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清单03 名词
专题 名词
可数名词变复数的规则变化
1 一般在词尾加-s
2 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词后加-es(stomach除外)
3 以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词变-y为-i, 再加-es; 以元音字母+-y结尾的名词, 在词尾直接+-s
4 以-o结尾的名词, 一般在词尾加-s但在黑人(negro), 英雄(hero), 土豆(potato), 西红柿(tomato)的词尾加-es
5 以-f或-fe结尾的名词, 有的变-f或-fe为-v, 再加-es, 如：leaf→ leaves, knife→ knives, wife→ wives, wolf→ wolves；有的直接加-s，如：belief→ beliefs, chief→ chiefs, proof→ proofs, roof→ roofs, safe→ safes
二. 可数名词变复数不规则变化
1.单复数同形 sheep→sheep, deer→deer , fish→fish;Portuguese→Portuguese, Chinese→Chinese,spacecraft—spacecraft
2.以-man或-woman结尾的, 将-man和-woman分别改为-men, -women gentleman—gentlemen;Englishman—Englishmen policeman—policemen;chairwoman—chairwomen businessman—businessmen;craftsman—craftsmen 注意：German→Germans
3. 在词尾加-ren或-en child→children, ox→oxen
4.改变名词中的元音字母或变为其他形式 foot→feet, goose→geese; mouse→mice; medium→media; phenomenon→phenomena; analysis—analyses；　basis—bases； crisis—crises；thesis—theses
5. 常以复数形式出现的名词有 thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。
固定短语中的名词只用复数形式 take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
不可数名词
1.不可数名词没有复数形式, 也不可以与不定冠词连用。最常见的不可数名词有: fun, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic 等。
2.不可数名词的量有两种表示方法:
①用some, much, a little, a lot of, a bit of, plenty of 等表示多少。
注意: 既可以与可数名词复数, 又可以与不可数名词连用的有: plenty of, some, a lot of, lots of, most of等。
②用单位词表示, 用a...of表示。
四. 不可数名词与可数名词的转化
1.有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以转化为可数名词。特殊物质名词的数量表示: 当要表示“一场/段/件/种……”等意思时, 某些物质名词前可用不定冠词, 但此时通常有形容词或of短语修饰。另外, 表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea, coffee, drink, beer等, 可以用a(n)或数词修饰, 也有复数形式。如:
2.有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词, 但意思不同。如: work工作, a work一部著作; glass玻璃, a glass一个玻璃杯; wood木头, a wood一片树林; room空间, a room一间房间; paper纸, a paper 一份试卷(文件、 报纸等) 等。
五. 抽象名词具体化
1.表示情感、情绪的词, 强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11个字: 惊(surprise)、乐(pleasure)、幸(honour)、憾(pity)、傲(pride)、慰(comfort)、险(danger)、助(help)、成(success)、败(failure)、美(beauty)。
2.表示“一次”“一场”“一段”等“一……”的概念, 常与动词连用构成短语, 名词前常有形容词修饰。如: have a good time, have a wonderful supper, have a good knowledge/understanding of, have a population of, cover an area of, reach a height of等。
六. 名词所有格
1.用法口诀
名词所有格, 表物是“谁的”, 若为生命词, 加’s 即可行, 词尾有 s, 仅把逗号择; 并列名词后, 各自和共有, 前者分别加, 后者最后加; 若为无生命词, of所有格, 前后须倒置, 此是硬规则。
2.特殊形式
1.并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room凯特和玛丽共有的房间; Kate’s and Mary’s rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
2.表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里at the barber’s (shop)在理发店;at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
七. 名词的构词法
1. 动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-al approve赞成→approval 赞成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存 arrive到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝 propose提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/ -ence appear出现→appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演→performance 表演 guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在→existence 存在 prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱 refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅 depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
-ion/ -tion/ -ation direct指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导 expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望 invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决→solution 解决 compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述→description 描写 repeat 重复→repetition 重复 explain 解释→explanation 解释 pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion discuss讨论→discussion 讨论 admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入 decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing hear听→hearing 听力；听觉 listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment achieve达到；完成→achievement 成就 develop 发展→development 发展 argue争论→argument 争论；论据 punish惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/ -ture fail失败→failure 失败 press 压；挤→pressure 压力 mix 混合→mixture 混合物 expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y recover恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or teach教→teacher 老师 announce播报→announcer 播音员 conduct指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常 见变化 choose选择→choice 选择 vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种 tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势 grow 生长→growth 生长 marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package包；盒
2. 形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利; 流畅 accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性) private 私有的→privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom free自由的→freedom 自由 wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱 kind 友好的→kindness 善良 cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠 aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
-th warm温暖的→warmth 温暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深(度) strong 强壮的→strength 力量 long 长的→length 长度 wide 宽的→width 宽度
-y/-ty/ -ity difficult困难的→difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实 safe 安全的→safety 安全 cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的→responsibility责任
-ce different不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静 patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席 present 出席的→presence 出席 confident 自信的→confidence 信心 convenient 方便的→convenience 便利 important 重要的→importance 重要(性) significant重要的，意义重大的→significance重要性，重大意义
一. 单项选择
1.(2025天津高考第二次)The children are encouraged to follow their natural ________, and learn about what interests them.
A. curiosity B. balance C. defence D. limitation
【答案】A
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：孩子们被鼓励去追随自己天生的好奇心，去探索他们感兴趣的事物。A. curiosity好奇心；B. balance平衡；C. defence防御；D. limitation限制。根据后文“and learn about what interests them”指鼓励孩子追随自己的好奇心。故选A。
二. 语法填空
1.(2025新高考I卷)You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘________(guide)’ till they lose,” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.
【答案】guidance
【详解】考查名词。句意：你试图引导对手进入你的陷阱，迫使他们跟随你的“引导”直到他们输掉。此处作follow的宾语，用名词guidance“引导”，不可数名词。故填guidance。
2.(2025新高考II卷)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the ________(absent) of smog and plenty of blue sky ________(afternoon) with lots of fresh air.
【答案】absence
【详解】考查名词。句意：我住的地方，晒干的衣服闻起来特别香，这要归功于没有烟雾，而且下午的天很蓝天、空气新鲜。本空作thanks to的宾语，应用名词absence“缺乏，没有”，不可数名词。故填absence。
【答案】afternoons
【详解】考查名词的数。句意：我住的地方，晒干的衣服闻起来特别香，这要归功于没有烟雾，而且下午有很多蓝天和新鲜空气。afternoon“下午”是可数名词，此处指不止一个下午，应用复数形式afternoons。故填afternoons。
3.(2025年1月浙江卷)As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer ________(time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular.
【答案】times
【详解】考查名词的数。由前面的“fewer”可知，此处需要用名词的复数形式，表示“更少的次数”。
4.(2025年1月浙江卷)Tanya’s shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive ________(solve) to one-time event dressing.
【答案】solution
【详解】考查名词。此处需填入名词作宾语，且根据语境表示“解决方法”，应填solution。
5.(2025年1月浙江卷)I really want to make this work for ________(people) lives today .
【答案】people’s
【详解】考查名词所有格。根据句意“适应当今人们的生活”可知，此处需使用所有格，表示“人们的生活”，故填people's。
1. 根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。2. 单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。 3. 注意固定短语中名词的单复数。 4. 注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。5. 不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。
时间：10分钟 满分：20分 得分：_______
一. 单项选择
1.(2026届天津市滨海新区渤油一中下学期高三毕业班英语一考模拟)The ________ of online learning allows students to study at their own pace and schedule.
A. possibility B. stability C. flexibility D. reliability
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在线学习的灵活性允许学生按照自己的节奏和时间安排进行学习。A. possibility可能性；B. stability稳定性；C. flexibility灵活性；D. reliability可靠性。由allows students to study at their own pace and schedule可知，学生可以自己安排学习节奏和时间，说明在线学习具有灵活性。故选C项。
2.(2026届天津市滨海新区塘沽一中高三毕业班十二校联考(一)) --She failed to gain ________ to the university of her choice.
--, really No wonder she looks depressed these days.
A. reception B. admission C. rejection D. alternative
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：--她没能被自己选择的大学录取。--哦，真的吗？难怪她这些天看起来很沮丧。A. reception招待；B. admission准许进入；C. rejection拒绝；D. alternative可供选择的事物。由“she looks depressed these days”可知，她没能被自己选择的大学录取。故选B项。
3.(2026天津紫云中学2026届英语高考一考模拟试卷)The coach repeatedly stressed the significance of ________ in the team, pointing out that individual talent alone is not enough to win a basketball game.
A. attraction B. cooperation C. decoration D. function
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：教练反复强调团队合作的重要性，指出单靠个人天赋是不足以赢得一场篮球比赛的。A. attraction吸引力；B. cooperation合作；C. decoration装饰；D. function功能。根据句意可知，此处需要选择一个与“团队篮球”和“个人天赋”形成对比的词汇，教练反复强调仅靠个人天赋是不够的， 暗示需要相反的概念，即团队合作。故选B。
4.(2026天津市东丽区天津市第一百中学高考第二次模拟考试)Some experts fear that too-early ________ to computers will have harmful consequences for children’s development.
A. exposure B. extension
C. exhibition D. expansion
【答案】A
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些专家担心过早接触电脑会对儿童的发展产生有害影响。A. exposure暴露；接触；B. extension扩大；扩展；延伸；C. exhibition陈列，展览；D. expansion扩张；扩充。根据句中“have harmful consequences for children’s development”，可知此处指接触电脑，故选A。
5.(2026届天津南开中学高考英语首考冲刺练习(一)We hope that AI integration into the classroom becomes a regular happening rather than a rare ________.
A. atmosphere B. release C. treat D. exception
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们希望人工智能融入课堂能够成为常态，而非难得一见的稀罕事。A. atmosphere氛围；B. release释放，获释；C. treat(不同一般的)乐事，享受；D. exception例外，除外。由a regular happening rather than a rare可知，此处表示“非难得一见的稀罕事”，空格处意为“(不同一般的)乐事”。故选C。
6.(2025-2026学年天津三校联考)Communication can help you gain more respect from your parents, and you may be able to reach ________ that make everyone happy.
A. compromises B. contributions C. congratulations D. competitions
【答案】A
【详解】考查名词辨析。句意：沟通可以让你得到更多父母的尊重，你也可以达成让每个人都快乐的折中。A. compromises妥协，折中；B. contributions贡献；C .congratulations祝贺；D. competitions竞争。compromises“妥协，折中”符合语境。故A选项正确。
7.(2026届北京师范大学天津附属中学高三年级第二学期高考英语模拟)In time, Tang Yin gained ________ as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
A. liberation B. reputation C. expansion D. emission
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词短语。句意：随着时间的推移，唐寅获得了作为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一的声誉。A. liberation解放；B. expansion扩张；C. reputation声誉；D. emission排放。根据句意，唐寅随着时间的推移获得了作为伟大艺术家的声誉，因此reputation符合语境。故选 B 项。
8.(2026天津市宁河区芦台第一中学第二学期第一次摸拟)As far as I know, the new museum in our city doesn’t charge for________, so anyone can visit it for free.
A. permission B. admission C. recognition D. consideration
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：据我所知，我们城市的新博物馆不收取入场费，所以任何人都可以免费参观。A. permission许可；B. admission入场费，进入许可；C. recognition识别，认可；D. consideration考虑。根据空后“so anyone can visit it for free”可知，新博物馆不收取入场费。故选B。
9. (2026天津市河东区天津市第五十四中学下学期开学考)—I’m thinking of going away after Christmas for a week or so. Somewhere warm, you know.
—What kind of price ________ were you thinking about I can find the exact information for you.
A. variety B. range
C. list D. level
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：--我正在考虑圣诞以后出去大约一周，你知道，一些暖和的地方。--你考虑什么样的价格范围？我可以帮你找到确切的信息。A.variety种类；B.range范围；C.list列表；D.level水平。根据“I can find the exact information for you.”可知，你考虑什么样的价格范围。故B正确。
10.(2025-2026年度天津市津南区实验中学津南学校第二学期高三年级开学检测)Reform of the evaluation process for educational performance is vital to balanced ________ of education resources.
A. transformation B. distribution C. reputation D. investigation
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：教育绩效评估流程的改革，对教育资源的均衡分配至关重要。A. transformation转变、变革；B. distribution分配、分布；C. reputation声誉、名声；D. investigation调查、研究。根据“Reform of the evaluation process for educational performance”可知，此处指的是教育评估改革，所以应是使教育资源均衡，需将资源的分配平衡，“distribution”表示“资源的分配、分布”符合语境。故选B项。
二. 语法填空
1.(2026届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)In Sept., the 2025 China International Online Literature Week opened in Hangzhou, bringing together hundreds of writers, critics, industry representatives and communication experts from around the world to look into ________(plan) for the promotion of the global reach of Chinese online literature.
【答案】plans
【详解】考查名词。句意：9月，2025中国国际网络文学周在杭州开幕，汇聚了来自全球数百位作家、评论家、行业代表与传播专家，共同探讨提升中国网络文学全球影响力的规划。介词into后接名词作宾语，plan为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且没有冠词限定，需填名词复数形式。故填plans。
2.(2026届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)While AI can boost translation ________(efficient), “elegance” — the “ya” in the classic Chinese standard of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance — still requires a human touch.
【答案】efficiency
【详解】考查名词。句意：尽管人工智能能够提升翻译效率，但中国传统翻译标准“信、达、雅” 中的“雅”，依旧需要人工打磨。动词后接名词作宾语，efficiency“效率”，是不可数名词。故填efficiency。
3.(2026届河南鹤壁市高中上学期规范化考试英语试卷(二)It took longer than expected, they faced a ________(short) of food and one of the ships was leaking badly.
【答案】shortage
【详解】考查名词。句意：这比预期的时间要长，他们面临食物短缺，其中一艘船严重漏水。根据空前的冠词a可知，空处应填名词作宾语，short的名词形式是shortage，表示“短缺”。故填shortage。
4.(2026届湖南长沙市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学高三英语周考)The gradual ________(withdraw) of seawater over time left behind salt deposits(沉积物) which have created 227.330 hectares of saline-alkaline land.
【答案】withdrawal
【详解】考查名词。句意：随着时间推移，海水逐渐退去，留下了盐分沉积物，形成了227.330公顷的盐碱地。形容词gradual后接名词，withdraw的名词形式是withdrawal，表“退回”，为不可数名词，符合语境。故填withdrawal。
5.(2026山东济南市高三4月阶段性检测)It is now an apt time to go for a spring ________(out).
【答案】outing
【详解】考查名词。句意：现在正是去春游的好时机。spring outing为固定搭配，意为“春游”，空前有不定冠词a修饰，故填名词单数outing。故填outing。
6.(026山东济南市高三4月阶段性检测)These ________(scene) create a magnificent portrait of a beautiful China.
【答案】scenes
【详解】考查名词复数。句意：从中国南方的繁花绿柳，到黑龙江省雪后的新花，再到居庸关长城脚下蜿蜒穿过花海的春游专列，这些景象构成了一幅美丽中国的壮丽画卷。these后接可数名词复数，scene“场景，景象”的复数形式为scenes。故填scenes。
7.(2026届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)Event ________(organizer) shared their insights into several key areas:
【答案】organizers
【详解】考查名词复数。句意：活动组织者分享了他们在几个关键领域的见解：可追溯至公众认知演变的设计理念、数字艺术的定制化创作 —— 其扎实根基建立在西安本土文化之上 —— 以及科技与艺术的潜在互动性。由shared their insights可知，空格处用名词作主语，指“组织者”，是organizer，由their可知，空格处用复数，故填organizers。
8.(2026届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)The designing philosophy dating back to the ________(evolve) of public perception, the customization of digital art, solidly based on Xi’an’s local culture, and the potential interaction between technology and art.
【答案】evolution
【详解】考查名词。句意：活动组织者分享了他们在几个关键领域的见解：可追溯至公众认知演变的设计理念、数字艺术的定制化创作 —— 其扎实根基建立在西安本土文化之上 —— 以及科技与艺术的潜在互动性。由the和of可知，空格处用名词，evolve的名词是evolution，是不可数名词，意为“演变”，故填evolution。
9.(2026届云南昆明市第一中学高三3月复习诊断英语试题)In February, several government ________(agency) jointly released an action plan to improve tourism train services that are friendly to seniors.
【答案】agencies
【详解】考查名词。句意：2月，多个政府机构联合发布了一项行动计划，旨在改善对老年人友好的旅游列车服务。agency(机构)是可数名词，作主语，由several修饰，应用复数形式。故填agencies。
10.(2026届江苏扬州市广陵区扬州市新华中学高三3月)The term first emerged in 1956 when University of Chicago sociologists observed TV viewers engaging in parasocial relationships with onscreen personalities, mirroring their bonds with family and ________(friend) — except this was a one-way attachment.
【答案】friends
【详解】考查名词复数。句意：这个术语最早于1956年出现，当时芝加哥大学的社会学家观察到电视观众与屏幕上的人物建立起了拟社会关系，这种关系与他们与家人和朋友之间的关系相似——只不过这是一种单向的依恋。friend是可数名词，不止一个，因此用复数，故填friends。
时间：10分钟 满分：20分 得分：_______
一. 单项选择
1. Some experts fear that too-early ________ to computers will have harmful consequences for children’s development.
A. exposure B. extension
C. exhibition D. expansion
【答案】A
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些专家担心过早接触电脑会对儿童的发展产生有害影响。A. exposure暴露；接触；B. extension扩大；扩展；延伸；C. exhibition陈列，展览；D. expansion扩张；扩充。根据句中“have harmful consequences for children’s development”，可知此处指接触电脑，故选A。
2. Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau shared an intense respect for nature, which made them each an influential ________ of their time.
A. reputation B. figure C. reflection D. target
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：陶渊明和亨利·戴维·梭罗都对自然怀有深厚的敬意，这使他们各自成为那个时代有影响力的人物。 A. reputation声誉；B. figure人物；C. reflection反映； D. target目标。根据“Tao Yuanming and Henry David”可知，这使他们各自成为那个时代有影响力的人物。故选B。
3. The ________ system didn’t work and the missile couldn’t hit its target.
A. resistance B. guidance C. persistence D. assistance
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：制导系统失灵，导弹无法击中目标。A. resistance抵抗；B. guidance导航；C. persistence坚持不懈；D. assistance援助。根据“the missile couldn’t hit its target (导弹无法击中目标)”可知，名词guidance“导航”符合题意，guidance system表示“导航系统，制导系统”，与导弹相关。故选B。
4. Every great accomplishment rests on the ________ of what came before it. When you trace it back, you’ll see a small step that started it all.
A. reputation B. expectation C. recreation D. foundation
【答案】D
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：每一项伟大的成就都建立在前人的基础之上。当您追溯它时，您将看到开始这一切的一小步。A. reputation名誉；B. expectation期望；C. recreation娱乐；D. foundation基础。根据句意可知，此处为名词foundation“基础”，满足句意要求。故选D项。
5. Technological ________ in education such as online courses and social networking tools are having a significant impact on educational systems at all levels.
A. insights B. qualifications C. instructions D. innovations
【答案】D
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在线课程和社交网络工具等教育技术创新正在对各级教育系统产生重大影响。A.insights见解； B.qualifications资格；C.instructions说明；D.innovations创新。由后文“online courses and social networking tools”可知，这些都是教学的“创新”。故选D项。
6. Both sides expressed hope for an early ________ of the dispute, aiming to prevent further delays and misunderstandings.
A. conclusion B. completion C. resolution D. involvement
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：双方都表示希望尽早解决争端，以防止进一步的延误和误解。A. conclusion结论；B. completion完成；C. resolution解决；D. involvement参与。由“the dispute, aiming to prevent further delays and misunderstandings”可知，句子表示“双方都表示希望尽早解决争端，以防止进一步的延误和误解”，空格处意为“解决”。故选C。
7. Students are informed in advance that all ________ for the school magazine must be received by September 1st.
A. preferences B. preparations C. affections D. contributions
【答案】D
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：学生们被提前告知，所有为学校杂志投稿的文章必须在9月1日之前收到。A. preferences偏爱；优先；B. preparations准备；C. affections影响；喜爱；D. contributions贡献；投稿。根据“for the school magazine must be received by September 1st.”可知，这里指学生为学校杂志投稿。故选D。
8. Not only can the environment of a country suffer from the sudden growth of tourism but the people also rapidly feel its ________.
A. benefits B. contribution C. demand D. effects
【答案】D
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个国家的环境不仅会受到旅游业突然增长的影响，而且人们也会迅速感受到它的影响。A. benefits利益；B. contribution贡献；C. demand需求；D. effects影响。根据上文“Not only can the environment of a country suffer from the sudden growth of tourism”可知，此处指人们也会感受到这种影响，故选D项。
9. An art magazine is available for you to read at your ________ to widen your outlook.
A. support B. approach C. leisure D. direction
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你可以在你的闲暇时间阅读一本艺术杂志来拓宽你的视野。A. support支持；B. approach方法，途径；C. leisure闲暇，空闲；D. direction方向。根据“An art magazine”可推知，阅读艺术杂志是在空闲时间做的事情，at one’s leisure意为“在某人空闲时”。故选C项。
10. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ________ from this medicine.
A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter
【答案】A
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些遭受头痛的人将会发现从药物中头痛得到缓解。A. relief缓解，减轻；B. safety安全；C. defense防御；D. shelter遮蔽。根据空后this medicine可知，这种药物可以让遭受头痛的人的头痛得到缓解。故选A。
二. 语法填空
1. At the ________(begin) of the design work, Huang and his colleagues had no prior knowledge in that field.
【答案】beginning
【详解】考查名词。句意：在设计工作开始时，黄和他的同事在该领域没有任何先验知识。 根据空格前的介词at可知，空格处应该用名词beginning作宾语。 故填beginning。
2. It was only due to the ongoing support of his family that he was gradually coming out of his ________(depress).
【答案】depression
【详解】考查名词。句意：正是由于家人的不断支持，他才逐渐从抑郁中走出来。本空作宾语，用名词形式depression“抑郁”。故填depression。
3. The police have had him under ________(observe) for several weeks.
【答案】observation
【详解】考查名词。句意：警方已经对他监视了好几个星期。本空作介词under的宾语，用名词observation“观察，监视”。故填observation。
4. The project required each team to develop a hypothesis(假说), set up an experiment to test the hypothesis, do the statistical ________(analyze) and present the finding.
【答案】analysis
【详解】考查名词。句意：该项目要求每个小组提出一个假说，设计实验来验证该假说，进行统计分析，并展示研究结果。空处作动词do的宾语，提示词的名词形式analysis“分析”符合题意。故填analysis。
5. The best ________(judge) of how a city should be and how it should develop are the local residents themselves.
【答案】judge
【详解】考查名词的数。句意：评判一座城市应如何建设以及应如何发展的最佳标准，恰恰在于当地的居民自身。根据后文are可知主语为复数。故填judges。
6. I found that watching her perform this ordinary task with such________(enthusiastic) was both calming and beautiful.
【答案】enthusiasm
【详解】考查名词。句意：我发现，她如此热情地完成这项平凡的工作，既让人感到平静，又十分美好。空处作介词宾语，需填名词enthusiasm，为不可数名词。故填enthusiasm。
7. I am reminded that their ________(exist) is meaningful and they are appreciated.
【答案】existence
【详解】考查名词。句意：我被提醒它们的存在是有意义的，并且它们是被珍视的。本空为that引导的宾语从句的主语，用名词形式existence“存在”。故填existence。
8. To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the ________(basic) lies in their living with humans.
【答案】basis
【详解】考查名词。句意：对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，根本原因在于他们与人类生活在一起。提示词作从句主语，用名词basis，意为“基础，根本原因”，结合谓语动词lies可知，主语是单数形式。故填basis。
9. Guided tours, cultural events and creative products have boosted public ________(engage) with the park drawing 900,000 visitors last year.
【答案】engagement
【详解】考查名词。句意：有导游的游览、文化活动和创意产品提升了公众对公园的参与度，该公园去年吸引了90万名游客。形容词public后需接名词，engage的名词形式是engagement，意为“参与；投入”，作动词boosted的宾语，故填engagement。
10. She never shopped out of ________(bore) and she never ate out at restaurants.
【答案】boredom
【详解】考查名词。句意：她从不因无聊购物，也从不去餐馆在外就餐。分析句子可知，out of 为介词短语，后接名词作宾语，所给单词 bore 的名词形式表示“无聊、乏味”是 boredom。故填 boredom。
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)清单03 名词
专题 名词
可数名词变复数的规则变化
1 一般在词尾加-s
2 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词后加-es(stomach除外)
3 以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词变-y为-i, 再加-es; 以元音字母+-y结尾的名词, 在词尾直接+-s
4 以-o结尾的名词, 一般在词尾加-s但在黑人(negro), 英雄(hero), 土豆(potato), 西红柿(tomato)的词尾加-es
5 以-f或-fe结尾的名词, 有的变-f或-fe为-v, 再加-es, 如：leaf→ leaves, knife→ knives, wife→ wives, wolf→ wolves；有的直接加-s，如：belief→ beliefs, chief→ chiefs, proof→ proofs, roof→ roofs, safe→ safes
二. 可数名词变复数不规则变化
1.单复数同形 sheep→sheep, deer→deer , fish→fish;Portuguese→Portuguese, Chinese→Chinese,spacecraft—spacecraft
2.以-man或-woman结尾的, 将-man和-woman分别改为-men, -women gentleman—gentlemen;Englishman—Englishmen policeman—policemen;chairwoman—chairwomen businessman—businessmen;craftsman—craftsmen 注意：German→Germans
3. 在词尾加-ren或-en child→children, ox→oxen
4.改变名词中的元音字母或变为其他形式 foot→feet, goose→geese; mouse→mice; medium→media; phenomenon→phenomena; analysis—analyses；　basis—bases； crisis—crises；thesis—theses
5. 常以复数形式出现的名词有 thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。
固定短语中的名词只用复数形式 take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
不可数名词
1.不可数名词没有复数形式, 也不可以与不定冠词连用。最常见的不可数名词有: fun, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic 等。
2.不可数名词的量有两种表示方法:
①用some, much, a little, a lot of, a bit of, plenty of 等表示多少。
注意: 既可以与可数名词复数, 又可以与不可数名词连用的有: plenty of, some, a lot of, lots of, most of等。
②用单位词表示, 用a...of表示。
四. 不可数名词与可数名词的转化
1.有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以转化为可数名词。特殊物质名词的数量表示: 当要表示“一场/段/件/种……”等意思时, 某些物质名词前可用不定冠词, 但此时通常有形容词或of短语修饰。另外, 表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea, coffee, drink, beer等, 可以用a(n)或数词修饰, 也有复数形式。如:
2.有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词, 但意思不同。如: work工作, a work一部著作; glass玻璃, a glass一个玻璃杯; wood木头, a wood一片树林; room空间, a room一间房间; paper纸, a paper 一份试卷(文件、 报纸等) 等。
五. 抽象名词具体化
1.表示情感、情绪的词, 强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11个字: 惊(surprise)、乐(pleasure)、幸(honour)、憾(pity)、傲(pride)、慰(comfort)、险(danger)、助(help)、成(success)、败(failure)、美(beauty)。
2.表示“一次”“一场”“一段”等“一……”的概念, 常与动词连用构成短语, 名词前常有形容词修饰。如: have a good time, have a wonderful supper, have a good knowledge/understanding of, have a population of, cover an area of, reach a height of等。
六. 名词所有格
1.用法口诀
名词所有格, 表物是“谁的”, 若为生命词, 加’s 即可行, 词尾有 s, 仅把逗号择; 并列名词后, 各自和共有, 前者分别加, 后者最后加; 若为无生命词, of所有格, 前后须倒置, 此是硬规则。
2.特殊形式
1.并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room凯特和玛丽共有的房间; Kate’s and Mary’s rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
2.表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里at the barber’s (shop)在理发店;at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
七. 名词的构词法
1. 动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-al approve赞成→approval 赞成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存 arrive到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝 propose提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/ -ence appear出现→appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演→performance 表演 guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在→existence 存在 prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱 refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅 depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
-ion/ -tion/ -ation direct指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导 expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望 invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决→solution 解决 compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述→description 描写 repeat 重复→repetition 重复 explain 解释→explanation 解释 pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion discuss讨论→discussion 讨论 admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入 decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing hear听→hearing 听力；听觉 listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment achieve达到；完成→achievement 成就 develop 发展→development 发展 argue争论→argument 争论；论据 punish惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/ -ture fail失败→failure 失败 press 压；挤→pressure 压力 mix 混合→mixture 混合物 expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y recover恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or teach教→teacher 老师 announce播报→announcer 播音员 conduct指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常 见变化 choose选择→choice 选择 vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种 tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势 grow 生长→growth 生长 marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package包；盒
2. 形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利; 流畅 accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性) private 私有的→privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom free自由的→freedom 自由 wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱 kind 友好的→kindness 善良 cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠 aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
-th warm温暖的→warmth 温暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深(度) strong 强壮的→strength 力量 long 长的→length 长度 wide 宽的→width 宽度
-y/-ty/ -ity difficult困难的→difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实 safe 安全的→safety 安全 cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的→responsibility责任
-ce different不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静 patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席 present 出席的→presence 出席 confident 自信的→confidence 信心 convenient 方便的→convenience 便利 important 重要的→importance 重要(性) significant重要的，意义重大的→significance重要性，重大意义
一. 单项选择
1.(2025天津高考第二次)The children are encouraged to follow their natural ________, and learn about what interests them.
A. curiosity B. balance C. defence D. limitation
二. 语法填空
1.(2025新高考I卷)You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘________(guide)’ till they lose,” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.
2.(2025新高考II卷)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the ________(absent) of smog and plenty of blue sky ________(afternoon) with lots of fresh air.
3.(2025年1月浙江卷)As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer ________(time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular.
4.(2025年1月浙江卷)Tanya’s shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive ________(solve) to one-time event dressing.
5.(2025年1月浙江卷)I really want to make this work for ________(people) lives today .
1. 根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。2. 单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。 3. 注意固定短语中名词的单复数。 4. 注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。5. 不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。
时间：10分钟 满分：20分 得分：_______
一. 单项选择
1.(2026届天津市滨海新区渤油一中下学期高三毕业班英语一考模拟)The ________ of online learning allows students to study at their own pace and schedule.
A. possibility B. stability C. flexibility D. reliability
2.(2026届天津市滨海新区塘沽一中高三毕业班十二校联考(一)) --She failed to gain ________ to the university of her choice.
--, really No wonder she looks depressed these days.
A. reception B. admission C. rejection D. alternative
3.(2026天津紫云中学2026届英语高考一考模拟试卷)The coach repeatedly stressed the significance of ________ in the team, pointing out that individual talent alone is not enough to win a basketball game.
A. attraction B. cooperation C. decoration D. function
4.(2026天津市东丽区天津市第一百中学高考第二次模拟考试)Some experts fear that too-early ________ to computers will have harmful consequences for children’s development.
A. exposure B. extension
C. exhibition D. expansion
5.(2026届天津南开中学高考英语首考冲刺练习(一)We hope that AI integration into the classroom becomes a regular happening rather than a rare ________.
A. atmosphere B. release C. treat D. exception
6.(2025-2026学年天津三校联考)Communication can help you gain more respect from your parents, and you may be able to reach ________ that make everyone happy.
A. compromises B. contributions C. congratulations D. competitions
7.(2026届北京师范大学天津附属中学高三年级第二学期高考英语模拟)In time, Tang Yin gained ________ as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
A. liberation B. reputation C. expansion D. emission
8.(2026天津市宁河区芦台第一中学第二学期第一次摸拟)As far as I know, the new museum in our city doesn’t charge for________, so anyone can visit it for free.
A. permission B. admission C. recognition D. consideration
9. (2026天津市河东区天津市第五十四中学下学期开学考)—I’m thinking of going away after Christmas for a week or so. Somewhere warm, you know.
—What kind of price ________ were you thinking about I can find the exact information for you.
A. variety B. range
C. list D. level
10.(2025-2026年度天津市津南区实验中学津南学校第二学期高三年级开学检测)Reform of the evaluation process for educational performance is vital to balanced ________ of education resources.
A. transformation B. distribution C. reputation D. investigation
二. 语法填空
1.(2026届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)In Sept., the 2025 China International Online Literature Week opened in Hangzhou, bringing together hundreds of writers, critics, industry representatives and communication experts from around the world to look into ________(plan) for the promotion of the global reach of Chinese online literature.
2.(2026届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)While AI can boost translation ________(efficient), “elegance” — the “ya” in the classic Chinese standard of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance — still requires a human touch.
3.(2026届河南鹤壁市高中上学期规范化考试英语试卷(二)It took longer than expected, they faced a ________(short) of food and one of the ships was leaking badly.
4.(2026届湖南长沙市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学高三英语周考)The gradual ________(withdraw) of seawater over time left behind salt deposits(沉积物) which have created 227.330 hectares of saline-alkaline land.
5.(2026山东济南市高三4月阶段性检测)It is now an apt time to go for a spring ________(out).
6.(026山东济南市高三4月阶段性检测)These ________(scene) create a magnificent portrait of a beautiful China.
7.(2026届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)Event ________(organizer) shared their insights into several key areas:
8.(2026届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)The designing philosophy dating back to the ________(evolve) of public perception, the customization of digital art, solidly based on Xi’an’s local culture, and the potential interaction between technology and art.
9.(2026届云南昆明市第一中学高三3月复习诊断英语试题)In February, several government ________(agency) jointly released an action plan to improve tourism train services that are friendly to seniors.
10.(2026届江苏扬州市广陵区扬州市新华中学高三3月)The term first emerged in 1956 when University of Chicago sociologists observed TV viewers engaging in parasocial relationships with onscreen personalities, mirroring their bonds with family and ________(friend) — except this was a one-way attachment.
时间：10分钟 满分：20分 得分：_______
一. 单项选择
1. Some experts fear that too-early ________ to computers will have harmful consequences for children’s development.
A. exposure B. extension
C. exhibition D. expansion
2. Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau shared an intense respect for nature, which made them each an influential ________ of their time.
A. reputation B. figure C. reflection D. target
3. The ________ system didn’t work and the missile couldn’t hit its target.
A. resistance B. guidance C. persistence D. assistance
4. Every great accomplishment rests on the ________ of what came before it. When you trace it back, you’ll see a small step that started it all.
A. reputation B. expectation C. recreation D. foundation
5. Technological ________ in education such as online courses and social networking tools are having a significant impact on educational systems at all levels.
A. insights B. qualifications C. instructions D. innovations
6. Both sides expressed hope for an early ________ of the dispute, aiming to prevent further delays and misunderstandings.
A. conclusion B. completion C. resolution D. involvement
7. Students are informed in advance that all ________ for the school magazine must be received by September 1st.
A. preferences B. preparations C. affections D. contributions
8. Not only can the environment of a country suffer from the sudden growth of tourism but the people also rapidly feel its ________.
A. benefits B. contribution C. demand D. effects
9. An art magazine is available for you to read at your ________ to widen your outlook.
A. support B. approach C. leisure D. direction
10. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ________ from this medicine.
A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter
二. 语法填空
1. At the ________(begin) of the design work, Huang and his colleagues had no prior knowledge in that field.
2. It was only due to the ongoing support of his family that he was gradually coming out of his ________(depress).
3. The police have had him under ________(observe) for several weeks.
4. The project required each team to develop a hypothesis(假说), set up an experiment to test the hypothesis, do the statistical ________(analyze) and present the finding.
5. The best ________(judge) of how a city should be and how it should develop are the local residents themselves.
6. I found that watching her perform this ordinary task with such________(enthusiastic) was both calming and beautiful.
7. I am reminded that their ________(exist) is meaningful and they are appreciated.
8. To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the ________(basic) lies in their living with humans.
9. Guided tours, cultural events and creative products have boosted public ________(engage) with the park drawing 900,000 visitors last year.
10. She never shopped out of ________(bore) and she never ate out at restaurants.
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