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猜押专题09阅读理解之说明文（按话题分类）
本命题依据 2026 新课程标准与高考命题新要求，是高考阅读 C 篇核心题型，命题完全源自权威科普 + 前沿科技 + 社会现象 + 生态环保， 选自外刊、权威媒体、科研简报等正规信息源。核心考信息定位 + 逻辑理解 + 细节比对，长难句偏多，掌握结构规律与命题套路可稳拿高分、少丢分。
2023–2025 年高考阅读理解说明文对比表
年份 试卷类型 原文字数 体裁 主题语境 话 题
2025 全国高考一卷 338 说明文 人与社会 文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
2025 全国高考二卷 266/340 说明文 人与自然 1.文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 2.文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
2024 新高考 I 卷 366 说明文 人与自然 文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
2024 新高考 II 卷 272/323 说明文 人与社会 1.文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 2.文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
2023 新高考 I 卷 322/339 说明文 人与自我 1.文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 2.没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
2023 新高考 II 卷 330/320 说明文 人与社会/人与自然 1.文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。 2.城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
一、高考阅读理解说明文总纲领
核心定位：高考阅读 C 篇，高分题、重逻辑、结构为王（7–9 分钟 / 篇）。本质：信息阐释 + 逻辑论证 + 客观说明，不是文学阅读；目标是理清结构、读懂概念、精准比对、理性判断。
二、核心命题变化
① 体裁聚焦科普说明类，以科技新知、生态环保、社会研究、健康常识、文化现象、实验介绍为主，图表类说明文占比逐年提升；② 强化逻辑关系理解（因果、对比、例证、定义），长难句增多，侧重对概念、原理、数据、结论的准确解读；③ 话题紧扣时代热点：人工智能、碳中和、生物多样性、心理健康、新型材料、城市规划等，科学性、实用性极强；④ 解题从逐句翻译转为抓结构 + 找逻辑 + 核细节，强调对段落功能与文章脉络的把握；⑤ 题型以细节理解题（60%）+ 推理判断题（20%）+ 主旨大意题（10%）+ 词义猜测 / 指代题（10%） 为主，既考精准定位，也考逻辑推断。
三、语篇核心特征
结构逻辑（高考标准 “总 — 分 — 总” 结构）
① 引入段：提出说明对象（现象、问题、事物、研究），给出背景或中心观点；② 主体段：分层阐释 ——定义→原理→特点→实验 / 数据→优势 / 问题→应用 / 影响；③ 结尾段：总结观点、给出展望、提出建议或重申意义。常见段落逻辑：总分、因果、对比、例证、并列、递进。
语言特点
① 客观严谨，以陈述、解释、说明、论证为主，无强烈情感色彩；② 专业词汇增多，但多附带定义、解释、同位语，可通过语境破解；③ 篇幅范围：340–380 词，复合句、长难句集中，常含被动语态、非谓语、定语从句、状语从句；④ 价值导向：科学理性、关注社会、生态保护、科技创新、健康生活，凸显核心素养。
四、2026 高频猜押话题
科技创新：AI 应用、新型材料、航天科技、智能设备
生态环保：碳中和、生物多样性、污染治理、可持续发展
社会研究：身心健康、社交模式、教育创新、城市发展
自然科普：动植物习性、气候现象、地质原理
文化现象：传统技艺传承、跨文化交流、数字文化
五大题型专项突破
细节理解题（占比 60%+）
推理判断题（逻辑推断）
主旨大意 / 段落大意题
词义猜测 / 代词指代题
文章结构 / 段落功能题
五、通用解题逻辑
① 先速读首尾段 + 各段首句，确定说明对象与文章结构；② 圈画题干关键词（概念、数据、因果、对比、专有名词），回文定位；③ 识别逻辑信号词（because/however/therefore/for example/while），理清句间关系；④ 细节题原文比对，推理题依逻辑推导，主旨题抓中心句；⑤ 排除偷换概念、绝对化、无中生有、过度推断、以偏概全干扰项。
六、备考启示
考场实用策略
先结构后细节，先首尾后中间快速搭建文章框架，再逐题定位，不盲目通读。
抓逻辑信号词however/therefore/because/while/similarly 直接决定句意与答案。
专业词不慌生词多有解释、同位语或上下文线索，不影响解题。
绝对词慎选only/never/all/always/impossible 多为错误项。
忠于原文，理性推断说明文重客观，不加入主观情感与生活经验。
五大题型专项备考策略
细节题：定位原句→比对信息→排除偷换 / 错位
推理题：依因果 / 对比逻辑→合理推断→不过度延伸
主旨题：看首尾段 + 各段主旨句→概括说明对象 + 核心内容
词义 / 指代题：看上下文定义 / 解释 / 指代→代入验证
结构题：判断段落功能（引入 / 例证 / 对比 / 总结）→匹配选项
避坑策略
不被长难句吓住：拆分主谓宾，忽略修饰成分抓主干
不混淆概念：注意相似名词、近似表述的细微差别
不主观臆断：所有推断必须有原文逻辑支撑
不忽略数据与例证：例子、数据多为考点服务
不把局部当整体：避免以单一细节代替全文主旨
考点 1：细节理解题
做法步骤：
圈关键词：概念名词、数据、时间、研究人员、实验结果、逻辑词
回文定位：锁定对应段落与原句
精读原句：提取精准信息，注意范围、程度、条件限制
比对选项：排除偷换概念、扩大 / 缩小范围、信息错位
确定答案：与原文完全一致的选项
口诀：关键词定位，原句精读，细节比对，直选答案。
考点 2：推理判断题（逻辑推断）
做法步骤：
定位原文依据，抓因果 / 对比 / 条件逻辑
识别逻辑词：because, therefore, thus, however, if
合理推导：原因→结果，现象→本质，条件→结论
坚守原则：原文有依据，不主观，不绝对
排除过度推理、与原文矛盾、无依据选项
口诀：找逻辑，依原文，合理推，不脑补。
考点 3：主旨大意 / 段落大意题
做法步骤：
全文主旨：看首段引入 + 尾段总结
段落主旨：看段首主题句 + 段尾总结句
概括结构：说明对象 + 核心内容 / 特征 / 意义
排除只讲细节、范围过大 / 过小、无中心的选项
套用句型：The passage mainly talks about.../The paragraph focuses on...
口诀：看首尾，抓主题，对象加核心，主旨不偏离。
考点 4：词义猜测 / 代词指代题
做法步骤：
定位生词 / 代词，看上下文线索：定义、举例、因果、转折、同义 / 反义
常见标志：that is, in other words, such as, but, however, or
代词题：向前找最近的名词 / 名词短语
代入选项验证：通顺且符合逻辑为正确答案
排除字面意思、无关含义、情感偏向项
口诀：看语境，找线索，代进去，通得顺。
考点 5：文章结构 / 段落功能题
做法步骤：
看段落位置：首段引入，中段论证 / 例证，尾段总结 / 展望
判断功能：introduce, explain, compare, give an example, conclude, suggest
识别结构：总 — 分 — 总、问题 — 解决方案、现象 — 分析 — 结论
结合逻辑词，判断段落间关系
排除偏离结构、功能错位选项
口诀：看位置，辨功能，理逻辑，定结构。
Passage 1
河北衡水中学2025-26届高三年级检测（七）
The numerous bacteria that naturally inhabit the human body seem to help us in many ways. One group is emerging as particularly beneficial: a type of gut (肠道) bacteria known as Blautia, which has made headlines recently because it seems to produce some really remarkable effects. Now, a Chinese team is glimpsing another potential benefit of Blautia: helping people adapt to high altitudes. Their findings suggest that providing Blautia could help mountaineers and others perform better in these challenging environments.
Qing-Peng Kong, a geneticist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his team recruited 45 men to move from their homes at 250 meters above sea level to a town at about 3,700 meters. Despite the thin air, the men ate similar food as they had at home, minimizing the effects of diet changes on their gut bacteria. After 2 days, Blautia went from being rare to very abundant in their guts.
In the second experiment, the team exposed mice to controlled low-oxygen conditions in the lab first and then simulated (模拟) an altitude of 4,000 meters, while giving Blautia to half of them every other day. The Blautia-treated mice showed milder response of altitude sickness. This opens the door into whether altitude sickness might be amenable to treatment through the gut.
The bacteria’s effect may also extend to the brain. “Its superpower comes from the connection between the gut and the brain,” says Klepac-Cerak at Wellesley College. The fatty acids it makes are known to activate receptors (神经末梢) on nerves that connect the digestive system, heart and brain. This could help explain a surprising relationship that Klepac-Cerak reported last year: Kids are more likely to talk and laugh when they have more Blautia in their guts. “There’s lots of communication happening between our brain; we are just beginning to uncover what services bacteria do for us.” Klepac-Cerak notes.
Blautia’s apparent superpowers suggest to Kong it could serve as a supplement (补充) that benefits people regardless of whether they are planning a trip to Tibet. But first, Kong says, he wants to find out whether Blautia is a “solo” player or has these protective effects only as part of a larger group of bacteria.
8. What’s the newly-found benefit of the study led by a Chinese team
A. It gets public attention.
B. It helps people do better at high altitudes.
C. It makes social media angry.
D. It introduces an advanced new technology.
9. What do we know about the subjects (实验对象) in both experiments
A. They experienced low-oxygen conditions.
B. They received Blautia in their diet.
C. They moved to high-altitude regions.
D. They suffered severe altitude sickness.
10. What does the underlined word “amenable” in Paragraph 3 mean ”.
A. Careless B. Untreatable. C. Unchangeable D. Reactive.
11. How would both Kong and Klepac-Cerak describe Blautia’s role in human health
A. double-edged sword.
B. A solo player.
C. An extremely effective solution.
D. A partially-understood influence
Passage2
吉林省松原市实验高级中学2025-2026学年高三下学期学情调研
For many ecologists, monitoring individual animals over long periods of time is crucial to conservation efforts. But even the experts have difficulty differentiating one bear from another.
To help wildlife biologists make sense of it all, a team at Switzerland’s EPFL and Alaska Pacific University (APU) has developed PoseSwin, an AI program capable of telling brown bears apart from one another. PoseSwin was trained on over 72,000 photos of 109 different brown bears taken by APU researcher Beth Rosenberg, who took the images at all times of day and night and in various weather conditions, while also making sure to document the bears in a variety of behaviors. She and her team then determined the handful of details that remain relatively constant over the animal’s life. These details include their brow bone angle, ear placement, and nose and mouth shapes. They’re more reliable than body shape alone, which changes dramatically with weight gain.
The team took PoseSwin for a field test with help from citizen scientists. After collecting more brown bear photos from visitors to Katmai National Park and Preserve, researchers fed the photos into the machine learning program. In multiple cases, PoseSwin successfully matched individual bears to those in its database. PoseSwin’s designers could track how and where brown bears moved for seasonal food. “This is a concrete example of the model’s potential,” said Rosenberg. “The technology could eventually analyze thousands of pictures visitors take yearly and help map how brown bears use this expansive area.”
Rosenberg and her team are now using PoseSwin to monitor over 100 bears living around McNeil River State Game Sanctuary. Early tests have indicated it’s also incredibly accurate when trained on monkeys. Anyone can access the machine learning algorithm (算法) for their own subject — although there’s a good chance that none of them will be harder for PoseSwin to identify. “Bears are perhaps the hardest species to recognize individually,” said Mathis, Rosenberg’s partner. “We focused on them first with the idea that our program could be adapted to other species.”
32. What does PoseSwin mainly depend on to identify individual bears
A. Their facial features. B. Their fur color and size.
C. Their weight and body shape. D. Their behavioral patterns.
33. What were the photos from citizen scientists used to do
A Train the AI program PoseSwin. B. Record bears’lifelong changes.
C. Test the function of PoseSwin. D. Design a new learning algorithm.
34. What can be inferred about PoseSwin in the last paragraph
A. It won’t be available open-source.
B. It won’t remain so bear-centric.
C. It relies on high-quality photos.
D. It is trained on the limited data.
35. What is the best title for the text
A. PoseSwin: A Wildlife Tool for Bear Research
B. PoseSwin: Analyzing Visitor Photos of Bears
C. PoseSwin: Tracking Bear Seasonal Movement
D. PoseSwin: An AI Program for Bear Identification
Passage3
杭州学军中学2026首考适应性考试
A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.”
The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours.
The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96.8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!”
Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood.
However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications.
8. Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned
A. To explain how the brain processes smell.
B. To introduce a newly-invented tracking device.
C. To show a link between breathing and depression.
D. To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern.
9. What does the underlined word mean
A. Connected. B. Powered.
C. Controlled. D. Trained.
10. What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood
A. Changes in breath cure anxiety.
B. Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing.
C. Their exact relationship remains unclear.
D. Breathing is responsible for negative mood.
11. What is the main finding of this research
A. Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health.
B. Breathing patterns link to identity and health.
C. A groundbreaking device reveals mental health.
D. Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods.
Passage4
江浙高中发展共同体·2026届高三第一次适应性考试
While technological advancements have enhanced the convenience of urban commuting in recent years, environmental studies reveal a worrying decline in urban green spaces, especially in densely populated districts. Many residents complain that there’s insufficient access to nature-filled areas for relaxation and exercise, so they end up spending more time indoors, relying on virtual entertainment.
Urban planners Lila Chen and Ryan Moore are deeply troubled by such issues. In their newly released book Green Living: Reclaim Our Cities’ Natural Spaces, they call for a fundamental rethinking of urban design and the role greenery should play in our daily lives.
The landscape of urban living began to shift decades ago. Vast areas of natural vegetation were cleared to make room for sprawling concrete structures and commercial centers, forcing residents to seek nature in distant suburbs. Some grassroots groups fought back. Most notably, a community organizer from Seattle, who relocated to the city in the early 2000s, launched a movement to save a local wetlands area from being converted into a shopping mall. Expressing her outrage at the planned destruction, Emily Clark appealed to the city council to “Preserve Seattle as a city where nature and urban life coexist harmoniously, not just a place of concrete and commerce.” Similar initiatives took place in other major cities across the country in the 2010s.
Although these initiatives gained public attention, the harsh reality is that the majority of modern cities remain overwhelmingly dominated by urban development at the expense of green spaces. The coverage of natural areas in cities has been shrinking steadily. In California, for instance, the ratio of urban green spaces to total city area has dropped to a record low, even as the state promotes environmental protection campaigns.
We invest substantial resources in building urban infrastructure that prioritizes speed and efficiency, yet we neglect to consider the true value of green spaces. Do we fully comprehend the social and psychological costs when citizens lack easy access to natural environments for mental rejuvenation The authors of Green Living are spot-on: it’s high time we re-evaluate the urban landscapes right outside our homes.
8. What phenomenon does the author highlight in paragraph 1
A. Urban commuting has become overly dependent on technology.
B. The reduction of urban green spaces leads to lifestyle changes.
C. Virtual entertainment is replacing outdoor activities completely.
D. Residents in densely populated areas have limited access to jobs.
9. What were the Seattle community organizer and other activists attempting to achieve
A. Expand commercial development in urban areas.
B. Relocate residents to distant suburbs with more greenery.
C. Safeguard urban natural spaces for a balanced lifestyle.
D. Promote the construction of more shopping malls in wetlands.
10. What can be inferred about the initiatives in California in the 2010s
A. They successfully increased the ratio of urban green spaces.
B. They failed to reverse the trend of shrinking green areas.
C. They led to a surge in environmental protection donations.
D. They resulted in the closure of all commercial construction projects.
11. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text
A. Urban Rush: Sacrificing Nature
B. Tech Advance: A Double-edged Sword
C. Green Spaces: A Luxury or Necessity
D. Community Activism: A Lost Cause
Passage5
2026届江苏苏州市七校联考模拟预测
Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. But as people increasingly turn to digital platforms in search of opportunity, Daniela Saban, an associate professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business, says it’s time to take a critical look at the role of algorithms (算法). She explores how properly designed algorithms can improve the fairness and effectiveness of matching processes.
Saban has focused much of her research on what she calls “matching markets” and she’s been particularly fascinated by online dating. In one study, she and several coauthors partnered with a major U.S. dating platform to explore how updates to the app’s algorithm could improve outcomes for romantic hopefuls looking to spark new connections.
Analyzing data from the app, Saban developed a model that not only prioritized potential matches based on a user’s preferences but also took into account the likelihood that the person on the other side of the potential match would be interested. “I not only want to show you people that you will like, I also want to show you people that will like you back,” Saban notes. Factoring in users’ history, activity levels, and this two-sided approach to preference led to a substantial increase in matches during field experiments in Texas. “Our algorithm increased the number of matches by 27% in Houston and by over 37% in Austin,” Saban says.
Similarly, when working with the volunteer matching platform VolunteerMatch, Saban identified an imbalance in how volunteer opportunities were being distributed. Some organizations were receiving an overwhelming number of sign-ups, sometimes even more than they needed, while others struggled to attract any volunteers at all. By adjusting the search algorithm to consider the number of volunteers an organization needs and has already received, Saban and her team were able to ensure a more reasonable distribution of volunteers across opportunities.
The technical details of algorithms may be complicated, but our commitment to fairness and equity doesn’t have to be. If we want algorithms to work for good, we need to make conscious choices about how we design them.
12. How do people search for opportunities nowadays
A. By learning algorithms.
B. By making use of online tools.
C. By developing critical thinking.
D. By analyzing the matching processes.
13. What do we know about the model Saban developed for the dating app
A. It has attracted more users to the app.
B. It makes a user’s preferences a top priority.
C. It focuses on two-sided preference matching.
D. It presents more potential matches to the users.
14. On what basis did Saban adjust the algorithm of VolunteerMatch
A. The preferences of the volunteers.
B The popularity of the organizations.
C. A match between volunteer and organization types.
D. A balance between the demand and supply of volunteers.
15. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A. The Power of Digital Matchmaking
B. A New Era of Opportunity Searching
C. Designing Algorithms for Better Matches
D. Volunteering Better with Equal Distribution
Passage6
江苏省镇江市2025-2026学年上学期高三零模
Plants can be grown in flexible ways. Besides planting seeds, a special method allows growing new plants from parts of other plants, like rose stems or potato tubers — these copies like the mother plant are called plant clones.
The technique to make plant clones is known as micropropagation (微繁殖). It uses tiny pieces of plant tissue, called explants (外植体), from a “mother plant” and raises them in a clean lab with nutrient-rich media, under controlled light, temperature, and humidity. The key lies in the ability of a single cell to develop into a whole organism, and dedifferentiation (去分化), where mature cells return to a dividing state before forming new tissues and organs.
Suppose you have a favorite garden plant with unique, attractive flowers but it produces no seeds. In nature, some plants depend on bees, insects, or birds to develop seeds — without these helpers, they may die seedless. To grow it, you can try micropropagation. Beyond resolving the seedless plant problem, it can also efficiently reproduce economically important species like bananas, saving time and cost. Moreover, it enables the production of virus-free plants and helps reproduce stress-tolerant varieties that otherwise struggle to produce seeds.
You might be curious about the materials and experimental setup required for this modern technique. The process needs a mother plant, suitable explants, and a nutrient medium. After being cleaned, explants grow into complete plants in a room with a controlled environment. Later, they are hardened and relocated to greenhouses or fields. Additionally, simple micropropagation, such as using stem cuttings of roses, lets people grow plants at home without seeds, offering a convenient way to reproduce beloved plants.
28. What can people do with the special method according to paragraph 1
A. produce plant seeds. B. Change plant colors.
C. Grow new identical plants. D. Protect rare plant species.
29. What does the underlined word “them” stand for in paragraph 2
A. Explants. B. New plants. C. Seeds. D. New cells.
30. What can we know about the process according to the last paragraph
A. It is hard to reproduce roses at home.
B. Plants grow better indoors than outdoors.
C. The growth of explants needs special care.
D. Simple micropropagation needs complex procedures.
31. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A Micropropagation: Its Trouble and Cost. B. Explants: From Leaves to Plants.
C. Plant Cloning: Its Benefits and Procedure. D. Nutrient Media: Energy for Plant Growth.
Passage7
山东名校联盟2026届高三下学期2月份核心素养评估考试
When we talk of human actions harming the environment, we often think of pollution, overuse of resources or destruction of habitats. But introducing new species into areas where they don’t naturally live can also be destructive. One such invasive (入侵的) species is the zebra mussel.
Zebra mussels live in fresh water and are native to the Caspian and Black Seas, which are found in between Europe and Asia. These seas are less salty than most, so a freshwater species like the zebra mussel can live there and in nearby lakes. By attaching onto ships, the mollusks (软体动物) have spread to much of Europe and North America, causing a problem for the environment and humans alike.
When species are abruptly introduced to a new ecosystem, they often damage the balance of that ecosystem, and zebra mussels are no exception. They feed by phytoplankton (浮游植物) and other nutrients out of the water when they pass through their shells, and they do so with striking efficiency. This means that when zebra mussels arrive in a new area, they consume so much phytoplankton that other species that also eat the same food source struggle to get a sufficient amount of food. Since those other creatures, in turn, are a food source for still other species, zebra mussels harm everything in the lake.
Zebra mussels also create problems for humans because they multiply so quickly. They often grow on objects made by humans, and groups of them can prevent these objects from functioning. For example, zebra mussels have been known to obstruct the flow of water through pipes, which can prevent communities from getting clean drinking water. They attach to these objects firmly enough that they can prove difficult and expensive to clean.
Removal of zebra mussels is incredibly difficult, so only by stopping them from spreading can people limit the troubles they cause. Governments of areas affected are taking steps to prevent their spread mostly by privately-owned boats. So, boaters must clean, drain (排空), and dry their boats and motors before entering one lake or another to defend against their further spread.
8. Why does the author mention the environmental problems in the beginning
A. To introduce the topic.
B. To predict the ending.
C. To emphasize the effects.
D. To illustrate an argument.
9. What can we learn about zebra mussels
A. They need salty water to survive.
B. They only exist in Europe and Asia.
C. They often break the balance of the ecosystem.
D. They eat less phytoplankton than any other species.
10. What does the underlined word “obstruct” in paragraph 4 mean
A. Avoid. B. Block. C. Control. D. Direct.
11. What does the last paragraph focus on
A. The damages caused by zebra mussels.
B. The difficulties zebra mussels encounter.
C. The measures to stop zebra mussels spreading.
D. The rapid reproduction speed of zebra mussels.
Passage8
广东部分学校2026届高三年级上学期1月份适应性测试
Dogs have been a part of human society for over 20,000 years. Initially, they served people by supporting hunters, and it did not take long before they became part of the home. Dogs might not help secure food, but for years evidence has mounted that they help people in another way.
Research led by Dr. Kikusui Takefumi at Azabu University in Japan explains what might be going on. The microbes (微生物) found elsewhere, particularly in the human gut (肠道), produce chemicals that influence how the brain works. Those microbes are heavily affected by diet, but are also shaped by factors like stress, pollutants and exercise. Kikusui knew from his own research that having a dog influenced the microbiota of the human gut, too. With this in mind, he wondered if microbe movement from dogs might be helping bring psychological benefits to owners. Eager to find out, he set up an experiment with 343 participants in Tokyo.
Kikusui specifically worked with teenagers, who are going through a crucial period of brain development, when social interactions often have lasting mental effects; if microbes from dogs were reducing teen anxiety and increasing teen sociality, then this would generate long-term positive effects. He and his coworkers therefore psychologically analysed 96 teens who were dog owners and 247 teens who were not.
Kikusui and his coworkers found that dog owners suffered from fewer social problems. More specifically, they were less likely to react strongly during conflicts, and demonstrated fewer problem behaviors and less social withdrawal. Kikusui and his coworkers then collected saliva (唾液) samples from the participants and noted that certain kinds of Streptococcus and Prevotella 7 were significantly more plentiful in samples from dog owners. They further found that participants within whom these key microbes were rare also tended to have more problematic behaviors. As anticipated before the experiment, microbes, added to the human gut by dogs, may be influencing the brains of their owners in healthy ways.
12. What is the basis for Kikusui’s experiment
A. Microbes determine human behavior.
B. Diet shapes the microbiota in the gut.
C. Dogs reduce mental stress in teenagers.
D. Dogs relate to microbes in the human gut.
13. Why were the teenagers chosen as participants
A. They show more social problems.
B. Their microbes are easily changed.
C. They often tend to keep dogs as pets.
D. Their brain development is at a key stage.
14. How did the research team feel about the result of the experiment
A. Unsurprised.
B. Unsatisfied.
C. Discouraged.
D. Confused.
15. What is the best title for the text
A. Dogs Improve Human Health Constantly
B. Dog ownership Reduces Teen Problems
C. Microbes Link Dogs to Human Behavior
D. Gut Microbes Influence Brain Negatively
Passage9
北京市通州区2025-2026学年高三上学期摸底考试
Curiosity is a familiar feeling among people. Yet when we examine it more deeply, curiosity reveals itself to be a complex emotion. Consider this: Is curiosity a positive feeling or a negative one Does it resemble frustration or anticipation Is it a painful reminder of what we do not (yet) know, or a thrilling signal of what we might soon discover
In fact, curiosity can be all of these — and more. It has two faces: one points toward what we desire, and the other toward what we have not yet obtained — and may never obtain. Once we recognize that curiosity is not always pleasurable, we can explore factors that influence the nature of our experience in different situations. One such factor is time.
Researchers have investigated whether the experience of curiosity is more positive when we anticipate satisfying it sooner rather than later. To explore this question, a paper published in Cognition and Emotion reported three studies involving over 200 participants recruited from a university or online.
In each study, the researchers first induced (诱导) a state of curiosity by telling participants that they would later watch a video that contained “something with different shades of brown”. Participants were invited to reflect on what it might be, but they were not told. Crucially, half the participants were told they would watch the video after a short delay of only one minute, and half were told that there would first be a 30-minute delay during which they would complete other interesting tasks. At the start of the delays, everyone indicated how curious they felt about the content of the video, as well as how much they felt negative feelings, such as discomfort, versus positive feelings, such as happiness.
The key finding was that while both groups reported equal levels of curiosity, the curiosity was accompanied by more negative feelings for those participants facing a long delay. The researchers argue that the finding sheds light on the two faces of curiosity. When our curiosity will not be satisfied anytime soon, we focus on not knowing, on the information gap itself, and this is largely aversive. But when our curiosity is on the verge of being satisfied, we focus on almost knowing, or the anticipated resolution, which is a more positive experience.
28. What was the main difference between the two participant groups
A. Their physical responses.
B. Their initial levels of curiosity.
C. The types of video they watched.
D. The delays before watching the video.
29. What does the word “aversive” underlined in the last paragraph mean
A. Unpleasant.
B. Misleading.
C. Ineffective.
D. Ignored.
30. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To criticize the methods used in curiosity research.
B. To introduce different scientific definitions of curiosity.
C. To suggest ways to avoid the negative side of curiosity.
D. To prove curiosity can lead to different emotional experiences.
Passage10
备战2026年高考英语模拟卷（上海卷）
Poet and Harvard Professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow famously said, “Music is the universal language of mankind.” A new Harvard study suggests he may have been right.
The study conducted by a research team found that people around the world could identify lullabies (摇篮曲), dance songs, and comforting songs — regardless of the songs’ cultural origin — after hearing just a 14-second clip (片段). The finding suggests that not only is music deeply rooted in human nature, but that some types of songs break cultural boundaries.
The findings are based on a wide-reaching experiment in which 750 online participants in 60 countries listened to brief clips of songs collected from nearly 90 small societies around the world, including hunter-gatherers and some special farmers. Participants then answered six questions, rating each clip according to whether they believed the song was used for dancing, calming a baby, treating illness, or expressing love. Two additional uses — mourning (哀悼) the dead and telling a story — were included as controls.
The data showed that despite participants’ unfamiliarity with the cultures, the random sampling of each song, and the short duration of the samples, people were able to reliably infer the songs’ functions, and that their ratings were consistent across the world.
The findings ran counter to expert expectations. The team had also asked professionals, including performers, composers, psychologists, and scientists about whether they believed people would be able to identify the song types. Their answer was no. And not only that, but they predicted that people’s responses will be inconsistent with one another. “That’s not what we found,” the researchers said.
The researchers also wanted to know whether listeners were recognizing certain non-musical characteristics of the songs. To test that, the team conducted a second study. This time, they asked listeners about a number of contextual and musical features, ranging from the gender of the singers to the rhythm of the song.
When data from the two studies were combined, the results showed that songs of the same function shared similar characteristics — lullabies, for example, tended to be slower and simpler than dance music — suggesting that something about musical characteristics crosses cultural boundaries.
43．What did the participants do in the first study
A．They distinguished functions of the songs.
B．They identified the cultural origins of the songs.
C．They recognized the non-musical characteristics of the songs.
D．They sorted the songs according to the gender of the singers.
44．What does the underlined part “ran counter to” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Were equal to. B．Were similar to.
C．Were superior to. D．Were opposite to.
45．Why did the researchers carry out the second study
A．To test the musical knowledge of a wider audience.
B．To collect more diverse songs from various cultures.
C．To confirm the surprising results from the first one.
D．To explore the underlying reasons behind the findings.
46．What can we learn from the two studies
A．Listeners recognize music by its rhythm. B．Something about music might be universal.
C．Dance music is usually slower and simpler. D．Cultural similarities lead to similar musical features.
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)猜押专题09阅读理解之说明文（按话题分类）
本命题依据 2026 新课程标准与高考命题新要求，是高考阅读 C 篇核心题型，命题完全源自权威科普 + 前沿科技 + 社会现象 + 生态环保， 选自外刊、权威媒体、科研简报等正规信息源。核心考信息定位 + 逻辑理解 + 细节比对，长难句偏多，掌握结构规律与命题套路可稳拿高分、少丢分。
2023–2025 年高考阅读理解说明文对比表
年份 试卷类型 原文字数 体裁 主题语境 话 题
2025 全国高考一卷 338 说明文 人与社会 文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
2025 全国高考二卷 266/340 说明文 人与自然 1.文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 2.文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
2024 新高考 I 卷 366 说明文 人与自然 文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
2024 新高考 II 卷 272/323 说明文 人与社会 1.文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 2.文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
2023 新高考 I 卷 322/339 说明文 人与自我 1.文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 2.没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
2023 新高考 II 卷 330/320 说明文 人与社会/人与自然 1.文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。 2.城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
一、高考阅读理解说明文总纲领
核心定位：高考阅读 C 篇，高分题、重逻辑、结构为王（7–9 分钟 / 篇）。本质：信息阐释 + 逻辑论证 + 客观说明，不是文学阅读；目标是理清结构、读懂概念、精准比对、理性判断。
二、核心命题变化
① 体裁聚焦科普说明类，以科技新知、生态环保、社会研究、健康常识、文化现象、实验介绍为主，图表类说明文占比逐年提升；② 强化逻辑关系理解（因果、对比、例证、定义），长难句增多，侧重对概念、原理、数据、结论的准确解读；③ 话题紧扣时代热点：人工智能、碳中和、生物多样性、心理健康、新型材料、城市规划等，科学性、实用性极强；④ 解题从逐句翻译转为抓结构 + 找逻辑 + 核细节，强调对段落功能与文章脉络的把握；⑤ 题型以细节理解题（60%）+ 推理判断题（20%）+ 主旨大意题（10%）+ 词义猜测 / 指代题（10%） 为主，既考精准定位，也考逻辑推断。
三、语篇核心特征
结构逻辑（高考标准 “总 — 分 — 总” 结构）
① 引入段：提出说明对象（现象、问题、事物、研究），给出背景或中心观点；② 主体段：分层阐释 ——定义→原理→特点→实验 / 数据→优势 / 问题→应用 / 影响；③ 结尾段：总结观点、给出展望、提出建议或重申意义。常见段落逻辑：总分、因果、对比、例证、并列、递进。
语言特点
① 客观严谨，以陈述、解释、说明、论证为主，无强烈情感色彩；② 专业词汇增多，但多附带定义、解释、同位语，可通过语境破解；③ 篇幅范围：340–380 词，复合句、长难句集中，常含被动语态、非谓语、定语从句、状语从句；④ 价值导向：科学理性、关注社会、生态保护、科技创新、健康生活，凸显核心素养。
四、2026 高频猜押话题
科技创新：AI 应用、新型材料、航天科技、智能设备
生态环保：碳中和、生物多样性、污染治理、可持续发展
社会研究：身心健康、社交模式、教育创新、城市发展
自然科普：动植物习性、气候现象、地质原理
文化现象：传统技艺传承、跨文化交流、数字文化
五大题型专项突破
细节理解题（占比 60%+）
推理判断题（逻辑推断）
主旨大意 / 段落大意题
词义猜测 / 代词指代题
文章结构 / 段落功能题
五、通用解题逻辑
① 先速读首尾段 + 各段首句，确定说明对象与文章结构；② 圈画题干关键词（概念、数据、因果、对比、专有名词），回文定位；③ 识别逻辑信号词（because/however/therefore/for example/while），理清句间关系；④ 细节题原文比对，推理题依逻辑推导，主旨题抓中心句；⑤ 排除偷换概念、绝对化、无中生有、过度推断、以偏概全干扰项。
六、备考启示
考场实用策略
先结构后细节，先首尾后中间快速搭建文章框架，再逐题定位，不盲目通读。
抓逻辑信号词however/therefore/because/while/similarly 直接决定句意与答案。
专业词不慌生词多有解释、同位语或上下文线索，不影响解题。
绝对词慎选only/never/all/always/impossible 多为错误项。
忠于原文，理性推断说明文重客观，不加入主观情感与生活经验。
五大题型专项备考策略
细节题：定位原句→比对信息→排除偷换 / 错位
推理题：依因果 / 对比逻辑→合理推断→不过度延伸
主旨题：看首尾段 + 各段主旨句→概括说明对象 + 核心内容
词义 / 指代题：看上下文定义 / 解释 / 指代→代入验证
结构题：判断段落功能（引入 / 例证 / 对比 / 总结）→匹配选项
避坑策略
不被长难句吓住：拆分主谓宾，忽略修饰成分抓主干
不混淆概念：注意相似名词、近似表述的细微差别
不主观臆断：所有推断必须有原文逻辑支撑
不忽略数据与例证：例子、数据多为考点服务
不把局部当整体：避免以单一细节代替全文主旨
考点 1：细节理解题
做法步骤：
圈关键词：概念名词、数据、时间、研究人员、实验结果、逻辑词
回文定位：锁定对应段落与原句
精读原句：提取精准信息，注意范围、程度、条件限制
比对选项：排除偷换概念、扩大 / 缩小范围、信息错位
确定答案：与原文完全一致的选项
口诀：关键词定位，原句精读，细节比对，直选答案。
考点 2：推理判断题（逻辑推断）
做法步骤：
定位原文依据，抓因果 / 对比 / 条件逻辑
识别逻辑词：because, therefore, thus, however, if
合理推导：原因→结果，现象→本质，条件→结论
坚守原则：原文有依据，不主观，不绝对
排除过度推理、与原文矛盾、无依据选项
口诀：找逻辑，依原文，合理推，不脑补。
考点 3：主旨大意 / 段落大意题
做法步骤：
全文主旨：看首段引入 + 尾段总结
段落主旨：看段首主题句 + 段尾总结句
概括结构：说明对象 + 核心内容 / 特征 / 意义
排除只讲细节、范围过大 / 过小、无中心的选项
套用句型：The passage mainly talks about.../The paragraph focuses on...
口诀：看首尾，抓主题，对象加核心，主旨不偏离。
考点 4：词义猜测 / 代词指代题
做法步骤：
定位生词 / 代词，看上下文线索：定义、举例、因果、转折、同义 / 反义
常见标志：that is, in other words, such as, but, however, or
代词题：向前找最近的名词 / 名词短语
代入选项验证：通顺且符合逻辑为正确答案
排除字面意思、无关含义、情感偏向项
口诀：看语境，找线索，代进去，通得顺。
考点 5：文章结构 / 段落功能题
做法步骤：
看段落位置：首段引入，中段论证 / 例证，尾段总结 / 展望
判断功能：introduce, explain, compare, give an example, conclude, suggest
识别结构：总 — 分 — 总、问题 — 解决方案、现象 — 分析 — 结论
结合逻辑词，判断段落间关系
排除偏离结构、功能错位选项
口诀：看位置，辨功能，理逻辑，定结构。
Passage 1
河北衡水中学2025-26届高三年级检测（七）
The numerous bacteria that naturally inhabit the human body seem to help us in many ways. One group is emerging as particularly beneficial: a type of gut (肠道) bacteria known as Blautia, which has made headlines recently because it seems to produce some really remarkable effects. Now, a Chinese team is glimpsing another potential benefit of Blautia: helping people adapt to high altitudes. Their findings suggest that providing Blautia could help mountaineers and others perform better in these challenging environments.
Qing-Peng Kong, a geneticist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his team recruited 45 men to move from their homes at 250 meters above sea level to a town at about 3,700 meters. Despite the thin air, the men ate similar food as they had at home, minimizing the effects of diet changes on their gut bacteria. After 2 days, Blautia went from being rare to very abundant in their guts.
In the second experiment, the team exposed mice to controlled low-oxygen conditions in the lab first and then simulated (模拟) an altitude of 4,000 meters, while giving Blautia to half of them every other day. The Blautia-treated mice showed milder response of altitude sickness. This opens the door into whether altitude sickness might be amenable to treatment through the gut.
The bacteria’s effect may also extend to the brain. “Its superpower comes from the connection between the gut and the brain,” says Klepac-Cerak at Wellesley College. The fatty acids it makes are known to activate receptors (神经末梢) on nerves that connect the digestive system, heart and brain. This could help explain a surprising relationship that Klepac-Cerak reported last year: Kids are more likely to talk and laugh when they have more Blautia in their guts. “There’s lots of communication happening between our brain; we are just beginning to uncover what services bacteria do for us.” Klepac-Cerak notes.
Blautia’s apparent superpowers suggest to Kong it could serve as a supplement (补充) that benefits people regardless of whether they are planning a trip to Tibet. But first, Kong says, he wants to find out whether Blautia is a “solo” player or has these protective effects only as part of a larger group of bacteria.
8. What’s the newly-found benefit of the study led by a Chinese team
A. It gets public attention. B. It helps people do better at high altitudes.
C. It makes social media angry. D. It introduces an advanced new technology.
9. What do we know about the subjects (实验对象) in both experiments
A. They experienced low-oxygen conditions.
B. They received Blautia in their diet.
C. They moved to high-altitude regions.
D. They suffered severe altitude sickness.
10. What does the underlined word “amenable” in Paragraph 3 mean ”.
A. Careless B. Untreatable. C. Unchangeable D. Reactive.
11. How would both Kong and Klepac-Cerak describe Blautia’s role in human health
A. double-edged sword. B. A solo player.
C. An extremely effective solution. D. A partially-understood influence
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. D 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国科学家团队对肠道细菌Blautia的研究，发现其可能帮助人们适应高海拔环境，并可能通过肠道与大脑的关联对健康产生积极影响。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的句子“Now, a Chinese team is glimpsing another potential benefit of Blautia: helping people adapt to high altitudes. Their findings suggest that providing Blautia could help mountaineers and others perform better in these challenging environments.(现在，一个中国团队看到了Blautia的另一个潜在好处：帮助人们适应高海拔地区。他们的研究结果表明，提供Blautia可以帮助登山者和其他人在这些具有挑战性的环境中表现得更好。)”可知，Blautia有助于人们在高海拔环境中表现更好。故选B项。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“Qing-Peng Kong, a geneticist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his team recruited 45 men to move from their homes at 250 meters above sea level to a town at about 3,700 meters.(中国科学院遗传学家Qing-Peng Kong和他的团队招募了45名男性，让他们从海拔250米的家中搬到海拔约3700米的城镇)”和第三段的句子“In the second experiment, the team exposed mice to controlled low-oxygen conditions in the lab first and then simulated(模拟) an altitude of 4,000 meters, while giving Blautia to half of them every other day.(在第二个实验中，研究小组首先将小鼠暴露在实验室控制的低氧条件下，然后模拟海拔4000米的环境，同时每隔一天给一半的小鼠喂食Blautia。)”可知，实验对象都经历了低氧条件。故选A项。
【10题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词前面的“altitude sickness(高原反应)”和下文的“treatment through the gut(通过肠道进行治疗)”可知，此处指的是“通过肠道治疗高原反应是否可行”，所以划线单词amenable的意义为“可用某种方式处理的”，与reactive“易反应的”意义相近。故选D项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的句子“But first, Kong says, he wants to find out whether Blautia is a ‘solo’ player or has these protective effects only as part of a larger group of bacteria.(但首先，Kong说他想弄清楚Blautia是否是“独奏者”，还是作为更大细菌群体的一部分才具有这些保护作用)”和第四段的句子“There’s lots of communication happening between our brain; we are just beginning to uncover what services bacteria do for us.(我们的大脑之间有很多交流；我们才刚刚开始发现细菌为我们做了什么。)”可知，Kong和Klepac-Cerak认为，Blautia的作用尚未完全被理解。故选D项。
Passage2
吉林省松原市实验高级中学2025-2026学年高三下学期学情调研
For many ecologists, monitoring individual animals over long periods of time is crucial to conservation efforts. But even the experts have difficulty differentiating one bear from another.
To help wildlife biologists make sense of it all, a team at Switzerland’s EPFL and Alaska Pacific University (APU) has developed PoseSwin, an AI program capable of telling brown bears apart from one another. PoseSwin was trained on over 72,000 photos of 109 different brown bears taken by APU researcher Beth Rosenberg, who took the images at all times of day and night and in various weather conditions, while also making sure to document the bears in a variety of behaviors. She and her team then determined the handful of details that remain relatively constant over the animal’s life. These details include their brow bone angle, ear placement, and nose and mouth shapes. They’re more reliable than body shape alone, which changes dramatically with weight gain.
The team took PoseSwin for a field test with help from citizen scientists. After collecting more brown bear photos from visitors to Katmai National Park and Preserve, researchers fed the photos into the machine learning program. In multiple cases, PoseSwin successfully matched individual bears to those in its database. PoseSwin’s designers could track how and where brown bears moved for seasonal food. “This is a concrete example of the model’s potential,” said Rosenberg. “The technology could eventually analyze thousands of pictures visitors take yearly and help map how brown bears use this expansive area.”
Rosenberg and her team are now using PoseSwin to monitor over 100 bears living around McNeil River State Game Sanctuary. Early tests have indicated it’s also incredibly accurate when trained on monkeys. Anyone can access the machine learning algorithm (算法) for their own subject — although there’s a good chance that none of them will be harder for PoseSwin to identify. “Bears are perhaps the hardest species to recognize individually,” said Mathis, Rosenberg’s partner. “We focused on them first with the idea that our program could be adapted to other species.”
32. What does PoseSwin mainly depend on to identify individual bears
A. Their facial features. B. Their fur color and size.
C. Their weight and body shape. D. Their behavioral patterns.
33. What were the photos from citizen scientists used to do
A Train the AI program PoseSwin. B. Record bears’lifelong changes.
C. Test the function of PoseSwin. D. Design a new learning algorithm.
34. What can be inferred about PoseSwin in the last paragraph
A. It won’t be available open-source. B. It won’t remain so bear-centric.
C. It relies on high-quality photos. D. It is trained on the limited data.
35. What is the best title for the text
A. PoseSwin: A Wildlife Tool for Bear Research B. PoseSwin: Analyzing Visitor Photos of Bears
C. PoseSwin: Tracking Bear Seasonal Movement D. PoseSwin: An AI Program for Bear Identification
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. B 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款名为PoseSwin的人工智能程序，该程序由瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院和阿拉斯加太平洋大学的研究团队开发，旨在帮助野生动物生物学家区分不同的棕熊个体。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“She and her team then determined the handful of details that remain relatively constant over the animal’s life. These details include their brow bone angle, ear placement, and nose and mouth shapes.(她和她的团队随后确定了在动物一生中相对保持不变的几个细节。这些细节包括它们的眉骨角度、耳朵位置以及鼻子和嘴巴的形状。)”可知，PoseSwin主要依靠熊的面部特征来识别棕熊个体。故选A。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“The team took PoseSwin for a field test with help from citizen scientists. After collecting more brown bear photos from visitors to Katmai National Park and Preserve, researchers fed the photos into the machine learning program. In multiple cases, PoseSwin successfully matched individual bears to those in its database.(研究小组在公民科学家帮助下对PoseSwin进行了实地测试。研究人员从卡特迈国家公园和保护区的游客那里收集了更多棕熊的照片后，将这些照片输入到机器学习程序中。在多个案例中，PoseSwin成功地将个体熊与数据库中的熊匹配起来。)”可知，来自公民科学家的照片是用来测试PoseSwin的功能的。故选C。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段”“Bears are perhaps the hardest species to recognize individually,” said Mathis, Rosenberg’s partner. “We focused on them first with the idea that our program could be adapted to other species.”(“熊或许是最难单独辨识的物种，”罗斯福的搭档马蒂斯说道，“我们首先聚焦它们，是想让我们的程序能推广到其他物种。”)”可知，PoseSwin未来可能会适应其他物种。故选B。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了一款名为PoseSwin的人工智能程序，该程序由瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院和阿拉斯加太平洋大学的研究团队开发，旨在帮助野生动物生物学家区分不同的棕熊个体，由此可知，文章的最佳标题是“PoseSwin：一种用于熊识别的AI程序”。故选D。
Passage3
杭州学军中学2026首考适应性考试
A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.”
The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours.
The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96.8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!”
Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood.
However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications.
8. Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned
A. To explain how the brain processes smell.
B. To introduce a newly-invented tracking device.
C. To show a link between breathing and depression.
D. To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern.
9. What does the underlined word mean
A. Connected. B. Powered.
C. Controlled. D. Trained.
10. What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood
A. Changes in breath cure anxiety.
B. Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing.
C. Their exact relationship remains unclear.
D. Breathing is responsible for negative mood.
11. What is the main finding of this research
A. Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health.
B. Breathing patterns link to identity and health.
C. A groundbreaking device reveals mental health.
D. Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods.
【答案】8. D 9. A 10. C 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项新研究发现呼吸模式具有独特性，可用于身份识别，且与身心健康指标存在关联。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. (以色列魏茨曼科学研究所的科学家发现，每个人都有独特的呼吸模式，被称为鼻呼吸“指纹”，这种独特的模式能揭示出一个人身心健康的相关线索。)”可知，提到呼吸“指纹”是为了强调个人呼吸模式的独特性。故选D项。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired—and be unique to each of us (人类的大脑在吸气过程中处理气味信息，大脑与呼吸之间的这种紧密联系让研究团队产生了一个疑问：我们的呼吸模式是否能反映出大脑的连接方式——并且每个人的模式都是独一无二的呢？)”可知，此处“wired”指的是大脑内部的神经连接方式，与“Connected”意思相近。故选A项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. (重要的是，研究人员指出，他们只知道呼吸和情绪之间存在关联，但并不知道两者之间的因果关系——究竟是焦虑情绪改变了呼吸，还是某种呼吸模式引发了焦虑。)”可知，呼吸和情绪之间的确切关系目前仍不明确。故选C项。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are.(一项新研究发现，呼吸的作用绝不仅仅是让空气在肺部进出 —— 它甚至还能用来识别个人身份。)”以及第四段中的“Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. (除了用于身份识别外，该研究还发现呼吸模式与身体质量指数、睡眠-觉醒周期以及焦虑、抑郁等心理健康特征之间存在明显关联。)”可知，这项研究的主要发现是呼吸模式与身份识别和健康状况都存在关联。故选B项。
Passage4
江浙高中发展共同体·2026届高三第一次适应性考试
While technological advancements have enhanced the convenience of urban commuting in recent years, environmental studies reveal a worrying decline in urban green spaces, especially in densely populated districts. Many residents complain that there’s insufficient access to nature-filled areas for relaxation and exercise, so they end up spending more time indoors, relying on virtual entertainment.
Urban planners Lila Chen and Ryan Moore are deeply troubled by such issues. In their newly released book Green Living: Reclaim Our Cities’ Natural Spaces, they call for a fundamental rethinking of urban design and the role greenery should play in our daily lives.
The landscape of urban living began to shift decades ago. Vast areas of natural vegetation were cleared to make room for sprawling concrete structures and commercial centers, forcing residents to seek nature in distant suburbs. Some grassroots groups fought back. Most notably, a community organizer from Seattle, who relocated to the city in the early 2000s, launched a movement to save a local wetlands area from being converted into a shopping mall. Expressing her outrage at the planned destruction, Emily Clark appealed to the city council to “Preserve Seattle as a city where nature and urban life coexist harmoniously, not just a place of concrete and commerce.” Similar initiatives took place in other major cities across the country in the 2010s.
Although these initiatives gained public attention, the harsh reality is that the majority of modern cities remain overwhelmingly dominated by urban development at the expense of green spaces. The coverage of natural areas in cities has been shrinking steadily. In California, for instance, the ratio of urban green spaces to total city area has dropped to a record low, even as the state promotes environmental protection campaigns.
We invest substantial resources in building urban infrastructure that prioritizes speed and efficiency, yet we neglect to consider the true value of green spaces. Do we fully comprehend the social and psychological costs when citizens lack easy access to natural environments for mental rejuvenation The authors of Green Living are spot-on: it’s high time we re-evaluate the urban landscapes right outside our homes.
8. What phenomenon does the author highlight in paragraph 1
A. Urban commuting has become overly dependent on technology.
B. The reduction of urban green spaces leads to lifestyle changes.
C. Virtual entertainment is replacing outdoor activities completely.
D. Residents in densely populated areas have limited access to jobs.
9. What were the Seattle community organizer and other activists attempting to achieve
A. Expand commercial development in urban areas.
B. Relocate residents to distant suburbs with more greenery.
C. Safeguard urban natural spaces for a balanced lifestyle.
D. Promote the construction of more shopping malls in wetlands.
10. What can be inferred about the initiatives in California in the 2010s
A. They successfully increased the ratio of urban green spaces.
B. They failed to reverse the trend of shrinking green areas.
C. They led to a surge in environmental protection donations.
D. They resulted in the closure of all commercial construction projects.
11. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text
A. Urban Rush: Sacrificing Nature B. Tech Advance: A Double-edged Sword
C. Green Spaces: A Luxury or Necessity D. Community Activism: A Lost Cause
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市发展以牺牲城市绿地为代价，虽然提高了便利性，但给环境和人们的健康生活带来了巨大威胁。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“While technological advancements have enhanced the convenience of urban commuting in recent years, environmental studies reveal a worrying decline in urban green spaces, especially in densely populated districts. Many residents complain that there’s insufficient access to nature-filled areas for relaxation and exercise, so they end up spending more time indoors, relying on virtual entertainment.(近年来，尽管科技进步提升了城市通勤的便利性，但环境研究显示，城市绿地正以令人担忧的速度减少，在人口密集区域尤为明显。许多居民抱怨，能够供他们放松和锻炼的自然区域不足，因此他们不得不更多地待在室内，依赖虚拟娱乐打发时间)”可知，作者在第一段主要强调了城市绿地减少导致居民生活方式的改变。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Most notably, a community organizer from Seattle, who relocated to the city in the early 2000s, launched a movement to save a local wetlands area from being converted into a shopping mall. Expressing her outrage at the planned destruction, Emily Clark appealed to the city council to “Preserve Seattle as a city where nature and urban life coexist harmoniously, not just a place of concrete and commerce.” Similar initiatives took place in other major cities across the country in the 2010s.(最值得关注的是，一位21世纪初移居西雅图的社区组织者发起了一场运动，旨在阻止当地一片湿地被改建成购物中心。埃米莉 克拉克对这一计划中的破坏行为表示愤怒，她向市议会呼吁：“要将西雅图打造成自然与城市生活和谐共存的城市，而不只是一座充斥着混凝土建筑和商业活动的地方。”)”可知，西雅图社区组织者和其他活动者试图守护城市自然空间，追求平衡生活方式。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“The coverage of natural areas in cities has been shrinking steadily. In California, for instance, the ratio of urban green spaces to total city area has dropped to a record low, even as the state promotes environmental protection campaigns.(城市自然区域的覆盖面积一直在稳步缩小。例如，在加州，城市绿地占城市总面积的比例已降至历史最低水平，尽管该州正在推动环保运动)”推知，21世纪初加州的环保活动未能扭转绿地面积不断萎缩的趋势。故选B。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合最后一段“We invest substantial resources in building urban infrastructure that prioritizes speed and efficiency, yet we neglect to consider the true value of green spaces. Do we fully comprehend the social and psychological costs when citizens lack easy access to natural environments for mental rejuvenation The authors of Green Living are spot-on: it’s high time we re-evaluate the urban landscapes right outside our homes.(我们投入大量资源建设以速度和效率为优先的城市基础设施，却忽视了绿地的真正价值。当市民难以就近接触自然环境以滋养心灵时，我们是否充分意识到其中的社会成本与心理代价？《绿色生活》的作者们说得很对：是时候重新审视我们家门口的城市风貌了)”可知，文章主要介绍了城市发展以牺牲城市绿地为代价，虽然提高了便利性，但给环境和人们的健康生活带来了巨大威胁，因此A项“Urban Rush: Sacrificing Nature (都市快速发展：牺牲自然？)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。
Passage5
2026届江苏苏州市七校联考模拟预测
Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. But as people increasingly turn to digital platforms in search of opportunity, Daniela Saban, an associate professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business, says it’s time to take a critical look at the role of algorithms (算法). She explores how properly designed algorithms can improve the fairness and effectiveness of matching processes.
Saban has focused much of her research on what she calls “matching markets” and she’s been particularly fascinated by online dating. In one study, she and several coauthors partnered with a major U.S. dating platform to explore how updates to the app’s algorithm could improve outcomes for romantic hopefuls looking to spark new connections.
Analyzing data from the app, Saban developed a model that not only prioritized potential matches based on a user’s preferences but also took into account the likelihood that the person on the other side of the potential match would be interested. “I not only want to show you people that you will like, I also want to show you people that will like you back,” Saban notes. Factoring in users’ history, activity levels, and this two-sided approach to preference led to a substantial increase in matches during field experiments in Texas. “Our algorithm increased the number of matches by 27% in Houston and by over 37% in Austin,” Saban says.
Similarly, when working with the volunteer matching platform VolunteerMatch, Saban identified an imbalance in how volunteer opportunities were being distributed. Some organizations were receiving an overwhelming number of sign-ups, sometimes even more than they needed, while others struggled to attract any volunteers at all. By adjusting the search algorithm to consider the number of volunteers an organization needs and has already received, Saban and her team were able to ensure a more reasonable distribution of volunteers across opportunities.
The technical details of algorithms may be complicated, but our commitment to fairness and equity doesn’t have to be. If we want algorithms to work for good, we need to make conscious choices about how we design them.
12. How do people search for opportunities nowadays
A. By learning algorithms.
B. By making use of online tools.
C. By developing critical thinking.
D. By analyzing the matching processes.
13. What do we know about the model Saban developed for the dating app
A. It has attracted more users to the app.
B. It makes a user’s preferences a top priority.
C. It focuses on two-sided preference matching.
D. It presents more potential matches to the users.
14. On what basis did Saban adjust the algorithm of VolunteerMatch
A. The preferences of the volunteers.
B The popularity of the organizations.
C. A match between volunteer and organization types.
D. A balance between the demand and supply of volunteers.
15. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A. The Power of Digital Matchmaking
B. A New Era of Opportunity Searching
C. Designing Algorithms for Better Matches
D. Volunteering Better with Equal Distribution
【答案】12. B 13. C 14. D 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了斯坦福大学商学院副教授Daniela Saban关于“匹配市场”的研究，通过在线约会平台和志愿者匹配平台的案例，阐述了合理设计的算法如何提升匹配过程的公平性与有效性。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. But as people increasingly turn to digital platforms in search of opportunity, Daniela Saban, an associate professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business, says it’s time to take a critical look at the role of algorithms (算法). (无论你是在找工作、找房子，还是寻找人生伴侣，都有对应的应用程序可用。但随着人们越来越多地借助数字平台寻求机会，斯坦福大学商学院运营、信息与技术领域的副教授Daniela Saban表示，现在是时候审慎审视算法所扮演的角色了)”可知，如今人们通过使用在线工具，例如各类应用程序、数字平台来寻找机会。故选B项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Analyzing data from the app, Saban developed a model that not only prioritized potential matches based on a user’s preferences but also took into account the likelihood that the person on the other side of the potential match would be interested. “I not only want to show you people that you will like, I also want to show you people that will like you back,” Saban notes. (通过分析该应用程序的数据，Saban 开发了一个模型：它不仅会依据用户的偏好对潜在匹配对象进行优先级排序，还会考虑到潜在匹配对象的另一方是否可能对此感兴趣。Saban 指出：“我不仅想给你推荐你会喜欢的人，还想给你推荐也会喜欢你的人。”)”可知，Saban 为约会应用开发的模型核心在于兼顾双方的偏好，即注重双向偏好匹配。故选C项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Some organizations were receiving an overwhelming number of sign-ups, sometimes even more than they needed, while others struggled to attract any volunteers at all. By adjusting the search algorithm to consider the number of volunteers an organization needs and has already received, Saban and her team were able to ensure a more reasonable distribution of volunteers across opportunities. (一些机构收到的报名人数多得难以应对，有时甚至超出了实际需求，而另一些机构却根本难以吸引到任何志愿者。Saban 及其团队通过调整搜索算法，将机构所需志愿者数量与已招募到的志愿者数量纳入考量，从而得以确保志愿者能在各类志愿机会间实现更合理的分配)”可知，Saban 调整VolunteerMatch算法的依据是平衡志愿者的供需关系，即机构的需求与已有的志愿者供给。故选D项。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. (无论你是在找工作、找房子，还是寻找人生伴侣，都有对应的应用程序可用)”并结合全文内容可知，文章开篇指出人们依赖数字平台寻找机会，进而引出Saban 关于算法在“匹配市场”中作用的研究；随后通过在线约会平台（提升双向匹配成功率）和志愿者匹配平台（平衡志愿者供需）两个具体案例，说明合理设计的算法能优化匹配效果；最后总结“如果我们希望算法发挥积极作用，就需要在设计时做出有意识的选择”，全文核心围绕C选项“设计算法以实现更好的匹配”展开，适合作为标题。故选C项。
Passage6
江苏省镇江市2025-2026学年上学期高三零模
Plants can be grown in flexible ways. Besides planting seeds, a special method allows growing new plants from parts of other plants, like rose stems or potato tubers — these copies like the mother plant are called plant clones.
The technique to make plant clones is known as micropropagation (微繁殖). It uses tiny pieces of plant tissue, called explants (外植体), from a “mother plant” and raises them in a clean lab with nutrient-rich media, under controlled light, temperature, and humidity. The key lies in the ability of a single cell to develop into a whole organism, and dedifferentiation (去分化), where mature cells return to a dividing state before forming new tissues and organs.
Suppose you have a favorite garden plant with unique, attractive flowers but it produces no seeds. In nature, some plants depend on bees, insects, or birds to develop seeds — without these helpers, they may die seedless. To grow it, you can try micropropagation. Beyond resolving the seedless plant problem, it can also efficiently reproduce economically important species like bananas, saving time and cost. Moreover, it enables the production of virus-free plants and helps reproduce stress-tolerant varieties that otherwise struggle to produce seeds.
You might be curious about the materials and experimental setup required for this modern technique. The process needs a mother plant, suitable explants, and a nutrient medium. After being cleaned, explants grow into complete plants in a room with a controlled environment. Later, they are hardened and relocated to greenhouses or fields. Additionally, simple micropropagation, such as using stem cuttings of roses, lets people grow plants at home without seeds, offering a convenient way to reproduce beloved plants.
28. What can people do with the special method according to paragraph 1
A. produce plant seeds. B. Change plant colors.
C. Grow new identical plants. D. Protect rare plant species.
29. What does the underlined word “them” stand for in paragraph 2
A. Explants. B. New plants. C. Seeds. D. New cells.
30. What can we know about the process according to the last paragraph
A. It is hard to reproduce roses at home.
B. Plants grow better indoors than outdoors.
C. The growth of explants needs special care.
D. Simple micropropagation needs complex procedures.
31. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A Micropropagation: Its Trouble and Cost. B. Explants: From Leaves to Plants.
C. Plant Cloning: Its Benefits and Procedure. D. Nutrient Media: Energy for Plant Growth.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. C 31. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了植物微繁殖技术，包括其原理、应用、所需材料和实验设置等。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Besides planting seeds, a special method allows growing new plants from parts of other plants, like rose stems or potato tubers — these copies like the mother plant are called plant clones.(除了播种外，还有一种特殊的方法可以从其他植物的部分，如玫瑰茎或马铃薯块茎，培育出新的植物——这些与母株相似的植物被称为克隆植物。)”可知，人们可以用这种特殊的方法培育新的相同植物。故选C。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“It uses tiny pieces of plant tissue, called explants (外植体), from a “mother plant” and raises them in a clean lab with nutrient-rich media, under controlled light, temperature, and humidity.(它从“母株”上取下称为外植体的微小植物组织，在光线、温度和湿度可控的清洁实验室中，用营养丰富的培养基培养它们。)”可知，them指代的是上文提到的“explants”，也就是外植体。故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“The process needs a mother plant, suitable explants, and a nutrient medium. After being cleaned, explants grow into complete plants in a room with a controlled environment. Later, they are hardened and relocated to greenhouses or fields.(这个过程需要一株母株、合适的外植体和营养培养基。外植体经过清洗后，在可控环境的房间里长成完整的植株。后来，它们被硬化并重新安置到温室或田野中。)”可知，外植体的生长需要特殊照顾。故选C。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍了植物克隆这种特殊的方法，第二段介绍了植物克隆的原理，第三段介绍了植物克隆的好处，第四段介绍了植物克隆的过程，由此可知，文章主要介绍了植物克隆的好处和程序，故选项C适合作为这篇文章的最佳标题。故选C。
Passage7
山东名校联盟2026届高三下学期2月份核心素养评估考试
When we talk of human actions harming the environment, we often think of pollution, overuse of resources or destruction of habitats. But introducing new species into areas where they don’t naturally live can also be destructive. One such invasive (入侵的) species is the zebra mussel.
Zebra mussels live in fresh water and are native to the Caspian and Black Seas, which are found in between Europe and Asia. These seas are less salty than most, so a freshwater species like the zebra mussel can live there and in nearby lakes. By attaching onto ships, the mollusks (软体动物) have spread to much of Europe and North America, causing a problem for the environment and humans alike.
When species are abruptly introduced to a new ecosystem, they often damage the balance of that ecosystem, and zebra mussels are no exception. They feed by phytoplankton (浮游植物) and other nutrients out of the water when they pass through their shells, and they do so with striking efficiency. This means that when zebra mussels arrive in a new area, they consume so much phytoplankton that other species that also eat the same food source struggle to get a sufficient amount of food. Since those other creatures, in turn, are a food source for still other species, zebra mussels harm everything in the lake.
Zebra mussels also create problems for humans because they multiply so quickly. They often grow on objects made by humans, and groups of them can prevent these objects from functioning. For example, zebra mussels have been known to obstruct the flow of water through pipes, which can prevent communities from getting clean drinking water. They attach to these objects firmly enough that they can prove difficult and expensive to clean.
Removal of zebra mussels is incredibly difficult, so only by stopping them from spreading can people limit the troubles they cause. Governments of areas affected are taking steps to prevent their spread mostly by privately-owned boats. So, boaters must clean, drain (排空), and dry their boats and motors before entering one lake or another to defend against their further spread.
8. Why does the author mention the environmental problems in the beginning
A. To introduce the topic. B. To predict the ending.
C. To emphasize the effects. D. To illustrate an argument.
9. What can we learn about zebra mussels
A. They need salty water to survive.
B. They only exist in Europe and Asia.
C. They often break the balance of the ecosystem.
D. They eat less phytoplankton than any other species.
10. What does the underlined word “obstruct” in paragraph 4 mean
A. Avoid. B. Block. C. Control. D. Direct.
11. What does the last paragraph focus on
A. The damages caused by zebra mussels.
B. The difficulties zebra mussels encounter.
C. The measures to stop zebra mussels spreading.
D. The rapid reproduction speed of zebra mussels.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. B 11. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了入侵物种斑马贻贝，它会破坏生态系统的平衡，影响人们的生活，清理起来也非常困难。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“When we talk of human actions harming the environment, we often think of pollution, overuse of resources or destruction of habitats. But introducing new species into areas where they don’t naturally live can also be destructive. One such invasive (入侵的) species is the zebra mussel. (当我们谈到人类行为对环境造成损害时，我们通常会想到污染、资源的过度使用或者栖息地的破坏。但将新物种引入它们原本不适应的区域同样会造成破坏。其中一种入侵物种就是斑马贻贝。)”可知，作者开篇先列举人们熟知的破坏环境的行为，接着引出“外来入侵物种也会破坏环境”，进而引出本文的说明对象——入侵物种斑马贻贝，因此开篇提到环境问题是为了引出主题。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“When species are abruptly introduced to a new ecosystem, they often damage the balance of that ecosystem, and zebra mussels are no exception. (当物种突然被引入一个新的生态系统时，它们往往会破坏该生态系统的平衡，斑马贻贝也不例外。)”可知，斑马贻贝会破坏生态系统的平衡，故选C。
【10题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“They often grow on objects made by humans, and groups of them can prevent these objects from functioning. (它们常常附着在人类制造的物体上，成群的它们甚至会妨碍这些物体的正常运作。)”和下文“which can prevent communities from getting clean drinking water. (从而使得一些社区无法获得干净的饮用水。)”可知，斑马贻贝堵住了管道，阻挡了水流，obstruct意思是“阻挡、堵塞”，对应block。故选B。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Governments of areas affected are taking steps to prevent their spread mostly by privately-owned boats. So, boaters must clean, drain (排空), and dry their boats and motors before entering one lake or another to defend against their further spread. (受影响地区的政府主要通过私人拥有的船只采取措施来防止它们的传播。因此，船员在进入一个湖泊或另一个湖泊之前必须清洁、排空并晾干他们的船只和发动机，以防止它们进一步传播。)”可知，最后一段介绍了政府防控斑马贻贝扩散的具体措施。故选C。
Passage8
广东部分学校2026届高三年级上学期1月份适应性测试
Dogs have been a part of human society for over 20,000 years. Initially, they served people by supporting hunters, and it did not take long before they became part of the home. Dogs might not help secure food, but for years evidence has mounted that they help people in another way.
Research led by Dr. Kikusui Takefumi at Azabu University in Japan explains what might be going on. The microbes (微生物) found elsewhere, particularly in the human gut (肠道), produce chemicals that influence how the brain works. Those microbes are heavily affected by diet, but are also shaped by factors like stress, pollutants and exercise. Kikusui knew from his own research that having a dog influenced the microbiota of the human gut, too. With this in mind, he wondered if microbe movement from dogs might be helping bring psychological benefits to owners. Eager to find out, he set up an experiment with 343 participants in Tokyo.
Kikusui specifically worked with teenagers, who are going through a crucial period of brain development, when social interactions often have lasting mental effects; if microbes from dogs were reducing teen anxiety and increasing teen sociality, then this would generate long-term positive effects. He and his coworkers therefore psychologically analysed 96 teens who were dog owners and 247 teens who were not.
Kikusui and his coworkers found that dog owners suffered from fewer social problems. More specifically, they were less likely to react strongly during conflicts, and demonstrated fewer problem behaviors and less social withdrawal. Kikusui and his coworkers then collected saliva (唾液) samples from the participants and noted that certain kinds of Streptococcus and Prevotella 7 were significantly more plentiful in samples from dog owners. They further found that participants within whom these key microbes were rare also tended to have more problematic behaviors. As anticipated before the experiment, microbes, added to the human gut by dogs, may be influencing the brains of their owners in healthy ways.
12. What is the basis for Kikusui’s experiment
A. Microbes determine human behavior. B. Diet shapes the microbiota in the gut.
C. Dogs reduce mental stress in teenagers. D. Dogs relate to microbes in the human gut.
13. Why were the teenagers chosen as participants
A. They show more social problems.
B. Their microbes are easily changed.
C. They often tend to keep dogs as pets.
D. Their brain development is at a key stage.
14. How did the research team feel about the result of the experiment
A. Unsurprised. B. Unsatisfied. C. Discouraged. D. Confused.
15. What is the best title for the text
A. Dogs Improve Human Health Constantly B. Dog ownership Reduces Teen Problems
C. Microbes Link Dogs to Human Behavior D. Gut Microbes Influence Brain Negatively
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了日本麻布大学的Kikusui Takefumi研究发现养狗会影响人类肠道微生物群。他以处于大脑发育关键期的青少年为对象开展实验，发现养狗的青少年社交问题少，其唾液中特定微生物更丰富， 且微生物少的人行为问题多。这表明狗带来的微生物或以健康方式影响人类的大脑。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Kikusui knew from his own research that having a dog influenced the microbiota of the human gut, too. With this in mind, he wondered if microbe movement from dogs might be helping bring psychological benefits to owners.(Kikusui从自己的研究中了解到，养狗也会影响人类肠道的微生物群。基于这一点，他想知道来自狗身上的微生物转移是否有助于给主人带来心理益处)”可知，Kikusui实验的基础是狗与人类肠道中的微生物有关。故选D项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Kikusui specifically worked with teenagers, who are going through a crucial period of brain development, when social interactions often have lasting mental effects; if microbes from dogs were reducing teen anxiety and increasing teen sociality, then this would generate long - term positive effects.(Kikusui专门选择青少年进行研究，青少年正处于大脑发育的关键时期，此时社交互动往往会产生持久的心理影响；如果来自狗的微生物能减少青少年的焦虑并提高他们的社交能力，那么这将产生长期的积极影响)”可知，选择青少年作为参与者是因为他们的大脑发育处于关键阶段。故选D项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“As anticipated before the experiment, microbes, added to the human gut by dogs, may be influencing the brains of their owners in healthy ways.(正如实验前预期的那样，狗给人类肠道增加的微生物可能正在以健康的方式影响着它们主人的大脑)”可知，研究团队对实验结果并不感到惊讶。故选A项。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是第二段的“Kikusui knew from his own research that having a dog influenced the microbiota of the human gut, too. With this in mind, he wondered if microbe movement from dogs might be helping bring psychological benefits to owners. Eager to find out, he set up an experiment with 343 participants in Tokyo.(Kikusui通过自己的研究了解到，养狗也会对人类肠道内的微生物群落产生影响。基于此，他思考是否是狗体内的微生物运动，正在为主人带来心理上的益处。出于强烈的好奇心，他决定在东京对 343 名参与者进行一项实验。)”可知，文章主要讲述了Kikusui的研究，通过实验表明狗身上的微生物与人类行为之间存在联系，狗身上的微生物可能有益地影响主人大脑。C选项“微生物将狗与人类行为联系起来”符合文章主旨，为最佳标题。故选C项。
Passage9
北京市通州区2025-2026学年高三上学期摸底考试
Curiosity is a familiar feeling among people. Yet when we examine it more deeply, curiosity reveals itself to be a complex emotion. Consider this: Is curiosity a positive feeling or a negative one Does it resemble frustration or anticipation Is it a painful reminder of what we do not (yet) know, or a thrilling signal of what we might soon discover
In fact, curiosity can be all of these — and more. It has two faces: one points toward what we desire, and the other toward what we have not yet obtained — and may never obtain. Once we recognize that curiosity is not always pleasurable, we can explore factors that influence the nature of our experience in different situations. One such factor is time.
Researchers have investigated whether the experience of curiosity is more positive when we anticipate satisfying it sooner rather than later. To explore this question, a paper published in Cognition and Emotion reported three studies involving over 200 participants recruited from a university or online.
In each study, the researchers first induced (诱导) a state of curiosity by telling participants that they would later watch a video that contained “something with different shades of brown”. Participants were invited to reflect on what it might be, but they were not told. Crucially, half the participants were told they would watch the video after a short delay of only one minute, and half were told that there would first be a 30-minute delay during which they would complete other interesting tasks. At the start of the delays, everyone indicated how curious they felt about the content of the video, as well as how much they felt negative feelings, such as discomfort, versus positive feelings, such as happiness.
The key finding was that while both groups reported equal levels of curiosity, the curiosity was accompanied by more negative feelings for those participants facing a long delay. The researchers argue that the finding sheds light on the two faces of curiosity. When our curiosity will not be satisfied anytime soon, we focus on not knowing, on the information gap itself, and this is largely aversive. But when our curiosity is on the verge of being satisfied, we focus on almost knowing, or the anticipated resolution, which is a more positive experience.
28. What was the main difference between the two participant groups
A. Their physical responses.
B. Their initial levels of curiosity.
C. The types of video they watched.
D. The delays before watching the video.
29. What does the word “aversive” underlined in the last paragraph mean
A. Unpleasant. B. Misleading. C. Ineffective. D. Ignored.
30. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To criticize the methods used in curiosity research.
B. To introduce different scientific definitions of curiosity.
C. To suggest ways to avoid the negative side of curiosity.
D. To prove curiosity can lead to different emotional experiences.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍好奇心是复杂情绪，研究者通过实验探究时间对好奇心体验的影响，证明其会伴随不同的积极或消极情绪体验。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Crucially, half the participants were told they would watch the video after a short delay of only one minute, and half were told that there would first be a 30-minute delay during which they would complete other interesting tasks. (关键的是，一半的参与者被告知他们只需等待一分钟就能观看视频，另一半则被告知需要先等待30分钟，在这期间他们要完成其他有趣的任务。)”可知，两组参与者的主要区别在于观看视频前的等待时长不同。故选D项。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“The key finding was that while both groups reported equal levels of curiosity, the curiosity was accompanied by more negative feelings for those participants facing a long delay. (关键发现是，尽管两组参与者的好奇心程度相同，但对于那些面临长时间等待的参与者来说，他们的好奇心伴随着更多的负面情绪。)”以及“When our curiosity will not be satisfied anytime soon, we focus on not knowing, on the information gap itself, and this is largely aversive. (当我们的好奇心无法很快得到满足时，我们会关注自己的未知，关注信息差本身，而这在很大程度上是aversive。)”可推知，此处指长时间等待满足的好奇心会带来负面情绪，因此“aversive”的意思是“令人不快的、讨厌的”，与Unpleasant的意义相近。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In fact, curiosity can be all of these — and more. It has two faces: one points toward what we desire, and the other toward what we have not yet obtained — and may never obtain. Once we recognize that curiosity is not always pleasurable, we can explore factors that influence the nature of our experience in different situations. (事实上，好奇心可以是上述所有的感受，甚至更多。它有两面性：一面指向我们渴望的东西，另一面指向我们尚未得到——甚至可能永远得不到的东西。一旦我们认识到好奇心并非总是令人愉悦的，我们就能探究在不同情况下影响我们体验本质的因素。)”以及全文围绕研究者通过实验证明时间因素会让好奇心伴随不同的情绪体验展开可知，本文的主要目的是证明好奇心会带来不同的情绪体验。故选D项。
Passage10
备战2026年高考英语模拟卷（上海卷）
Poet and Harvard Professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow famously said, “Music is the universal language of mankind.” A new Harvard study suggests he may have been right.
The study conducted by a research team found that people around the world could identify lullabies (摇篮曲), dance songs, and comforting songs — regardless of the songs’ cultural origin — after hearing just a 14-second clip (片段). The finding suggests that not only is music deeply rooted in human nature, but that some types of songs break cultural boundaries.
The findings are based on a wide-reaching experiment in which 750 online participants in 60 countries listened to brief clips of songs collected from nearly 90 small societies around the world, including hunter-gatherers and some special farmers. Participants then answered six questions, rating each clip according to whether they believed the song was used for dancing, calming a baby, treating illness, or expressing love. Two additional uses — mourning (哀悼) the dead and telling a story — were included as controls.
The data showed that despite participants’ unfamiliarity with the cultures, the random sampling of each song, and the short duration of the samples, people were able to reliably infer the songs’ functions, and that their ratings were consistent across the world.
The findings ran counter to expert expectations. The team had also asked professionals, including performers, composers, psychologists, and scientists about whether they believed people would be able to identify the song types. Their answer was no. And not only that, but they predicted that people’s responses will be inconsistent with one another. “That’s not what we found,” the researchers said.
The researchers also wanted to know whether listeners were recognizing certain non-musical characteristics of the songs. To test that, the team conducted a second study. This time, they asked listeners about a number of contextual and musical features, ranging from the gender of the singers to the rhythm of the song.
When data from the two studies were combined, the results showed that songs of the same function shared similar characteristics — lullabies, for example, tended to be slower and simpler than dance music — suggesting that something about musical characteristics crosses cultural boundaries.
43．What did the participants do in the first study
A．They distinguished functions of the songs.
B．They identified the cultural origins of the songs.
C．They recognized the non-musical characteristics of the songs.
D．They sorted the songs according to the gender of the singers.
44．What does the underlined part “ran counter to” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Were equal to. B．Were similar to.
C．Were superior to. D．Were opposite to.
45．Why did the researchers carry out the second study
A．To test the musical knowledge of a wider audience.
B．To collect more diverse songs from various cultures.
C．To confirm the surprising results from the first one.
D．To explore the underlying reasons behind the findings.
46．What can we learn from the two studies
A．Listeners recognize music by its rhythm. B．Something about music might be universal.
C．Dance music is usually slower and simpler. D．Cultural similarities lead to similar musical features.
【答案】43．A 44．D 45．D 46．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了哈佛大学的一项新研究表明，尽管文化背景不同，但人们能识别出不同功能歌曲的共性，音乐可能有共性。
43．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Participants then answered six questions, rating each clip according to whether they believed the song was used for dancing, calming a baby, treating illness, or expressing love.(参与者随后回答了六个问题，根据他们认为歌曲是用于跳舞、安抚婴儿、治疗疾病还是表达爱意，对每个片段进行评分)”可知，在第一个研究中，参与者要区分歌曲的功能。故选A。
44．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The data showed that despite participants’ unfamiliarity with the cultures, the random sampling of each song, and the short duration of the samples, people were able to reliably infer the songs’ functions, and that their ratings were consistent across the world.(数据显示，尽管参与者对这些文化并不熟悉，每首歌曲都是随机选取的，且样本持续时间很短，但人们仍能够可靠地推断出歌曲的功能，而且他们的评分在全球范围内是一致的)”、第五段中“The findings ran counter to expert expectations. The team had also asked professionals, including performers, composers, psychologists, and scientists about whether they believed people would be able to identify the song types. Their answer was no. And not only that, but they predicted that people’s responses will be inconsistent with one another. “That’s not what we found,” the researchers said.(这一发现ran counter to专家们的预期。研究团队还询问了包括表演者、作曲家、心理学家和科学家在内的专业人士，他们是否认为人们能够识别出歌曲类型。他们的回答是否定的。不仅如此，他们还预测人们的回答会相互不一致。“这并非我们的发现，”研究人员说道)”可知，研究结果与专家预期相反，所以ran counter to意思是“与……相反”。故选D。
45．细节理解题。根据第六段中“The researchers also wanted to know whether listeners were recognizing certain non-musical characteristics of the songs. To test that, the team conducted a second study.(研究人员还想知道听众是否通过歌曲的某些非音乐特征来识别。为了验证这一点，团队开展了第二项研究)”可知，研究人员进行第二项研究是为了探索研究结果背后的潜在原因。故选D。
46．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Poet and Harvard Professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow famously said, “Music is the universal language of mankind.” A new Harvard study suggests he may have been right.(诗人、哈佛大学教授亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗曾说过一句名言：“音乐是人类通用的语言。”哈佛大学的一项新研究表明，他可能是对的)”以及最后一段中“When data from the two studies were combined, the results showed that songs of the same function shared similar characteristics — lullabies, for example, tended to be slower and simpler than dance music — suggesting that something about musical characteristics crosses cultural boundaries.(当两项研究的数据结合起来时，结果显示，功能相同的歌曲具有相似的特征——例如，摇篮曲往往比舞曲更慢、更简单——这表明音乐特征的一些方面跨越了文化界限)”可知，这两项研究告诉我们音乐的一些方面可能是普遍的。故选B。
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