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压轴题05 阅读理解C、D篇
命题预测 分析近年高考英语阅读理解 C、D 篇命题规律，观念、事理、现象类是高频压轴题材，选材多来自英美主流报刊、心理研究、社会观察、教育评论、生活哲学，聚焦社会现象、心理规律、认知误区、行为逻辑、生活哲理、价值观念。文章逻辑性极强、观点鲜明、论证严密，长难句与对比结构密集，侧重考查逻辑推理、观点态度、主旨概括、词义猜测。2026 年高考仍会重点考查，命题更贴近青年成长、心理认知、社会反思、科技伦理、生活选择，强调辩证思维与理性判断。
高频考法 推理判断题 标题归纳题 细节理解题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 观点态度 / 写作意图题
观念、事理、现象类基本规律及解题要领
高考此类阅读多无标题，结构严谨、说理清晰，一般分为四部分：
首段：用生活现象 / 日常事例 / 普遍认知引出核心话题、观念、事理或社会现象。
背景 / 误区：介绍大众看法、传统观念、现象成因、现实背景。
主干：分析原因、论证观点、正反对比、研究依据、专家解读，层层深入。
结尾：总结观点、给出建议、升华启示、反思社会 / 人生。
二、观念、事理、现象类解题技巧
1. 抓语篇结构，快速锁定主旨
用略读法速读首尾段 + 各段首尾句，圈出phenomenon / view / truth / idea / attitude等标志词。
常见行文逻辑：
现象解释型：引出现象→分析原因→阐述影响→给出对策
观点反驳型：大众观点→作者观点→论据支撑→结论启示
事理说明型：提出道理→举例论证→研究证明→生活应用
2. 定位标志词，精准破解细节与推理
优先定位：转折词、因果词、对比词、专家人名、研究结论。
长难句处理：抓主句谓语，剥离插入语、定语、状语，理清逻辑层次。
答案原则：原文同义替换、合理推断、忠于作者立场，不主观臆断。
3. 重点关注观点态度与情感色彩
文中 psychologists / experts / researchers / author 的表述是态度题、意图题题眼。
态度词高频：supportive / critical / objective / concerned / optimistic / doubtful。
4. 紧盯转折与因果，抓住核心逻辑
高频逻辑词：however / but / yet / while / therefore / thus / because / due to转折后是作者真实观点；因果处是现象本质原因，均为高频考点。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，快速排除干扰
正确选项：概括全面、符合主旨、态度中立或明确、同义改写。
干扰项：
以偏概全（用细节代替主旨）
偷换观点（把大众看法当作者观点）
无中生有（原文未提及的道理 / 现象）
绝对化表述（only /never/all 等过于绝对）
6. 标题归纳技巧（此类专用）
必须包含核心现象 / 观念 / 事理（如 choice paradox, memory editing, resilience）。
简洁醒目，体现观点或现象本质。
常见格式：现象 / 观念 + 意义 / 启示 / 分析。
05 观念、事理、现象类
1.（2026·安徽巢湖·一模）
One of the best things that can happen to a zoo or aquarium (水族馆) is for one of their resident animals to go viral. Just look at the long lines to see Moo Deng, a hippo in Thailand who has become an Internet hit following her birth. Meanwhile, Pesto — a baby king penguin who was eating more fish than his parents by the time he was a few weeks old — is also an online celebrity.
We have to admit that cute animals make money. Admission tickets are only the beginning. Many zoos and aquariums offer special “behind the scenes” or “zookeeper for a day” packages at much higher prices. The real product, though, is merchandise. Stuffed animals, T-shirts, fridge magnets, keychains, kids’ books and other branded products are a major way for zoos and aquariums to make money.
But what happens when these cute animals become, well, less cute The Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium has already been planning for the next phase of Pesto’s life and answering questions from the public about his changing appearance. It’s normal for king penguins to lose their feathers by the time they’re about a year old and become confident swimmers. As a result, guests have started asking why Pesto looks different — or why they can’t find him at all.
An animal conservation group based in the UK has spoken out against zoos and aquariums making animals go viral. “The individual animal remains in an unnatural captive environment with little or no chance of being reintroduced into the wild.” Rather than visiting a zoo to see a “famous” wild animal, this group encourages anyone who is interested in these animals to learn about and support the conservation of their habitats in the wild.
Using the conventionally adorable animals is a good way to get people in the door of zoos and aquariums, but the money generated by merchandise can also pay for the habitats of many other species. “Our focus isn’t on promoting individual animals but on sharing the incredible stories that highlight the important work we do as an aquarium,” says the representative for Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium. “Pesto’s story resonated deeply with people worldwide, but it’s just one example of the many heartwarming and influential tales we have to share.”
1. Which is the most profitable source of income for zoos and aquariums
A. Selling admission tickets.
B. “Zookeeper for a day” program.
C. Offering relevant sets and selling goods.
D. Making animals gain rapid popularity online.
2. What can we infer from the Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium’s plan
A. It is worried about Pesto’s health problems.
B. It will transform Pesto’s appearance.
C. It expects Pesto to continue attracting attention.
D. It will shift focus to other animals.
3. What can we know about the animal conservation group
A. It calls on the public to adopt “famous” animals.
B. It supports the protection of animals’ habitats.
C. It encourages the government to cancel zoos.
D. It suggests building aquariums in natural environments.
4. What is the representative of Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium’s attitude to promoting famous animals
A. Negative. B. Indifferent. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful.
【答案】1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍动物园和水族馆中动物在网上走红能带来经济效益，包括门票、特色项目及商品销售等，但也存在动物长大后不那么可爱的问题，同时提及动物保护组织对此的反对观点以及墨尔本海洋生物水族馆的看法。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Admission tickets are only the beginning. Many zoos and aquariums offer special “behind the scenes” or “zookeeper for a day” packages at much higher prices. The real product, though, is merchandise. Stuffed animals, T-shirts, fridge magnets, keychains, kids’ books and other branded products are a major way for zoos and aquariums to make money. (门票只是开始。许多动物园和水族馆以更高的价格提供特殊的“幕后参观”或“一日饲养员”套餐。然而，真正的盈利产品是商品。毛绒玩具、T恤、冰箱贴、钥匙链、儿童书籍和其他品牌产品是动物园和水族馆赚钱的主要方式。)”可知，对于动物园和水族馆来说，最有利可图的收入来源是提供相关套餐并销售商品，故选C项。
【2题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“The Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium has already been planning for the next phase of Pesto’s life and answering questions from the public about his changing appearance. As a result, guests have started asking why Pesto looks different — or why they can’ find him at all. (墨尔本海洋生物水族馆已经在为佩斯托生命的下一阶段做规划，并回答公众关于它外貌变化的问题。结果，游客们开始询问为什么佩斯托看起来不一样了——或者为什么他们根本找不到它了。)”可知，水族馆针对佩斯托外貌变化及游客疑问做规划，说明它期望佩斯托继续吸引关注，故选C项。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Rather than visiting a zoo to see a “famous” wild animal, this group encourages anyone who is interested in these animals to learn about and support the conservation of their habitats in the wild. (该组织不鼓励人们去动物园看“著名”野生动物，而是鼓励任何对这些动物感兴趣的人了解并支持保护它们在野外的栖息地。)”可知，这个动物保护组织支持保护动物的栖息地，故选B项。
【 4题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““Our focus isn’t on promoting individual animals but on sharing the incredible stories that highlight the important work we do as an aquarium,” says the representative for Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium. “Pesto’s story resonated deeply with people worldwide, but it’s just one example of the many heartwarming and influential tales we have to share.” (墨尔本海洋生物水族馆的代表说：“我们的重点不是推广个别动物，而是分享那些精彩的故事，这些故事凸显了我们作为水族馆所做的重要工作。佩斯托的故事在全球引起了强烈共鸣，但这只是我们要分享的众多温馨且有影响力的故事之一”)”可知，水族馆代表认为推广著名动物能分享精彩故事，凸显水族馆工作，对推广著名动物持支持态度，故选C项。
2.（2026·江西·一模）
China’s success in lifting millions out of poverty offers valuable lessons and a new path for countries in the Global South, according to experts at a high-level forum in Beijing. The event brought together officials and scholars to discuss the keys to China’s achievements and how they can help other developing nations with their own modernization.
A Chinese official emphasized that the country’s poverty reduction policies are people-centered, based on science, and designed to fit its own national conditions. This approach provides learnable and suitable experiences for developing nations facing similar challenges. Importantly, China has promoted global poverty reduction through action, not by exporting its model or setting strict rules for others. The country has also provided large amounts of development funds, supporting thousands of projects to boost growth in the Global South. China plans to strengthen cooperation with international organizations, focusing on building abilities, developing talent, and improving agriculture.
The United Nations resident coordinator in China noted that China’s journey offers deep insights for the Global South. Over the past forty years, China’s success has accounted for over 70 percent of global poverty reduction. A representative from the International Fund for Agricultural Development added that poverty reduction is more than just raising incomes. It is also about strengthening rural communities, empowering people, and revitalizing rural economies so that growth becomes both inclusive and long-lasting.
China’s poverty reduction is not just a grand story but is rooted in daily practice. Sharing these best and adaptable practices is central to China’s efforts. For example, a project in Tanzania helped local farmers greatly increase their corn production by using more careful and hard-working farming methods. After nearly ten years, this technique has been widely adopted. Another success story is China’s Juncao technology. This low-cost technology uses a special kind of grass to grow mushrooms and feed animals. It has been introduced in over 100 countries and has helped many families escape poverty and become successful business owners. These practical examples show how adaptable solutions can make a real difference.
5. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To praise China’s rapid economic growth.
B. To call on the Global South to copy China’s model.
C. To compare China’s development model with other countries’.
D. To discuss how China’s poverty experiences help the Global South.
6. What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A. China’s poverty reduction strategy combines universal principles with respect for national differences.
B. China believes its development model must be copied exactly by other countries to achieve success.
C. The primary goal of China’s international cooperation is to expand its political influence.
D. Financial aid is the only significant way China contributes to global poverty reduction.
7. What does successful poverty reduction involve
A. Relying mainly on financial support from international organizations.
B. Primarily focusing on boosting individual household income levels.
C. Increasing incomes while also building resilient and empowered rural societies.
D. Following China’s development model exactly to achieve similar scale of success.
8. What do the examples of Tanzania and Rwanda show
A. Practical and adaptable agricultural solutions can effectively promote poverty reduction.
B. China’s primary goal is to export its complete agricultural systems to other countries.
C. Only Chinese-developed technologies are successful in addressing global poverty.
D. These projects focus mainly on providing direct financial aid to farmers.
【答案】5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了中国在扶贫领域取得的巨大成功如何为其他全球南方国家提供宝贵经验。文章强调了中国以人为本、因地制宜的扶贫理念，以及通过分享实用、低成本的技术(如玉米种植和菌草技术)，为寻求可持续发展的国家提供了可借鉴的解决方案，而非一个固定的模式。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“China’s success in lifting millions out of poverty offers valuable lessons and a new path for countries in the Global South, according to experts at a high-level forum in Beijing. The event brought together officials and scholars to discuss the keys to China’s achievements and how they can help other developing nations with their own modernization. (在北京举行的一场高级别论坛上，专家们表示，中国成功使数百万民众摆脱贫困这一成就为全球南方国家提供了宝贵的经验和新的发展路径。此次论坛汇集了官员和学者，旨在探讨中国取得成就的关键因素，并探讨这些因素如何能帮助其他发展中国家实现自身的现代化进程。)”结合本文探讨了中国在扶贫领域取得的巨大成功如何为其他全球南方国家提供宝贵经验。文章强调了中国以人为本、因地制宜的扶贫理念，以及通过分享实用、低成本的技术(如玉米种植和菌草技术)，为寻求可持续发展的国家提供了可借鉴的解决方案，而非一个固定的模式。可知，这篇文章的主要目的是讨论中国在脱贫方面的经验如何对全球南方地区产生积极影响。故选D。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Importantly, China has promoted global poverty reduction through action, not by exporting its model or setting strict rules for others. (重要的是，中国是通过实际行动来推动全球减贫事业的，而非通过输出其模式或对其他国家强加严格规定。)”可知，中国的减贫策略既遵循普遍原则，又考虑到各国的差异。故选A。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“A representative from the International Fund for Agricultural Development added that poverty reduction is more than just raising incomes. It is also about strengthening rural communities, empowering people, and revitalizing rural economies so that growth becomes both inclusive and long-lasting. (国际农业发展基金的一位代表补充说，减贫不仅仅是提高收入这么简单。它还涉及加强农村社区建设、增强民众能力以及振兴农村经济，从而使经济增长既具有包容性又持久。)”可知，成功的减贫工作既要提高收入水平，也要建设具有韧性和充满活力的农村社会。故选C。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“These practical examples show how adaptable solutions can make a real difference. (这些实际案例表明，灵活多变的解决方案能够产生切实的影响。)”可知，坦桑尼亚和卢旺达的例子表明实用且具有适应性的农业解决方案能够有效地促进减贫。故选A。
3.（2026·天津联考·一模）
It’s hard for me to remember now the exact moment when my ambition for order died. About three years ago my family moved into a new house, and among its selling points was a study with pre-installed bookshelves. Just after the movers departed, I casually separated the fiction from the non-fiction, arranging the books alphabetically by author. Everything seemed perfect, but that didn’t last long.
I recently went hunting for my copy of Lydia Davis’s Essays, a collection of non-fictions that turned up stuffed sideways on a shelf where the works of Philip Roth first took up residence. This invasion would have been unthinkable when I first moved in, and the search itself revealed more shelving chaos: Biographies now lie in memoirs and short story collections; oversized novels rest on top of the carefully shelved, cooperatively sized trade paperbacks.
The late French novelist Georges Perec understood the anxiety of shelving. In his Brief Notes on the Art and Manner of Arranging One’s Books, Perec’s discussion of the many methods for handling your personal library only shows how impossible the task is. You could, for instance, agree only to keep 365 books in your library—buy one book, get rid of one. But then, he writes, you’d have to decide what a “book” is. Is a three-volume series one book or three Maybe it’s better to stick with 365 authors instead of books. But then some books are anonymous (匿名的), and some don’t make sense without others in the same category. Perec died in 1982, with more than 1,800 books in his home library.
We can categorize books alphabetically, but also by region, color, publication date, genre (体裁) and more. But either way, Perec insists, we are doomed (注定的)to failure. That’s partly because any one book has so many different ways to be uncooperative. Sometimes a book resists via size. Where do I put Chris Ware’s Building Stories, published in a board-game-sized box And increasingly, shelving by genre is a headache. Where does the autofiction or cross-genre novels go
I had a hard time finding that Davis book, and though there were things to regret during the process, there were also things to discover such as the books I fondly remember. Since May 2021, I’ve been doing writing consultations over Zoom (视频会议) through a public library, which means exposing my messy shelves to public examination. I know that everybody is too polite to say anything about it. But if somebody did, I’d just tell them what Perec knew all along — a neat library is a dead one, and I’ll accept a little chaos as proof of my living.
9. What made the author’s bookshelves messy
A. The movers’ improper arrangement of books.
B. The lack of enough space for the growing books.
C. The gradual disorder of books in different categories.
D. The author’s careless act of putting books randomly.
10. What can we learn about Georges Perec from the text
A. He thought arranging books was an easy task.
B. He kept his books in a strictly ordered way.
C. He put forward a practical way to arrange books.
D. He realized the difficulty of organizing a personal library.
11. Why is arranging books by genre becoming troublesome
A. Some books are of unusual sizes and shapes.
B. Some books belong to mixed literary types.
C. More anonymous books are being published.
D. It’s hard to tell the publication date of books.
12. What does the author find during the process of looking for Lydia Davis’s Essays
A. His love for ordered bookshelves is coming back.
B. He misses the days when the shelves were neat.
C. He rediscovers some books he has fond memories of.
D. He feels embarrassed about the public’s examination of his shelves.
13. What does the author want to express by saying “a neat library is a dead one”
A. A tidy library lacks the vitality of reading and life.
B. No one can keep a library neat forever in daily life.
C. A neat library reflects a lack of passion and curiosity in reading and life.
D. People should not spend too much time organizing books.
【答案】9. C 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议类散文。文章通过作者个人书架从有序到混乱的经历，探讨了书籍整理的不可能性及其背后蕴含的生活哲学。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的描述“This invasion would have been unthinkable when I first moved in, and the search itself revealed more shelving chaos: Biographies now lie in memoirs and short story collections; oversized novels rest on top of the carefully shelved, cooperatively sized trade paperbacks.(当我刚搬进来的时候，这种入侵是不可想象的，而搜索本身就揭示了书架上更多的混乱：传记现在躺在回忆录和短篇小说集里；超大的小说放在精心摆放的平装书上面。)”可知，作者的书架变得混乱是因为不同类别的书籍逐渐混杂在一起。故选C项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的句子“In his Brief Notes on the Art and Manner of Arranging One’s Books, Perec’s discussion of the many methods for handling your personal library only shows how impossible the task is.(在《整理书籍的艺术与方式简记》中，Perec讨论了处理个人图书馆的多种方法，这只能说明这项任务是多么不可能完成。)”以及第四段的句子“Perec insists, we are doomed to failure.(Perec坚持认为，我们注定失败)”可知，Georges Perec意识到整理个人图书馆是一项困难且注定失败的任务。故选D项。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段的句子“And increasingly, shelving by genre is a headache. Where does the autofiction or cross-genre novels go (而且，按体裁分类越来越令人头疼。自传体小说或跨体裁小说该放在哪里呢？)”可知，按体裁分类变得麻烦是因为有些书籍属于混合文学类型，难以归类。故选B项。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的句子“I had a hard time finding that Davis book, and though there were things to regret during the process, there were also things to discover such as the books I fondly remember. (我很难找到那本Davis的书，虽然过程中有一些遗憾，但也有一些发现，比如我怀念的那些书)”可知，在寻找 Lydia Davis的散文集过程中，作者重新发现了一些留有美好回忆的书。故选C项。
【13题详解】
词句猜测题。根据最后一段的语境，作者通过视频会议向公众展示凌乱的书架，并表示“I’ll accept a little chaos as proof of my living (我会接受一点混乱作为我活着的证明)”。由此推断，“a neat library is a dead one (整洁的图书馆是死的图书馆)”意指过于整洁的图书馆缺乏阅读和生活本身的活力——混乱恰恰证明书籍被真正阅读和使用。故选A项。
4.（2026·天津河东区·一模）
Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements. Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth. In an era of rapid changes and unexpected challenges, developing resilience is not just a survival skill but a key part of self- development, turning setbacks into stepping stones.
The link between difficulties and growth lies in the positive psychological changes after tough life events. Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self- awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more. This growth does not come automatically; it comes from facing difficulties on purpose, strengthening mental strength just as exercise builds muscle.
Resilience also plays an important role in life changes. Young people entering the workplace face setbacks such as rejected plans or disagreements that cause self-doubt, but resilient people see these as learning chances. They analyze their mistakes, ask for advice, and develop skills to make progress. Similarly, people traveling alone improve resilience by dealing with unfamiliar environments on their own, trusting their decisions and adapting to difficulties.
Some people argue that focusing on resilience puts pressure on people to ignore pain, but resilience means recognizing suffering without being controlled by it. It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time.
In a society that values quick solutions, we must realize that true growth is built on resilience. Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth.
14. What is the common misunderstanding about personal growth according to the passage
A. It requires great efforts to achieve. B. It is a smooth process full of achievements.
C. It has a close connection with difficulties. D. It can only be gained through work experience.
15. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of dealing with hardships actively
A. Gaining a better understanding of oneself. B. Developing a stronger sense of purpose.
C. Avoiding all the pain in life. D. Learning to value life more.
16. What can we infer from the passage about resilience
A. It can be improved through certain methods. B. It is a skill that only a few people can have.
C. It has nothing to do with life changes. D. It makes people ignore their sufferings.
17. What does the author think of difficulties in personal growth
A. They are unnecessary obstacles to avoid. B. They are key parts of true personal growth.
C. They make people lose confidence easily. D. They can only be solved with quick solutions.
18. What is the main idea of the passage
A. The ways to deal with life’s difficulties.
B. The importance of quick solutions in modern society.
C. Resilience is the key driver of personal growth.
D. Different opinions on the role of resilience.
【答案】14. B 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章纠正了人们对个人成长常见误解，指出韧性（在困境中适应和成长的能力）才是推动个人深度且持久成长的隐形力量，阐释了韧性与困境、成长的关系，介绍了韧性的培养方法及其重要意义。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements.(个人成长常常被错误地认为是一条充满成就的平稳上升之路。)”可知，人们对个人成长的常见误解是认为它是一个充满成就的平稳过程。故选B项。
【15题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self-awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more.(研究表明，那些直面困难而非逃避困难的人，会获得更强的自我意识、更深刻的他人理解和更坚定的目标感。例如，凭借韧性度过健康问题的人通常会调整自己的思维，重新获得对自身能力的信心，并更加珍惜生命。)”可知，积极应对困难的好处不包括避免生活中的所有痛苦。故选C项。
【16题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time.(它是一种可以培养的技能，而非与生俱来的品质。通过改变消极想法、建立支持小组、练习感恩等简单方法，久而久之就能增强韧性。)”可推断，韧性可以通过某些方法得到提升。故选A项。
【17题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger.(困难是成长的必要组成部分，而非弯路。培养韧性有助于我们勇敢面对挑战、顺利适应变化，并变得更强大。)”可推断，作者认为困难是真正个人成长的关键部分。故选B项。
【18题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth.(然而，心理学研究和现实生活经验证实了一个不同的真相：心理韧性——在困难中适应和发展的能力——是推动深刻而持久成长的看不见的力量。)”以及最后一段中的“Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth.(培养心理韧性有助于我们勇敢地面对挑战，顺利地适应环境，变得更强大。它仍然是通往有意义的个人成长道路上最可靠的伙伴。)”可知，文章主要论述了心理韧性是个人成长的关键驱动力。故选C项。
5.（2026·河北唐山·一模）
More than 50 years ago, Jane Goodall stunned the scientific community by reporting that chimpanzees (黑猩猩) in Tanzania were using tools to extract insects out of their nests. This observation was groundbreaking, as scientists believed tool-making was a uniquely human characteristic. Louis Leakey, Goodall’s advisor, famously responded: “Now we must redefine ‘tool’, redefine ‘man’, or accept chimpanzees as humans.”
Today, overwhelming evidence shows that many species learn from one another, developing cultural behaviors that can be passed down across generations. A recent special issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B presents studies ranging from whales to wallabies, demonstrating that socially learned behavior is widespread throughout the animal kingdom.
For many species, such learned behavior is not simply interesting but essential. It allows animals to share survival skills, such as where to find food or how to avoid danger. These findings are already influencing conservation practices, from reintroductions to managing conflicts between humans and wildlife over habitat use.
This focus on learning has also led to the growing idea of “longevity (长寿) conservation.” Studies suggest that some long-lived animals, including whales and giant tortoises, act as keepers of ecological knowledge. Their long lives allow them to remember migration routes, feeding areas, and responses to environmental change. At the same time, scientists are studying how these animals maintain their health over decades or even centuries, discovering biological strategies that help resist diseases and repair cells.
These discoveries raise difficult questions about how humans define cultural heritage. If birds and whales have traditions such as songs or hunting methods, should the loss of these behaviors be treated as seriously as the loss of historical buildings
Understanding animal culture also casts doubt on proposals such as “de-extinction,” which aims to bring extinct species back to life. As a conservation strategy, this is fundamentally unworkable. Without older individuals to pass on knowledge, recreated animals would lack the skills needed to survive.
The more we learn about other species’ cultures, the harder it is to deny that we are surrounded by a planet full of “others”. Truly absorbing this knowledge might just encourage the major shift we need as protectors of this rich bio-cultural diversity.
19. Why was Goodall’s discovery considered shocking at the time
A. She challenged her advisor. B. Louis commented on it publicly.
C. Chimpanzees were rarely studied. D. Only humans were believed to use tools.
20. What can be inferred about animals’ learned behavior
A It is affected by genes. B. It expands their habitats.
C. It is critical for their survival. D. It settles human-wildlife conflicts.
21. What role do older animals play according to longevity conservation
A. Protectors of habitats. B. Defenders against diseases.
C. Designers of migration routes. D. Carriers of ecological wisdom.
22. What is the main purpose of the article
A. To honor Jane Goodall’s work. B. To urge a rethink of animals’ cultures.
C. To compare animal cultural behaviors. D. To propose new species revival technologies.
【答案】19. D 20. C 21. D 22. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍动物也存在文化行为与知识传承，打破人类对工具使用与文化的独有认知，呼吁重新思考动物文化与保护方向。
【19题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“This observation was groundbreaking, as scientists believed tool-making was a uniquely human characteristic. (这一观察具有开创性，因为科学家们认为制造工具是人类独有的特征。)”可知，当时科学界普遍认为只有人类才会制造和使用工具，而Jane Goodall发现坦桑尼亚的黑猩猩会使用工具从巢穴中提取昆虫，这一发现打破了人们的固有认知，因此令人震惊。故选D项。
【20题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“For many species, such learned behavior is not simply interesting but essential. It allows animals to share survival skills, such as where to find food or how to avoid danger. (对许多物种而言，这种习得行为不仅仅是有趣，更是至关重要的。它让动物能够分享生存技能，比如去哪里寻找食物或如何躲避危险。)”可知，动物的习得行为能帮助它们掌握寻找食物、躲避危险等关键生存技能，直接关系到它们的生存，因此对它们的生存至关重要。故选C项。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Studies suggest that some long-lived animals, including whales and giant tortoises, act as keepers of ecological knowledge. Their long lives allow them to remember migration routes, feeding areas, and responses to environmental change. (研究表明，一些长寿动物，包括鲸鱼和巨龟，充当着生态知识的守护者。它们漫长的寿命使它们能够记住迁徙路线、觅食区域以及应对环境变化的方法。)”可知，根据长寿保护理论，年长的动物凭借漫长的寿命，储存并传承着迁徙、觅食、应对环境变化等生态知识，是生态智慧的承载者。故选D项。
【22题详解】
推理判断题。根据全文内容，尤其是第五段中的“These discoveries raise difficult questions about how humans define cultural heritage. If birds and whales have traditions such as songs or hunting methods, should the loss of these behaviors be treated as seriously as the loss of historical buildings (这些发现引发了关于人类如何定义文化遗产的难题。如果鸟类和鲸鱼有歌曲或狩猎方法等传统，那么这些行为的消失是否应该像历史建筑的消失一样被严肃对待？)”以及最后一段中的“The more we learn about other species’ cultures, the harder it is to deny that we are surrounded by a planet full of “others”. Truly absorbing this knowledge might just encourage the major shift we need as protectors of this rich bio-cultural diversity. (我们对其他物种的文化了解得越多，就越难否认我们周围是一个充满“他者”的星球。真正吸收这些知识，或许能推动我们作为这种丰富生物文化多样性的保护者所需要的重大转变。)”可知，文章围绕动物存在文化行为和知识传承这一核心，通过一系列研究发现，引发人类对动物文化的重新思考，呼吁人们重视动物文化和生物文化多样性，因此本文的主要目的是促使人们重新思考动物文化。故选B项。
6.（2026·山东淄博·一模）
Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past
Urban historian Dolores Hayden describes cities as “palimpsests” — manuscripts written upon repeatedly, earlier versions never fully erased. In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.”
Some argue that memory can survive through photographs and documents. In fact, there is a difference between knowing about a place and experiencing it. A photograph of an old church conveys its appearance; walking through its doors conveys something else entirely — the height of the ceiling, the echo of footsteps, the weight of silence. These are not details; they are the substance of embodied memory.
Research in environmental psychology suggests that physical spaces maintain collective identity. When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before.
None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are.
23. What is the function of paragraph 1
A. To present a phenomenon and introduce the topic.
B. To contrast historical significance with modern appeal.
C. To criticize the over-commercialization of historic sites.
D. To explain why history is overlooked and underestimated.
24. What does the example of Los Angeles intend to illustrate
A. The cost of urban development. B. The role of economic ambitions.
C. The preservation of tangible proof. D. The success of redevelopment projects.
25. What can be inferred about the communities losing landmarks
A. They cherish shared history. B. They face identity confusion.
C. They maintain collective identity. D. They prioritize growth over memory.
26. What does the text convey
A. History outweighs art in value. B. Photos preserve memory inadequately.
C. Cities face a growth-or-history choice. D. Physical spaces hold irreplaceable memory.
【答案】23. A 24. A 25. B 26. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章借柏林墙等例子，指出城市开发易抹去历史痕迹，而实体空间承载着不可替代的集体记忆与身份认同，城市发展不应忽视历史留存。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past (柏林的东区画廊每年吸引数以百万计的游客。游客们在充满活力的冷战后绘制的壁画前熙熙攘攘，但很少有人停下来思考这些画作之下隐藏着什么：那是原版的柏林墙的一部分。艺术成为了这里的吸引点；而它所涵盖的历史则逐渐被置于背景之中。这种模式在柏林之外也普遍存在。在全球范围内，老旧建筑为了新的发展而被拆除。这种逻辑似乎无可辩驳：城市必须发展，经济必须扩张。但当我们抹去我们过去的物质痕迹时，又会失去什么呢？)”可知，第一段的作用是描述一种现象并引入主题。故选A。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.”(在她对洛杉矶的调研中，她记录了开发项目如何一次又一次地拆除由墨西哥裔美国人和非裔美国人组成的社区，取而代之的是高速公路和广场。这些新的建筑是为了实现经济目标，但它们也抹去了这些社区曾经存在的物质证据。“当建筑消失时，”海登写道，“这些人的存在痕迹也随之消失，他们曾在这里生活、工作、有所作为这一点也荡然无存了。”)”可知，洛杉矶这个例子意在说明城市发展的成本。故选A。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before.(当社区失去了那些人们所熟悉的地标性建筑时，他们也就失去了能够将个体与共同历史联系起来的参照点。其结果可能是空间上的迷失方向——不仅是指不知道自己身处何地，还意味着不清楚自己与那些先辈们在何种关系中相联系)”可知，那些失去标志性建筑的社区会面临身份认同的混乱。故选B。
【26题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are.(这一切都不能否定发展的重要性。每一代人都会继承一座城市，并将其传承下去。有些城墙注定要倒塌，而另一些则注定要屹立不倒——这些有形的空间以一种仅靠图像无法实现的方式，将记忆固定下来，使我们深深扎根于过去，而过去也持续塑造着我们的身份)”可知，文章表达了物理空间承载着不可替代的记忆。故选D。
7.（2026·甘肃·一模）
The sound of a guitar is the warm yellow of honey and Monday is pink. These sensations are always the same, and always present. This is called synaesthesia — a neurological (神经的) condition where senses are interconnected.
Synaesthesia causes an estimated 4.4% of people to “see” sounds or “feel” the colors of letters. Scientists have found that this unique way of perceiving the world can be a powerful tool for learning a foreign language.
Research led by Julia Simmer at the University of Sussex indicates that children with synaesthesia often have better skills in several key areas. “Specifically, they were significantly better in vocabulary, short-term memory, and attention to detail,” Simner says. “These synaesthesia-linked skills predict that second-language learning could be easier.” For a synaesthete, every letter has its own color, which makes letters and words much more unique and memorable. When they learn a new language, the brain can use these color connections from their first language to help remember new words. It’s as if the color gives the brain an extra piece of information to hold onto, making the learning process more effective.
However, psychologist Lucie Bouvet notes that for a small number of people, synaesthesia can sometimes make communication harder. This is the experience of a woman identified as VA. Every time VA hears a sound like “k”, she would immediately see the color red. Before understanding the meaning of a word, her brain has to first process its sound and then its color. This extra step of mental translation could sometimes cause her to lose track of a conversation, showing that synaesthesia’s effects can be complex.
Despite these potential challenges, the key value of studying synaesthesia lies in its ability to help us understand the mysteries of the human brain and language. For me, living with these interconnected senses brings joy. It serves as a beautiful reminder that every brain experiences the world in its own unique way.
27. What do we know about synaesthesia
A. It’s an evaluation method.
B. It’s a psychological disorder.
C. It’s a language learning strategy.
D. It’s a unique way the brain works.
28. How does synaesthesia aid language learning according to Julia Simner’s research
A. By making better predictions.
B. By developing painting skills.
C. By improving the first language.
D. By providing sensory connections.
29. What can we infer about synaesthesia from VA’s experience
A. It gains extra information.
B. It leads to misunderstanding.
C. It requires complex processing.
D It improves communication skills.
30. What’s the author’s attitude to synaesthesia
A. Critical. B. Positive.
C. Confused. D. Objective.
【答案】27. D 28. D 29. C 30. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了联觉（synaesthesia）这一神经学现象——即不同感官相互连接的独特感知方式，以及它在语言学习中的作用和潜在挑战。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“This is called synaesthesia — a neurological (神经的) condition where senses are interconnected.(这被称为联觉——一种神经学上的现象，指的是不同感官之间存在着相互关联)”可知，联觉是大脑工作的一种独特方式。故选D。
28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“For a synaesthete, every letter has its own color, which makes letters and words much more unique and memorable. When they learn a new language, the brain can use these color connections from their first language to help remember new words. It’s as if the color gives the brain an extra piece of information to hold onto, making the learning process more effective.(对于一位联觉者而言，每个字母都有其特定的颜色，这使得字母和单词显得更加独特且易于记忆。当他们学习一门新语言时，大脑可以利用他们最初语言中的这些颜色联想来帮助记住新单词。这就好比这种颜色为大脑提供了额外的一条信息，从而让学习过程变得更加高效)”可知，联觉通过提供感官连接（颜色与声音的连接）来帮助语言学习。故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Before understanding the meaning of a word, her brain has to first process its sound and then its color. This extra step of mental translation could sometimes cause her to lose track of a conversation, showing that synaesthesia’s effects can be complex.(在理解一个单词的含义之前，她的大脑首先需要先处理其发音，然后再处理其色彩。这一额外的思维转换步骤有时会导致她无法跟上对话的节奏，这表明联觉的影响可能是复杂的)”可知，从VA的经历可以推断出联觉需要复杂的处理过程。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“For me, living with these interconnected senses brings joy. It serves as a beautiful reminder that every brain experiences the world in its own unique way.(对我而言，拥有这些相互关联的感觉所带来的体验是充满乐趣的。它以一种美好的方式提醒着我们，每个大脑都会以自己独特的方式去感知这个世界)”中的“joy”和“beautiful”等词可推知，作者对联觉持积极态度。故选B。
8.（2026·湖南怀化·一模）
Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the nerve cells behind feeling full also contribute to strong desire for sugar. In other words, there seems to be a neurological (神经学的) basis for our love of dessert.
Previous studies identified that naturally occurring opioids (阿片类物质) in the brain play a crucial role in sugar desire. The main producers of these opioids are nerve cells located in a brain region that adjusts appetite, metabolism and hormones. Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC，前阿片黑素细胞皮质激素) nerve cells, they also control feelings of satiety after eating.
To explore whether the cells also drive thirst for sugar, Henning Fenselau at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Germany and his colleagues tracked the opioid signals the POMC cells send in the brain. The researchers monitored the activity of nerve cells in these regions as mice ate their usual food. When the animals seemed to be full, the team gave them a dessert of sugary chow. The results showed that, on average, the activity between the POMC nerve cells and the PVT (丘脑室旁核) roughly multiplied during dessert consumption, and even rose sharply before the mice started eating the sweets, proving this nerve pathway directly fuels sugar desire. When the team blocked signals from POMC nerve cells to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 per cent less dessert.
“The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full,” says Fenselau. “This would explain why animals — humans — over-consume sugar when they’re actually full.”
31. What does the underlined word “satiety” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Desire. B. Fullness. C. Appetite. D. Delight.
32. Which of the following is the finding of the mice experiment
A. The mice had more appetite for sugar than usual food.
B. The mice had less dessert consumption in their daily diet.
C. The mice had more responses in POMC than in PVT areas.
D. The mice had less sugar desire as brain signals were interrupted.
33. What can be inferred from Fenselau’s words
A. The feeling of being full generates sugar desire.
B. Humans consume more sugar than animals.
C. Sugar desire has nothing to do with appetite.
D. Nerve cells make it easy for people to feel full.
34. What can we learn from the text
A. Potential risks of sugar over-consumption for mice.
B. Differences of animal-human neurological responses.
C. Explanation of brain mechanism of sugar desire.
D. Different views on sugar desire after meals in mice.
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. A 34. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项科学研究发现：人吃饱后仍想吃甜食，并非单纯的习惯，而是有神经学基础——负责产生饱腹感的POMC神经细胞，同时也会激发对糖分的渴望。
【31题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) nerve cells, they also control feelings of satiety after eating. (这些被称为前阿片黑素细胞皮质激素的神经细胞，也控制着进食后的satiety感)”和最后一段中“The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full(这些细胞类型对于让人们产生饱腹感的作用是众所周知的，它们还会释放出促使人们产生对糖分渴望的信号，而且这种作用在饱腹状态下尤为明显)”可知，这些细胞让人们产生饱腹感，进而推断satiety表示“饱、饱腹感”。故选B。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“When the team blocked signals from POMC nerve cells to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 per cent less dessert.(当研究团队阻断了从POMC神经细胞到丘脑室旁核的信号时，老鼠吃的甜点减少了40%)”可知，老鼠实验的发现是：当大脑信号被阻断时，老鼠对糖的渴望降低。故选D。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full. (这些以让人产生饱腹感而闻名的细胞，也会释放引发对糖分食欲的信号，而且它们尤其在吃饱的状态下这样做)”可推知，饱腹感会催生对糖分的渴望。故选A。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the nerve cells behind feeling full also contribute to strong desire for sugar. In other words, there seems to be a neurological (神经学的) basis for our love of dessert.(即便饱餐一顿之后，大多数人仍能找到吃甜食的空间。现在，对老鼠的研究表明，负责产生饱腹感的神经细胞也与强烈的糖分渴望有关。换句话说，我们对甜食的喜爱似乎有着神经学上的原因)”可知，全文围绕“吃饱后想吃甜食”的现象展开，介绍了其背后的大脑神经机制，解释了为什么人在饱腹状态下仍会想吃糖。故选C。
9.（2026·天津滨海新区·一模）
The Damage that aging does to a body extends all the way down to the cellular level. But the damage increased by cells in older muscles is especially severe, because the cells do not reproduce easily and they become weaker as their mitochondria （线粒体）, which produce energy, reduce in energy and number. A study, however, suggests that certain sorts of exercise may remove some of what time can do to our mitochondria.
Exercise is good for people, as everyone knows. But scientists have surprisingly little understanding of its cellular impacts and how those might vary by activity and the age of the exerciser. So researchers recently conducted an experiment on the cells of 72 healthy but sedentary （久坐的） men and women who were 30 or younger or older than 64. After baseline measures were established for their aerobic （有氧的） fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise program.
Some of them did intense （强烈的） weight training several times a week; some did brief interval training three times a week on exercise bicycles; some rode exercise bikes at an appropriate pace for 30 minutes a few times a week and lifted weights lightly on other days. A fourth group, the control （对照组）, did not exercise. After 12 weeks, the lab tests were repeated. In general, everyone experienced improvements in fitness and an ability to regulate blood sugar.
But more unexpected results were found in the biopsied （活组织检查） muscle cells. Among the younger subjects who went through interval training, the activity levels had changed in 274 genes, compared with 170 genes for those who exercised more appropriately and 74 for the weight lifters. Among the older group, almost 400 genes were working differently now, compared with 33 for the weight lifters and only 19 for the appropriate exercisers.
Many of these affected genes, especially in the cells of the interval trainers, are believed to influence the ability of mitochondria to produce energy for muscle cells; the subjects who did the interval exercise showed an increase in the number and health of their mitochondria — an impact that was particularly pronounced among the older cyclists. It seems exercise could help contain the decline in the cellular health of muscles associated with aging, especially if it was intense, says Dr. Sreekumaran Nair, the study’s senior author. In fact, older people’s cells responded in some ways more strongly to intense exercise than the cells of the young did — suggesting, he says, that it is never too late to benefit from exercise.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A. exercise Might Benefit Aging Muscles
B. Exercise Might Increase Aging Muscles
C. Exercise Might Do Harm to Mitochondria
D. Aging Mainly Occurs in the Cellular Level
36. What can we know about the experiment mentioned in Paragraph 2
A. Volunteers cannot be good at exercising.
B. All volunteers must have the same baseline.
C. It was carried out among the youth of different sexes.
D. Volunteers received a random particular exercise program.
37. How does the author develop Paragraph 3
A. By analyzing every group’s different data.
B. By comparing every group’s training time.
C. By listing every group’s different training.
D. By describing every group’s training results.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that ______.
A. the experiment did not get expected results
B. riding exercise bikes has no influence on the volunteers
C. weight lifting is the most useful training among these exercises
D. interval training brings stronger influence to the elder than to the youth
39. The underlined word “contain” can be replaced by “______”.
A. change B. stop
C. record D. cause
【答案】35. A 36. D 37. C 38. D 39. B
【解析】
【分析】本文为说明文。衰老对身体造成的损害一直延伸到细胞层面。实验证明运动特别是运动强度很大时似乎有助于抑制与衰老有关的肌肉健康细胞的下降。而老年人的细胞对高强度运动的反应比年轻人的细胞更强烈，运动可能有益于老化的肌肉。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。第一段主要叙述了衰老对身体的伤害一直延伸到细胞水平。研究发现某些类型的锻炼或许能消除岁月对我们的线粒体造成的影响。接着实验证明了运动特别是当运动强度很大时似乎有助于抑制与衰老有关的肌肉细胞健康的下降。尤其是老年人的细胞对高强度运动的反应比年轻人的细胞更强烈，这说明了“运动可能有益于老化的肌肉”。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“So researchers recently conducted an experiment ... After baseline measures were established for their aerobic fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells”尤其是最后一句 “the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise program.”可知，这些志愿者被随机分配到特定的运动项目。由此可推断出“这些志愿者接受了一个随机的特殊训练计划”，故选D。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的内容“Some of them did intense （强烈的）...; some ...; some...”可知，本段列出每个小组的分配到一个特定的锻炼方案。分析选项可知，本段“列出每个小组的不同培训方式”。分析选项可知C符合题意，故选C。
38题详解】
推理判断题。第四段内容“在较年轻的试验对象中，进行了间歇训练的志愿者有274个基因出现了活性水平变化，相比之下，运动适中的志愿者出现变化的基因有170个，做举重运动的有74个。在年纪较大的组别内，有将近400个基因现已有活性的改变，相比之下，举重运动者有33个，运动适中者仅有19个。”由此可推断出，间歇训练对老年人的影响大于对青年人的影响。分析选项可知D符合题意，故选D。
【39题详解】
猜测词义题。根据最后一段划线部分的前文“Many of these affected genes, especially in the cells of the interval trainers, are believed to influence the ability of mitochondria to produce energy for muscle cells; the subjects who did the interval exercise showed an increase in the number and health of their mitochondria — an impact that was particularly pronounced among the older cyclists.”可知，“大多数受到影响的基因——尤其是进行间歇训练的志愿者细胞中的基因——都被认为影响了线粒体为肌肉细胞制造能量的能力；进行了间歇运动的实验对象表现出了线粒体数量和健康状况的提高——这个影响在年纪较大的脚踏车运动者中尤其显著”以及划线后的“older people’s cells responded in some ways more strongly to intense exercise than the cells of the young did — suggesting, he says, that it is never too late to benefit from exercise.”可知“年长者的细胞对高强度运动的反应比年轻人的更加强烈——他说，这表明从运动中获益永远不会太晚”可知，锻炼给肌肉细胞提供了能量，阻止了与衰老有关的肌肉细胞的下降。分析选项可知，划线句的“It seems exercise could help contain the decline in the cellular health of muscles associated with aging”意为“运动似乎有助于抑制与衰老有关的肌肉细胞健康的下降”，可推断出“contain”为阻止或抑制，故选B。
【点睛】选择标题在英语阅读理解中属于主旨大意题，是一种深层理解题。要求考生在通读全文的基础上，认真分析文章大意及作者的写作意图。通常情况下，标题要有根据性，针对性和醒目性的特点。确定最佳标题时，要注意在阅读文章时，文章中反复出现的或强调的信息，寻找与文章大多数内容相关的信息或主题句。找出主题句，抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨，从而找出最佳题目。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成最佳题目。如第1小题，第一段主要叙述了衰老对身体的伤害一直延伸到细胞水平。研究发现某些类型的锻炼或许能消除岁月对我们的线粒体造成的影响。接着实验证明了运动似乎有助于抑制与衰老有关的肌肉细胞健康的下降，特别是当运动强度很大时。尤其是老年人的细胞对高强度运动的反应比年轻人的细胞更强烈，这说明了“运动可能有益于老化的肌肉”。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。
10.（2026·皖西联考·一模）
Nigel Richards, a well-known Scrabble champion from New Zealand now living in Malaysia, made headlines on November 16 by winning the Spanish-language World Scrabble Championship in Granada, Spain.
Remarkably, Richards can’t speak Spanish, yet his extraordinary talent for the game shone through. He only started playing Scrabble at 28 and had to memorize the entire Spanish Scrabble dictionary and adapt to a different scoring system where letter values differ from the English version.
In Scrabble, players use seven letter tiles (牌) to create high-scoring words. Each letter has a specific point value, with unusual letters like Q, X, and Z worth more. Special board squares can double or triple (三倍) these scores. Despite these complexities, Richards’ victory was impressive.
Richards’ Scrabble journey is marked by victories across multiple languages. He has won the English-language World Scrabble Championship five times and also triumphed (获胜) in French (in 2015 and 2018). His ability to excel in languages he doesn’t speak is due to his exceptional memory and mathematical skills, which allow him to form high-scoring words effortlessly.
His strategy focuses on remembering word spellings and point values rather than understanding their meanings. Friend Liz Fagerlund explains that Richards visualizes word groups in his mind like a mental photo album, aiding his recall. To prepare for the Spanish championship, he learned hundreds of thousands of words a year in advance. This hard work paid off as he won 23 out of 24 games in Granada, defeating the previous Argentine champion, Benjamin Olaizola.
Despite his numerous awards and public recognition, Nigel Richards remains a shy figure. He doesn’t like to talk about how he plays with reporters; he prefers to let his wins speak for themselves. His special way of playing Scrabble, using language memorization and smart strategies, makes him one of the best Scrabble players ever, no matter what language he’s playing in.
40. What does the author want to show in Paragraph 3
A. The usual letters in the game.
B. The complexity of the game rules.
C. The high-scoring words in Scrabble.
D. The structure of the Scrabble board.
41. What can be inferred about Richards’ approach to learning words
A. He relies heavily on visual memory and point values.
B. He writes the words needed for upcoming competitions.
C. He focuses on understanding the meanings of the words.
D. He prefers discussing his learning strategies with reporters.
42. Which can be used to describe Nigel Richards
A. Outgoing. B. Reserved. C. Proud. D. Innocent.
43. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To list champions in Scrabble competitions.
B. To stress Scrabble’s history in competition.
C. To explain how to speak multiple languages.
D. To introduce Nigel Richards’ wins and strategy.
【答案】40. B 41. A 42. B 43. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了新西兰拼字游戏冠军尼格尔·理查兹虽不会说西班牙语，却凭借超强记忆力和数学天赋，通过背诵词典赢得西班牙语世界冠军，展现了独特的语言学习与比赛策略。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Special board squares can double or triple (三倍) these scores. Despite these complexities, Richards’ victory was impressive.(特殊的棋盘格子可以将这些分数加倍或三倍。尽管存在这些复杂之处，里查兹的胜利依然令人印象深刻)”可推知，作者主要想通过第三段展示拼字游戏规则的复杂性。故选B项。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“His strategy focuses on remembering word spellings and point values rather than understanding their meanings. Friend Liz Fagerlund explains that Richards visualizes word groups in his mind like a mental photo album, aiding his recall.(他的策略侧重于记住单词的拼写和点值，而非理解其含义。朋友莉兹·法格伦德解释说，理查兹在脑海中将单词组形象化地呈现出来，就像一个心理上的相册，这有助于他回忆)”可知，理查兹熟记单词的方法在很大程度上依赖于视觉记忆和分值。故选A项。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Despite his numerous awards and public recognition, Nigel Richards remains a shy figure. He doesn’t like to talk about how he plays with reporters; he prefers to let his wins speak for themselves.(尽管他获得了众多奖项并得到了公众的认可，但尼格尔·理查兹仍然是一个腼腆的人。他不喜欢与记者谈论他如何下棋；他更愿意让自己的胜利来说话)”可推知，尼格尔·理查兹是内向的。故选B项。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了尼格尔·理查兹赢得西班牙语拼字游戏冠军的事迹，并详细介绍了他独特的学习策略（死记硬背单词和分值，而非理解含义）。由此推知，作者撰写这篇文章的目的是介绍尼格尔·理查兹的获胜经历和策略。故选D项。
11.（2026·天津河西·一模）
Modern society celebrates freedom of choice as a fundamental good. From cereal aisles (超市麦片区) to career paths, we are presented with an unprecedented array of options. Psychologist Barry Schwartz, however, argues in his book The Paradox of Choice that this abundance, rather than liberating us, can lead to anxiety, paralysis, and dissatisfaction — a phenomenon he calls “the tyranny of choice”.
The logic seems counterintuitive (违反直觉的). More choices should mean a greater chance of finding the perfect fit, leading to higher satisfaction. Yet, Schwartz contends that the process of choosing from numerous alternatives is psychologically taxing. Each option requires evaluation, which consumes time and cognitive energy. The fear of making a suboptimal choice — of missing out on a better alternative — generates what economists term “opportunity costs” on an emotional level. After a decision is made, this fear often changes into regret or doubt about the foregone options, diminishing the enjoyment of the chosen one.
Furthermore, the responsibility that comes with choice can be burdensome. When outcomes are poor, we have no one to blame but ourselves. In a world with limited options, fate or limited availability could be the scapegoat (替罪羊). With limitless choice, failure is personalized. This “self-blame” for less-than-perfect results can weaken our sense of well-being.
Schwartz distinguishes between “maximizers” and “satisficers.” Maximizers strive to make the absolute best choice, exhaustively researching all possibilities. Satisficers, on the other hand, aim for “good enough,” settling for an option that meets their core criteria. Unsurprisingly, research shows that maximizers, despite often achieving objectively better outcomes, report lower levels of happiness, optimism, and life satisfaction compared to satisficers. They are more likely to regret and depression.
The solution is not to eliminate choice but to curtail (削减) it consciously. We can adopt the satisficer’s mindset by defining our standards beforehand and stopping the search once they are met. We can learn to appreciate “good enough” and recognize that the quest for the perfect is often the enemy of the good. By setting sensible limits on our own freedom to choose — in what we buy, how we spend our time, even in our personal relationships — we might just find the liberation we sought in choice in the first place.
44. Which of the following best summarizes the “paradox” mentioned in the passage
A. The pursuit of perfect freedom ultimately restricts our happiness.
B. Society provides more choices, but individuals still feel they are not sufficient.
C. Having abundant options is intended to increase satisfaction, but it often results in greater anxiety and regret.
D. Economists believe more choices are beneficial, while psychologists prove they are harmful.
45. What does the phrase “a suboptimal choice” most probably mean
A. The choice that is the perfect fit.
B. The choice whose logic seems counterintuitive.
C. The choice bringing enjoyment.
D. The choice that is less ideal.
46. According to the passage, why does the burden of personal responsibility increase in the face of abundant choices
A. Because it requires more knowledge to evaluate complex options.
B. Because with limited choice, failure can be blamed on external factors.
C. Because society places higher expectations on individuals who have many choices.
D. Because making a wrong choice among many leads to greater financial loss.
47. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements is TRUE about maximizers and satisficers
A. Although maximizers may achieve better objective outcomes, they tend to be less happy due to post-decision regret.
B. Maximizers are generally more efficient because they research thoroughly before deciding.
C. Satisficers are happier simply because they have lower standards and expectations.
D. Becoming a satisficer means giving up on quality and settling for what is average in all situations.
48. What is the author’s overall attitude towards the abundance of choice in modern life
A. Strongly critical and dismissive.
B. Cautiously critical but offering a solution.
C. Entirely supportive and enthusiastic.
D. Neutral and purely descriptive.
【答案】44. C 45. D 46. B 47. A 48. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了心理学家巴里·施瓦茨在其著作《压轴题05 阅读理解C、D篇
命题预测 分析近年高考英语阅读理解 C、D 篇命题规律，观念、事理、现象类是高频压轴题材，选材多来自英美主流报刊、心理研究、社会观察、教育评论、生活哲学，聚焦社会现象、心理规律、认知误区、行为逻辑、生活哲理、价值观念。文章逻辑性极强、观点鲜明、论证严密，长难句与对比结构密集，侧重考查逻辑推理、观点态度、主旨概括、词义猜测。2026 年高考仍会重点考查，命题更贴近青年成长、心理认知、社会反思、科技伦理、生活选择，强调辩证思维与理性判断。
高频考法 推理判断题 标题归纳题 细节理解题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 观点态度 / 写作意图题
观念、事理、现象类基本规律及解题要领
高考此类阅读多无标题，结构严谨、说理清晰，一般分为四部分：
首段：用生活现象 / 日常事例 / 普遍认知引出核心话题、观念、事理或社会现象。
背景 / 误区：介绍大众看法、传统观念、现象成因、现实背景。
主干：分析原因、论证观点、正反对比、研究依据、专家解读，层层深入。
结尾：总结观点、给出建议、升华启示、反思社会 / 人生。
二、观念、事理、现象类解题技巧
1. 抓语篇结构，快速锁定主旨
用略读法速读首尾段 + 各段首尾句，圈出phenomenon / view / truth / idea / attitude等标志词。
常见行文逻辑：
现象解释型：引出现象→分析原因→阐述影响→给出对策
观点反驳型：大众观点→作者观点→论据支撑→结论启示
事理说明型：提出道理→举例论证→研究证明→生活应用
2. 定位标志词，精准破解细节与推理
优先定位：转折词、因果词、对比词、专家人名、研究结论。
长难句处理：抓主句谓语，剥离插入语、定语、状语，理清逻辑层次。
答案原则：原文同义替换、合理推断、忠于作者立场，不主观臆断。
3. 重点关注观点态度与情感色彩
文中 psychologists / experts / researchers / author 的表述是态度题、意图题题眼。
态度词高频：supportive / critical / objective / concerned / optimistic / doubtful。
4. 紧盯转折与因果，抓住核心逻辑
高频逻辑词：however / but / yet / while / therefore / thus / because / due to转折后是作者真实观点；因果处是现象本质原因，均为高频考点。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，快速排除干扰
正确选项：概括全面、符合主旨、态度中立或明确、同义改写。
干扰项：
以偏概全（用细节代替主旨）
偷换观点（把大众看法当作者观点）
无中生有（原文未提及的道理 / 现象）
绝对化表述（only /never/all 等过于绝对）
6. 标题归纳技巧（此类专用）
必须包含核心现象 / 观念 / 事理（如 choice paradox, memory editing, resilience）。
简洁醒目，体现观点或现象本质。
常见格式：现象 / 观念 + 意义 / 启示 / 分析。
05 观念、事理、现象类
1.（2026·安徽巢湖·一模）
One of the best things that can happen to a zoo or aquarium (水族馆) is for one of their resident animals to go viral. Just look at the long lines to see Moo Deng, a hippo in Thailand who has become an Internet hit following her birth. Meanwhile, Pesto — a baby king penguin who was eating more fish than his parents by the time he was a few weeks old — is also an online celebrity.
We have to admit that cute animals make money. Admission tickets are only the beginning. Many zoos and aquariums offer special “behind the scenes” or “zookeeper for a day” packages at much higher prices. The real product, though, is merchandise. Stuffed animals, T-shirts, fridge magnets, keychains, kids’ books and other branded products are a major way for zoos and aquariums to make money.
But what happens when these cute animals become, well, less cute The Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium has already been planning for the next phase of Pesto’s life and answering questions from the public about his changing appearance. It’s normal for king penguins to lose their feathers by the time they’re about a year old and become confident swimmers. As a result, guests have started asking why Pesto looks different — or why they can’t find him at all.
An animal conservation group based in the UK has spoken out against zoos and aquariums making animals go viral. “The individual animal remains in an unnatural captive environment with little or no chance of being reintroduced into the wild.” Rather than visiting a zoo to see a “famous” wild animal, this group encourages anyone who is interested in these animals to learn about and support the conservation of their habitats in the wild.
Using the conventionally adorable animals is a good way to get people in the door of zoos and aquariums, but the money generated by merchandise can also pay for the habitats of many other species. “Our focus isn’t on promoting individual animals but on sharing the incredible stories that highlight the important work we do as an aquarium,” says the representative for Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium. “Pesto’s story resonated deeply with people worldwide, but it’s just one example of the many heartwarming and influential tales we have to share.”
1. Which is the most profitable source of income for zoos and aquariums
A. Selling admission tickets.
B. “Zookeeper for a day” program.
C. Offering relevant sets and selling goods.
D. Making animals gain rapid popularity online.
2. What can we infer from the Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium’s plan
A. It is worried about Pesto’s health problems.
B. It will transform Pesto’s appearance.
C. It expects Pesto to continue attracting attention.
D. It will shift focus to other animals.
3. What can we know about the animal conservation group
A. It calls on the public to adopt “famous” animals.
B. It supports the protection of animals’ habitats.
C. It encourages the government to cancel zoos.
D. It suggests building aquariums in natural environments.
4. What is the representative of Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium’s attitude to promoting famous animals
A. Negative. B. Indifferent. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful.
2.（2026·江西·一模）
China’s success in lifting millions out of poverty offers valuable lessons and a new path for countries in the Global South, according to experts at a high-level forum in Beijing. The event brought together officials and scholars to discuss the keys to China’s achievements and how they can help other developing nations with their own modernization.
A Chinese official emphasized that the country’s poverty reduction policies are people-centered, based on science, and designed to fit its own national conditions. This approach provides learnable and suitable experiences for developing nations facing similar challenges. Importantly, China has promoted global poverty reduction through action, not by exporting its model or setting strict rules for others. The country has also provided large amounts of development funds, supporting thousands of projects to boost growth in the Global South. China plans to strengthen cooperation with international organizations, focusing on building abilities, developing talent, and improving agriculture.
The United Nations resident coordinator in China noted that China’s journey offers deep insights for the Global South. Over the past forty years, China’s success has accounted for over 70 percent of global poverty reduction. A representative from the International Fund for Agricultural Development added that poverty reduction is more than just raising incomes. It is also about strengthening rural communities, empowering people, and revitalizing rural economies so that growth becomes both inclusive and long-lasting.
China’s poverty reduction is not just a grand story but is rooted in daily practice. Sharing these best and adaptable practices is central to China’s efforts. For example, a project in Tanzania helped local farmers greatly increase their corn production by using more careful and hard-working farming methods. After nearly ten years, this technique has been widely adopted. Another success story is China’s Juncao technology. This low-cost technology uses a special kind of grass to grow mushrooms and feed animals. It has been introduced in over 100 countries and has helped many families escape poverty and become successful business owners. These practical examples show how adaptable solutions can make a real difference.
5. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To praise China’s rapid economic growth.
B. To call on the Global South to copy China’s model.
C. To compare China’s development model with other countries’.
D. To discuss how China’s poverty experiences help the Global South.
6. What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A. China’s poverty reduction strategy combines universal principles with respect for national differences.
B. China believes its development model must be copied exactly by other countries to achieve success.
C. The primary goal of China’s international cooperation is to expand its political influence.
D. Financial aid is the only significant way China contributes to global poverty reduction.
7. What does successful poverty reduction involve
A. Relying mainly on financial support from international organizations.
B. Primarily focusing on boosting individual household income levels.
C. Increasing incomes while also building resilient and empowered rural societies.
D. Following China’s development model exactly to achieve similar scale of success.
8. What do the examples of Tanzania and Rwanda show
A. Practical and adaptable agricultural solutions can effectively promote poverty reduction.
B. China’s primary goal is to export its complete agricultural systems to other countries.
C. Only Chinese-developed technologies are successful in addressing global poverty.
D. These projects focus mainly on providing direct financial aid to farmers.
3.（2026·天津联考·一模）
It’s hard for me to remember now the exact moment when my ambition for order died. About three years ago my family moved into a new house, and among its selling points was a study with pre-installed bookshelves. Just after the movers departed, I casually separated the fiction from the non-fiction, arranging the books alphabetically by author. Everything seemed perfect, but that didn’t last long.
I recently went hunting for my copy of Lydia Davis’s Essays, a collection of non-fictions that turned up stuffed sideways on a shelf where the works of Philip Roth first took up residence. This invasion would have been unthinkable when I first moved in, and the search itself revealed more shelving chaos: Biographies now lie in memoirs and short story collections; oversized novels rest on top of the carefully shelved, cooperatively sized trade paperbacks.
The late French novelist Georges Perec understood the anxiety of shelving. In his Brief Notes on the Art and Manner of Arranging One’s Books, Perec’s discussion of the many methods for handling your personal library only shows how impossible the task is. You could, for instance, agree only to keep 365 books in your library—buy one book, get rid of one. But then, he writes, you’d have to decide what a “book” is. Is a three-volume series one book or three Maybe it’s better to stick with 365 authors instead of books. But then some books are anonymous (匿名的), and some don’t make sense without others in the same category. Perec died in 1982, with more than 1,800 books in his home library.
We can categorize books alphabetically, but also by region, color, publication date, genre (体裁) and more. But either way, Perec insists, we are doomed (注定的)to failure. That’s partly because any one book has so many different ways to be uncooperative. Sometimes a book resists via size. Where do I put Chris Ware’s Building Stories, published in a board-game-sized box And increasingly, shelving by genre is a headache. Where does the autofiction or cross-genre novels go
I had a hard time finding that Davis book, and though there were things to regret during the process, there were also things to discover such as the books I fondly remember. Since May 2021, I’ve been doing writing consultations over Zoom (视频会议) through a public library, which means exposing my messy shelves to public examination. I know that everybody is too polite to say anything about it. But if somebody did, I’d just tell them what Perec knew all along — a neat library is a dead one, and I’ll accept a little chaos as proof of my living.
9. What made the author’s bookshelves messy
A. The movers’ improper arrangement of books.
B. The lack of enough space for the growing books.
C. The gradual disorder of books in different categories.
D. The author’s careless act of putting books randomly.
10. What can we learn about Georges Perec from the text
A. He thought arranging books was an easy task.
B. He kept his books in a strictly ordered way.
C. He put forward a practical way to arrange books.
D. He realized the difficulty of organizing a personal library.
11. Why is arranging books by genre becoming troublesome
A. Some books are of unusual sizes and shapes.
B. Some books belong to mixed literary types.
C. More anonymous books are being published.
D. It’s hard to tell the publication date of books.
12. What does the author find during the process of looking for Lydia Davis’s Essays
A. His love for ordered bookshelves is coming back.
B. He misses the days when the shelves were neat.
C. He rediscovers some books he has fond memories of.
D. He feels embarrassed about the public’s examination of his shelves.
13. What does the author want to express by saying “a neat library is a dead one”
A. A tidy library lacks the vitality of reading and life.
B. No one can keep a library neat forever in daily life.
C. A neat library reflects a lack of passion and curiosity in reading and life.
D. People should not spend too much time organizing books.
4.（2026·天津河东区·一模）
Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements. Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth. In an era of rapid changes and unexpected challenges, developing resilience is not just a survival skill but a key part of self- development, turning setbacks into stepping stones.
The link between difficulties and growth lies in the positive psychological changes after tough life events. Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self- awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more. This growth does not come automatically; it comes from facing difficulties on purpose, strengthening mental strength just as exercise builds muscle.
Resilience also plays an important role in life changes. Young people entering the workplace face setbacks such as rejected plans or disagreements that cause self-doubt, but resilient people see these as learning chances. They analyze their mistakes, ask for advice, and develop skills to make progress. Similarly, people traveling alone improve resilience by dealing with unfamiliar environments on their own, trusting their decisions and adapting to difficulties.
Some people argue that focusing on resilience puts pressure on people to ignore pain, but resilience means recognizing suffering without being controlled by it. It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time.
In a society that values quick solutions, we must realize that true growth is built on resilience. Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth.
14. What is the common misunderstanding about personal growth according to the passage
A. It requires great efforts to achieve. B. It is a smooth process full of achievements.
C. It has a close connection with difficulties. D. It can only be gained through work experience.
15. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of dealing with hardships actively
A. Gaining a better understanding of oneself. B. Developing a stronger sense of purpose.
C. Avoiding all the pain in life. D. Learning to value life more.
16. What can we infer from the passage about resilience
A. It can be improved through certain methods. B. It is a skill that only a few people can have.
C. It has nothing to do with life changes. D. It makes people ignore their sufferings.
17. What does the author think of difficulties in personal growth
A. They are unnecessary obstacles to avoid. B. They are key parts of true personal growth.
C. They make people lose confidence easily. D. They can only be solved with quick solutions.
18. What is the main idea of the passage
A. The ways to deal with life’s difficulties.
B. The importance of quick solutions in modern society.
C. Resilience is the key driver of personal growth.
D. Different opinions on the role of resilience.
5.（2026·河北唐山·一模）
More than 50 years ago, Jane Goodall stunned the scientific community by reporting that chimpanzees (黑猩猩) in Tanzania were using tools to extract insects out of their nests. This observation was groundbreaking, as scientists believed tool-making was a uniquely human characteristic. Louis Leakey, Goodall’s advisor, famously responded: “Now we must redefine ‘tool’, redefine ‘man’, or accept chimpanzees as humans.”
Today, overwhelming evidence shows that many species learn from one another, developing cultural behaviors that can be passed down across generations. A recent special issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B presents studies ranging from whales to wallabies, demonstrating that socially learned behavior is widespread throughout the animal kingdom.
For many species, such learned behavior is not simply interesting but essential. It allows animals to share survival skills, such as where to find food or how to avoid danger. These findings are already influencing conservation practices, from reintroductions to managing conflicts between humans and wildlife over habitat use.
This focus on learning has also led to the growing idea of “longevity (长寿) conservation.” Studies suggest that some long-lived animals, including whales and giant tortoises, act as keepers of ecological knowledge. Their long lives allow them to remember migration routes, feeding areas, and responses to environmental change. At the same time, scientists are studying how these animals maintain their health over decades or even centuries, discovering biological strategies that help resist diseases and repair cells.
These discoveries raise difficult questions about how humans define cultural heritage. If birds and whales have traditions such as songs or hunting methods, should the loss of these behaviors be treated as seriously as the loss of historical buildings
Understanding animal culture also casts doubt on proposals such as “de-extinction,” which aims to bring extinct species back to life. As a conservation strategy, this is fundamentally unworkable. Without older individuals to pass on knowledge, recreated animals would lack the skills needed to survive.
The more we learn about other species’ cultures, the harder it is to deny that we are surrounded by a planet full of “others”. Truly absorbing this knowledge might just encourage the major shift we need as protectors of this rich bio-cultural diversity.
19. Why was Goodall’s discovery considered shocking at the time
A. She challenged her advisor. B. Louis commented on it publicly.
C. Chimpanzees were rarely studied. D. Only humans were believed to use tools.
20. What can be inferred about animals’ learned behavior
A It is affected by genes. B. It expands their habitats.
C. It is critical for their survival. D. It settles human-wildlife conflicts.
21. What role do older animals play according to longevity conservation
A. Protectors of habitats. B. Defenders against diseases.
C. Designers of migration routes. D. Carriers of ecological wisdom.
22. What is the main purpose of the article
A. To honor Jane Goodall’s work. B. To urge a rethink of animals’ cultures.
C. To compare animal cultural behaviors. D. To propose new species revival technologies.
6.（2026·山东淄博·一模）
Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past
Urban historian Dolores Hayden describes cities as “palimpsests” — manuscripts written upon repeatedly, earlier versions never fully erased. In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.”
Some argue that memory can survive through photographs and documents. In fact, there is a difference between knowing about a place and experiencing it. A photograph of an old church conveys its appearance; walking through its doors conveys something else entirely — the height of the ceiling, the echo of footsteps, the weight of silence. These are not details; they are the substance of embodied memory.
Research in environmental psychology suggests that physical spaces maintain collective identity. When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before.
None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are.
23. What is the function of paragraph 1
A. To present a phenomenon and introduce the topic.
B. To contrast historical significance with modern appeal.
C. To criticize the over-commercialization of historic sites.
D. To explain why history is overlooked and underestimated.
24. What does the example of Los Angeles intend to illustrate
A. The cost of urban development. B. The role of economic ambitions.
C. The preservation of tangible proof. D. The success of redevelopment projects.
25. What can be inferred about the communities losing landmarks
A. They cherish shared history. B. They face identity confusion.
C. They maintain collective identity. D. They prioritize growth over memory.
26. What does the text convey
A. History outweighs art in value. B. Photos preserve memory inadequately.
C. Cities face a growth-or-history choice. D. Physical spaces hold irreplaceable memory.
7.（2026·甘肃·一模）
The sound of a guitar is the warm yellow of honey and Monday is pink. These sensations are always the same, and always present. This is called synaesthesia — a neurological (神经的) condition where senses are interconnected.
Synaesthesia causes an estimated 4.4% of people to “see” sounds or “feel” the colors of letters. Scientists have found that this unique way of perceiving the world can be a powerful tool for learning a foreign language.
Research led by Julia Simmer at the University of Sussex indicates that children with synaesthesia often have better skills in several key areas. “Specifically, they were significantly better in vocabulary, short-term memory, and attention to detail,” Simner says. “These synaesthesia-linked skills predict that second-language learning could be easier.” For a synaesthete, every letter has its own color, which makes letters and words much more unique and memorable. When they learn a new language, the brain can use these color connections from their first language to help remember new words. It’s as if the color gives the brain an extra piece of information to hold onto, making the learning process more effective.
However, psychologist Lucie Bouvet notes that for a small number of people, synaesthesia can sometimes make communication harder. This is the experience of a woman identified as VA. Every time VA hears a sound like “k”, she would immediately see the color red. Before understanding the meaning of a word, her brain has to first process its sound and then its color. This extra step of mental translation could sometimes cause her to lose track of a conversation, showing that synaesthesia’s effects can be complex.
Despite these potential challenges, the key value of studying synaesthesia lies in its ability to help us understand the mysteries of the human brain and language. For me, living with these interconnected senses brings joy. It serves as a beautiful reminder that every brain experiences the world in its own unique way.
27. What do we know about synaesthesia
A. It’s an evaluation method.
B. It’s a psychological disorder.
C. It’s a language learning strategy.
D. It’s a unique way the brain works.
28. How does synaesthesia aid language learning according to Julia Simner’s research
A. By making better predictions.
B. By developing painting skills.
C. By improving the first language.
D. By providing sensory connections.
29. What can we infer about synaesthesia from VA’s experience
A. It gains extra information.
B. It leads to misunderstanding.
C. It requires complex processing.
D It improves communication skills.
30. What’s the author’s attitude to synaesthesia
A. Critical. B. Positive.
C. Confused. D. Objective.
8.（2026·湖南怀化·一模）
Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the nerve cells behind feeling full also contribute to strong desire for sugar. In other words, there seems to be a neurological (神经学的) basis for our love of dessert.
Previous studies identified that naturally occurring opioids (阿片类物质) in the brain play a crucial role in sugar desire. The main producers of these opioids are nerve cells located in a brain region that adjusts appetite, metabolism and hormones. Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC，前阿片黑素细胞皮质激素) nerve cells, they also control feelings of satiety after eating.
To explore whether the cells also drive thirst for sugar, Henning Fenselau at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Germany and his colleagues tracked the opioid signals the POMC cells send in the brain. The researchers monitored the activity of nerve cells in these regions as mice ate their usual food. When the animals seemed to be full, the team gave them a dessert of sugary chow. The results showed that, on average, the activity between the POMC nerve cells and the PVT (丘脑室旁核) roughly multiplied during dessert consumption, and even rose sharply before the mice started eating the sweets, proving this nerve pathway directly fuels sugar desire. When the team blocked signals from POMC nerve cells to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 per cent less dessert.
“The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full,” says Fenselau. “This would explain why animals — humans — over-consume sugar when they’re actually full.”
31. What does the underlined word “satiety” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Desire. B. Fullness. C. Appetite. D. Delight.
32. Which of the following is the finding of the mice experiment
A. The mice had more appetite for sugar than usual food.
B. The mice had less dessert consumption in their daily diet.
C. The mice had more responses in POMC than in PVT areas.
D. The mice had less sugar desire as brain signals were interrupted.
33. What can be inferred from Fenselau’s words
A. The feeling of being full generates sugar desire.
B. Humans consume more sugar than animals.
C. Sugar desire has nothing to do with appetite.
D. Nerve cells make it easy for people to feel full.
34. What can we learn from the text
A. Potential risks of sugar over-consumption for mice.
B. Differences of animal-human neurological responses.
C. Explanation of brain mechanism of sugar desire.
D. Different views on sugar desire after meals in mice.
9.（2026·天津滨海新区·一模）
The Damage that aging does to a body extends all the way down to the cellular level. But the damage increased by cells in older muscles is especially severe, because the cells do not reproduce easily and they become weaker as their mitochondria （线粒体）, which produce energy, reduce in energy and number. A study, however, suggests that certain sorts of exercise may remove some of what time can do to our mitochondria.
Exercise is good for people, as everyone knows. But scientists have surprisingly little understanding of its cellular impacts and how those might vary by activity and the age of the exerciser. So researchers recently conducted an experiment on the cells of 72 healthy but sedentary （久坐的） men and women who were 30 or younger or older than 64. After baseline measures were established for their aerobic （有氧的） fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise program.
Some of them did intense （强烈的） weight training several times a week; some did brief interval training three times a week on exercise bicycles; some rode exercise bikes at an appropriate pace for 30 minutes a few times a week and lifted weights lightly on other days. A fourth group, the control （对照组）, did not exercise. After 12 weeks, the lab tests were repeated. In general, everyone experienced improvements in fitness and an ability to regulate blood sugar.
But more unexpected results were found in the biopsied （活组织检查） muscle cells. Among the younger subjects who went through interval training, the activity levels had changed in 274 genes, compared with 170 genes for those who exercised more appropriately and 74 for the weight lifters. Among the older group, almost 400 genes were working differently now, compared with 33 for the weight lifters and only 19 for the appropriate exercisers.
Many of these affected genes, especially in the cells of the interval trainers, are believed to influence the ability of mitochondria to produce energy for muscle cells; the subjects who did the interval exercise showed an increase in the number and health of their mitochondria — an impact that was particularly pronounced among the older cyclists. It seems exercise could help contain the decline in the cellular health of muscles associated with aging, especially if it was intense, says Dr. Sreekumaran Nair, the study’s senior author. In fact, older people’s cells responded in some ways more strongly to intense exercise than the cells of the young did — suggesting, he says, that it is never too late to benefit from exercise.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A. exercise Might Benefit Aging Muscles
B. Exercise Might Increase Aging Muscles
C. Exercise Might Do Harm to Mitochondria
D. Aging Mainly Occurs in the Cellular Level
36. What can we know about the experiment mentioned in Paragraph 2
A. Volunteers cannot be good at exercising.
B. All volunteers must have the same baseline.
C. It was carried out among the youth of different sexes.
D. Volunteers received a random particular exercise program.
37. How does the author develop Paragraph 3
A. By analyzing every group’s different data.
B. By comparing every group’s training time.
C. By listing every group’s different training.
D. By describing every group’s training results.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that ______.
A. the experiment did not get expected results
B. riding exercise bikes has no influence on the volunteers
C. weight lifting is the most useful training among these exercises
D. interval training brings stronger influence to the elder than to the youth
39. The underlined word “contain” can be replaced by “______”.
A. change B. stop
C. record D. cause
10.（2026·皖西联考·一模）
Nigel Richards, a well-known Scrabble champion from New Zealand now living in Malaysia, made headlines on November 16 by winning the Spanish-language World Scrabble Championship in Granada, Spain.
Remarkably, Richards can’t speak Spanish, yet his extraordinary talent for the game shone through. He only started playing Scrabble at 28 and had to memorize the entire Spanish Scrabble dictionary and adapt to a different scoring system where letter values differ from the English version.
In Scrabble, players use seven letter tiles (牌) to create high-scoring words. Each letter has a specific point value, with unusual letters like Q, X, and Z worth more. Special board squares can double or triple (三倍) these scores. Despite these complexities, Richards’ victory was impressive.
Richards’ Scrabble journey is marked by victories across multiple languages. He has won the English-language World Scrabble Championship five times and also triumphed (获胜) in French (in 2015 and 2018). His ability to excel in languages he doesn’t speak is due to his exceptional memory and mathematical skills, which allow him to form high-scoring words effortlessly.
His strategy focuses on remembering word spellings and point values rather than understanding their meanings. Friend Liz Fagerlund explains that Richards visualizes word groups in his mind like a mental photo album, aiding his recall. To prepare for the Spanish championship, he learned hundreds of thousands of words a year in advance. This hard work paid off as he won 23 out of 24 games in Granada, defeating the previous Argentine champion, Benjamin Olaizola.
Despite his numerous awards and public recognition, Nigel Richards remains a shy figure. He doesn’t like to talk about how he plays with reporters; he prefers to let his wins speak for themselves. His special way of playing Scrabble, using language memorization and smart strategies, makes him one of the best Scrabble players ever, no matter what language he’s playing in.
40. What does the author want to show in Paragraph 3
A. The usual letters in the game.
B. The complexity of the game rules.
C. The high-scoring words in Scrabble.
D. The structure of the Scrabble board.
41. What can be inferred about Richards’ approach to learning words
A. He relies heavily on visual memory and point values.
B. He writes the words needed for upcoming competitions.
C. He focuses on understanding the meanings of the words.
D. He prefers discussing his learning strategies with reporters.
42. Which can be used to describe Nigel Richards
A. Outgoing. B. Reserved. C. Proud. D. Innocent.
43. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To list champions in Scrabble competitions.
B. To stress Scrabble’s history in competition.
C. To explain how to speak multiple languages.
D. To introduce Nigel Richards’ wins and strategy.
11.（2026·天津河西·一模）
Modern society celebrates freedom of choice as a fundamental good. From cereal aisles (超市麦片区) to career paths, we are presented with an unprecedented array of options. Psychologist Barry Schwartz, however, argues in his book The Paradox of Choice that this abundance, rather than liberating us, can lead to anxiety, paralysis, and dissatisfaction — a phenomenon he calls “the tyranny of choice”.
The logic seems counterintuitive (违反直觉的). More choices should mean a greater chance of finding the perfect fit, leading to higher satisfaction. Yet, Schwartz contends that the process of choosing from numerous alternatives is psychologically taxing. Each option requires evaluation, which consumes time and cognitive energy. The fear of making a suboptimal choice — of missing out on a better alternative — generates what economists term “opportunity costs” on an emotional level. After a decision is made, this fear often changes into regret or doubt about the foregone options, diminishing the enjoyment of the chosen one.
Furthermore, the responsibility that comes with choice can be burdensome. When outcomes are poor, we have no one to blame but ourselves. In a world with limited options, fate or limited availability could be the scapegoat (替罪羊). With limitless choice, failure is personalized. This “self-blame” for less-than-perfect results can weaken our sense of well-being.
Schwartz distinguishes between “maximizers” and “satisficers.” Maximizers strive to make the absolute best choice, exhaustively researching all possibilities. Satisficers, on the other hand, aim for “good enough,” settling for an option that meets their core criteria. Unsurprisingly, research shows that maximizers, despite often achieving objectively better outcomes, report lower levels of happiness, optimism, and life satisfaction compared to satisficers. They are more likely to regret and depression.
The solution is not to eliminate choice but to curtail (削减) it consciously. We can adopt the satisficer’s mindset by defining our standards beforehand and stopping the search once they are met. We can learn to appreciate “good enough” and recognize that the quest for the perfect is often the enemy of the good. By setting sensible limits on our own freedom to choose — in what we buy, how we spend our time, even in our personal relationships — we might just find the liberation we sought in choice in the first place.
44. Which of the following best summarizes the “paradox” mentioned in the passage
A. The pursuit of perfect freedom ultimately restricts our happiness.
B. Society provides more choices, but individuals still feel they are not sufficient.
C. Having abundant options is intended to increase satisfaction, but it often results in greater anxiety and regret.
D. Economists believe more choices are beneficial, while psychologists prove they are harmful.
45. What does the phrase “a suboptimal choice” most probably mean
A. The choice that is the perfect fit.
B. The choice whose logic seems counterintuitive.
C. The choice bringing enjoyment.
D. The choice that is less ideal.
46. According to the passage, why does the burden of personal responsibility increase in the face of abundant choices
A. Because it requires more knowledge to evaluate complex options.
B. Because with limited choice, failure can be blamed on external factors.
C. Because society places higher expectations on individuals who have many choices.
D. Because making a wrong choice among many leads to greater financial loss.
47. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements is TRUE about maximizers and satisficers
A. Although maximizers may achieve better objective outcomes, they tend to be less happy due to post-decision regret.
B. Maximizers are generally more efficient because they research thoroughly before deciding.
C. Satisficers are happier simply because they have lower standards and expectations.
D. Becoming a satisficer means giving up on quality and settling for what is average in all situations.
48. What is the author’s overall attitude towards the abundance of choice in modern life
A. Strongly critical and dismissive.
B. Cautiously critical but offering a solution.
C. Entirely supportive and enthusiastic.
D. Neutral and purely descriptive.
12.（2026·内蒙古鄂尔多斯·一模）
The artificial sweetener aspartame (阿斯巴甜) can be found in everything from chewing gum to fizzy drinks and tabletop sweeteners. A new study of mice suggests that even small amounts of aspartame may negatively affect heart and brain health in the long term.
Over the course of a year, researchers led by a team from the Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials in Spain had been adding small amounts of aspartame to the diets of male mice. This dose, given three days every two weeks, was about one-sixth of the currently acceptable daily human intake set by the World Health Organization.
By the end of the study, these mice lost more weight than untreated mice, having 10-20% less body fat. Moreover, they developed worrying signs of heart and brain damage. The hearts of mice given aspartame showed reduced pumping efficiency and minor structural changes. Their brains also revealed changes in glucose (葡萄糖) absorption, first increasing but then dropping significantly, which could reduce the energy available for proper brain function. This was reflected in the fact that aspartame-treated mice struggled more with memory and learning tasks. For example, they moved slower and spent longer escaping from mazes, showing cognitive decline.
“The study demonstrates that long-term exposure to artificial sweeteners can have a detrimental impact on organ function even at low doses, which suggests that current consumption guidelines should be critically re-examined,” the researchers wrote in their published paper.
Although the researchers noted that the cognitive changes were “relatively mild” compared with earlier studies in which mice consumed aspartame daily or for a longer period, they still advised extreme caution. They suggested that children and adolescents should avoid taking in it as much as possible, especially as a regular part of their diet unless the neurological (神经系统的) effects of aspartame are well-understood enough to guarantee their safety.
49. How did the researchers conduct the research
A. By studying a case. B. By giving examples.
C. By comparing different subjects. D. By referring to former researchers.
50. What does the underlined word “detrimental” in Paragraph 4 mean
A Side. B. Uncertain. C. Harmful. D. Temporary
51. What do the researchers suggest children and teenagers doing
A. Taking aspartame because it is safe.
B. Minimizing their intake of aspartame.
C. Replacing aspartame with natural sugar.
D. Increasing their intake of aspartame to lose weight.
52. What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To introduce a study on aspartame.
B. To call on people to resist aspartame.
C. To prove that artificial sweeteners are safe.
D. To present the research process about aspartame.
13.（2026·内蒙古赤峰·一模）
“Memory editing” sounds dark, bringing to mind threatening visions of erased histories or implanted lies. But in the lab, the reality is gentler and far more hopeful. The discovery of the ability to edit memory itself is teaching us how to heal the brain from within, including how to weaken wounding recollections, strengthen declining ones and rebalance emotions our memories carry.
Over the past decade, this work has revealed three principles. First, memories are malleable (可塑的) when being stored, recalled and restored. Second, they are distributed across the brain rather than in one region. Third, they can be artificially imprinted into the brain. Each principle reframes what “memory editing” really means.
When we form a memory, brain cells fire together and strengthen connections. That process can be enhanced or weakened with different patterns of stimulation. Drugs, hormones or even a bit of sugar can enhance the brain’s ability to stabilise new experiences. The same idea works in reverse. Overstimulate memory pathways, and a memory’s strength declines; block the molecules (分子) that strengthen connections, and it weakens more.
Because memories are spread across the brain, they are also remarkably resilient. Damage to one region rarely deletes an entire experience. Instead, the brain can reroute access through alternate pathways and call upon multiple “drafts” of the memory. This backup system offers hope for treating Alzheimer’s: if we can strengthen undamaged routes to a memory, we may repair pieces of identity once thought lost. Memory editing, then, isn’t about rewriting who we are — it is about giving the brain new paths back to itself.
While the idea raises ethical concerns as every major medical advance once did, the goal of our work is to reduce suffering and thereby improve our collective well-being: to help an ex-soldier loosen his hold on a flashback or someone with Alzheimer’s hold on to loved ones’ names.
Learning to reshape memory responsibly helps us heal, and the brain already edits memories every time we revisit them. Science today is simply learning the rules.
53. What can we learn about memory editing from Paragraph 1
A. It erases unwanted histories and lies. B. It offers potential for brain healing.
C. It facilitates painful recollection. D. It controls emotional memories.
54. What can enhance a memory’s strength
A. Blocking the molecules that stabilise memories. B. Reducing the stimulation to brain regions.
C. Reinforcing the links between brain cells. D. Shortening the time of brain cells firing.
55. The underlined word “resilient” in Paragraph 4 most probably means “______”.
A. hard to awaken B. limited in function C. flexible in structure D. not easily destroyed
56. What is the author’s attitude towards memory editing research
A. Unconcerned. B. Neutral. C. Doubtful. D. Favorable.
14.（2026·河南濮阳·一模）
If you’re the parent of a child or teenager, you may want to learn about social psychologist Jonathan Haidt, or at the very least his wildly influential book, The Anxious Generation.
In sum, the book argues that the rise of smartphones and social media over the past decade and a half has rewired the brains of young people, leading to a mental health crisis. Haidt’s arguments and approach have been challenged by critics (批评者), many of whom point out that his work doesn’t refer to the many other potential factors at play affecting mental health. Yet, The Anxious Generation has undeniably had a significant impact. Haidt is leading a movement, which we have already seen translate into legislation (立法) in many states around the U.S. limiting the use of phones in schools.
As the parent of a 10-year-old and a 14-year-old, I can say that not a week has gone by in nearly a decade that the use of certain forms of technology and their applications (iPhones, Chromebooks and tablets; video games, social media and YouTube) hasn’t led to some form of argument or disagreement. It’s not that these technologies are all bad, but their addictive design, and the lack of cultural norms and especially regulations around such devices, have shaped people’s use of them in often damaging and destructive ways. Endless elements of day-to-day life, including learning and socialization especially for young people, have been negatively impacted.
While it is often exciting to have the world at your fingertips — my teenager has learned how to handmake pasta with the help of online videos, and I have happily spent precious hours online watching interviews of some of my favorite writers — it’s hard to deny the increasing losses when real-life trial-and-error gives way to passive viewing. For many, the balance is clearly off.
What seems especially amazing about The Anxious Generation is that it can get people thinking more critically about the products that shape their everyday lives The book feels like an important antidote (良方) to the daily pull and messaging of the online world.
57. What do many critics say about The Anxious Generation
A It has underestimated the impact of social media.
B. It has led to unnecessary legislation in many states.
C. It has placed too much blame on technology companies.
D. It has ignored other possible causes of mental health issues.
58. What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A. Various types of social media. B. Negative impacts of technologies.
C. Unwise ways to use smartphones. D. Conflicts between parents and kids.
59. What does the author mean by “the balance is clearly off” in paragraph 4
A. Schools are not doing enough to limit phone use.
B Technology companies refuse to change their designs.
C. Passive screen time has replaced real-life experiences.
D. Parents are losing control of their kids’ online activities.
60. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book. B. To criticize a view in a book.
C. To share parenting challenges. D. To introduce the history of technology.
15.（2026·北京顺义·一模）
More than 50 years ago, Jane Goodall amazed the scientific community by reporting that chimpanzees were using tools to fish for insects. This observation was astonishing, as scientists believed tool-making was a uniquely human feature. Today, the evidence that many other species learn from each other and have cultural ways of behaving is vast. A recent special issue highlights evidence from whales to wallabies (沙袋鼠), showing learning from others is widespread across the animal kingdom.
For many species, culturally transmitted (传承的) behaviour can be mission-critical: an important way to share survival skills or to adapt to changing environments. In conservation, these insights are starting to reshape practice, from reintroductions to managing conflicts between humans and wildlife over habitat use. Meanwhile, the idea of “longevity conservation” is gaining attention as researchers show that some of the longest-living animals have not only developed extraordinary genetic adaptations to cope with an extended lifetime, but some are also the keepers of ecological knowledge shared culturally between generations. The emerging view is that some of these older individuals can hold knowledge critical to adapting to unstable environments.
Our evolving understanding also requires us to rethink what we mean by “world heritage”. If whales and birds can have cultural traditions too, should we treat the loss of their song or feeding techniques as seriously as we treat the loss of a human memorial This will be a stretch for many, but not for all of us.
Many Indigenous (土著的) communities have long understood that other species share knowledge. Bottle nose dolphins that help fishers in Brazil are an example of relationships that could only occur when humans are listening deeply to nature. Perhaps the most important challenge that looking beyond human cultures presents is to the idea of human exceptionalism. The more we learn about other species’ cultures, the harder it is to deny that we are surrounded by a planet full of “others”, who have values and emotions.
It took more than 50 years from Goodall’s report for conservation bodies to debate the importance of non-human cultures. In the intervening decades, we have begun to chip away at the false belief of human exceptionalism. We already live among a diversity of other cultural life forms. Truly absorbing this knowledge might just encourage the far-reaching shift we need if we are to meet our responsibilities as guardians of this rich bio-cultural diversity.
61. What can we learn from this passage
A. Genetic adaptations rely on knowledge sharing.
B. Using tools is a unique feature for chimpanzees.
C. Long-lived animals transmit knowledge across generations.
D. Changing environments hold back the cultural transmission.
62. How does the author feel about the possibility of the loss of animal cultures
A. Puzzled. B. Concerned. C. Doubtful. D. Hopeless.
63. What does the author mainly convey by mentioning Indigenous communities
A The recognition of animal cultures is long-standing.
B. The protection of animal cultures is challenging.
C. Animals have extraordinary intelligence.
D. Animals are great partners to humans.
64. What is implied in this passage
A. Conservation bodies question the value of animal cultures.
B. Knowledge holds the power to restore biodiversity.
C. Human false beliefs are easy to change.
D. We need a real cultural awakening.
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