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/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
Unit 8 Making a Difference
重点单词
1．参观者；来访者 ________
2．慈善机构（或组织） ________
3．组织；团体；机构 ________
4．成年人 ________
5．体育馆；运动场 ________
6．失踪的；丢失的 ________
7．提供；给予 ________
8．实用的；实际的 ________
9．笼子 ________
10．团队合作 ________
11．捐赠物；捐赠 ________
12．成功的；有成就的 ________
13．庇护所；居所 ________
14．重要作用；价值 ________
15．面试官；采访者 ________
16．自愿的；无偿的 ________
17．青年；青年时期 ________
18．平凡的；普通的 ________
19．活跃的；积极的 ________
20．值得；有价值 ________
21．军队 ________
22．听众；观众 ________
23．军人；士兵 ________
24．乐意的；愿意的 ________
25．小学教育的；首要的 ________
26．完全地；彻底地 ________
27．热情地；温暖地 ________
28．成功 ________
29．女士；淑女 ________
30．捐赠；赠送 ________
31．先生；君子 ________
32．口袋 ________
33．（狗）吠叫 ________
34．努力；艰难的尝试 ________
35．年纪较大的 ________
36．才能；天赋；天才 ________
37．金属罐；一罐 ________
38．广告；启事 ________
39．主人；物主 ________
40．女士；夫人 ________
重点短语
41．有作用；有影响 ________
42．老人；上了年纪的人 ________
43．养老院 ________
44．赶快；跟上来 ________
45．分担工作；帮忙做 ________
46．报名 ________
47．自从；自……以后 ________
48．最主要的是 ________
49．在忙碌中 ________
50．需要帮助的；生活困难的 ________
51．零花钱 ________
52．分发 ________
53．通晓；熟悉 ______
三、重点句型
54．我在大学学习艺术史并且为游客提供有关绘画的信息。
______________________________________________
55．事实上，我已经在一家动物收容所担任志愿者两年了。
______________________________________________
56．这些宠物中有些情况不佳，需要更多的照顾。
______________________________________________
57．哈里甚至捐赠零用钱给该组织，帮助穷人为特殊节日买食品。
_______________________________________________
58．当哈里看到自己帮助过的人脸上的笑容时，他意识到自己的工作有重要作用。
_______________________________________________
59．团队合作是成功救援的关键。
_______________________________________________
60．作为志愿者工作已经教给我许多实用的救生技能。
_______________________________________________
61．我们的目标一直是去挽救尽可能多的人。
_______________________________________________
62．自然灾害后，我们提供了医疗援助并搜寻失踪人员。
____________________________________________
语法点
现在完成时(2)
现在完成时表示从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,常与for或since引导的时间状语(从句)连用,用how long 提问,谓语动词用延续性动词。for用于表示一段时间的长度,通常与时间段连用,强调时间的持续性和长度; since用于表示从某一时间点开始到现在的一段时间,通常与具体的过去时间点或过去完成的动作连用。如:
(1)Miss Wang has taught us for one and a half years.王老师已经教我们一年半了。
(2)I have lived here since the autumn of 2013.从2013年的秋天以来我就住在这里。
(3)I have been like this since Friday.从周五开始我就一直这样。
2.英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性动词和非延续性动词(即短暂性动词或终止性动词)两种。在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性,应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。初中阶段常见的有:
begin/start—be on go there—be there
come here—be here come back—be back
open—be open close—be closed
die—be dead get married (结婚)—be married
finish—be over go to bed—be in bed
leave—be away from return—be back
get out—be out fall asleep—be asleep
fall ill—be ill lose—be lost
borrow—keep become—be
buy—have/own catch a cold—have a cold
get to/arrive/reach—be (in) join—be in+组织机构/be a member of+组织机构
put on—wear/be on get to know—know
(1)《猫》已经开演半个小时了。
Cats has started for half an hour. (×)
Cats has been on for half an hour. (√)　　　
(2)你买这本字典多久了
How long have you bought this dictionary (×)
How long have you had this dictionary (√)
(3)火车已经离开两小时了。
The train has left for two hours.(×)
The train has been away for two hours.(√)
3.have/has been to, have/has gone to与have/has been in的区别
词组 用法 例句
have/has been to “到过,去过”。表示曾去过某地,而此时人已经不在那儿了。 Have you ever been to Hong Kong 你曾经去过香港吗
have/has gone to “去了”,表示现在人可能在去的途中或已经在那个地方了,而不是在说话人处。 Where is Lily Has she gone to the library 莉莉在哪里 她去图书馆了吗
have/has been in “待在”,常常和表示持续意义的时间状语连用。 I have been in Harbin for three years. 我已经在哈尔滨待了三年了。
语法专练
一、单项选择
1．—The last time I saw Tom was at your home. I ________ him since then.
—He ________ in Beijing. He has just come back to Nanjing.
A．didn’t see, am B．haven’t seen, was C．haven’t seen, is D．didn’t see, will be
2．—I saw Ms Li in the cultural centre yesterday.
—It can’t be her. As a volunteer, she ________ Shanghai since April.
A．has been in B．has gone to C．has been to D．has come to
3．—Let’s watch the football match of Jiangsu Football City League.
—It is too late. It ________ for an hour and the result is 2:1. Nantong won.
A．has begun B．has finished C．has been on D．has been over
4．Mr. Li can’t come to the party because he ________ to Beijing.
A．has been B．have been C．has gone D．is
5．—How long ________ his grandpa ________
—________ two years ago.
A．has; died; Since B．has; been dead; For
C．did; die; For D．has; been dead; Since
6．I ________ two online classes since this morning.
A．have B．had C．have had D．am having
7．I ________ this mobile phone for two years. It still works well.
A．bought B．have bought C．had D．have had
8．He ________ in this factory since he left school.
A．works B．worked C．has worked D．will work
9．—How long ________ you ________ in this school
—For three years.
A．have; studied B．did; study C．do; study D．are; studying
10．He ________ away from his hometown since he was 18.
A．was B．has been C．left D．has left
11．—How long have you lived in this city
—________ I was born here.
A．When B．Before C．Since D．Till
12．She ________ a diary every day since she was ten years old. It’s a good habit for her growth.
A．keeps B．kept C．has kept D．is keeping
13．He ________ a lot since he entered middle school. He is more responsible now.
A．changes B．changed C．has changed D．is changing
14．—Leo, I know you love travelling. Could you tell me ________
—Yes, Amy. Don’t you remember the key ring of cherry blossoms I gave you last spring
A．if you have gone to Yuantouzhu B．when did you go to Yuantouzhu
C．if you have been to Yuantouzhu D．when have you been to Yuantouzhu
15．—Is your father at home
—No, he ________ to the supermarket.
A．has been B．has gone C．went D．will go
16．My parents ________ to the U.S. and they will come back next month.
A．have been B．have gone C．went D．will go
17．—________ you ever ________ to the new library in our city
—No, never.
A．Do; go B．Did; go C．Have; been D．Have; gone
18．I ________ to the Great Wall. It’s really wonderful.
A．have gone B．have been C．went D．will go
19．—________ you ever ________ to the history museum
—No, never.
A．Do; go B．Did; go C．Have; been D．Have; gone
20．—Where is your father
—He ________ to Shanghai on business. He will be back next week.
A．has been B．has gone C．went D．will go
二、用单词正确形式拼写
21．They ________ (go) to the park. They will be back in an hour.
22．My father has gone to Beijing. He ________ (be) there for two days.
23．I ________ (work) with a sports organization for almost three years now.
24．I ________ (borrow) this book from the library last week. I ________ (keep) it for a week.
25．His grandfather ________ (die) for five years.
26．We ________ (live) here since 2018.
27．He ________ (learn) English since he was seven years old.
28．We ________ (not see) each other for a long time. I miss you very much.
29．My brother ________ (grow) a lot since he went to junior high school.
30．I have learned Chinese ________ five years.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
Unit 8 Making a Difference
重点单词
1．参观者；来访者 ________
2．慈善机构（或组织） ________
3．组织；团体；机构 ________
4．成年人 ________
5．体育馆；运动场 ________
6．失踪的；丢失的 ________
7．提供；给予 ________
8．实用的；实际的 ________
9．笼子 ________
10．团队合作 ________
11．捐赠物；捐赠 ________
12．成功的；有成就的 ________
13．庇护所；居所 ________
14．重要作用；价值 ________
15．面试官；采访者 ________
16．自愿的；无偿的 ________
17．青年；青年时期 ________
18．平凡的；普通的 ________
19．活跃的；积极的 ________
20．值得；有价值 ________
21．军队 ________
22．听众；观众 ________
23．军人；士兵 ________
24．乐意的；愿意的 ________
25．小学教育的；首要的 ________
26．完全地；彻底地 ________
27．热情地；温暖地 ________
28．成功 ________
29．女士；淑女 ________
30．捐赠；赠送 ________
31．先生；君子 ________
32．口袋 ________
33．（狗）吠叫 ________
34．努力；艰难的尝试 ________
35．年纪较大的 ________
36．才能；天赋；天才 ________
37．金属罐；一罐 ________
38．广告；启事 ________
39．主人；物主 ________
40．女士；夫人 ________
重点单词参考答案
1．visitor 2．charity 3．organization 4．adult 5．stadium 6．missing 7．provide 8．practical 9．cage 10．teamwork 11．donation 12．successful 13．shelter 14．value 15．interviewer 16．voluntary 17．youth 18．ordinary 19．active 20．worth 21．army 22．audience 23．soldier 24．willing 25．primary 26．completely 27．warmly 28．success 29．lady 30．donate 31．gentleman 32．pocket 33．bark 34．effort 35．elderly 36．talent 37．can 38．advertisement 39．owner 40．madam
重点短语
41．有作用；有影响 ________
42．老人；上了年纪的人 ________
43．养老院 ________
44．赶快；跟上来 ________
45．分担工作；帮忙做 ________
46．报名 ________
47．自从；自……以后 ________
48．最主要的是 ________
49．在忙碌中 ________
50．需要帮助的；生活困难的 ________
51．零花钱 ________
52．分发 ________
53．通晓；熟悉 ______
重点短语参考答案
make a difference 42．the elderly 43．nursing home 44．come along 45．help out 46．sign up 47．ever since 48．most of all 49．on the go 50．in need 51．pocket money 52．hand out 53．familiar with
三、重点句型
54．我在大学学习艺术史并且为游客提供有关绘画的信息。
______________________________________________
55．事实上，我已经在一家动物收容所担任志愿者两年了。
______________________________________________
56．这些宠物中有些情况不佳，需要更多的照顾。
______________________________________________
57．哈里甚至捐赠零用钱给该组织，帮助穷人为特殊节日买食品。
_______________________________________________
58．当哈里看到自己帮助过的人脸上的笑容时，他意识到自己的工作有重要作用。
_______________________________________________
59．团队合作是成功救援的关键。
_______________________________________________
60．作为志愿者工作已经教给我许多实用的救生技能。
_______________________________________________
61．我们的目标一直是去挽救尽可能多的人。
_______________________________________________
62．自然灾害后，我们提供了医疗援助并搜寻失踪人员。
____________________________________________
重点句型参考答案
54．I’m studying art history at university and providing information about painting for visitors.
55．In fact, I have been a volunteer at an animal shelter for two years.
56．Some of these pets are in poor condition and need more care.
57．Harry has even donated pocket money to the organization to help poor people buy food for special festivals!
58．Harry realized that his work had made a difference when he saw the smiles on the faces of the people he helped.
59．Teamwork is the key to successful rescues.
60．Working as a volunteer has taught me many practical life-saving skills.
61．Our goal has always been to save as many people as we can.
62．We’ve provided medical aid and searched for missing people after natural disasters.
语法点
现在完成时(2)
现在完成时表示从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,常与for或since引导的时间状语(从句)连用,用how long 提问,谓语动词用延续性动词。for用于表示一段时间的长度,通常与时间段连用,强调时间的持续性和长度; since用于表示从某一时间点开始到现在的一段时间,通常与具体的过去时间点或过去完成的动作连用。如:
(1)Miss Wang has taught us for one and a half years.王老师已经教我们一年半了。
(2)I have lived here since the autumn of 2013.从2013年的秋天以来我就住在这里。
(3)I have been like this since Friday.从周五开始我就一直这样。
2.英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性动词和非延续性动词(即短暂性动词或终止性动词)两种。在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性,应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。初中阶段常见的有:
begin/start—be on go there—be there
come here—be here come back—be back
open—be open close—be closed
die—be dead get married (结婚)—be married
finish—be over go to bed—be in bed
leave—be away from return—be back
get out—be out fall asleep—be asleep
fall ill—be ill lose—be lost
borrow—keep become—be
buy—have/own catch a cold—have a cold
get to/arrive/reach—be (in) join—be in+组织机构/be a member of+组织机构
put on—wear/be on get to know—know
(1)《猫》已经开演半个小时了。
Cats has started for half an hour. (×)
Cats has been on for half an hour. (√)　　　
(2)你买这本字典多久了
How long have you bought this dictionary (×)
How long have you had this dictionary (√)
(3)火车已经离开两小时了。
The train has left for two hours.(×)
The train has been away for two hours.(√)
3.have/has been to, have/has gone to与have/has been in的区别
词组 用法 例句
have/has been to “到过,去过”。表示曾去过某地,而此时人已经不在那儿了。 Have you ever been to Hong Kong 你曾经去过香港吗
have/has gone to “去了”,表示现在人可能在去的途中或已经在那个地方了,而不是在说话人处。 Where is Lily Has she gone to the library 莉莉在哪里 她去图书馆了吗
have/has been in “待在”,常常和表示持续意义的时间状语连用。 I have been in Harbin for three years. 我已经在哈尔滨待了三年了。
语法专练
一、单项选择
1．—The last time I saw Tom was at your home. I ________ him since then.
—He ________ in Beijing. He has just come back to Nanjing.
A．didn’t see, am B．haven’t seen, was C．haven’t seen, is D．didn’t see, will be
2．—I saw Ms Li in the cultural centre yesterday.
—It can’t be her. As a volunteer, she ________ Shanghai since April.
A．has been in B．has gone to C．has been to D．has come to
3．—Let’s watch the football match of Jiangsu Football City League.
—It is too late. It ________ for an hour and the result is 2:1. Nantong won.
A．has begun B．has finished C．has been on D．has been over
4．Mr. Li can’t come to the party because he ________ to Beijing.
A．has been B．have been C．has gone D．is
5．—How long ________ his grandpa ________
—________ two years ago.
A．has; died; Since B．has; been dead; For
C．did; die; For D．has; been dead; Since
6．I ________ two online classes since this morning.
A．have B．had C．have had D．am having
7．I ________ this mobile phone for two years. It still works well.
A．bought B．have bought C．had D．have had
8．He ________ in this factory since he left school.
A．works B．worked C．has worked D．will work
9．—How long ________ you ________ in this school
—For three years.
A．have; studied B．did; study C．do; study D．are; studying
10．He ________ away from his hometown since he was 18.
A．was B．has been C．left D．has left
11．—How long have you lived in this city
—________ I was born here.
A．When B．Before C．Since D．Till
12．She ________ a diary every day since she was ten years old. It’s a good habit for her growth.
A．keeps B．kept C．has kept D．is keeping
13．He ________ a lot since he entered middle school. He is more responsible now.
A．changes B．changed C．has changed D．is changing
14．—Leo, I know you love travelling. Could you tell me ________
—Yes, Amy. Don’t you remember the key ring of cherry blossoms I gave you last spring
A．if you have gone to Yuantouzhu B．when did you go to Yuantouzhu
C．if you have been to Yuantouzhu D．when have you been to Yuantouzhu
15．—Is your father at home
—No, he ________ to the supermarket.
A．has been B．has gone C．went D．will go
16．My parents ________ to the U.S. and they will come back next month.
A．have been B．have gone C．went D．will go
17．—________ you ever ________ to the new library in our city
—No, never.
A．Do; go B．Did; go C．Have; been D．Have; gone
18．I ________ to the Great Wall. It’s really wonderful.
A．have gone B．have been C．went D．will go
19．—________ you ever ________ to the history museum
—No, never.
A．Do; go B．Did; go C．Have; been D．Have; gone
20．—Where is your father
—He ________ to Shanghai on business. He will be back next week.
A．has been B．has gone C．went D．will go
二、用单词正确形式拼写
21．They ________ (go) to the park. They will be back in an hour.
22．My father has gone to Beijing. He ________ (be) there for two days.
23．I ________ (work) with a sports organization for almost three years now.
24．I ________ (borrow) this book from the library last week. I ________ (keep) it for a week.
25．His grandfather ________ (die) for five years.
26．We ________ (live) here since 2018.
27．He ________ (learn) English since he was seven years old.
28．We ________ (not see) each other for a long time. I miss you very much.
29．My brother ________ (grow) a lot since he went to junior high school.
30．I have learned Chinese ________ five years.
参考答案
一、
1．B
【详解】句意：——我上次见到汤姆是在你家。从那以后我就没见过他。——他当时在北京。他刚回南京。
第一空：根据“since then”可知，动作从过去持续到现在，应用现在完成时haven’t seen。 第二空：根据“He has just come back to Nanjing”可知，之前在北京的状态发生在过去，应用一般过去时was。
2．A
【详解】句意：——我昨天在文化中心见到李女士了。——不可能是她。作为一名志愿者，她自四月以来一直在上海。
has been in一直待在某地；has gone to去了某地（还未回来）；has been to去过某地（已经返回）；has come to错误搭配。句中since April（自从四月）表示持续的一段时间，只能搭配表延续状态的结构，前文提到不可能是她，说明是一直待在上海。
3．D
【详解】句意：我们去看江苏足球城市联赛的足球比赛吧。太晚了，比赛已经结束一个小时了，结果是2比1，南通赢了。
句中for an hour是一段时间，需用延续性动词的现在完成时，begin和finish是短暂性动词，be over是延续性短语，可表示状态持续，因此选has been over。
4．C
【详解】句意：李先生不能来参加聚会，因为他去了北京。
根据“Mr. Li can’t come to the party”可知，是去了北京还没回来，用has gone to表示“去了某地还没回来”。
5．D
【详解】句意：——他的爷爷去世多长时间了？——自从两年以前。
for后跟时间段，since后跟时间点。two years ago为时间点，故用since，排除B、C；die为短暂性动词，不能与表示时间段的状语连用，需变为be dead。
6．C
【详解】句意：从今天早上到现在，我已经上了两节网课。
根据“since this morning”可知，此处应该用现在完成时态，应填have had。
7．D
【详解】句意：我拥有这部手机两年了。它仍然很好用。
bought买；have bought买；had拥有；have had拥有。根据“for two years”可知，句子要用现在完成时，且动词需为延续性动词。buy是瞬间动词，不能与时间段连用，需转化为延续性动词have表示“拥有”。
8．C
【详解】句意：他自从离开学校后就一直在这家工厂工作。
根据“since he left school”可知，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句应用现在完成时，表示动作从过去持续到现在，应填has worked。
9．A
【详解】句意：——你在这所学校学习了多长时间？——三年。
根据答句“For three years.”可知，问句是询问到现在为止已经学习了多长时间，是现在完成时的标志，所以问句的时态应该用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has+动词的过去分词”，主语是you，所以用have，study的过去分词是studied。因此，第一空填have，第二空填studied。
10．B
【详解】句意：他从18岁起就离开了家乡。
根据“since he was 18”可知，句子要用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has+过去分词”，又因为leave是短暂性动词，不能和表示一段时间的“since...”连用，而“be away”是延续性动词短语，可以和“since...”连用，所以要用has been。
11．C
【详解】句意：——你在这个城市住了多久了？——自从我出生在这里。
When当……时；Before在……之前；Since自从；Till直到。问句“How long have you...”是现在完成时，提问居住的时长，“since+一般过去时的从句”用来表达“动作从过去某点一直持续到现在”，语义为“自从我出生在这里（就一直住这）”，完全符合问句要求和语境。
12．C
【详解】句意：自从她十岁起，她就坚持每天写日记。这对她的成长而言是一个好习惯。
该句是引导的时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时，结构为“have/has+过去分词”，主语为She，助动词用has，keep的过去分词为kept。
13．C
【详解】句意：自从他上中学以来，他已经改变了很多。他现在更有责任感了。句中出现了时间状语since he entered middle school，这是现在完成时的典型标志，强调从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，并且对现在造成了影响。现在完成时的结构为“have/has+过去分词”，主语是He，所以用has changed。
14．C
【详解】句意：——利奥，我知道你喜欢旅行。你能告诉我你是否去过鼋头渚吗？——是的，艾米。你不记得我去年春天给你的那个樱花钥匙圈了吗？
if you have gone to Yuantouzhu是否去了鼋头渚（未返回）；when did you go to Yuantouzhu什么时候去了鼋头渚（疑问语序）；if you have been to Yuantouzhu是否去过鼋头渚（已返回，强调经历）；when have you been to Yuantouzhu什么时候去过鼋头渚（疑问语序）。根据答语“the key ring of cherry blossoms I gave you last spring”可知，对方去过鼋头渚，因此问句应询问是否去过，用if引导宾语从句。have been to表示“去过某地”，符合经历询问；have gone to表示“去了某地未回”，不符合语境。B和D为疑问语序，宾语从句应用陈述语序。应填if you have been to Yuantouzhu。
15．B
【详解】句意：——你爸爸在家吗？——不，他去超市了。
has been to表示去过某地（已返回）；has gone to表示去了某地（还没回来），此处强调爸爸去超市还没回来对现在的影响——现在不在家，需用现在完成时，表示“还没回来”，应用has gone。
16．B
【详解】句意：我的父母去了美国，他们下个月将会回来。
have been to表示去过某地（已返回）；have gone to表示去了某地（未返回）。根据“they will come back next month”可知，他们现在还没回来，说明父母现在不在本地。应填入have gone。
17．C
【详解】句意：——你曾经去过我们城市的新图书馆吗？——不，从未去过。
根据关键词ever和never可知，句子应用现在完成时，排除一般现在时和一般过去时；询问对方是否去过某地（且人已回来），应用have been to，而have gone to表示去了某地未回。
18．B
【详解】句意：我去过长城。它真的很壮观。
have gone to去了，还没有回来，是现在完成时；have been to去过，又回来了，是现在完成时；went去了，是一般过去时；will go将去，是一般将来时。根据“It’s really wonderful.”可知，这是现在对长城的评价，因此表示已经去过长城了，因此用现在完成时have been to。
19．C
【详解】句意：——你去过历史博物馆吗？——不，从没去过。
句中“ever”和答语“never”是现在完成时的标志词，询问是否去过历史博物馆。现在完成时中have been to表示“去过某地（已经回来）”。
20．B
【详解】句意：——你爸爸在哪里？——他去上海出差了，下周会回来。
根据“He … to Shanghai on business. He will be back next week.”可知，他去上海出差了，表示去了某地是has gone to。故选B。
二、
21．have gone
【详解】句意：他们去公园了，他们一小时后回来。句中“They will be back in an hour”表明主语此时不在这里，处于去了某地的状态。have/has gone to是现在完成时的固定搭配，意为“去了某地（还未回来）”，符合语境。主语They是第三人称复数，助动词用have，go的过去分词为不规则变化gone。
22．has been
【详解】句意：我爸爸去北京了。他已经在那里待了两天了。句中 for two days 是时间状语，表示动作或状态从过去持续到现在，需使用现在完成时。主语He是第三人称单数，助动词需用has。故填has been。
23．have worked
【详解】句意：我现在在一个体育组织工作已经将近三年了。根据时间状语“for almost three years now”可知，动作从过去持续到现在，且可能继续持续，需用现在完成时。主语为I，助动词用have，work的过去分词为worked。
24． borrowed have kept
【详解】句意：我上周从图书馆借了这本书，借了整整一周。borrow“借”，动词，根据“last week”可知，用一般过去时，第一空填borrowed；keep“保留，持有”，动词，句中“for a week”为时间段，此处表示从过去持续到现在的动作，用现在完成时，其构成为“has/have done”，主语“I”不是第三人称单数，用have构成时态，第二空填have kept。故填borrowed；have kept。
25．has been dead
【详解】句意：他的爷爷已经去世五年了。句中“for five years”表示一段时间，是现在完成时的标志，且需与延续性动词连用。die是短暂性动词，不能与时间段连用，需转换为延续性状态be dead。现在完成时的结构为have/has+过去分词，主语“His grandfather”是第三人称单数，助动词用has，be的过去分词为been。
26．have lived
【详解】句意：我们自2018年起就住在这里。根据“since 2018”可知，本句是现在完成时，主语是we，助动词用have，live的过去分词为lived。
27．has learned/has been learning
【详解】句意：他从七岁起就开始学英语了。句中“since he was seven years old”是现在完成时（或现在完成进行时）的标志；若用现在完成时，结构为“have/has + 动词过去分词”，主语“He”是第三人称单数，learn的过去分词是learned；若用现在完成进行时，结构为“have/has been + 动词现在分词”，learn的现在分词是learning，故填has learned/has been learning。
28．haven’t seen
【详解】句意：我们很久没见面了。我非常想念你。句中“for a long time”是现在完成时的标志，否定形式需用“haven’t/hasn’t+动词过去分词”结构，主语“We”是第一人称复数需用haven’t，see的过去分词是seen，应填haven’t seen。
29．has grown
【详解】句意：我弟弟上初中以来长高了许多。句中“since he went to junior high school”为现在完成时标志词，结构为have/has+动词过去分词，主语my brother为第三人称单数，助动词用has，grow的过去分词为grown，故填has grown。
30．for
【详解】句意：我学中文已经五年了。have learned说明本句时态是现在完成时，用来表达“学习中文”这个动作持续的时长，for后接时间段表示动作持续多久，且常与现在完成时连用。
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