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新高考英语三大构词法知识
考点训练
一、三大构词法概述：
二、三大构词法考点荟萃
（一）派生词（Derivation）:派生词大多数是在词根的基础之上加缀构成的。
1. 前缀（Prefixes）: 前缀通常是加在词根的前面。这种情况一般不改变词类，只是引起词义的变化。
（1）构成相反意义的常见前缀：
前缀 含义 典例 前缀 含义 典例
un- 不 untrue， unhappy, undress ir- 不 irresponsible, irregular
dis- 不 disagree, dislike, disconnect il- 不 illegal, illogical
in- 不 inconvenience, informal non- 不 non-existent, non-conductor
im- 不 impolite, impossible
（2）构成新意的常见前缀：
前缀 含义 典例 前缀 含义 典例
re- 重新 rewrite, retell tri- 三 tricycle, triangle
mis- 错误地 misunderstand, misspell auto- 自 automation autobiography
trans- 移、跨 translate, transplant inter- 相互 international, interact
super- 超级 superman, supermarket post- 在之后 post-war, post-graduate
fore- 事先；前面的 forehead, foresee semi- 半 semi-circle, semi-final
2. 后缀（suffixes）:指在词根的后面加缀。
（1）构成名词的后缀：
后缀 典例 后缀 典例
-er thinker, worker, teacher -ess actress, waitress, hostess
-or sailor, actor, conductor -ian musician, physician
-ist scientist, dentist -ese Chinese, Japanese
-ee referee, employee, trainee -ence dependence, confidence
-ness happiness, illness, greatness -ism socialism, optimism
-tion repetition, dictation -ment movement, judgement
-age marriage, shortage -ion discussion, decision
-ure pleasure, picture, failure -ing feeling, wedding, painting
-th truth, warmth, health -ship leadership, friendship
-ty difficulty, safety -hood motherhood, childhood
-ity activity, possibility -ance acceptance, assistance
（2）构成形容词的后缀
后缀 典例 后缀 典例
-ful careful, cheerful, grateful -ish reddish, selfish, childish
-less homeless, fearless, careless -ive collective, decisive, active
-ous famous, continuous -ible responsible, sensible
-able acceptable, agreeable -ic realistic, poetic, historic
-ant significant, ignorant -ent different, dependent
-ly friendly, lively, daily -ary secondary, revolutionary
-y windy, handy, thirsty -some troublesome, lonesome
-like womanlike, childlike -an European, Indian
（3）构成动词的后缀：
后缀 典例 后缀 典例
-ize realize, modernize --ify beautify, simplify
-en strengthen, widen, lengthen
（4）构成副词的后缀：
后缀 典例 后缀 典例
-ly really, simply, terribly -wise likewise, otherwise
-ward onward, backward
（5）构成数词的后缀：
后缀 典例 后缀 典例
-teen thirteen, nineteen -th ninth, twelfth
-ty twenty, fifty, ninety
（二）转化（Conversion）: 通常是指词性的转化。
1. 动词转化为名词：动词转化为名词后词形和意思均没有明显不同。
动词 汉语 名词 汉语
swim 游泳 swim 游泳
wear 穿（衣服） wear 穿的衣服
quarrel 争吵 quarrel 争吵
dream 做梦 dream 梦想
2. 名词转化为动词：名词转化为动词后，形式没有变化，但是意思会有较大的差异。
名词 汉语 动词 汉语
book 书籍 book 订购
chair 椅子 chair 主持
map 地图 map 制定
picture 图画 picture 描绘
hand 手 hand 上交
fool 骗子 fool 欺骗
nurse 护士 nurse 护理
bridge 桥梁 bridge 度过
hunger 饥饿 hunger 渴望
storm 暴风 storm 冲进
3. 形容词转化为动词：
形容词 汉语 动词 汉语
slow 缓慢的 slow 减速、慢下来
warm 温暖的 warm 使暖和
narrow 狭窄的 narrow 缩短差距
quiet 安静的 quiet 安静下来
free 自由的 free 解放出来
wrong 错误的 wrong 使受到委屈
further 更远的 further 促进
4. 有些双音节词重音和发音的变化引起词性和词义的变化：
单词 动词读音 汉语 名词读音 汉语
conduct /k n’d kt/ 指挥；导电 /’k nd kt/ 行为
contest /k n’test/ 竞争 /’k ntest/ 比赛
digest /dai’ d est/ 消化 /’daid est/ 文摘
export /eks’p :t/ 输出 /’eksp :t/ 出口
import /im’p :t/ 输入 /’imp :t/ 进口
permit /p ’m t 准许 /p m t/ 许可证
present /pr ’zent/ 赠送；上演 /’present/ 礼物
progress /pr ’gres/ 前进；进展 /’pr gres/ 进步
record /r ’k :d/ 记录；录音 /’rec :d/ 记录；唱片
transport /tr s’p :t/ 运输；运送 /’tr sp :t/ 运输
5. 有些词汇通过改变词尾的清浊音改变词性，有的词形随之变化。
单词 名词读音 汉语 动词读音 汉语
advice / d’va s/ 建议 advise / dva z/ 建议
excuse / ks’kju:s/ 宽恕 / ks’kju:z/ 借口；说辞
house /ha s/ 房子 /ha z/ 居住
use /ju:s/ 用处 /ju:z/ 使用
（三）合成（Compounding）：指有两个或更多的单词合并到一起构成一个新词。
1. 合成名词：
构成 合成词 汉语 构成 合成词 汉语
n. + n. silkworm 蚕 n. + gerund handwriting 书法
adj. + n. shorthand 速记 v. + adv. get-together 聚会
gerund + n. waitingroom 候车室 adv. + v. outbreak 爆发
v.+ n. pickpocket 扒手
2. 合成动词：
构成 合成词 汉语 构成 合成词 汉语
n. + v. sleepwalk 梦游 adj. + v. blacklist 列入黑名单
adv. + v. overthrow 推翻
3. 合成形容词：
构成 合成词
adj. + n full-time(全职的);part-time(兼职的) first-class(一流的)
adj. + v+-ing good-looking(好看的)；
adj. + n. + -ed good-tempered(脾气好的)； middle-aged(中年的)；cold-blooded(冷血的)
n. + -ed man-made(人造的); water-covered(水覆盖的)
adv. + adj. ever-green(常绿的)
adv. + v. + -ing hard-working(勤劳的)
adv. + v+ -ed well-prepared(准备充分的)； well-known(著名的)
num. + n. + adj. five-year-old
num. + n. +-ed four-legged(四条腿的)； three-storied(三层的)
4. 合成副词。
单词 汉语 单词 汉语
maybe 或许 whole-heartedly 全心全意地
forever 永远 moreover 而且
however 然而 nevertheless 不过；然而
5. 合成代词
单词 汉语 单词 汉语
something 某物 whatever 无论什么
everybody 每一个人 everyone 每一个人
whoever 无论是谁 myself 我自己
语法填空之构词法专项训练
一、构词法考点训练：
1. The soldier died for saving the child, so his_____（die） is heavier than Mount Tai.
2. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _____(long).
3. How_____ (fool) he is!
4.The black people were against slavery and fought for their _____(free) bravely.
5. What you said sounded_____(reason) but in fact it was untrue.
6.One thing you should do is to _____(large) your vocabulary.
7._____ (honest)speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
8. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest)
9. As he tried to read a map, he drove off the road into a river ______.
(luck)
10. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate)
11.The weather was good except for an _______ (occasion) shower.
12. The big earthquake made thousands of people ______(home).
13. I'm very careful not to give out my ______ (person) information.
14. Edison was a great _____. During his life he had many _____.
(invent)
15. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)
16. Diet and exercise are _______(equal) important.
17. It snowed _____ last night and now the streets are covered with
snow. (heavy)
18. The police successfully arrested Richard Matt , who was one of the country’s most wanted ______（crime）.
19. My ______(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook within easy reach.
20. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）
21. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______.
(noise)
序号 1 2 3 4 5
答案 death length foolish freedom reasonable
序号 6 7 8 9 10
答案 enlarge Honestly honesty unluckily operation
序号 11 12 13 14 15
答案 occasional homeless personal inventor; inventions satisfying
序号 16 17 18 19 20
答案 equally heavily criminals suggestion foreigners
序号 21
答案 noisily

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