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专题03 阅读理解专题专题说明文
内容导航
【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解
【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式
【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分
命题·趋势·定位
1. 选材特点： 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，如《科学》《新科学家》《实验生物学杂志》等。内容聚焦社会前沿与热点问题，涵盖三大类：1）科技发明类：如人工智能、电动汽车、生物技术等最新成果；2）生态环境类：如气候变化、生物多样性保护、可持续发展等；3）医疗卫生与心理类：如新药研发、身心健康、行为科学等。题材新颖，时代感强。
2. 语篇结构： 说明文结构清晰，通常采用“总分总”的模式。首段引入话题或研究背景，中间段落通过实验、数据、例证等方式展开说明，尾段总结或展望未来。文章逻辑性强，常包含因果、对比、转折等关系。
3. 命题热点： 高频考查角度包括：细节理解题（占比最高，约50%）、推理判断题（约30%）、主旨大意题（约10%）、词义猜测题（约10%）。命题常围绕研究的“目的、过程、结果、意义”以及事物的“特点、功能、影响”等方面展开。
4. 常见的设问形式：
细节理解题：What/Which/Who/When/Where...
推理判断题：What can be inferred... / What does the author imply...
主旨大意题：What is the best title... / What is the main idea...
词义猜测题：The underlined word “...” probably means...
热点·角度·拆解
2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文）
卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式
2025·全国一卷D篇 331 人与自然 减少自来水中微塑料污染的研究 细节理解题、推理判断题
2025·全国二卷C篇 266 人与自然 室内植物对心理和工作效率影响 细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2025·全国二卷D篇 340 人与社会 餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材引关注 细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标I卷D篇 364 人与自然 引导公民参与生物多样性拍照片 细节理解题、推理判断题
2024·新课标Ⅱ卷C篇 322 人与社会 推荐AI相关书籍 词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标Ⅱ卷D篇 351 人与自我 介绍“动机序列”在演讲中的应用 细节理解题、推理判断题
2023·新课标I卷C篇 315 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应的研究 主旨大意题、推理判断题
2023·新课标I卷D篇 330 人与社会 数字极简主义生活方式的倡导 细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题
热点角度01 细节理解题
析典例·建模型
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A. Cars often get stuck on the road.
B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more.
D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
【解题建模】
第一步，确定定位词“paragraph 1”。
第二步，找到答题句。定位到第一段，找到关键信息“declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility”和“pack them into the car instead”，说明人们步行减少，开车增多。
第三步，比较各选项。C项“People walk less and drive more”与原文信息一致，为正确答案。
研考点·通技法
第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词，如专有名词、数字、年代或核心名词。
第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子。认真研读该句及上下文。
第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项。注意排除无中生有、张冠李戴、以偏概全的选项。
破类题·提能力
（2026·湖北黄石·二模）
Research led by King’s College London offers convincing evidence that viewing original artwork in a gallery does more than uplift the spirit — it measurably improves physical health. The study demonstrates that this activity can significantly reduce stress and may even strengthen the immune system.
To investigate the physiological effects of looking at art, researchers designed an experiment involving 50 UK volunteers aged 18-40. Participants were divided into two matched groups based on age, gender, and baseline stress levels. One group visited the Courtauld Gallery to view original paintings by renowned artists such as Van Gogh and Gauguin, while the other observed high-quality digital reproductions of the same artworks in a neutral laboratory setting.
Throughout the 20-minute session, each participant wore research-grade digital watches that continuously monitored heart rate variability and skin temperature — key indicators of autonomic nervous system activity. Saliva (唾液) samples were collected immediately before and after the viewing period to measure biochemical changes. These samples were later analyzed for levels of cortisol, a hormone linked to stress, which is associated with inflammation (炎症) and chronic diseases.
Remarkably, researchers found that for those viewing original art, levels of the stress hormone dropped by 22%, whereas the control group levels fell by just 8%. Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), which are linked to stress and a number of chronic diseases, dropped by 30% and 28% respectively for gallery viewers, with no change in the control group. This suggests that art has a potentially calming effect on the body’s inflammatory responses.
“From a scientific perspective, the most exciting out-take is that art had a positive impact on three different body systems — the immune, endocrine (内分泌的), and autonomic systems — simultaneously. This is a unique finding, and something we were genuinely surprised to see,” explains Dr Tony Woods, who is the senior author of the study.
Though art has long been associated with improved well being, this study provides the scientific support that it’s healing for our body as well.
1．What was the main goal of the research
A．To compare different art styles’ effects. B．To promote visits to a specific art gallery.
C．To measure art’s physical impact scientifically. D．To prove authentic art boosts creativity greatly.
2．How was the experiment conducted
A．By using psychological questionnaires. B．By surveying artists and visitors separately.
C．By testing groups under different conditions. D．By focusing on short - term emotional changes.
3．What key change did original art cause
A．A sharp increase in heart rate. B．A rise in blood pressure levels.
C．A drop in participants’ skin temperature. D．A reduction in stress and inflammatory markers.
4．Why does Dr. Tony Woods call the discovery “unique”
A．It confirms art’s link to mental pleasure. B．It uses a new method for data collection.
C．It finds pressure levels drop significantly. D．It shows art benefits multiple body systems.
热点角度02 推理判断题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题·D篇） ...“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A. The necessity of social skills.
B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts.
D. The value of professional opinions.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位信息。找到题干中的“mentioning doctors and lawyers”定位到最后一段。
第二步，理解深层含义。Detrinidad将照顾植物类比为医生行医和律师执业，强调这两者都是需要不断“practice”（练习、实践）的。她接着说，如果植物死了，就去再买一株。
第三步，推断意图。她并非在谈论“可持续性”或“专业意见”，而是通过类比说明，养植物需要像专业人士一样进行反复尝试，不怕失败，强调“重复努力”的重要性。故选C。
研考点·通技法
第一步 定位信息源 根据题干关键词定位到原文的相应段落或句子。
第二步 分析字面含义 理解原文的字面意思，把握其基本事实和观点。
第三步 推断深层意图 结合上下文、作者态度、逻辑关系（因果、转折、类比等）进行合理推断，得出言外之意。
破类题·提能力
（2026·浙江金丽衢十二校高三·二模）
When you’re learning a new language, there are a lot of things to remember: spelling rules, grammar rules, punctuation rules… the list is endless. But there’s something that can help you: mnemonics [pronounced “nemonics”].
Mnemonics are techniques to help you remember things. There are a variety of them, including rhymes, spelling acronyms and sentence mnemonics.
Rhymes are a great way to remember things. The sounds, unusual words and rhythm of them help you recall ideas. Do you know when Columbus sailed to America There’s a rhyme to help you which goes like this, “In fourteen-hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” Most people who’ve heard that never forget it!
Spelling acronyms involve creating a sentence based on the letters of a target word. For example, the following sentence can help you with the spelling of the word “because”, “Big elephants can always understand small elephants”. Notice how the first letter of each word in the sentence spells out the word “because”. And if you can’t remember the spelling of the word “mnemonics”, use this one “Mike never eats meat or nuts in case he’s sick”!
Sentence mnemonics are also useful. The following can help you with the difference between the words “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is your pal at school, and a principle is a belief or rule.” Or this one to help you remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has two sugars so it’s sweeter, but a desert only has one.” [The two “sugars” mentioned in the sentence refer to the two s’s in the word “dessert”.]
You can learn grammar rules with sentence mnemonics too. For example, this one can help you with the position of adjectives, “Adjectives come before nouns just as ‘A’ comes before ‘N’.” And this one can help you learn about the use of apostrophes (撇号), “Apostrophes show possession.”
Mnemonics can help a lot with language learning. Why not try inventing a few of your own!
1．What are mnemonics in the passage
A．Professional tool books. B．Specific language model.
C．Language learning strategies. D．Different language rules.
2．Why is the rhyme about Columbus mentioned in paragraph 3
A．To compare rhymes with other techniques.
B．To show how rhymes make facts memorable.
C．To prove that Columbus was a great explorer.
D．To explain the importance of historical events.
3．Which of the following is an example of a sentence mnemonic
A．“In 1066, the Normans did fix” rhymes the year of the Norman Conquest.
B．“George’s elderly old grandfather rode a pig home yesterday” helps spell “geography”.
C．“My very educated mother just served us noodles” helps remember the order of planets.
D．“A stationery store sells paper, while a stationary car doesn’t move” differentiates words.
4．Which of the following would the author probably agree with about inventing mnemonics
A．It requires special training. B．It does not take much time or effort.
C．It is something readers can try themselves. D．Language teachers should use it in class.
热点角度03 词义猜测题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题）When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in.
What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean
A. Funny.
B. Abusive.
C. Insightful.
D. Praising.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位划线词“glowing”在句中的位置，它修饰“reviews”。
第二步，分析上下文。前文提到“A lengthy, positive review... was regarded as suspicious”，这里将“glowing reviews”与“positive review”进行了同义替换，说明“glowing”与“positive”意思相近。
第三步，推测词义。“positive review”意为“好评”，因此“glowing”应意为“赞美的、表扬的”，与D项“Praising”同义。
研考点·通技法
第一步 定位划线词 在原文中找到划线词所在的句子，明确其在句中的位置和词性。
第二步 利用上下文线索 分析划线词前后的内容，寻找定义、解释、同义词、反义词、因果或举例等线索。
第三步 代入验证 将推测出的词义代入原文，看句子是否通顺、逻辑是否合理。
破类题·提能力
（2024·全国甲卷高考真题）
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats.
C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age.
2．How does a pet cat assess different situations
A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects.
C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats.
3．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better.
热点角度04 主旨大意题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江金丽衢十二校二模）
Woodpeckers (啄木鸟) operate at an extreme level, boring through solid wood with forces more than 30 times their own weight and drilling up to 13 times a second. How do they never miss a beat while head banging so hard
It turns out that the birds tense up their entire body to smash through wood, letting out short, explosive grunts with each strike, report Brown University biologist Nicholas Antonson and his colleagues in the Journal of Experimental Biology. “Woodpeckers really are nature’s hammer in a sense,” Antonson says.
To study how the birds tap, the researchers first humanely captured eight wild Downy Woodpeckers and carefully inserted electrodes into their muscles in the laboratory. The electrodes fed into a tiny, fitted backpack that recorded electrical signals from contracting muscles as the birds pecked. They also checked whether the woodpeckers held their breath during exertion (用力) (like weight lifters tend to do) or exhaled (呼气) (like tennis players) while striking the wood by examining airflow through the birds’ air sacs — small, balloon-like structures that help them breathe in and out. By matching these measurements with high-speed videos, the scientists tracked the woodpeckers’ taps down to every four milliseconds.
Instead of using a single muscle to control the action, woodpeckers activated “every muscle from the head to the tail,” Antonson says. The birds used their powerful hip flexors to push forward, clenched their tail and abs (腹肌) to prepare for the strike, and stiffened the back of their head and neck on contact — similar to the way you might stiffen the back of your wrist when you hammer a nail. They then engaged a different set of hip and neck muscles to draw back.
The birds also perfectly paired their pecks with sharp exhalations “as another means of stabilizing their core muscles and powering through those strikes,” Antonson explains. “To be able to breathe out 13 times per second and inhale on the order of 40 milliseconds is really impressive.” Songbirds, which aren’t closely related to woodpeckers, are the only other birds known to so precisely time their breaths, which they do as they sing.
“Pecking is a full-body exercise,” says University of Alabama biologist Nicole Ackermans, who studies brain damage in woodpeckers and head-butting sheep. Coordinating “micro breaths” with muscle clenching and creating “this hammerlike structure in their whole body is such a unique approach,” she adds.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage
A．Woodpeckers: Smart Tool Users
B．Woodpeckers: Nature’s Hammers
C．Woodpeckers: Amazing Strength
D．Woodpeckers: Powerful Muscle Controller
【解题建模】
第一步，概括文章大意。文章开篇提出问题：啄木鸟如何做到高强度啄击而不受伤？随后通过研究，揭示其通过全身肌肉协调运动（从头部到尾部）和精准配合呼吸来实现高效啄击。
第二步，寻找主题句。文章多次强调“fullbody exercise”、“hammerlike structure”等。
第三步，匹配最佳标题。B项“Woodpeckers: Nature's Hammers”既形象地概括了啄木鸟的啄击行为（如锤子一般），又体现了其全身协调的工作原理，比C项（仅强调力量）和D项（仅强调肌肉控制）更全面、更生动。
研考点·通技法
第一步 概括文章大意 通读全文，尤其是首尾段落，把握文章的核心话题和主要内容
第二步 寻找主题句 注意寻找段落主题句，通常位于段首或段尾，以及反复出现的关键词。
第三步 匹配最佳标题 标题应能概括全文主旨，避免以偏概全或过于宽泛。通常选择包含关键词、形象生动且高度概括的选项。
破类题·提能力
（2025·全国2卷高考真题）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
1．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started
A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss.
C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well.
2．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants
A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment.
C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity.
3．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability.
C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood
C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home
（建议用时：45分钟）
刷模拟
A
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）When acoustic (声音的) ecologist Marcus Maeder first placed a listening device in the soil, he was unprepared for what he heard. All sorts of strange sounds flooded his headphones, revealing a dynamic world hidden beneath the seemingly quiet ground.
Ecologists have long known that soil is home to vast biodiversity. In just a single cup of dirt, researchers have counted up to 100 million life forms, ranging from tiny bacteria to larger insects and earthworms. These underground creatures play a vital role in cycling nutrients and supporting life on Earth.
Now, in a relatively new scientific field, known as soil bioacoustics, a growing number of biologists are collecting underground noises to open a window into this complex and mysterious world. They’ve found that something as simple as a metal nail pushed into the dirt can become a sort of listening post if equipped with the right sensors. The acoustic data helps scientists answer fundamental questions, like how creatures communicate or when plants grow their roots.
Beyond basic research, underground acoustics could also help us take better care of the environment and detect pests (害虫) like root-feeding insects, which cause billions of dollars in damage annually. By identifying the distinctive sounds of these pests, scientists hope to develop more eco-friendly strategies that reduce the need for widespread chemical use.
However, scientists are also recording less welcome sounds: human-made noises, such as construction or traffic, are detectable underground. More concerning is the finding that in intensively farmed areas, the natural sounds of soil life are fading, indicating a worrying decline in biodiversity. To help more people realize what we’re in danger of losing, Maeder has started a citizen science project that lends people in Switzerland acoustic sensors to listen for underground activities themselves. The recordings are being gathered into a national library of soil sounds with the hope of raising awareness. Demand so far is high, Maeder says. “The sensors are always booked.”
1．What is soil bioacoustics about
A．Studying underground life. B．Tracking plant growth.
C．Monitoring noise pollution. D．Recording natural sounds.
2．What is a practical application of soil bioacoustics according to the text
A．Boosting farm output. B．Improving traditional farming.
C．Enabling targeted pest control. D．Promoting non-chemical solutions.
3．What does the high demand for sensors in Maeder’s project suggest
A．Severe decline in soil health. B．Public interest in soil ecology.
C．Easy access to monitoring tools. D．Need to increase project funding.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Why Soil Is No Longer Silent B．Exploring an Underground World
C．Listening to the Hidden Sounds of Soil D．How Human Noise Affects Biodiversity
B
（2026·四川省内江市·二模）In today’s rapidly urbanizing world, cities are transforming into complex digital ecosystems, and the next big shift is already underway: collaborative sensing (CS). As urban population swells and underlying facilities come under pressure, the need for intelligent, responsive, and efficient city systems has never been more urgent. Enter smart cities — urban areas powered by connected technologies — and at the heart of this transformation lies a powerful concept that is quietly reshaping urban life: collaborative sensing.
CS, sometimes referred to as participatory or crowdsensing, is the process where numerous devices and people contribute data to collectively monitor, analyze, and improve a city’s operations. From detecting air pollution to maximizing traffic flow or even predicting natural disasters, CS allows cities to gain a real-time, specific understanding of what’s happening on the ground. This isn’t just about sensors planted on street lights — it’s about smartphones, vehicles, wearables, and public facilities working integratedly.
This interconnected approach holds massive potential. Imagine a city where holes are identified by the shaking of your car, where garbage pickup is improved based on bin fill levels, or where the urban heat island effect is reduced through collective temperature mapping. These are not future predictions — they’re real projects already unfolding in global tech-forward cities like Singapore, Barcelona, and Amsterdam.
But this shift isn’t without its questions. Who owns the data How do we balance monitoring and privacy And can smaller or developing cities tap into this wave of innovation
Looking ahead, the question is no longer if cities will adopt CS — it’s how quickly and how responsibly. Whether you’ re a policymaker, urban planner, developer, or engaged citizen, now is the time to get involved in shaping the connected cities of tomorrow and dive deep into how CS is redefining the blueprint for smart cities.
1．What does the underlined word “swells” mean in paragraph 1
A．Expands. B．Appears. C．Removes. D．Stabilizes.
2．What can be inferred about CS in paragraphs 2-3
A．It relies mainly on public sensors. B．Daily devices can be used as its tools.
C．Tech-forward cities gain more from it. D．Its projects are resisted in advanced cities.
3．Why does the writer raise questions in paragraph 4
A．To suggest that CS be delayed indefinitely.
B．To prove that privacy outweighs innovation.
C．To imply that CS is inaccessible to poor cities.
D．To show that unresolved issues need attention.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．A Fresh Solution for Smarter Cities. B．Smart Cities in Wealthy Urban Areas.
C．Smartphone-Driven City Management. D．Potential Risks in Urban Data Collection.
C
（2026·安徽安庆市·二模）From Florida’s Wetlands, the Miccosukee people have long shared islands with a 7-foot female alligator (短吻鳄), warmly called Mama Gator. For 60 years, they’ve observed her shape the ecosystem: digging ponds to hold water in dry seasons and building raised nests for eggs in rainy seasons, with humans keeping a respectful distance during nesting. This close coexistence mirrors a broader truth — alligators are vital “ecosystem engineers,” not just cold-blooded killers.
Scientific research now backs the Miccosukee people’s wisdom. Alligator ponds serve as shelters for fish, frogs and plants during dry seasons, while their nests create dry platforms for other animals and birds. Water birds even nest above alligators, which act as bodyguards against ring-tailed bears, in a two-way beneficial arrangement. As top predators (捕食者), alligators move nutrients around by moving between habitats, eating in coastal areas and answering the call of nature upstream, boosting the food web from water plants to larger animals.
Once on the edge of extinction due to hunting for their skins in the 19th and 20th centuries, American alligators made a remarkable comeback after 1967 protection laws, with wild populations recovering to over three million in Florida and Louisiana. Today, researchers uncover more hidden benefits: alligator-rich wetlands store high levels of carbon, aiding climate change control, and some alligators exhibit surprising adaptability — from resident individuals staying close to home to highly mobile ones traveling hundreds of kilometers to coastal waters for food, despite lacking salt-processing glands (腺体).
Conservation efforts, including landowners’ head-starting programs and the Miccosukee people’s egg-rescue initiatives, continue to safeguard alligators. Biologists stress that these animals deserve recognition not as monsters, but as kind guardians that maintain freshwater ecosystems, support biodiversity and fight climate change. As the Miccosukee know, coexisting with alligators means respecting nature’s delicate balance.
1．How does Mama Gator affect the local environment
A．By living with the Miccosukee people. B．By keeping a distance from humans.
C．By creating ponds and high nests. D．By boosting the original food web.
2．Which of the following best describes the impact of Alligator ponds
A．Wide-ranging. B．Double-edged. C．Short-lived. D．Time-limited.
3．What does the author imply in paragraph 3
A．American alligators can process salt. B．The 1967 laws have proven effective.
C．Nearby habitats have been destroyed. D．Adaptability of species is significant.
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．Alligators: Protectors of the Ecosystem. B．Mama Gator: A Star of the Grassland.
C．The Miccosukee: Guardians of Nature. D．Wetlands: Sites of Conservation Efforts.
D
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）Healing (修复) the Earth: You Can Be an Ecosystem Engineer
Facing climate change and biodiversity loss, a powerful strategy is transforming our approach: Nature-based Solutions (NbS). Instead of relying only on concrete and steel, NbS works with nature to restore ecosystems, benefiting both people and the planet.
How NbS Compares to Traditional Engineering
The core of NbS is using natural processes. As shown in Table 1, solutions like restoring wetlands or planting urban forests provide multiple co-benefits that traditional “Grey” infrastructure (基础设施) often lacks.
Table 1: Comparing Two Approaches to Environmental Challenges
Aspect Traditional “Grey” Infrastructure Nature-based Solutions (NbS)
Primary function single-purpose (e.g. flood wall) all-in-one (e.g. flood control, habitat, carbon sink)
Long-term cost high maintenance and replacement costs lower lifetime costs, self-sustaining
Ecological benefit often breaks the balance of local ecosystems enhances biodiversity and ecosystem health
Community value limited recreational or social value provides green space, improves well-being
The Impact of Youth Action
Everyone, especially young people, can be an “ecosystem engineer”. Your actions, from local projects to raising global awareness, create real impact. Table 2 outlines various ways you can participate and the unique value each brings.
Table 2: Pathways for Youth to Act as Ecosystem Engineers
Area of Action Example Activities Core Value Created
On campus builds a rain garden; starts a composting (堆肥) program; plants native trees hands-on learning, improves local environment directly
In community joins wetland clean-ups; monitors wildlife species; promotes recycling community participation, protects public ecosystems and resources
Through awareness creates science blogs/ videos; organizes themed exhibitions; leads discussions spreads knowledge, inspires broader community action
As shown, you can start small on campus, expand your impact in the community, or become a voice for change. From hands-on projects to global awareness networks, every action counts. The journey to heal our planet begins with recognizing your power to engineer positive change.
1．What is a characteristic of NbS
A．Increasing steel yield. B．Serving multiple purposes.
C．Involving long-term costs. D．Generating higher economic returns.
2．Which activity is directly linked to “hands-on learning”
A．Observing wild birds. B．Promoting recycling.
C．Organizing themed exhibitions. D．Creating a vegetable garden.
3．What can an “ecosystem engineer” do
A．Invest in local projects. B．Access global networks.
C．Take various practical steps. D．Learn NbS theories in class.
刷真题
A
（2025·天津卷真题）
All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response.
To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind.
The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder.
The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving.
Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface.
1．What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath
A．The growing amount of CO in their blood.
B．The rising level of oxygen in their lungs.
C．The intensity of their physical activity.
D．The blood supply to body tissues.
2．When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time
A．When they needed to take in more food at the feeder.
B．When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher.
C．When they familiarized themselves with the setup.
D．When the CO level in the chamber was raised.
3．What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood
A．The unstable CO levels in the air.
B．Their lack of attention to breathing.
C．The constant oxygen levels on land.
D．Their functionally changeable heart rate.
4．Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving
A．Their breath cannot be held long enough.
B．They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen.
C．They may fail to notice rising CO levels soon enough.
D．Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater.
5．Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research
A．Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments.
B．Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly.
C．Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels.
D．Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals.
B
（2025·全国二卷真题）
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
1．What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home.
2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste.
C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought.
4．What can we learn about wastED
A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs.
C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs.
C
（2025·北京高考真题）
The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.
For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too.
Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story.
Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.
If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运).
1．What can be inferred about personal stories
A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress.
C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change.
2．What can we learn from this passage
A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received.
C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted.
3．What does the author mainly do in this passage
A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event.
C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach.
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made.
C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity.
D
（2025·天津高考真题）
Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not.
We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe.
Sometimes the limits we encounter in trying to unlock the nature of the universe are cognitive (认知的). Think about this: human DNA is only about 1.2 percent different from that of chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, no question. But could you teach them advanced mathematics What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is What might our brains be capable of then The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable.
Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through.
For something to be considered scientific, it must, by definition, be testable. There is a problem here: it may not need to be testable right now, but it must be testable at some point in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries.
1．Why does the author mention “knife” and “hammer” in Paragraph 1
A．To demonstrate how tools can be used creatively.
B．To highlight consequences of using a wrong tool.
C．To show the necessity of keeping a handy tool within reach.
D．To stress the need for the right tool to achieve desired results.
2．What is often required in breaking new ground in science
A．Broader science education. B．More advanced facilities for experiments.
C．Deeper understanding of the brain power. D．More investment in next-generation scientists.
3．How does the author assess human beings in terms of their cognitive capacity
A．They are just 2.4% away from true abstract thinking.
B．They are slightly smarter than other intelligent beings.
C．They are yet to evolve further to learn more about the universe.
D．They are good at solving problems with advanced mathematics.
4．What message does Paragraph 4 convey
A．Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration.
B．Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology.
C．Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts.
D．Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing.
5．What has the author added to the definition of a scientific idea
A．Correct ideas are testable. B．Untestable ideas can be true.
C．Some scientific ideas may never be testable. D．An idea must be testable to be seen as correct.
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题03 阅读理解专题专题说明文
内容导航
【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解
【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式
【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分
命题·趋势·定位
1. 选材特点： 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，如《科学》《新科学家》《实验生物学杂志》等。内容聚焦社会前沿与热点问题，涵盖三大类：1）科技发明类：如人工智能、电动汽车、生物技术等最新成果；2）生态环境类：如气候变化、生物多样性保护、可持续发展等；3）医疗卫生与心理类：如新药研发、身心健康、行为科学等。题材新颖，时代感强。
2. 语篇结构： 说明文结构清晰，通常采用“总分总”的模式。首段引入话题或研究背景，中间段落通过实验、数据、例证等方式展开说明，尾段总结或展望未来。文章逻辑性强，常包含因果、对比、转折等关系。
3. 命题热点： 高频考查角度包括：细节理解题（占比最高，约50%）、推理判断题（约30%）、主旨大意题（约10%）、词义猜测题（约10%）。命题常围绕研究的“目的、过程、结果、意义”以及事物的“特点、功能、影响”等方面展开。
4. 常见的设问形式：
细节理解题：What/Which/Who/When/Where...
推理判断题：What can be inferred... / What does the author imply...
主旨大意题：What is the best title... / What is the main idea...
词义猜测题：The underlined word “...” probably means...
热点·角度·拆解
2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文）
卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式
2025·全国一卷D篇 331 人与自然 减少自来水中微塑料污染的研究 细节理解题、推理判断题
2025·全国二卷C篇 266 人与自然 室内植物对心理和工作效率影响 细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2025·全国二卷D篇 340 人与社会 餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材引关注 细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标I卷D篇 364 人与自然 引导公民参与生物多样性拍照片 细节理解题、推理判断题
2024·新课标Ⅱ卷C篇 322 人与社会 推荐AI相关书籍 词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标Ⅱ卷D篇 351 人与自我 介绍“动机序列”在演讲中的应用 细节理解题、推理判断题
2023·新课标I卷C篇 315 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应的研究 主旨大意题、推理判断题
2023·新课标I卷D篇 330 人与社会 数字极简主义生活方式的倡导 细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题
热点角度01 细节理解题
析典例·建模型
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A. Cars often get stuck on the road.
B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more.
D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
【解题建模】
第一步，确定定位词“paragraph 1”。
第二步，找到答题句。定位到第一段，找到关键信息“declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility”和“pack them into the car instead”，说明人们步行减少，开车增多。
第三步，比较各选项。C项“People walk less and drive more”与原文信息一致，为正确答案。
研考点·通技法
第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词，如专有名词、数字、年代或核心名词。
第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子。认真研读该句及上下文。
第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项。注意排除无中生有、张冠李戴、以偏概全的选项。
破类题·提能力
（2026·湖北黄石·二模）
Research led by King’s College London offers convincing evidence that viewing original artwork in a gallery does more than uplift the spirit — it measurably improves physical health. The study demonstrates that this activity can significantly reduce stress and may even strengthen the immune system.
To investigate the physiological effects of looking at art, researchers designed an experiment involving 50 UK volunteers aged 18-40. Participants were divided into two matched groups based on age, gender, and baseline stress levels. One group visited the Courtauld Gallery to view original paintings by renowned artists such as Van Gogh and Gauguin, while the other observed high-quality digital reproductions of the same artworks in a neutral laboratory setting.
Throughout the 20-minute session, each participant wore research-grade digital watches that continuously monitored heart rate variability and skin temperature — key indicators of autonomic nervous system activity. Saliva (唾液) samples were collected immediately before and after the viewing period to measure biochemical changes. These samples were later analyzed for levels of cortisol, a hormone linked to stress, which is associated with inflammation (炎症) and chronic diseases.
Remarkably, researchers found that for those viewing original art, levels of the stress hormone dropped by 22%, whereas the control group levels fell by just 8%. Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), which are linked to stress and a number of chronic diseases, dropped by 30% and 28% respectively for gallery viewers, with no change in the control group. This suggests that art has a potentially calming effect on the body’s inflammatory responses.
“From a scientific perspective, the most exciting out-take is that art had a positive impact on three different body systems — the immune, endocrine (内分泌的), and autonomic systems — simultaneously. This is a unique finding, and something we were genuinely surprised to see,” explains Dr Tony Woods, who is the senior author of the study.
Though art has long been associated with improved well being, this study provides the scientific support that it’s healing for our body as well.
1．What was the main goal of the research
A．To compare different art styles’ effects. B．To promote visits to a specific art gallery.
C．To measure art’s physical impact scientifically. D．To prove authentic art boosts creativity greatly.
2．How was the experiment conducted
A．By using psychological questionnaires. B．By surveying artists and visitors separately.
C．By testing groups under different conditions. D．By focusing on short - term emotional changes.
3．What key change did original art cause
A．A sharp increase in heart rate. B．A rise in blood pressure levels.
C．A drop in participants’ skin temperature. D．A reduction in stress and inflammatory markers.
4．Why does Dr. Tony Woods call the discovery “unique”
A．It confirms art’s link to mental pleasure. B．It uses a new method for data collection.
C．It finds pressure levels drop significantly. D．It shows art benefits multiple body systems.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了伦敦大学研究证实，观赏原作艺术品能显著降低压力激素与炎症指标，同时改善免疫、内分泌等多个身体系统，为艺术有益健康提供科学依据。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research led by King’s College London offers convincing evidence that viewing original artwork in a gallery does more than uplift the spirit — it measurably improves physical health. The study demonstrates that this activity can significantly reduce stress and may even strengthen the immune system.(由伦敦国王学院开展的一项研究提供了令人信服的证据，表明在画廊欣赏原作不仅能振奋精神，还能切实改善身体健康。该研究表明，这种活动能够显著减轻压力，甚至可能增强免疫系统)”以及第二段“To investigate the physiological effects of looking at art, researchers designed an experiment involving 50 UK volunteers aged 18-40.(为了探究观赏艺术作品对人的生理产生的影响，研究人员设计了一个实验，参与实验的志愿者来自英国，年龄在18至40岁之间，共50人)”可知，这项研究的主要目标是以科学的方式测量艺术的身体影响。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Participants were divided into two matched groups based on age, gender, and baseline stress levels. One group visited the Courtauld Gallery to view original paintings by renowned artists such as Van Gogh and Gauguin, while the other observed high-quality digital reproductions of the same artworks in a neutral laboratory setting.(参与者根据年龄、性别以及基线压力水平被分为两个匹配组。其中一组参观了考陶德画廊，观看了梵高和高更等著名艺术家的原作画作，而另一组则在一间中立的实验室环境中观看了这些相同画作的高质量数字复制品)”可知，实验是通过在不同条件下对不同组进行测试而进行的。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), which are linked to stress and a number of chronic diseases, dropped by 30% and 28% respectively for gallery viewers, with no change in the control group.(与此同时，与压力及多种慢性疾病相关的促炎性细胞因子（IL-6和TNF-α）在观展者的体内水平分别下降了30%和28%，而对照组的这些指标则没有变化)”可知，原始艺术降低了压力水平和炎症指标。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据第五段“From a scientific perspective, the most exciting out-take is that art had a positive impact on three different body systems — the immune, endocrine (内分泌的), and autonomic systems — simultaneously.(从科学的角度来看，最令人兴奋的发现是：艺术对人体的三个不同的生理系统——免疫系统、内分泌系统和自主神经系统——产生了积极的影响，且这种影响是同时作用于这三个系统的)”可知，托尼·伍兹博士称这一发现为“独一无二”是因为它表明艺术能够促进人体多个系统的健康。故选D。
热点角度02 推理判断题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题·D篇） ...“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A. The necessity of social skills.
B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts.
D. The value of professional opinions.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位信息。找到题干中的“mentioning doctors and lawyers”定位到最后一段。
第二步，理解深层含义。Detrinidad将照顾植物类比为医生行医和律师执业，强调这两者都是需要不断“practice”（练习、实践）的。她接着说，如果植物死了，就去再买一株。
第三步，推断意图。她并非在谈论“可持续性”或“专业意见”，而是通过类比说明，养植物需要像专业人士一样进行反复尝试，不怕失败，强调“重复努力”的重要性。故选C。
研考点·通技法
第一步 定位信息源 根据题干关键词定位到原文的相应段落或句子。
第二步 分析字面含义 理解原文的字面意思，把握其基本事实和观点。
第三步 推断深层意图 结合上下文、作者态度、逻辑关系（因果、转折、类比等）进行合理推断，得出言外之意。
破类题·提能力
（2026·浙江金丽衢十二校高三·二模）
When you’re learning a new language, there are a lot of things to remember: spelling rules, grammar rules, punctuation rules… the list is endless. But there’s something that can help you: mnemonics [pronounced “nemonics”].
Mnemonics are techniques to help you remember things. There are a variety of them, including rhymes, spelling acronyms and sentence mnemonics.
Rhymes are a great way to remember things. The sounds, unusual words and rhythm of them help you recall ideas. Do you know when Columbus sailed to America There’s a rhyme to help you which goes like this, “In fourteen-hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” Most people who’ve heard that never forget it!
Spelling acronyms involve creating a sentence based on the letters of a target word. For example, the following sentence can help you with the spelling of the word “because”, “Big elephants can always understand small elephants”. Notice how the first letter of each word in the sentence spells out the word “because”. And if you can’t remember the spelling of the word “mnemonics”, use this one “Mike never eats meat or nuts in case he’s sick”!
Sentence mnemonics are also useful. The following can help you with the difference between the words “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is your pal at school, and a principle is a belief or rule.” Or this one to help you remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has two sugars so it’s sweeter, but a desert only has one.” [The two “sugars” mentioned in the sentence refer to the two s’s in the word “dessert”.]
You can learn grammar rules with sentence mnemonics too. For example, this one can help you with the position of adjectives, “Adjectives come before nouns just as ‘A’ comes before ‘N’.” And this one can help you learn about the use of apostrophes (撇号), “Apostrophes show possession.”
Mnemonics can help a lot with language learning. Why not try inventing a few of your own!
1．What are mnemonics in the passage
A．Professional tool books. B．Specific language model.
C．Language learning strategies. D．Different language rules.
2．Why is the rhyme about Columbus mentioned in paragraph 3
A．To compare rhymes with other techniques.
B．To show how rhymes make facts memorable.
C．To prove that Columbus was a great explorer.
D．To explain the importance of historical events.
3．Which of the following is an example of a sentence mnemonic
A．“In 1066, the Normans did fix” rhymes the year of the Norman Conquest.
B．“George’s elderly old grandfather rode a pig home yesterday” helps spell “geography”.
C．“My very educated mother just served us noodles” helps remember the order of planets.
D．“A stationery store sells paper, while a stationary car doesn’t move” differentiates words.
4．Which of the following would the author probably agree with about inventing mnemonics
A．It requires special training. B．It does not take much time or effort.
C．It is something readers can try themselves. D．Language teachers should use it in class.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在学习新语言时，助记法（mnemonics）这种有助于记忆的技巧。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Mnemonics are techniques to help you remember things.(助记法是帮助你记忆事物的技巧)”以及全文围绕助记法在语言学习中的应用可知，助记法是语言学习策略。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据据第三段“Rhymes are a great way to remember things. The sounds, unusual words and rhythm of them help you recall ideas. Do you know when Columbus sailed to America There’s a rhyme to help you which goes like this, “In fourteen-hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” Most people who’ve heard that never forget it!(押韵法是记住事情的好方法。它们的发音、不寻常的词汇和节奏能帮助你回忆起信息。你知道哥伦布什么时候航行到美洲吗？有一首押韵的口诀可以帮助你，“在1492年，哥伦布扬帆蓝色海洋”大多数听过这个口诀的人都不会忘记！)”可知，提到关于哥伦布的押韵口诀是为了展示押韵法如何使事实易于记忆。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Sentence mnemonics are also useful. The following can help you with the difference between the words “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is your pal at school, and a principle is a belief or rule.” Or this one to help you remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has two sugars so it’s sweeter, but a desert only has one.” [The two “sugars” mentioned in the sentence refer to the two s’s in the word “dessert”.](句子助记法也很有用。下面这个句子可以帮助你区分“principal”和“principle”这两个词，“校长（principal）是你在学校的好朋友（pal），而原则（principle）是一种信念或规则”或者这个句子可以帮助你记住“deserts”（如撒哈拉沙漠）和“desserts”（如提拉米苏）在拼写上的区别，“甜点（dessert）有两个‘糖’（sugar，这里指单词里的两个s）所以更甜，而沙漠（desert）只有一个”）”可知，句子助记法用于区分单词。D选项“A stationery store sells paper, while a stationary car doesn’t move” differentiates words.（“文具店（stationery store）卖纸，而静止的（stationary）汽车不动”区分单词。）符合句子助记法特点，是句子助记法的例子。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Mnemonics can help a lot with language learning. Why not try inventing a few of your own! (助记法对语言学习有很大帮助。为什么不试着自己发明一些呢！)”可知，作者认为读者可以自己尝试发明助记法。故选C项。
热点角度03 词义猜测题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题）When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in.
What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean
A. Funny.
B. Abusive.
C. Insightful.
D. Praising.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位划线词“glowing”在句中的位置，它修饰“reviews”。
第二步，分析上下文。前文提到“A lengthy, positive review... was regarded as suspicious”，这里将“glowing reviews”与“positive review”进行了同义替换，说明“glowing”与“positive”意思相近。
第三步，推测词义。“positive review”意为“好评”，因此“glowing”应意为“赞美的、表扬的”，与D项“Praising”同义。
研考点·通技法
第一步 定位划线词 在原文中找到划线词所在的句子，明确其在句中的位置和词性。
第二步 利用上下文线索 分析划线词前后的内容，寻找定义、解释、同义词、反义词、因果或举例等线索。
第三步 代入验证 将推测出的词义代入原文，看句子是否通顺、逻辑是否合理。
破类题·提能力
（2024·全国甲卷高考真题）
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats.
C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age.
2．How does a pet cat assess different situations
A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects.
C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats.
3．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
热点角度04 主旨大意题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江金丽衢十二校二模）
Woodpeckers (啄木鸟) operate at an extreme level, boring through solid wood with forces more than 30 times their own weight and drilling up to 13 times a second. How do they never miss a beat while head banging so hard
It turns out that the birds tense up their entire body to smash through wood, letting out short, explosive grunts with each strike, report Brown University biologist Nicholas Antonson and his colleagues in the Journal of Experimental Biology. “Woodpeckers really are nature’s hammer in a sense,” Antonson says.
To study how the birds tap, the researchers first humanely captured eight wild Downy Woodpeckers and carefully inserted electrodes into their muscles in the laboratory. The electrodes fed into a tiny, fitted backpack that recorded electrical signals from contracting muscles as the birds pecked. They also checked whether the woodpeckers held their breath during exertion (用力) (like weight lifters tend to do) or exhaled (呼气) (like tennis players) while striking the wood by examining airflow through the birds’ air sacs — small, balloon-like structures that help them breathe in and out. By matching these measurements with high-speed videos, the scientists tracked the woodpeckers’ taps down to every four milliseconds.
Instead of using a single muscle to control the action, woodpeckers activated “every muscle from the head to the tail,” Antonson says. The birds used their powerful hip flexors to push forward, clenched their tail and abs (腹肌) to prepare for the strike, and stiffened the back of their head and neck on contact — similar to the way you might stiffen the back of your wrist when you hammer a nail. They then engaged a different set of hip and neck muscles to draw back.
The birds also perfectly paired their pecks with sharp exhalations “as another means of stabilizing their core muscles and powering through those strikes,” Antonson explains. “To be able to breathe out 13 times per second and inhale on the order of 40 milliseconds is really impressive.” Songbirds, which aren’t closely related to woodpeckers, are the only other birds known to so precisely time their breaths, which they do as they sing.
“Pecking is a full-body exercise,” says University of Alabama biologist Nicole Ackermans, who studies brain damage in woodpeckers and head-butting sheep. Coordinating “micro breaths” with muscle clenching and creating “this hammerlike structure in their whole body is such a unique approach,” she adds.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage
A．Woodpeckers: Smart Tool Users
B．Woodpeckers: Nature’s Hammers
C．Woodpeckers: Amazing Strength
D．Woodpeckers: Powerful Muscle Controller
【解题建模】
第一步，概括文章大意。文章开篇提出问题：啄木鸟如何做到高强度啄击而不受伤？随后通过研究，揭示其通过全身肌肉协调运动（从头部到尾部）和精准配合呼吸来实现高效啄击。
第二步，寻找主题句。文章多次强调“fullbody exercise”、“hammerlike structure”等。
第三步，匹配最佳标题。B项“Woodpeckers: Nature's Hammers”既形象地概括了啄木鸟的啄击行为（如锤子一般），又体现了其全身协调的工作原理，比C项（仅强调力量）和D项（仅强调肌肉控制）更全面、更生动。
研考点·通技法
第一步 概括文章大意 通读全文，尤其是首尾段落，把握文章的核心话题和主要内容
第二步 寻找主题句 注意寻找段落主题句，通常位于段首或段尾，以及反复出现的关键词。
第三步 匹配最佳标题 标题应能概括全文主旨，避免以偏概全或过于宽泛。通常选择包含关键词、形象生动且高度概括的选项。
破类题·提能力
（2025·全国2卷高考真题）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
1．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started
A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss.
C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well.
2．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants
A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment.
C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity.
3．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability.
C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood
C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
（建议用时：45分钟）
刷模拟
A
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）When acoustic (声音的) ecologist Marcus Maeder first placed a listening device in the soil, he was unprepared for what he heard. All sorts of strange sounds flooded his headphones, revealing a dynamic world hidden beneath the seemingly quiet ground.
Ecologists have long known that soil is home to vast biodiversity. In just a single cup of dirt, researchers have counted up to 100 million life forms, ranging from tiny bacteria to larger insects and earthworms. These underground creatures play a vital role in cycling nutrients and supporting life on Earth.
Now, in a relatively new scientific field, known as soil bioacoustics, a growing number of biologists are collecting underground noises to open a window into this complex and mysterious world. They’ve found that something as simple as a metal nail pushed into the dirt can become a sort of listening post if equipped with the right sensors. The acoustic data helps scientists answer fundamental questions, like how creatures communicate or when plants grow their roots.
Beyond basic research, underground acoustics could also help us take better care of the environment and detect pests (害虫) like root-feeding insects, which cause billions of dollars in damage annually. By identifying the distinctive sounds of these pests, scientists hope to develop more eco-friendly strategies that reduce the need for widespread chemical use.
However, scientists are also recording less welcome sounds: human-made noises, such as construction or traffic, are detectable underground. More concerning is the finding that in intensively farmed areas, the natural sounds of soil life are fading, indicating a worrying decline in biodiversity. To help more people realize what we’re in danger of losing, Maeder has started a citizen science project that lends people in Switzerland acoustic sensors to listen for underground activities themselves. The recordings are being gathered into a national library of soil sounds with the hope of raising awareness. Demand so far is high, Maeder says. “The sensors are always booked.”
1．What is soil bioacoustics about
A．Studying underground life. B．Tracking plant growth.
C．Monitoring noise pollution. D．Recording natural sounds.
2．What is a practical application of soil bioacoustics according to the text
A．Boosting farm output. B．Improving traditional farming.
C．Enabling targeted pest control. D．Promoting non-chemical solutions.
3．What does the high demand for sensors in Maeder’s project suggest
A．Severe decline in soil health. B．Public interest in soil ecology.
C．Easy access to monitoring tools. D．Need to increase project funding.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Why Soil Is No Longer Silent B．Exploring an Underground World
C．Listening to the Hidden Sounds of Soil D．How Human Noise Affects Biodiversity
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。科学家通过土壤生物声学收集地下声音，研究地下生物，实现环保治虫；同时发现人类活动影响土壤生物多样性，并发起项目提升公众意识。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Now, in a relatively new scientific field, known as soil bioacoustics, a growing number of biologists are collecting underground noises to open a window into this complex and mysterious world.(如今，在一个相对较新的科学领域 —— 土壤生物声学，越来越多的生物学家收集地下声音，以此打开通往这个复杂神秘世界的窗口。)”可知，土壤生物声学旨在研究地下生物。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“By identifying the distinctive sounds of these pests, scientists hope to develop more eco-friendly strategies that reduce the need for widespread chemical use.(通过识别这些害虫独特的声音，科学家希望研发更环保的方案，减少大范围使用化学药剂的需求。)”可知，其实际应用是实现针对性的害虫防治。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To help more people realize what we’re in danger of losing, Maeder has started a citizen science project that lends people in Switzerland acoustic sensors to listen for underground activities themselves. The recordings are being gathered into a national library of soil sounds with the hope of raising awareness. Demand so far is high, Maeder says. “The sensors are always booked.”(为了帮助更多人意识到我们正面临失去什么，梅德（Maeder）发起了一项公民科学项目，该项目为瑞士民众提供声学传感器，让人们能够亲自监测地下活动。这些录音正被收录进一个全国性的土壤声音数据库，以期提高公众的认知。梅德表示，目前项目的需求很高，“传感器总是被预约一空。”)”可知，传感器需求旺盛表明公众对土壤生态抱有兴趣。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“All sorts of strange sounds flooded his headphones, revealing a dynamic world hidden beneath the seemingly quiet ground.(各种奇怪的声音涌入耳机，展现出看似寂静的地面之下充满活力的世界。)”以及后文可知，全文围绕土壤声音展开研究，所以C项Listening to the Hidden Sounds of Soil(聆听土壤中隐藏的声音)符合主题，适合用作标准。故选C项。
B
（2026·四川省内江市·二模）In today’s rapidly urbanizing world, cities are transforming into complex digital ecosystems, and the next big shift is already underway: collaborative sensing (CS). As urban population swells and underlying facilities come under pressure, the need for intelligent, responsive, and efficient city systems has never been more urgent. Enter smart cities — urban areas powered by connected technologies — and at the heart of this transformation lies a powerful concept that is quietly reshaping urban life: collaborative sensing.
CS, sometimes referred to as participatory or crowdsensing, is the process where numerous devices and people contribute data to collectively monitor, analyze, and improve a city’s operations. From detecting air pollution to maximizing traffic flow or even predicting natural disasters, CS allows cities to gain a real-time, specific understanding of what’s happening on the ground. This isn’t just about sensors planted on street lights — it’s about smartphones, vehicles, wearables, and public facilities working integratedly.
This interconnected approach holds massive potential. Imagine a city where holes are identified by the shaking of your car, where garbage pickup is improved based on bin fill levels, or where the urban heat island effect is reduced through collective temperature mapping. These are not future predictions — they’re real projects already unfolding in global tech-forward cities like Singapore, Barcelona, and Amsterdam.
But this shift isn’t without its questions. Who owns the data How do we balance monitoring and privacy And can smaller or developing cities tap into this wave of innovation
Looking ahead, the question is no longer if cities will adopt CS — it’s how quickly and how responsibly. Whether you’ re a policymaker, urban planner, developer, or engaged citizen, now is the time to get involved in shaping the connected cities of tomorrow and dive deep into how CS is redefining the blueprint for smart cities.
1．What does the underlined word “swells” mean in paragraph 1
A．Expands. B．Appears. C．Removes. D．Stabilizes.
2．What can be inferred about CS in paragraphs 2-3
A．It relies mainly on public sensors. B．Daily devices can be used as its tools.
C．Tech-forward cities gain more from it. D．Its projects are resisted in advanced cities.
3．Why does the writer raise questions in paragraph 4
A．To suggest that CS be delayed indefinitely.
B．To prove that privacy outweighs innovation.
C．To imply that CS is inaccessible to poor cities.
D．To show that unresolved issues need attention.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．A Fresh Solution for Smarter Cities. B．Smart Cities in Wealthy Urban Areas.
C．Smartphone-Driven City Management. D．Potential Risks in Urban Data Collection.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了协同感知（CS）作为智慧城市建设中的一项创新技术，阐述了其定义、工作原理、实际应用案例以及面临的挑战，展望了其在城市发展中的前景。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“As urban population swells and underlying facilities come under pressure, the need for intelligent, responsive, and efficient city systems has never been more urgent.( 随着城市人口swells，基础设施面临压力，对智能、响应迅速且高效的城市系统的需求从未如此迫切)”可推知，swells与under pressure“承受压力”对应，指人口“增长、膨胀”。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“This isn’t just about sensors planted on street lights — it’s about smartphones, vehicles, wearables, and public facilities working integratedly.(这不只是关于安装在路灯上的传感器——还包括智能手机、车辆、可穿戴设备和公共设施协同工作)”可推知，日常设备如智能手机等都可以作为CS的工具。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“But this shift isn’t without its questions. Who owns the data How do we balance monitoring and privacy And can smaller or developing cities tap into this wave of innovation (但这种转变并非没有问题。谁拥有数据？如何平衡监控与隐私？较小的或发展中的城市能否利用这波创新浪潮？)”可推知，作者提出这些问题是为了表明CS在实施过程中还存在数据所有权、隐私保护、普及性等未解决的问题，需要引起关注和解决。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了协同感知（CS）这一新兴技术如何重新定义智慧城市建设，阐述了其概念、应用优势及面临的挑战。由此可知，A选项A Fresh Solution for Smarter Cities“智慧城市的新解决方案”最能概括全文主旨，适合作本文标题。B、C选项过于片面，D选项仅涉及文章部分内容。故选A。
C
（2026·安徽安庆市·二模）From Florida’s Wetlands, the Miccosukee people have long shared islands with a 7-foot female alligator (短吻鳄), warmly called Mama Gator. For 60 years, they’ve observed her shape the ecosystem: digging ponds to hold water in dry seasons and building raised nests for eggs in rainy seasons, with humans keeping a respectful distance during nesting. This close coexistence mirrors a broader truth — alligators are vital “ecosystem engineers,” not just cold-blooded killers.
Scientific research now backs the Miccosukee people’s wisdom. Alligator ponds serve as shelters for fish, frogs and plants during dry seasons, while their nests create dry platforms for other animals and birds. Water birds even nest above alligators, which act as bodyguards against ring-tailed bears, in a two-way beneficial arrangement. As top predators (捕食者), alligators move nutrients around by moving between habitats, eating in coastal areas and answering the call of nature upstream, boosting the food web from water plants to larger animals.
Once on the edge of extinction due to hunting for their skins in the 19th and 20th centuries, American alligators made a remarkable comeback after 1967 protection laws, with wild populations recovering to over three million in Florida and Louisiana. Today, researchers uncover more hidden benefits: alligator-rich wetlands store high levels of carbon, aiding climate change control, and some alligators exhibit surprising adaptability — from resident individuals staying close to home to highly mobile ones traveling hundreds of kilometers to coastal waters for food, despite lacking salt-processing glands (腺体).
Conservation efforts, including landowners’ head-starting programs and the Miccosukee people’s egg-rescue initiatives, continue to safeguard alligators. Biologists stress that these animals deserve recognition not as monsters, but as kind guardians that maintain freshwater ecosystems, support biodiversity and fight climate change. As the Miccosukee know, coexisting with alligators means respecting nature’s delicate balance.
1．How does Mama Gator affect the local environment
A．By living with the Miccosukee people. B．By keeping a distance from humans.
C．By creating ponds and high nests. D．By boosting the original food web.
2．Which of the following best describes the impact of Alligator ponds
A．Wide-ranging. B．Double-edged. C．Short-lived. D．Time-limited.
3．What does the author imply in paragraph 3
A．American alligators can process salt. B．The 1967 laws have proven effective.
C．Nearby habitats have been destroyed. D．Adaptability of species is significant.
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．Alligators: Protectors of the Ecosystem. B．Mama Gator: A Star of the Grassland.
C．The Miccosukee: Guardians of Nature. D．Wetlands: Sites of Conservation Efforts.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了短吻鳄并非冷血杀手，而是重要的“生态系统工程师”，通过具体事例展现了短吻鳄对生态环境的重要作用、其种群的恢复情况以及人们为保护短吻鳄所做的努力，体现了人与自然共生的理念。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For 60 years, they’ve observed her shape the ecosystem: digging ponds to hold water in dry seasons and building raised nests for eggs in rainy seasons, with humans keeping a respectful distance during nesting.(60年来，他们观察到它塑造了生态系统：旱季挖池塘蓄水，雨季筑高巢产卵，人类在它筑巢期间保持着尊重的距离。)”可知，短吻鳄妈妈通过挖池塘和筑高巢影响当地环境。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Alligator ponds serve as shelters for fish, frogs and plants during dry seasons, while their nests create dry platforms for other animals and birds. Water birds even nest above alligators, which act as bodyguards against ring-tailed bears, in a two-way beneficial arrangement.(短吻鳄池塘在旱季为鱼类、青蛙和植物提供庇护所，而它们的巢穴为其他动物和鸟类创造了干燥的平台。水鸟甚至在短吻鳄上方筑巢，短吻鳄充当保镖抵御环尾熊，形成一种双向互利的关系。)”可知，短吻鳄池塘的影响范围广泛，惠及多种生物。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Once on the edge of extinction due to hunting for their skins in the 19th and 20th centuries, American alligators made a remarkable comeback after 1967 protection laws, with wild populations recovering to over three million in Florida and Louisiana.(在19世纪和20世纪，由于人们猎杀短吻鳄获取其皮，美国短吻鳄曾濒临灭绝，但在1967年保护法实施后，它们实现了惊人的复苏，佛罗里达州和路易斯安那州的野生种群已恢复到300多万只。)”可知，1967年的保护法被证明是有效的。由此可推断，1967年的法律有效帮助短吻鳄种群复苏，故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章核心围绕短吻鳄展开，介绍了它们作为“生态系统工程师”对生态环境的保护作用，包括塑造生态系统、保护生物多样性、助力气候变化控制等。A选项：Alligators: Protectors of the Ecosystem (短吻鳄：生态系统的守护者)符合主题，适合用作标题，故选A。
D
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）Healing (修复) the Earth: You Can Be an Ecosystem Engineer
Facing climate change and biodiversity loss, a powerful strategy is transforming our approach: Nature-based Solutions (NbS). Instead of relying only on concrete and steel, NbS works with nature to restore ecosystems, benefiting both people and the planet.
How NbS Compares to Traditional Engineering
The core of NbS is using natural processes. As shown in Table 1, solutions like restoring wetlands or planting urban forests provide multiple co-benefits that traditional “Grey” infrastructure (基础设施) often lacks.
Table 1: Comparing Two Approaches to Environmental Challenges
Aspect Traditional “Grey” Infrastructure Nature-based Solutions (NbS)
Primary function single-purpose (e.g. flood wall) all-in-one (e.g. flood control, habitat, carbon sink)
Long-term cost high maintenance and replacement costs lower lifetime costs, self-sustaining
Ecological benefit often breaks the balance of local ecosystems enhances biodiversity and ecosystem health
Community value limited recreational or social value provides green space, improves well-being
The Impact of Youth Action
Everyone, especially young people, can be an “ecosystem engineer”. Your actions, from local projects to raising global awareness, create real impact. Table 2 outlines various ways you can participate and the unique value each brings.
Table 2: Pathways for Youth to Act as Ecosystem Engineers
Area of Action Example Activities Core Value Created
On campus builds a rain garden; starts a composting (堆肥) program; plants native trees hands-on learning, improves local environment directly
In community joins wetland clean-ups; monitors wildlife species; promotes recycling community participation, protects public ecosystems and resources
Through awareness creates science blogs/ videos; organizes themed exhibitions; leads discussions spreads knowledge, inspires broader community action
As shown, you can start small on campus, expand your impact in the community, or become a voice for change. From hands-on projects to global awareness networks, every action counts. The journey to heal our planet begins with recognizing your power to engineer positive change.
1．What is a characteristic of NbS
A．Increasing steel yield. B．Serving multiple purposes.
C．Involving long-term costs. D．Generating higher economic returns.
2．Which activity is directly linked to “hands-on learning”
A．Observing wild birds. B．Promoting recycling.
C．Organizing themed exhibitions. D．Creating a vegetable garden.
3．What can an “ecosystem engineer” do
A．Invest in local projects. B．Access global networks.
C．Take various practical steps. D．Learn NbS theories in class.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍基于自然的生态修复方案NbS及其相较传统工程的优势，还列举青少年成为生态工程师的三类行动方式，强调青年行动的价值。
1．细节理解题。根据文中Table 1中Nature-based Solutions (NbS)对应的 Primary function列的内容“all-in-one (e.g. flood control, habitat, carbon sink)(多功能一体，如防洪、提供栖息地、碳汇)”可知，基于自然的解决方案的一个特点是具备多种用途。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据文中Table 2中On campus列对应的Example Activities为“builds a rain garden; starts a composting (堆肥) program; plants native trees(建造雨水花园、开展堆肥项目、种植本土树木)”，其Core Value Created为“hands-on learning, improves local environment directly(实践学习，直接改善当地环境)”，而创建菜园和建造雨水花园、种植树木同属校园内的实践类活动，对应实践学习的核心价值。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据 The Impact of Youth Action中“Everyone, especially young people, can be an “ecosystem engineer”. Your actions, from local projects to raising global awareness, create real impact.(每个人，尤其是年轻人，都可以成为一名“生态系统工程师”。你的行动，从当地项目到提升全球意识，都会产生切实的影响。)”以及Table 2中列出的校园、社区、宣传层面的各类具体行动可知，“生态系统工程师”可以采取多种实际的行动来参与生态保护。故选C项。
刷真题
A
（2025·天津卷真题）
All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response.
To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind.
The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder.
The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving.
Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface.
1．What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath
A．The growing amount of CO in their blood.
B．The rising level of oxygen in their lungs.
C．The intensity of their physical activity.
D．The blood supply to body tissues.
2．When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time
A．When they needed to take in more food at the feeder.
B．When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher.
C．When they familiarized themselves with the setup.
D．When the CO level in the chamber was raised.
3．What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood
A．The unstable CO levels in the air.
B．Their lack of attention to breathing.
C．The constant oxygen levels on land.
D．Their functionally changeable heart rate.
4．Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving
A．Their breath cannot be held long enough.
B．They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen.
C．They may fail to notice rising CO levels soon enough.
D．Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater.
5．Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research
A．Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments.
B．Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly.
C．Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels.
D．Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 5．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了海豹能感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类则因陆地氧气稳定未演化出此能力。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath.(大多数哺乳动物不能直接检测供应给组织的血液中的氧气水平。相反，它们依靠血液中二氧化碳水平的上升来发出可能需要呼吸的信号)”可知，大多数哺乳动物依靠血液中二氧化碳含量的上升来判断何时呼吸。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder.(一旦海豹熟悉了这种设置，研究人员开始逐渐改变呼吸室中空气的成分，增加或减少氧气和二氧化碳的水平，以观察对其行为的影响。果然如此：氧气水平越高，海豹在喂食器停留的时间就越长)”可知，当呼吸室中的氧气水平升高时，海豹会在喂食器停留更长时间。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’ re about to pass out in free-diving.(由于陆地上的氧气水平保持稳定，人类似乎没有进化出注意到血液中低氧水平的能力，有时甚至在自由潜水即将昏倒时也没有)”可知，人类无法察觉血液中低氧水平是因为陆地上氧气水平稳定。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface.(因为每次我们浮出水面吸气时，我们对二氧化碳的敏感性都会降低，即使其水平已经很高，这也会增加一个人在浮出水面之前无意识地昏倒的可能性)”可知，潜水员在自由潜水时经常发生事故是因为他们可能没有及时注意到二氧化碳水平的上升。故选C。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood,and change their diving behavior in response.(但最近发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究表明，海豹可以感知血液中的氧气量，并相应地改变它们的潜水行为)”和第四段中“The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior.(这一发现表明，海豹不仅仅是通过改变心率或呼吸来对氧气水平做出身体反应，而是它们对氧气水平有足够的意识来改变它们的行为)”可知，McKnight的海豹研究表明，海豹能迅速感知氧气水平并据此采取行动。故选B。
B
（2025·全国二卷真题）
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
1．What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home.
2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste.
C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought.
4．What can we learn about wastED
A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs.
C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
C
（2025·北京高考真题）
The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.
For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too.
Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story.
Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.
If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运).
1．What can be inferred about personal stories
A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress.
C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change.
2．What can we learn from this passage
A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received.
C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted.
3．What does the author mainly do in this passage
A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event.
C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach.
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made.
C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人故事。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。
3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。
D
（2025·天津高考真题）
Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not.
We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go awa

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