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(共47张PPT)
UNIT 3　DIVERSE CULTURES
(单元主题语境：人与社会——文化的多样性)
Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures
省略结构
一、知识脉络
为了避免重复，将句子中的一个或几个成分省去，这种语法现象叫作省略。省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密衔接的一种语法手段。英语中的省略结构有下列几种情况。
简单句中
的省略 省略主语
省略谓语或谓语的一部分
省略宾语
省略主语和谓语，或主语和部分谓语
并列句中
的省略 若不影响句意，省略后一分句中与前一分句中相同的部分
复合句中
的省略 状语从句中的省略
定语从句中的省略
宾语从句中的省略
其他情况
的省略 动词不定式的省略
使用so、not等时的省略
新闻标题中的省略
介词的省略
二、不同句型中的省略
(一)简单句中的省略
[感知]
[组1]
1．(You) Shut up!
住嘴！
2．(You) Had a good time, didn't you
玩得很开心，不是吗？
3．(I) Beg your pardon.
请再说一遍。
4．(It) Doesn't matter.
没关系。
[组2]
—Do you know Miss Gao
—I don't know (her)．
——你认识高女士吗？
——我不认识。
[组3]
1．(You come) This way，please.
请这边走。
2．(Have you) Got any ink
你有墨水吗？
[探究]
组 用法
1 省略_____
2 省略______
3 省略_____和(部分)谓语
主语
宾语
主语
[归纳]
1．在祈使句中或其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，常常省略主语。
2．当前后两个句子的宾语一致时，后句常省略宾语。
3．省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等，可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。
[即练]
将下列句子改为省略句
1．You have a seat，please!
→_____________________
2．What a clever boy he is!
→________________
3．I am looking forward to your early reply.
→_________________________________
Have a seat，please!
What a clever boy!
Looking forward to your early reply.
(二)并列句中的省略
[感知]
1．Tom picked up a comic on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher.
汤姆在地板上捡起了一本连环画杂志并把它交给了他的老师。
2．Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
杰克肯定一直在踢足球，玛丽肯定一直在做家庭作业。
3．His claim made me happy，but (his claim made)Jim angry.
他说的话使我高兴，却使吉姆生气。
4．He has a knowledge of china but his friend doesn't (have a knowledge of china)．
他了解瓷器，但他的朋友不了解。
[探究]
句 用法
1 省略共同主语_____
2 省略相同的_____部分
3 省略相同的_____部分
4 省略相同的______以及其他部分
Tom
谓语
主谓
谓语
[归纳]
在由and或but连接的并列句中，常常省略一些重复的词或词组。
1．省略共同的主语或宾语。
2．若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相同，则省略后面的系动词、助动词或情态动词。
3．若主语和谓语动词都相同，则省略后面的主谓成分。
4．若主语不同，但主要动词及其后面的部分相同，则省略主要动词及其后面的部分。
[即练]
将下列句子改为省略句
1．He doesn't like playing football but he used to like playing football.
→He doesn't like playing football but he _________．
2．Only some of the students have done a first-aid course and most haven't done a first-aid course.
→Only some of the students have done a first-aid course and _____________．
used to
most haven't
(三)复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略
[感知]
[组1]
(1)Wood gives off much smoke while (it is) burning.
木头燃烧时产生很多烟。
(2)Will you be free this Sunday？If (it is) so，let's go camping.
这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野营吧。
[组2]
(1)While/When (they are) travelling，people may learn something about different cultures.
旅行的时候，人们会了解不同的文化。
(2)When (it is) heated，ice can be turned into water.
冰加热可以变成水。
[组3]
(1)They don't use more water than (it is) necessary.
他们使用的水没有超出所需量。
(2)He runs as fast as Bob (runs)．
他和鲍勃跑得一样快。
[组4]
Because he was ill，he didn't attend the meeting.
→Because of being ill，he didn't attend the meeting.(正)
→Being ill，he didn't attend the meeting.(正)
→Because ill，he didn't attend the meeting.(误)
由于生病了，他没有出席会议。
[探究]
组 用法
1 省略从句中的主语___和谓语动词___
2 使用_____形式构成省略
3 含有than、as的_____状语从句中的省略
4 注意状语从句中省略的特殊情况
it
be
分词
比较
[归纳]
(1)在when、while、if、as if、though、although、as、until、once、whether、unless、whenever等连接的状语从句中，当从句的主语跟主句的主语相同且从句谓语中含有be动词或从句的主语为it时，从句中的主语和be动词常被省略。
(2)省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系，则使用现在分词；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用动词不定式。
(3)在than、as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。
(4)并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词，如由before、after、because等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语、分词短语等。
2．定语从句中的省略
[感知]
(1)The man (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.
你昨天见到的那个人生病了。
(2)The way (that/in which) he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
[探究]
句 用法
(1) 省略在定语从句中作_____的关系代词
(2) way表示“方式；方法”，其后的定语从句省略_______
宾语
关系词
[归纳]
(1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom、which、that可省略(但whom、which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。
(2)way意为“方式；方法”时，其后的定语从句可以省略关系词that/in which。
3．宾语从句中的省略
[感知]
(1)They said (that) the meeting was very important and that we mustn't be late.
他们说这场会议非常重要，我们一定不能迟到。
(2)I know that he will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city)．
我知道他将要来我们城市，但不知道他什么时候来。
[探究]
句 用法
(1) 宾语从句中的连接词_______一般省略
(2) 连接______引导的宾语从句中的省略
that
副词
[归纳]
(1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
(2)when、where、how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。
[即练]
将下列句子改为省略句/完成句子
1．Though he was tired，he managed to climb the hill.
→______________，he managed to climb the hill.
2．This meeting is more successful than it was expected.
→This meeting is more successful ______________．
Though tired
than expected
3．As a team member，he will rush for the class honour when he is needed without hesitation.
→As a team member，he will rush for the class honour _______________
without hesitation.
4．演讲时，必要的话，你可以参考你的笔记。
When delivering a speech，___________，you can refer to your notes.
when needed
if necessary
(四)其他情况的省略
1．动词不定式的省略
[感知]
(1)You can't force him to read the poetry if he's not ready to (read the poetry)．
如果他没有准备好阅读这首诗，你就不能强迫他。
(2)We often hear her sing English songs in the classroom.
→She is often heard to sing English songs in the classroom.(被动语态)
我们经常听见她在教室里唱英文歌。
(3)Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes.
她的工作是照顾那些老人并帮他们洗衣服。
(4)You can go with us if you want to (go with us)．
如果你想去，你可以和我们一起去。
(5)All the manager could do was nothing but wait and see.
经理所能做的只有观望。
(6)They didn't visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents)．
他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。
(7)—Are you a physician
—No，but I used to (be a physician)．
——你是一名内科医生吗？
——不是，但我过去是。
[探究]
句 用法
(1) 特定______后的省略
(2) 使役动词、感官动词后的__________的不定式符号to的省略
(3) _____关系中的不定式符号to的省略
(4) 作宾语的____________的省略
(5) 表示“除了……”意义的介词，其后______的用法
(6)、(7) _____谓语中的不定式省略
形容词
宾语补足语
并列
动词不定式
不定式
复合
[归纳]
(1)当动词不定式在形容词afraid、anxious、eager、glad、happy、ready、willing等后面作状语时，to后的内容常常省略。
(2)某些使役动词如make、let、have等和感官动词如see、watch、notice、observe、hear等，后面作宾语补足语的不定式应省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。
(3)并列的不定式通常可以省略后面的不定式符号to。
(4)当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，to后的内容常常可以省略。常见的这类动词(短语)有agree、afford、expect、forget、hope、know、manage、pretend、remember、refuse、want、wish、would like等。
(5)介词but(除了)、except (除了)前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。
(6)当不定式在be going to、be able to、have to、ought to、used to后作复合谓语时，可只保留不定式符号to。
2．使用so、not等时的省略
[感知]
(1)—Can Emily do this work
—I think so./I think not(或I don't think so)．
——埃米莉能做这项工作吗？
——我想她行。/我想她不行。
(2)—Did you know anything about it
—Not until you told me.
——这件事你以前知道吗？
——你告诉了我，我才知道。
(3)—They are not doing a good job at all，are they
—I guess not.
——他们干得一点儿也不好，是吗？
——我想是的。
[归纳]
用so或not来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句意；hope、guess、be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用“not ...so”的形式。
3．新闻标题中的省略
[感知]
Boy 14，Rescued from Cliff Face＝A Boy of 14 Has Been Rescued from the Cliff Face
14岁男孩从崖面被救下
[归纳]
新闻标题要求简练醒目，读者需要根据上下文语境推敲其省略部分。
4．介词的省略
[感知]
(1)I spend my evenings (in) reading English.
我把晚上的时间花费在读英语上。
(2)He is busy (in) cleaning and mending the machine.
他忙于清洗和修理这台机器。
(3)There is no use (in) explaining it to her any more.
再向她解释这件事也没有用。
[归纳]
一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，只保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有：
①have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
②be busy (in) doing sth.
③spend some time (in) doing sth.
④stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.
[即练]
单句填空/完成句子
1．The child wanted to play in the street，but her mother told her not ___．
2．He was made ________(wait) for over an hour.
3．I can't imagine what great difficulty he had _________ (climb) the mountain.
to
to wait
climbing
4．——他来了吗？
——我想是的。
—Is he coming
—I believe ___．
5．有人看见他捡起了那本书。
He __________________ the book.
so
was seen to pick up
用省略结构完成下列对话
1．A：Do you like the film
B：___________ (非常喜欢)．
2．A：Would you like to go hiking with us this weekend
B：_________________ (我想去)，but I have promised to visit my grandpa.
3．A：Now that we can't find the way，we can turn to a stranger.
B: ______________________ (听起来像是个好主意)．
Very much
I'd like to/I'd love to
Sounds like a good idea
4．A：Shall I make some changes to the plan
B：Yes._______________ (如果时间允许的话)．
5．A：Mary may not be free today.
B: _____(如果这样的话)，we have to put off the meeting.
6．A：Why don't they move to a bigger place
B：_________________ (他们不想)．They're happy where they are.
If time permits
If so
They don't want to
7．A: ________________(看到我的手套了吗)
B：They're in the kitchen.
8．A：Have more coffee
B：_____________ (我最好不要)．I won't be able to sleep later.
Seen my gloves
I'd better not

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