnically Chinese but they didn’t speak Mandarin. Unfamiliar with Chinese characters, they used fortune tellers to decide my name based on the ideal number of strokes (笔画) for each character, which was calculated for the best fortune. Chinese names can be truly poetic. Not mine. Embarrassingly, the characters for my Chinese name mean, roughly, “old,” “barley” and “warm.” My personal and cultural histories were messy knots.
When I arrived in America for college at 18, I embraced critical analysis and creative expression. It felt like a way to abandon the strict formalities that defined my early years in Singapore’s high-pressure education system, and with it, perhaps, parts of my identity. Suddenly, I felt the need to present myself in a way that Americans would accept. I put on an American accent and set aside my Chinese name. Ultimately, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage I thought.
In calligraphy, the idea is to replicate (复制) the old masters’ techniques, thereby enhancing your own. Every week, my teacher would evaluate my writing. “You need to be braver,” he once observed. “Your challenge is in producing a bold stroke.” For years, I had prided myself on developing an image of integration and confidence despite deep insecurities, but my writing betrayed me.
I had been learning calligraphy to try to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. That first lesson came with the terrific promise that what had been shameful in myself could be made beautiful—and that I could be the one to do that work. I know now that what calligraphy teaches me is not the value of replication but the possibility that I could know myself more fully.
1．What criterion guided the selection of the author’s Chinese name
A．Poetic sound patterns. B．Ideal symbolic images.
C．Favorable stroke counts. D．Positive literal meanings.
2．Why did the author adopt an American accent
A．To break with tradition. B．To fit into the community.
C．To achieve academic success. D．To facilitate language learning.
3．What have we learned about the author’s experience with calligraphy
A．It revealed her inner self. B．It improved her public image.
C．It presented no challenge to her. D．It enhanced her replication skills.
4．What has the author learned from calligraphy
A．Fortune favors the bold. B．Embrace who you truly are.
C．Our roots define our identity. D．Planning is good, but doing is better.
主题03 人与自然——生态保护；动物行为；生态互动；物种保护
Passage A
(2026届安徽省合肥一六八中学高三一模考试英语试题)
Zhang Peidong, a professor from the Ocean University of China, has been diving for 16 years, exploring the underwater “grasslands” covered with seagrass. These seagrass beds are essential habitats for sea life. However, human activities and changes in the environment have caused a big drop in seagrass beds around the world. In 2008, Zhang and his colleague Li Wentao found a worrying situation in Rongcheng Bay, a key area for seagrass beds in China. The number of overwintering swans had dropped sharply because of the loss of seagrass, a main food source.
Faced with this ecological crisis, Zhang and Li changed their research focus from aquaculture (水产养殖) to seagrass bed restoration, an area that had received little attention at the time. Their efforts were supported by a Weihai-based company, which provided free workshops, office space, housing, and workers for the research team. The company’s general manager noted that many employees, being children of fishermen, were eager to contribute to the restoration efforts.
After years of hard work, the research team developed a way to grow eelgrass seedlings artificially. By understanding the growth patterns and the best seed collection times, they managed to reduce the growing period from nearly three months to just 10 days. The team also created several sets of equipment with independent intellectual property rights to improve planting efficiency.
Over the past 16 years, the research team has taken part in more than 10 seagrass bed restoration projects in China, covering over 1,333 hectares in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Their efforts have led to the recovery of more than 40% of the seagrass beds in Swan Lake, attracting more swans to the area. The restoration technology has also been used in other provinces, such as Hebei and Liaoning, significantly improving local water quality and biodiversity.
The team’s commitment to seagrass bed restoration has brought new life to underwater ecosystems and set a positive example for ecological conservation efforts globally. Their work highlights the importance of protecting marine habitats and the potential for joint efforts between academia and industry to address environmental challenges.
1．What led to the decline of the overwintering swans
A．Loss of food sources like seagrass.
B．habitat loss due to human activities.
C．Increased hunting and lead poisoning.
D．Climate change and warmer winters.
2．How did the team help restore the underwater grassland
A．By protecting existing seagrass beds.
B．By creating new equipment for planting.
C．By shortening the growth period of eelgrass.
D．By developing artificial cultivation technology.
3．Why are the statistics used in Paragraph 4
A．To show the effectiveness of the restoration efforts.
B．To stress the importance of protecting seagrass beds.
C．To highlight the challenges faced by the researchers.
D．To compare the success of different restoration projects.
4．What does the last paragraph imply
A．Seagrass restoration is the only solution.
B．The team’s efforts are globally recognized.
C．Cooperation aids environmental protection.
D．Underwater ecosystem remains vital to humans.
Passage B
Everyone knows that dogs are supposed to be our best friends . Could it be that they know what we are thinking Whether it’s getting excited at the prospect of a walk or knowing that tasty food is coming soon, are our dogs reading our minds
Now, by mind-reading we’ re not talking about knowing our deepest thoughts in detail, but various psychologists have suggested that dogs might have a theory of mind. What this means is that they are aware that other creatures, like humans, are able to see and understand things in different ways. In various experiments, it appears that dogs are able to identify who is paying them attention. They are more likely to ask for food from someone if there is a reason that the human would know where the dog treats are . If dogs have been forbidden food by someone, they are more likely to try and get it quietly.
As well as these behavioural studies, there are other things that show how dogs are able to relate closely to humans. Brain imaging studies have shown not only that canine brains react to human voices, but that they also show an emotional response to those human sounds which demonstrate strong feelings, such as laughing or crying. Brain scan studies have also shown that human faces also provoke an emotional response in dogs. Other studies have shown that sweat from people feeling scared could make dogs feel more stressed than sweat from happy people.
There is some debate about whether dogs have evolved to respond to human emotions as they have become domesticated or whether this behaviour is a learned reaction to stimuli. Experiments like those described above have also been carried out on wolves that have been raised by humans/who may have learned to respond to their carer’s behaviour, but do not have the g

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