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专题04 阅读理解专题专题议论文内容导航
【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解
【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式
【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分
命题·趋势·定位
1. 选材特点： 议论文阅读主要选取社会文化、教育科技、人生哲理、环境保护等领域的思辨性文章。素材多源于权威报刊（如《科学》《新科学家》）、学术网站或社会评论，旨在考察学生对作者观点、论证逻辑和社会现象的分析能力。
2. 语篇结构： 文章结构清晰，常采用“引述现象提出观点分析论证总结升华”的模式。作者往往会先引出争议话题或普遍认知，然后提出自己的核心论点，通过举例、对比、引用等方式进行论证，最后重申观点或提出建议。
3. 命题热点： 重点考查学生对作者观点态度的把握、论证方法的识别、推理判断的能力以及对文中关键概念的理解。主旨大意题和推理判断题是高频考点，词义猜测题和细节理解题也占有重要比重。
4. 常见的设问形式：
What is the author’s attitude towards...
What does the author imply in paragraph...
What is the main idea/argument of the passage
The author mentions... in order to...
What does the underlined word/phrase in paragraph... refer to
热点·角度·拆解
2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解议论文）
卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式
2025·全国甲卷·D篇 350 人与社会 宠物食品的环保争议 细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标I卷·C篇 320 人与社会 纸质阅读与数字阅读的对比 词义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题、推理判断题
2024·北京卷·D篇 380 人与自我 模拟假说与科学认知 推理判断题、词义猜测题、观点态度题、推理判断题
2023·全国乙卷·C篇 340 人与社会 历史书写中的文本与物件 主旨大意题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、推理判断题
2023·浙江1月·C篇 310 人与自我 面对挑战时的接纳与抗拒心理 细节理解题、细节理解题、推理判断题、细节理解题
2025·全国甲卷·D篇 350 人与社会 宠物食品的环保争议 细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标I卷·C篇 320 人与社会 纸质阅读与数字阅读的对比 词义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题、推理判断题
2024·北京卷·D篇 380 人与自我 模拟假说与科学认知 推理判断题、词义猜测题、观点态度题、推理判断题
热点角度01 推理判断题
析典例·建模型
（2024·新课标I卷·C篇）
Audio and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention.
B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills.
D. They are more informative than text.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位：题干问的是“Why are audio and video increasingly used...”，定位到原文“so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies”所在句子。
第二步，找到答题句：根据该句前半部分“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引人。
第三步，比较各选项：A项“They can hold students' attention.”与“more engaging”意思一致，即“吸引注意力”。B、C、D项在文中未提及或与原文相悖。因此正确答案为A。
研考点·通技法
推理判断题考查学生根据文章信息进行逻辑推断的能力。答案在原文中不会直接明说，需要学生进行“弦外之音”的揣摩。解题关键步骤如下：
第一步 确定推理依据 根据题干，定位到原文中含有推理线索的句子或段落。
第二步 分析隐含信息 认真研读定位句及上下文，挖掘作者语气、用词、举例等隐含的意义或可能的结果。
第三步 对比选项 将各选项与推断出的隐含信息进行比对，排除无中生有、过度推断或与原文相悖的选项，选出逻辑严密的答案。
破类题·提能力
（2025 全国一卷·真题）
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A．Cars often get stuck on the road. B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more. D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
2．What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A．Keep their cities livable. B．Promote cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families. D．Make expressways accessible.
3．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A．They boosted the sales of cars. B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support. D．They advocated building new parks.
热点角度02 主旨大意题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题·D篇） （2023·全国乙卷·C篇）
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
【解题建模】
第一步，通读段落：第一段首句提出核心观点：讲述世界史不能仅靠文本。随后解释原因：大部分人类历史没有文字，且很多有文字的社会也通过物品记录。
第二步，抓住核心：段落反复强调的是“不能仅靠文本”来讲述历史，暗示历史应该以不同的方式呈现。
第三步，匹配选项：A项“如何呈现过去的事件”是对该段核心内容的概括。B、D项是细节或与主旨相反，C项“事实胜于雄辩”与文意无关。故答案为A。
研考点·通技法
主旨大意题考查学生对文章或段落核心思想的归纳概括能力。解答此类题目需要从宏观上把握文章脉络。
第一步 识别文章结构 快速浏览文章，识别是“总分”、“分总”还是“总分总”结构，重点关注首段、尾段及各段首尾句。
第二步 提炼中心论点 整合各段大意，提炼出贯穿全文的核心观点。注意区分作者观点和引用的他人观点。
第三步 排除干扰选项 选项过于宽泛、过于细节、或与作者观点相悖的，均不是最佳答案。正确选项应能概括全文，内容全面、准确。
破类题·提能力
（2025·上海卷）
The pet food industry has received unkind remarks as to the true origin of its ingredients (原料) for decades. Now the industry faces another source of criticism as a new book starts a debate about the environmental impact of owning a well-fed pet.
The New Scientist magazine, in a recent editorial, largely agreed with the book’s findings that some pets, due to the food they eat, have a surprisingly high “ecological footprint”, which is a way of quantifying human demand on the planet’s ecosystems using a measure called “global hectares”.
According to the authors of the book, “A shocking comparison is that in 2004, the average citizen of some poor countries had an eco-footprint of 0.76 hectares. The eco-footprint of a cat is about 0.15 hectares, almost the same as what is needed to run a small car. In a world where resources are already limited, can people really justify keeping pets that require more than some people ”
The authors of the book say that they were “genuinely surprised” when calculating the environmental impact of pets. And some of the ideas they put forward to attenuate this are likely to shock some pet owners. For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. When feeding a pet, however, the advice is to favour pet foods made from chicken meat, which is less damaging to the environment than red meat and fish.
As you might expect, the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (PFMA) puts up a spirited defence, arguing that the vast majority of meat and fish used in pet foods is of sufficient quality for human consumption but more than humans need. “If we didn’t recycle animal by-products to sell, they might instead be abandoned and buried under the earth, which is not very green,” says the director. In addition, he points out that pets should not be viewed just on their carbon footprint. “Our environment is greatly enriched by the part they play in our lives. Pets in the home inspire responsibility, encourage social awareness and have positive health benefits.”
1．What is suggested in the book to make pet food production greener
A．Making processed pet foods out of pests
B．Feeding pets primarily with fish and meat.
C．Increasing the use of red meat in pet foods.
D．Avoiding using animal by-products in pet foods.
2．The word “attenuate” (para 4) is closest in meaning to “_______”.
A．assess B．blame C．drive D．reduce
3．Which argument does PFMA make to defend the industry
A．The use of meat and fish in pet foods can prevent waste.
B．Pet food production is both sustainable and cost-efficient.
C．Pet food ingredients are as nutritious as those for humans.
D．The eco-footprints of humans far outnumber those of pets.
4．What is the main focus of the passage
A．The origin of pet food ingredients.
B．Calculation of pet carbon footprint.
C．Environmental impact of pet foods.
D．A spirited debate over pet ownership.
热点角度03 观点态度题
析典例·建模型
（2024·北京卷·D篇）
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do.
As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving
【解题建模】
第一步，定位观点：文章第二段引用了康德的观点，即宇宙由不可知的事物构成，我们的思想在构建认知中起必要作用。
第二步，寻找作者态度：在第三段，作者用“So, if we accept that...”开头，将康德的论点作为自己进一步论证的基础，并由此引出了更有建设性的新问题，没有对其进行批驳。
第三步，判断褒贬：作者并未对康德观点提出质疑或反对，而是欣然接受并利用其进行下一步推理，这表明作者的态度是肯定的、欣赏的。因此A项appreciative（欣赏的）最符合。B项“怀疑的”、C项“不关心的”、D项“不赞成的”均不符合。
研考点·通技法
观点态度题考查学生判断作者或文中人物对所论述话题的情感倾向和立场。
第一步 定位态度词 寻找文中表达观点、情感、立场的形容词、副词、动词，如suggest, argue, criticize, agree, doubt, believe, fortunately, unfortunately等。
第二步 分析论据 分析作者选用的例子、引用的观点是支持还是反驳其核心论点，从而推断其隐含立场。
第三步 区分对象 明确题目问的是作者的态度，还是文中其他人物的态度，避免张冠李戴。
破类题·提能力
（2026·陕西二模）
Last Sunday morning, I was sitting on the sofa in my parent’s living room. Before me on the tea table was a worn journal of thin and discolored pages. It was my grandfather’s journal and now belongs to my father. My grandfather had passed away in the months leading up to my birth. I never got to visit the places he had frequented and the people who had been a part of his life’s journey.
I was now about to enter his world, through the words he had left behind. Within minutes, I was captivated by the power of the written words. In the magical script before me, I was transported to another age when food was an everyday art, planned, prepared and enjoyed in the company of others, and a time when people had the heart to pause their own lives to embrace each other’s struggles. All this was conveyed to me in the beauty of the words that flowed together to connect with the writer’s mind and understand the world they lived in.
This kind of writing seems to be lost on us today. We have gotten used to writing in bite-sized pieces for a public looking for entertainment, and hungry for information. No wonder, there are nearly 200 million bloggers on the Internet and a new blog is created somewhere in the world every half a second. Instead of adding to our collective wisdom, most of these writings reflect the superficiality (肤浅) and impatience of our day and age.
This not only robs us of the skill of writing impressive essays, it also prevents us from exploring what is indeed important. Writing humbles us in a way that is vital for our character growth, by reminding us about the limits of the self and our appropriate place in the vast flow of life.
Writing frees us by helping us explore the unknown so that we really open up to the magic of the world around us. I saw all of this in the writing of my grandfather. And I’ve seen it again and again in the writings of the greatest thinkers of humanity. Their writing reflects deep thought on issues of human importance.
1．According to the author, what is a characteristic of the age described in his grandfather’s journal
A．Mutual support. B．Artistic food.
C．Popular diaries. D．Public entertainment.
2．What is the primary purpose of the third paragraph
A．To give internet statistics. B．To blame the public’s tastes.
C．To promote traditional media. D．To contrast past and present writing.
3．What message does the author convey in the last two paragraphs
A．Writing skills ensure success. B．Writing documents external reality.
C．Only great thinkers’ works are valuable. D．Writing shapes character and perspective.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards his grandfather’s writing
A．Critical and dismissive. B．Admiring and respectful.
C．Indifferent and neutral. D．Confused and uncertain.
（建议用时：45分钟）
刷模拟
A
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）Have you ever faced a task that felt almost impossible — a crucial examination, a public presentation, or a complex project This experience is nearly universal. Psychologist Carol Gilligan once offered a profound insight: “Where there is resistance, there is obstacle; where there is acceptance, the obstacle vanishes (消失).” At first glance, this may sound contradictory. How can merely accepting a difficulty make it fade away A closer look at the psychology of resistance and acceptance reveals a practical wisdom we can use.
Resistance, in psychological terms, is an emotional and cognitive (认知) push against reality. When we resist a challenge — for instance, fearing mathematics and avoiding practice — we increase its perceived threat. The mind enters a state of conflict, devoting energy to anxiety and avoidance rather than to problem-solving. Research shows that such resistance activates stress responses, which can weaken cognitive function and strengthen a cycle of worry.
Acceptance, in contrast, is an active, clear-eyed engagement with reality. It involves acknowledging the presence of the challenge without judgment, thus disarming the emotional ups and downs that accompanies resistance. By accepting that a task is difficult yet manageable, we redirect mental energy from worrying to planning and action. For example, accepting mathematics as a learnable skill allows one to approach it gradually, transforming a fear into a series of solvable problems. The obstacle begins to vanish because we cease to fuel it with negative emotion.
This principle extends beyond academics. An athlete who accepts pre-competition nerves can channel that energy into focus. A learner who accepts unavoidable mistakes quickens improvement. The shift from resistance to acceptance is essentially a shift from emotional reaction to cognitive regulation — a skill that can be developed through mindfulness and strategic planning.
So, keep Gilligan’s words in mind next time you face a challenge. By practicing acceptance — breathing through discomfort, making a plan, and proceeding with deliberate action — we not only make the obstacle seem smaller but also empower ourselves to overcome it. In the landscape of personal growth, acceptance may well be the most practical virtue of all.
1．How does resistance worsen our view of a challenge
A．It fills us with anxiety. B．It makes us ignore difficulty.
C．It shuts down stress responses. D．It discourages us from reflecting.
2．How does acceptance differ from resistance
A．It increases stress response. B．It maximizes emotional instability.
C．It shifts resources into useful activities. D．It first underestimates the challenge.
3．Why does the author mention “an athlete” in Paragraph 4
A．To prove competition is tough. B．To show tension can be useful.
C．To stress winning requires focus. D．To describe pressures athletes face.
4．What does the author view acceptance as
A．A way to avoid problems. B．A method useful in school.
C．A practical skill for growth. D．A passive response to difficulty.
B
（2026·重庆市·二模）A major policy challenge with AI is just how skillful it's become at role-playing as humans. Users now regularly turn to AI chatbots for life advice, mental health support, and even guidance on relationship issues. Safety advocates in the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recently announced that it's launching a formal inquiry into seven major companies,focusing on whether their AI chatbots have enough safety preparations to prevent risks like misinformation or improper emotional control. Yet there's another way to see AI as a policy issue: Could AI one day be worthy of legal rights
Some leading tech firms are taking this question seriously. Last year, AI company Anthropic hired its first “AI welfare” researcher, tasked with studying whether advanced AIsystems might deserve reasonable treatment, which includes preventing unnecessary “stress” from overwork so that they can function well, or reducing harmful data inputs for overall safety. Former Southern District of New York judge Katherine B．Forrest, who specializes in AI policy, notes that there may never be widespread agreement on exactly when AI qualifies for moral standing, but as public belief in AI's capacity grows, courts will eventually have to face this brand-new challenge.
Extending rights to AI also forces a fundamental rethink of what should count as the harm to AI. “If it has balanced emotions like humans, then suffering would certainly be counted,” said Forrest. Traditional law, for instance, focuses on compensating (补偿) humans for financial losses, physical injuries, or emotional pains. But if future AI has needs and desires entirely different from humans’, legal systems must adapt.
Some scholars, like law professor Peter Salib from the University of Houston, argue for giving rights to advanced AI —— + specifically artificial general intelligence. Salib has written in his work of scholarship that giving AI rights to contracts, property and tort (侵权行为) claims would allow it to participate in the economic system and could even benefit humans.
1．Why does the FTC launch the inquiry
A．To identify AI firms' challenges.
B．To check AI chatbots' functions.
C．To know AI firms' security measures.
D．To advocate for AI chatbots' rights.
2．What can be the reasonable treatment of AI systems
A．Upgrading human orders.
B．Avoiding heavy workload.
C．Allowing data collection.
D．Drafting privacy policies.
3．What encourages Peter Salib to advocate giving AI rights
A．AI's participation in research.
B．AI's potential in the economy.
C．AI's need for legal protection.
D．AI's difficulty of advancement.
4．What's the author's attitude to AI rights
A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Supportive.
刷真题
A
（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.
1．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie
A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list.
2．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by character.
C．Each type of literature has its unique end.
D．A story which begins well will end well.
3．What is expected of a good ending
A．It satisfies readers’ taste. B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive. D．It is open for imagination.
4．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A．To give examples of great novelists. B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine. D．To recommend their new books.
B
（2023·全国乙卷·高考真题）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia
C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories
C
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·高考真题）Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
1．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
2．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
3．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text.
4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
D
（2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis
A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison.
2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by.
3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving
4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________.
A．compare the current models with the previous ones
B．continue exploring the classical models in history
C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation
D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题04 阅读理解专题专题议论文
内容导航
【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解
【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式
【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分
命题·趋势·定位
1. 选材特点： 议论文阅读主要选取社会文化、教育科技、人生哲理、环境保护等领域的思辨性文章。素材多源于权威报刊（如《科学》《新科学家》）、学术网站或社会评论，旨在考察学生对作者观点、论证逻辑和社会现象的分析能力。
2. 语篇结构： 文章结构清晰，常采用“引述现象提出观点分析论证总结升华”的模式。作者往往会先引出争议话题或普遍认知，然后提出自己的核心论点，通过举例、对比、引用等方式进行论证，最后重申观点或提出建议。
3. 命题热点： 重点考查学生对作者观点态度的把握、论证方法的识别、推理判断的能力以及对文中关键概念的理解。主旨大意题和推理判断题是高频考点，词义猜测题和细节理解题也占有重要比重。
4. 常见的设问形式：
What is the author’s attitude towards...
What does the author imply in paragraph...
What is the main idea/argument of the passage
The author mentions... in order to...
What does the underlined word/phrase in paragraph... refer to
热点·角度·拆解
2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解议论文）
卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式
2025·全国甲卷·D篇 350 人与社会 宠物食品的环保争议 细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标I卷·C篇 320 人与社会 纸质阅读与数字阅读的对比 词义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题、推理判断题
2024·北京卷·D篇 380 人与自我 模拟假说与科学认知 推理判断题、词义猜测题、观点态度题、推理判断题
2023·全国乙卷·C篇 340 人与社会 历史书写中的文本与物件 主旨大意题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、推理判断题
2023·浙江1月·C篇 310 人与自我 面对挑战时的接纳与抗拒心理 细节理解题、细节理解题、推理判断题、细节理解题
2025·全国甲卷·D篇 350 人与社会 宠物食品的环保争议 细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标I卷·C篇 320 人与社会 纸质阅读与数字阅读的对比 词义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题、推理判断题
2024·北京卷·D篇 380 人与自我 模拟假说与科学认知 推理判断题、词义猜测题、观点态度题、推理判断题
热点角度01 推理判断题
析典例·建模型
（2024·新课标I卷·C篇）
Audio and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention.
B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills.
D. They are more informative than text.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位：题干问的是“Why are audio and video increasingly used...”，定位到原文“so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies”所在句子。
第二步，找到答题句：根据该句前半部分“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引人。
第三步，比较各选项：A项“They can hold students' attention.”与“more engaging”意思一致，即“吸引注意力”。B、C、D项在文中未提及或与原文相悖。因此正确答案为A。
研考点·通技法
推理判断题考查学生根据文章信息进行逻辑推断的能力。答案在原文中不会直接明说，需要学生进行“弦外之音”的揣摩。解题关键步骤如下：
第一步 确定推理依据 根据题干，定位到原文中含有推理线索的句子或段落。
第二步 分析隐含信息 认真研读定位句及上下文，挖掘作者语气、用词、举例等隐含的意义或可能的结果。
第三步 对比选项 将各选项与推断出的隐含信息进行比对，排除无中生有、过度推断或与原文相悖的选项，选出逻辑严密的答案。
破类题·提能力
（2025 全国一卷·真题）
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A．Cars often get stuck on the road. B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more. D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
2．What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A．Keep their cities livable. B．Promote cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families. D．Make expressways accessible.
3．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A．They boosted the sales of cars. B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support. D．They advocated building new parks.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
热点角度02 主旨大意题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题·D篇） （2023·全国乙卷·C篇）
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
【解题建模】
第一步，通读段落：第一段首句提出核心观点：讲述世界史不能仅靠文本。随后解释原因：大部分人类历史没有文字，且很多有文字的社会也通过物品记录。
第二步，抓住核心：段落反复强调的是“不能仅靠文本”来讲述历史，暗示历史应该以不同的方式呈现。
第三步，匹配选项：A项“如何呈现过去的事件”是对该段核心内容的概括。B、D项是细节或与主旨相反，C项“事实胜于雄辩”与文意无关。故答案为A。
研考点·通技法
主旨大意题考查学生对文章或段落核心思想的归纳概括能力。解答此类题目需要从宏观上把握文章脉络。
第一步 识别文章结构 快速浏览文章，识别是“总分”、“分总”还是“总分总”结构，重点关注首段、尾段及各段首尾句。
第二步 提炼中心论点 整合各段大意，提炼出贯穿全文的核心观点。注意区分作者观点和引用的他人观点。
第三步 排除干扰选项 选项过于宽泛、过于细节、或与作者观点相悖的，均不是最佳答案。正确选项应能概括全文，内容全面、准确。
破类题·提能力
（2025·上海卷）
The pet food industry has received unkind remarks as to the true origin of its ingredients (原料) for decades. Now the industry faces another source of criticism as a new book starts a debate about the environmental impact of owning a well-fed pet.
The New Scientist magazine, in a recent editorial, largely agreed with the book’s findings that some pets, due to the food they eat, have a surprisingly high “ecological footprint”, which is a way of quantifying human demand on the planet’s ecosystems using a measure called “global hectares”.
According to the authors of the book, “A shocking comparison is that in 2004, the average citizen of some poor countries had an eco-footprint of 0.76 hectares. The eco-footprint of a cat is about 0.15 hectares, almost the same as what is needed to run a small car. In a world where resources are already limited, can people really justify keeping pets that require more than some people ”
The authors of the book say that they were “genuinely surprised” when calculating the environmental impact of pets. And some of the ideas they put forward to attenuate this are likely to shock some pet owners. For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. When feeding a pet, however, the advice is to favour pet foods made from chicken meat, which is less damaging to the environment than red meat and fish.
As you might expect, the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (PFMA) puts up a spirited defence, arguing that the vast majority of meat and fish used in pet foods is of sufficient quality for human consumption but more than humans need. “If we didn’t recycle animal by-products to sell, they might instead be abandoned and buried under the earth, which is not very green,” says the director. In addition, he points out that pets should not be viewed just on their carbon footprint. “Our environment is greatly enriched by the part they play in our lives. Pets in the home inspire responsibility, encourage social awareness and have positive health benefits.”
1．What is suggested in the book to make pet food production greener
A．Making processed pet foods out of pests
B．Feeding pets primarily with fish and meat.
C．Increasing the use of red meat in pet foods.
D．Avoiding using animal by-products in pet foods.
2．The word “attenuate” (para 4) is closest in meaning to “_______”.
A．assess B．blame C．drive D．reduce
3．Which argument does PFMA make to defend the industry
A．The use of meat and fish in pet foods can prevent waste.
B．Pet food production is both sustainable and cost-efficient.
C．Pet food ingredients are as nutritious as those for humans.
D．The eco-footprints of humans far outnumber those of pets.
4．What is the main focus of the passage
A．The origin of pet food ingredients.
B．Calculation of pet carbon footprint.
C．Environmental impact of pet foods.
D．A spirited debate over pet ownership.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了宠物食品对环境的影响，包括宠物食品的生态足迹、宠物食品生产的环境问题以及宠物食品制造商协会对此的回应。
1．细节理解题。根据第四段中“For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. When feeding a pet, however, the advice is to favour pet foods made from chicken meat, which is less damaging to the environment than red meat and fish. (例如，这本书建议捕捉田鼠等害兽，将它们加工成“天然”猫粮，或者饲养鸡这类宠物，它们既能陪伴主人，又能提供新鲜鸡蛋。不过，在喂养宠物时，建议优先选择鸡肉制成的宠物食品，因为鸡肉对环境的破坏比红肉和鱼类要小。)”可知，书中提出的环保建议包括将田鼠等害兽加工成宠物食品，以及优先使用鸡肉制作宠物食品。故选A项。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“The authors of the book say that they were “genuinely surprised” when calculating the environmental impact of pets. (这本书的作者们表示，在计算宠物对环境的影响时，他们“真的很惊讶”。)”以及下文“For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. (例如，这本书建议捕捉田鼠等害虫，将它们加工成“天然”猫粮，或者饲养鸡这类宠物，它们既能陪伴主人，又能提供新鲜鸡蛋。)”可知，作者对于宠物对环境的影响感到惊讶，所以提出了一些建议来减少这种影响，故画线词attenuate应为“减少”之意，与“reduce”意思最接近。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““If we didn’t recycle animal by-products to sell, they might instead be abandoned and buried under the earth, which is not very green,” says the director. (“如果我们不回收动物副产品进行销售，它们可能会被丢弃并埋在地下，这可不是什么环保的做法，”主任说道。)”可知，PFMA认为宠物食品中使用肉类和鱼类可以防止浪费，以此为宠物食品行业辩护。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Now the industry faces another source of criticism as a new book starts a debate about the environmental impact of owning a well-fed pet. (现在，随着一本新书引发了一场关于饲养一只营养充足的宠物对环境影响的辩论，该行业面临着另一个批评来源。)”可知，文章开篇指出宠物食品行业面临新的批评 —— 新书引发关于宠物饲养环境影响的争论；随后介绍书中的生态足迹数据和环保建议；最后呈现PFMA的反驳观点。全文始终围绕宠物食品的环境影响这一核心话题展开。故选C项。
热点角度03 观点态度题
析典例·建模型
（2024·北京卷·D篇）
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do.
As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving
【解题建模】
第一步，定位观点：文章第二段引用了康德的观点，即宇宙由不可知的事物构成，我们的思想在构建认知中起必要作用。
第二步，寻找作者态度：在第三段，作者用“So, if we accept that...”开头，将康德的论点作为自己进一步论证的基础，并由此引出了更有建设性的新问题，没有对其进行批驳。
第三步，判断褒贬：作者并未对康德观点提出质疑或反对，而是欣然接受并利用其进行下一步推理，这表明作者的态度是肯定的、欣赏的。因此A项appreciative（欣赏的）最符合。B项“怀疑的”、C项“不关心的”、D项“不赞成的”均不符合。
研考点·通技法
观点态度题考查学生判断作者或文中人物对所论述话题的情感倾向和立场。
第一步 定位态度词 寻找文中表达观点、情感、立场的形容词、副词、动词，如suggest, argue, criticize, agree, doubt, believe, fortunately, unfortunately等。
第二步 分析论据 分析作者选用的例子、引用的观点是支持还是反驳其核心论点，从而推断其隐含立场。
第三步 区分对象 明确题目问的是作者的态度，还是文中其他人物的态度，避免张冠李戴。
破类题·提能力
（2026·陕西二模）
Last Sunday morning, I was sitting on the sofa in my parent’s living room. Before me on the tea table was a worn journal of thin and discolored pages. It was my grandfather’s journal and now belongs to my father. My grandfather had passed away in the months leading up to my birth. I never got to visit the places he had frequented and the people who had been a part of his life’s journey.
I was now about to enter his world, through the words he had left behind. Within minutes, I was captivated by the power of the written words. In the magical script before me, I was transported to another age when food was an everyday art, planned, prepared and enjoyed in the company of others, and a time when people had the heart to pause their own lives to embrace each other’s struggles. All this was conveyed to me in the beauty of the words that flowed together to connect with the writer’s mind and understand the world they lived in.
This kind of writing seems to be lost on us today. We have gotten used to writing in bite-sized pieces for a public looking for entertainment, and hungry for information. No wonder, there are nearly 200 million bloggers on the Internet and a new blog is created somewhere in the world every half a second. Instead of adding to our collective wisdom, most of these writings reflect the superficiality (肤浅) and impatience of our day and age.
This not only robs us of the skill of writing impressive essays, it also prevents us from exploring what is indeed important. Writing humbles us in a way that is vital for our character growth, by reminding us about the limits of the self and our appropriate place in the vast flow of life.
Writing frees us by helping us explore the unknown so that we really open up to the magic of the world around us. I saw all of this in the writing of my grandfather. And I’ve seen it again and again in the writings of the greatest thinkers of humanity. Their writing reflects deep thought on issues of human importance.
1．According to the author, what is a characteristic of the age described in his grandfather’s journal
A．Mutual support. B．Artistic food.
C．Popular diaries. D．Public entertainment.
2．What is the primary purpose of the third paragraph
A．To give internet statistics. B．To blame the public’s tastes.
C．To promote traditional media. D．To contrast past and present writing.
3．What message does the author convey in the last two paragraphs
A．Writing skills ensure success. B．Writing documents external reality.
C．Only great thinkers’ works are valuable. D．Writing shapes character and perspective.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards his grandfather’s writing
A．Critical and dismissive. B．Admiring and respectful.
C．Indifferent and neutral. D．Confused and uncertain.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过阅读祖父遗留的日记，追忆过去时代文字的力量，对比当今碎片化写作的浅薄，阐述了写作对塑造品格、拓展认知的重要意义。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“In the magical script before me, I was transported to another age when food was an everyday art, planned, prepared and enjoyed in the company of others, and a time when people had the heart to pause their own lives to embrace each other’s struggles.(在眼前这充满魔力的文字中，我被带到了另一个时代，那时食物是一门日常的艺术，人们会一同计划、准备并享用食物；那也是一个人们愿意停下自己的生活，去拥抱彼此困境的时代。)”可知，祖父日记中描述的时代，人们之间会相互扶持、彼此支持。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“This kind of writing seems to be lost on us today. We have gotten used to writing in bite-sized pieces for a public looking for entertainment, and hungry for information.(这种写作如今似乎已不被我们所理解了。我们已经习惯了为寻求娱乐、渴求信息的公众撰写碎片化的内容。)”以及“Instead of adding to our collective wisdom, most of these writings reflect the superficiality (肤浅) and impatience of our day and age.(这些作品中的大多数非但没有丰富我们的集体智慧，反而反映了我们这个时代的肤浅与急躁。)”可知，本段通过将过去富有深度与温度的文字和当下浅薄、急躁的碎片化写作进行鲜明对比，引出后文对写作意义的探讨。因此，该段的主要目的是对比过去与现在的写作风格。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Writing humbles us in a way that is vital for our character growth, by reminding us about the limits of the self and our appropriate place in the vast flow of life.(写作以一种对我们品格成长至关重要的方式让我们谦卑，提醒我们自我的局限以及我们在浩瀚生命洪流中应有的位置。)”以及倒数第一段“Writing frees us by helping us explore the unknown so that we really open up to the magic of the world around us.(写作通过帮助我们探索未知来解放我们，让我们真正敞开心扉，感受周围世界的魔力。)”可知，作者核心表达了写作对个人品格塑造与认知拓展的重要作用。故选D。
4．观点态度题。根据第二段“I was captivated by the power of the written words.(我被文字的力量深深吸引。)” 、“All this was conveyed to me in the beauty of the words that flowed together to connect with the writer’s mind and understand the world they lived in.(所有这一切都通过优美流畅的文字传递给我，让我与作者的思想相连，理解他们所生活的世界。)”以及最后一段“I saw all of this in the writing of my grandfather. And I’ve seen it again and again in the writings of the greatest thinkers of humanity. Their writing reflects deep thought on issues of human importance.(我在祖父的文字中看到了这一切。我也在人类最伟大思想家的著作中一次又一次地看到了这一点。他们的作品体现了对关乎人类核心重要性问题的深刻思考。)”可知，作者对祖父的文字充满欣赏与敬意。故选B。
（建议用时：45分钟）
刷模拟
A
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）Have you ever faced a task that felt almost impossible — a crucial examination, a public presentation, or a complex project This experience is nearly universal. Psychologist Carol Gilligan once offered a profound insight: “Where there is resistance, there is obstacle; where there is acceptance, the obstacle vanishes (消失).” At first glance, this may sound contradictory. How can merely accepting a difficulty make it fade away A closer look at the psychology of resistance and acceptance reveals a practical wisdom we can use.
Resistance, in psychological terms, is an emotional and cognitive (认知) push against reality. When we resist a challenge — for instance, fearing mathematics and avoiding practice — we increase its perceived threat. The mind enters a state of conflict, devoting energy to anxiety and avoidance rather than to problem-solving. Research shows that such resistance activates stress responses, which can weaken cognitive function and strengthen a cycle of worry.
Acceptance, in contrast, is an active, clear-eyed engagement with reality. It involves acknowledging the presence of the challenge without judgment, thus disarming the emotional ups and downs that accompanies resistance. By accepting that a task is difficult yet manageable, we redirect mental energy from worrying to planning and action. For example, accepting mathematics as a learnable skill allows one to approach it gradually, transforming a fear into a series of solvable problems. The obstacle begins to vanish because we cease to fuel it with negative emotion.
This principle extends beyond academics. An athlete who accepts pre-competition nerves can channel that energy into focus. A learner who accepts unavoidable mistakes quickens improvement. The shift from resistance to acceptance is essentially a shift from emotional reaction to cognitive regulation — a skill that can be developed through mindfulness and strategic planning.
So, keep Gilligan’s words in mind next time you face a challenge. By practicing acceptance — breathing through discomfort, making a plan, and proceeding with deliberate action — we not only make the obstacle seem smaller but also empower ourselves to overcome it. In the landscape of personal growth, acceptance may well be the most practical virtue of all.
1．How does resistance worsen our view of a challenge
A．It fills us with anxiety. B．It makes us ignore difficulty.
C．It shuts down stress responses. D．It discourages us from reflecting.
2．How does acceptance differ from resistance
A．It increases stress response. B．It maximizes emotional instability.
C．It shifts resources into useful activities. D．It first underestimates the challenge.
3．Why does the author mention “an athlete” in Paragraph 4
A．To prove competition is tough. B．To show tension can be useful.
C．To stress winning requires focus. D．To describe pressures athletes face.
4．What does the author view acceptance as
A．A way to avoid problems. B．A method useful in school.
C．A practical skill for growth. D．A passive response to difficulty.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文，文章从心理学角度解释了论述面对挑战时，抗拒和接纳带来的不同结果。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When we resist a challenge — for instance, fearing mathematics and avoiding practice — we increase its perceived threat. The mind enters a state of conflict, devoting energy to anxiety and avoidance rather than to problem-solving.(当我们抗拒一个挑战——比如害怕数学并逃避练习——我们会增加其被感知到的威胁程度。大脑会进入一种冲突状态，将精力投入到焦虑和逃避上，而非用于解决问题)”可知，抗拒挑战时，大脑陷入冲突，会把精力消耗在焦虑和逃避上，而非解决问题，还会放大挑战的威胁感，故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By accepting that a task is difficult yet manageable, we redirect mental energy from worrying to planning and action.(通过接受一项任务虽困难但可掌控的事实，我们将精神力量从担忧转移到规划和行动上)”可知，接纳会把精力资源转移到有用的活动中，故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“This principle extends beyond academics. An athlete who accepts pre-competition nerves can channel that energy into focus.(这一原则不仅适用于学术领域，还适用于其他方面。一位接受赛前紧张情绪的运动员能够将这种能量转化为专注力)”可知，本段开头提出“接纳的原则不仅适用于学术”，随后举运动员的例子：运动员接纳赛前紧张，就能把紧张的能量转化为专注力，说明紧张（负面情绪）在接纳后可以变得有用，故选B。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“By practicing acceptance — breathing through discomfort, making a plan, and proceeding with deliberate action — we not only make the obstacle seem smaller but also empower ourselves to overcome it. In the landscape of personal growth, acceptance may well be the most practical virtue of all.(通过练习接纳——在不适中深呼吸、制定计划并采取有条不紊的行动——我们不仅会让障碍看起来更小，还能增强自己克服它的能力。在个人成长的历程中，接纳或许是最具实际意义的品质)”可知，在个人成长中，接纳是非常实用的品质，它能帮助我们克服障碍，是可培养的能力，故选C。
B
（2026·重庆市·二模）A major policy challenge with AI is just how skillful it's become at role-playing as humans. Users now regularly turn to AI chatbots for life advice, mental health support, and even guidance on relationship issues. Safety advocates in the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recently announced that it's launching a formal inquiry into seven major companies,focusing on whether their AI chatbots have enough safety preparations to prevent risks like misinformation or improper emotional control. Yet there's another way to see AI as a policy issue: Could AI one day be worthy of legal rights
Some leading tech firms are taking this question seriously. Last year, AI company Anthropic hired its first “AI welfare” researcher, tasked with studying whether advanced AIsystems might deserve reasonable treatment, which includes preventing unnecessary “stress” from overwork so that they can function well, or reducing harmful data inputs for overall safety. Former Southern District of New York judge Katherine B．Forrest, who specializes in AI policy, notes that there may never be widespread agreement on exactly when AI qualifies for moral standing, but as public belief in AI's capacity grows, courts will eventually have to face this brand-new challenge.
Extending rights to AI also forces a fundamental rethink of what should count as the harm to AI. “If it has balanced emotions like humans, then suffering would certainly be counted,” said Forrest. Traditional law, for instance, focuses on compensating (补偿) humans for financial losses, physical injuries, or emotional pains. But if future AI has needs and desires entirely different from humans’, legal systems must adapt.
Some scholars, like law professor Peter Salib from the University of Houston, argue for giving rights to advanced AI —— + specifically artificial general intelligence. Salib has written in his work of scholarship that giving AI rights to contracts, property and tort (侵权行为) claims would allow it to participate in the economic system and could even benefit humans.
1．Why does the FTC launch the inquiry
A．To identify AI firms' challenges.
B．To check AI chatbots' functions.
C．To know AI firms' security measures.
D．To advocate for AI chatbots' rights.
2．What can be the reasonable treatment of AI systems
A．Upgrading human orders.
B．Avoiding heavy workload.
C．Allowing data collection.
D．Drafting privacy policies.
3．What encourages Peter Salib to advocate giving AI rights
A．AI's participation in research.
B．AI's potential in the economy.
C．AI's need for legal protection.
D．AI's difficulty of advancement.
4．What's the author's attitude to AI rights
A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Supportive.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了人工智能（AI）带来的政策挑战。一方面，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）对七家主要公司展开调查，关注其AI聊天机器人的安全防范措施；另一方面，文章讨论了AI是否应获得合法权利这一议题，一些科技公司和学者对此持有不同观点，作者客观地呈现了这些讨论。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Safety advocates in the US Federal Trade Commission(FTC) recently announced that it's launching a formal inquiry into seven major companies, focusing on whether their AI chatbots have enough safety preparations to prevent risks like misinformation or improper emotional control. (美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）的安全倡导者最近宣布，他们正在对七家主要公司展开正式调查，重点关注他们的AI聊天机器人是否有足够的安全防范措施，以防止诸如错误信息或不当情感控制等风险。)”可知，FTC发起调查是为了了解AI公司的安全措施，故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Last year, AI company Anthropic hired its first“AI welfare” researcher, tasked with studying whether advanced AIsystems might deserve reasonable treatment, which includes preventing unnecessary “stress” from overwork so that they can function well, or reducing harmful data inputs for overall safety. (去年，人工智能公司安特罗匹克（Anthropic）聘请了首位“人工智能福利”研究员，其职责是研究先进的人工智能系统是否值得被合理对待 —— 包括避免因过度工作而产生不必要的 “压力”以保证系统正常运行，或是为了整体安全而减少有害数据的输入。)”可知，避免繁重的工作量是对AI系统合理对待的一种方式，故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Salib has written in his work of scholarship that giving AI rights to contracts, property and tort(侵权行为)claims would allow it to participate in the economic system and could even benefit humans. (萨利布在他的学术著作中写道，赋予AI在合同、财产和侵权索赔方面的权利将使其能够参与经济系统，甚至可能使人类受益。)”可知，AI在经济方面的潜力促使彼得·萨利布倡导赋予AI权利，故选B项。
4．推理判断题。短文主要探讨了人工智能（AI）带来的政策挑战。一方面，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）对七家主要公司展开调查，关注其AI聊天机器人的安全防范措施；另一方面，文章讨论了AI是否应获得合法权利这一议题，一些科技公司和学者对此持有不同观点。所以作者对AI权利的态度是客观的。故选C项。
刷真题
A
（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.
1．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie
A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list.
2．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by character.
C．Each type of literature has its unique end.
D．A story which begins well will end well.
3．What is expected of a good ending
A．It satisfies readers’ taste. B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive. D．It is open for imagination.
4．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A．To give examples of great novelists. B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine. D．To recommend their new books.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。
【点睛】
B
（2023·全国乙卷·高考真题）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia
C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
【点睛】
C
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·高考真题）Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
1．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
2．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
3．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text.
4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
1．词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
【点睛】
D
（2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis
A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison.
2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by.
3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving
4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________.
A．compare the current models with the previous ones
B．continue exploring the classical models in history
C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation
D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。
【点睛】
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