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Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Descriptions of three famous painters.
B．Descriptions of three paintings.
C．Definitions of masterpieces.
D．Three methods of creating paintings.
答案　B
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Figure out the common structure of the three descriptions.
Para.1：The general 1.description of the painting.
Para.2：The 2.inspiration of the painting.
Para.3：3.Comments on the painting.
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
Ⅰ.Read the passage carefully and then fill in the blanks.
The Starry Night The Scream The Empire of Light
Painter 1.Vincent van Gogh 6.Edvard Munch 12.René Magritte
Description The night sky with 2.clouds，stars and a moon. A thin 7.figure with an expression of 8.fear. A beautiful 13.house lit by lights from inside，surrounded by 14.the darkness of night，with a daytime sky full of brightness and soft white clouds.
Inspiration What he saw 3.from his window. His experience of 9.walking with friends. His 15.thoughts and ideas.
Comments ·He thought it was 4.a failure. ·The fact remains that The Starry Night is now one of the world’s 5.most famous paintings. Many experts say the painting is connected to Munch’s 10.mental health problems，which caused him much 11.pain. ·He thought that the change between day and night in the paintings was 16.surprising. ·Some feel that the paintings look 17.dark and troubling. ·Others find them 18.calming.
Ⅱ.Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1．What can we infer from the passage
A．Munch’s physical health problems caused him a lot of pain.
B．The Starry Night is a successful work of Van Gogh.
C．Magritte loved nature and got inspiration from it.
D．Some experts think that Van Gogh’s mental illness may have affected his sense of light.
答案　B
2．Which word can describe the three paintings best
A．Active. B．Calm.
C．Relaxing. D．Mysterious.
答案　D
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
Let’s appreciate three famous masterpieces—The Starry Night，The Scream and The Empire of Light.
The Starry Night 1.was painted(paint) by Vincent van Gogh while he stayed at a home for the mentally ill.Some experts thought that his mental 2.illness(ill) affected his sense of sight.The drug that he took can make people see yellow spots.3.Unfortunately(fortunately)，Van Gogh only sold one painting in his lifetime.Though he thought The Starry Night was a failure，it is now one of the world’s most famous 4.paintings(painting)．
Edvard Munch painted The Scream，5.which shows a thin figure with an expression of fear—the figure’s mouth is wide open and letting out a 6.powerful(power) scream.In his diary，Munch talked about what inspired him 7.to paint(paint) the picture.
René Magritte painted a series of paintings,8.including(include) The Empire of Light.It shows a beautiful house lit by lights from inside，surrounded by the darkness of night.9.What is strange is that above the house and the tree，we see a daytime sky full of brightness and soft white clouds.The viewers have different reactions to The Empire of Light.As for Magritte himself，he thought that the change between day 10.and night in the paintings was surprising.
1．The Starry Night was painted in June 1889 when Vincent van Gogh was staying at a home for the mentally(mental) ill.(P8，The Starry Night，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是主从复合句。when引导定语从句，修饰June 1889。
汉语翻译：《星空》是文森特·凡·高于1889年6月在一家精神病院里创作的。
2．Van Gogh painted what he saw from his window—the night sky with clouds，stars and a moon.(P8，The Starry Night，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是主从复合句。what引导宾语从句，且在从句中作saw的宾语；破折号后面具体解释what he saw from his window的内容。
汉语翻译：凡·高画了他看到的窗外景象——有云、星星和月亮的夜空。
3．However，the fact remains that The Starry Night is now one of the world’s most famous paintings(painting)．(P8，The Starry Night，Para.3)
结构分析：本句是主从复合句。句中remain为系动词，that引导表语从句，在从句中不作任何成分。
汉语翻译：而事实是，《星空》现在是世界上最著名的画作之一。
4．What makes it striking(strike) is that it shows a thin figure with an expression of fear—the figure’s mouth is wide open and letting out a powerful scream.(P9，The Scream，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是主从复合句。what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在从句中不作成分；with an expression of fear作后置定语，修饰figure；破折号后面的句子具体解释a thin figure with an expression of fear。
汉语翻译：这幅画富有冲击力，画中有一个表情恐惧的瘦弱身影——嘴巴大张，正发出强烈的尖叫声。
5．Many experts say that The Scream is connected to Munch’s mental health problems，which caused him a lot of pain.(P9，The Scream，Para.3)
结构分析：本句是主从复合句。that引导宾语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰mental health problems。
汉语翻译：许多专家说，《呐喊》与给蒙克带来巨大痛苦的心理健康问题有关。
6．It shows a beautiful house lit by lights from inside，surrounded by the darkness(dark) of night.(P9，The Empire of Light，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是简单句。句中过去分词短语lit...和surrounded...均作house的后置定语。
汉语翻译：画中有一座美丽的房子，房子里充满了灯光，外面被夜晚的黑暗包围。
7．What is strange is that above the house and the tree，we see a daytime sky full of brightness and soft white clouds.(P9，The Empire of Light，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是主从复合句。what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在从句中不作成分。
汉语翻译：奇怪的是，在房子和树木之上，我们看到明亮的天空和柔软的白云。
figure n．数字；身材；雕像；人物；人影 vt.计算；认为
·keep one’s figure保持体形
·figure out弄懂；计算出；想出；理解
(1)By visiting the Palace Museum，you will figure out our striking Chinese culture better and you’ll be amazed by its artistic design.
[写作佳句]
(2)(读后续写之动作描写)那个可怕的身影消失在森林后，汤姆一路跑回家。
The terrible figure disappeared into the forest，after which Tom ran all the way home.
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)只有通过均衡饮食、定期锻炼，你才能既保持体形又保持健康。
Only by means of balanced diets and regular exercise can you keep your figure as well as stay healthy.
spot n．(圆)点；斑点；污渍；地点 vt.看见；注意到；发现；认出；使有污迹，弄脏
·on the spot当场
·spot sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事
be spotted with散布；点缀；满是……斑点
(1)When he turned around，he spotted a figure standing(stand) behind the tree.
(2)(2023·全国乙)I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
[写作佳句]
(3)我们躺在草地上，凝视着繁星点点的夜空。
We lay on the grass，staring at the night sky which was spotted with twinkling stars.
failure n．失败；失败的人(或事物)[fail vi.失败；未能(做到)]
·end in failure以失败告终
·fail to do sth 没能做成某事
(1)If you keep on doing it like this，you will end in failure.
(2)As a matter of fact，the middle-aged man is a complete failure.
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)It is natural that we fail to achieve(achieve) something in our daily life.What is important is that we can learn something from these failures(fail)，for failure(fail) is the mother of success.
let out 放出；发出(叫喊等)；泄露；加宽，放大(衣服等)；出租
let alone更不用说；更谈不上
let...alone不打扰；不碰
let sb down使某人失望
let go (of)放开；放手
用let短语完成下面的语段
He (1)let out a long sigh，mainly because her words really (2)let him down.She was so cold-hearted! The injured little pet dog couldn’t even stand up yet，(3)let alone walk! He was so kind that it was impossible for him to (4)let go of it.
reaction n．反应，回应(react vi.做出反应，回应)
·in reaction to以应对……
·react to对……做出反应
react against反抗/反对……
react with和……发生(化学)反应
(1)This produced a chain reaction(react)，which made it possible for life to develop.
(2)In this band，he always reacted against the performer，which made me upset.
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之主旨升华)在你身上发生了什么并不重要，重要的是你如何应对。
It’s not what happens to you，but how you react to it that matters.
be doing...when...
I was walking down the road with two friends when the sun set...(P9，The Scream，Para.2)太阳落山时，我和两个朋友一起走在路上……
结构分析：句中含有be doing...when...结构，表示“正在做……这时……”，其中when为并列连词，意为“此时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time。
————————————————————————————————————————
when用作并列连词，意为“这时”的句型还有：
be about to do...when...正要做……这时……
had just done...when...刚做了……这时……
be on the point of doing...when...正要做……这时……
————————————————————————————————————————
[写作佳句]
(1)(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)我正要走下舞台，突然一个观众发出尖叫，把我吓得魂不附体。
I was on the point of stepping off the stage when/was about to step off the stage when a viewer let out a scream，scaring my soul out of my body.
(2)(读后续写之动作描写)我正在痛哭不止，这时爸爸把我揽入怀中，轻轻地拍着我的后背。
I was crying my eyes out when my father gathered me into his arms and patted me on the back gently.
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构
Others，however，find them calming.(P9，The Empire of Light，Para.3)
而有些人则觉得这些画让人感到平静。
结构分析：此句是简单句。句中含有“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
————————————————————————————————————————
find后可接复合宾语，能作宾补的可以是名词、形容词、分词、介词短语等。
注意：如果宾语是不定式或从句时，常用it充当形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到后面。
————————————————————————————————————————
(1)When she looked up，she found the dark blue sky starry(star)．
(2)When he hurried home，he found that talented scientist sitting(sit) in his yard.
(3)When he arrived，he found all the work already finished(finish)．
[写作佳句]
(4)(应用文写作之求助信)进入高中，我发现数学很难学。
Entering the senior high school，I found it difficult to learn Maths.
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分是何种名词性从句
Xu Beihong was important in modern Chinese art in ①that he developed the tradition of combining poetry with painting.The reason why he held several exhibitions in Asia and Europe was ②that he wanted to promote Chinese art.In the painting named Racing Horse，③what we can see is a horse running at high speed like a missile across the sky.On the left and right sides of the painting，Xu cleverly drew in black ink to show the moving hair on the horse’s mane and tail.He also used different shades of grey in a creative way to show the sweat along the horse’s body.The reason why it is a favourite of many art lovers was ④that it was painted so skilfully with dark and light colours.
①：宾语从句；②：表语从句；③：主语从句；④：表语从句。
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子被称为名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，本单元重点讲解前三种从句。
名词性从句常用的引导词：
①从属连词that，whether，if等在从句中起连接作用，不作任何成分；
②连接代词who(ever)，what(ever)，which(ever)，whom(ever)等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等名词性成分；
③连接副词how(ever)，where(ever)，when(ever)，why等在从句中作状语。
名词性从句的语序：名词性从句一律用陈述语序。
一、主语从句
主语从句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it，而把真正的主语从句放在后面。
Whether the drama will be put on is not certain now.
这部戏剧是否会上演现在不能确定。
How the book will be sold depends on its author.
这本书如何销售取决于其作者。
Which pattern they will choose makes no difference.
他们选择哪种图案都无所谓。
That she will do well in her exam is certain.
＝It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
她在考试中会取得好成绩，这是确定无疑的。
注意：主语从句中以it作形式主语的四种常用句型：
1．It＋不及物动词或动词短语的适当形式＋从句
It happens that...碰巧……
It has turned out that...结果是……
It happened that the harvest was bad that year.恰好那年收成不好。
2．It＋be＋及物动词的过去分词＋从句
It is said that...据说……
It is reported that...据报道……
It is believed that...人们认为……
It is hoped that...大家希望……
It is said that the middle-aged man has suffered a lot of failures.
据说，这个中年男人遭受过很多次失败。
3．It＋be＋形容词＋从句
It is necessary that...……有必要。
It is clear that...……很清楚。
It is (un)likely that...……很/不太可能。
It is important that...……很重要。
It is necessary that we should be equipped with some professional skills.
我们用专业技能武装自己是必要的。
4．It＋be＋名词＋that从句
适用于该句型的名词(词组)有a pity，an honor，a good thing，a fact，a surprise，one’s duty等。
It is a pity that you missed such a funny comedy last week.
很遗憾上周你错过了那么好笑的一部喜剧片。
二、宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句被称为宾语从句。宾语从句既可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。若宾语部分结构较长，可使用形式宾语it，而把真正的宾语从句置于后面。
Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter.
每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。
Is there anything wrong with what I said
我所说的有错误之处吗？
These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.
这两个地区的相似之处在于夏天降水都很多。
I find it strange that she doesn’t want to go.
她居然不想去，我觉得奇怪。
注意：宾语从句一般用陈述语气，但是，当主句的谓语动词为advise，insist(坚决主张)，suggest(建议)，require，request，order等表示请求、命令、要求、主张的动词时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气，即用“should＋动词原形”(should可以省略)。
She insisted that we (should) go to the exhibition with her.
她坚决要求我们和她一起去看展览。
三、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连系动词之后，一般结构为“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。
可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem，sound等。
The question is whether he could compose such nice music within two days.
问题是他是否能在两天之内创作出那么好的音乐。
You look as if you slept badly.
你看上去仿佛没睡好觉。
注意：
1．表语从句实际上是对主语进行补充说明，从句表达的是主语的内容。
The fact is that he often feels tense while he is on the stage.
事实是他在台上时经常感到紧张。
2．主句的主语是名词advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等时，表语从句应用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
My suggestion is that we (should) consider all the aspects before making a decision.
我的建议是我们在做决定前应考虑到所有方面。
3．because，why引导的表语从句。
He failed.That is because he didn’t work hard.
他失败了。那是因为他没有努力。
He didn’t work hard.That is why he failed.
他没有努力。那是他失败的原因。
4．主句主语为reason时，表语从句的引导词要用that，一般不用why或because。
The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was drunk.
发生如此严重的一起事故的原因是司机喝醉了。
四、名词性从句要注意的难点
1．用whether而不用if的情况
(1)引导主语从句和表语从句时；(2)引导介词后的宾语从句时；(3)引导词与or not连用时；(4)引导词后接to do时；(5)有些动词如leave，put，discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.
我们讨论了是否应该举行会议。
It depends on whether we have enough time.
这取决于我们是否有足够的时间。
I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
我不知道这份报告是不是真的。
2．that与what引导名词性从句的区别
that在从句中不充当句子成分，也没有含义；what可以在从句中作主语、表语、宾语，意思是“……的事情，什么样的”。
That he failed in the test again really puzzled us.
他又一次没通过考试，这真让我们感到迷惑不解。(that在主语从句中不作成分，不可以省略)
These photographs will show you what our village looks like.
这些照片将向你展示我们村的面貌。(what在宾语从句中作介词like的宾语)
3．wh-与wh-ever引导名词性从句的区别
连接词what，which，who分别表示“……的东西或事情”“哪一个”“谁”，表示疑问含义；而whatever，whichever，whoever分别相当于anything that，any...that，anyone who，意为“无论……”，强调一切情况。试比较：
What you choose to wear should be clean.
你选择穿的衣服应该是干净的。
Whatever you choose to wear should be clean.
无论你选择穿什么衣服，都应该是干净的。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I’d like to have a talk with whoever is in charge of the company.
2．In fact，it depended on whether they would agree to our plan or not.
3．It is necessary that each citizen should do something to save energy.
4．It happened that the young man was covering the accident at that time.
5．Richard swims three times a week after work.This is how he keeps his figure.
6．She made it clear that she wouldn’t leave her company until she was 60.
7．That he had given up his job really made all of us very surprised that day.
8．His suggestion is that we shouldn’t respond to the emails from some strangers.
9．The doctor insisted that the injured boy (should) be operated(operate) on at once.
10．What made the school proud was that over 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．让她生气的是，她的儿子又一次考试不及格。
What made her angry was that her son failed the exam again.
2．据说这位教授已经成功地完成了这个实验。
It is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out this experiment.
3．你想象不到他们在收到这份精美的礼物时有多么激动。
You can’t imagine how excited they were when they received the nice present.
4．他已明确表示他与这件事无关。
He has made it clear that he has nothing to do with the matter.
5．我迟到的原因是我在半路上遇到了交通堵塞。
The reason why I was late was that I had been/got caught in a traffic jam on the half way.
6．问题是我们怎样才能弄到那么多钱来进行我们的项目。
The problem is how we can get so much money to carry on our project.
7．她不明白的是为什么对她的课感兴趣的学生越来越少了。
What she couldn’t understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
8．他们怎样处理了那些用过的材料，现在仍旧是个秘密。
How they have dealt with the used materials remains a secret now.
Ⅲ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用名词性从句。
据报道，今天早上罗马街街角出事故了。当时没有人看到究竟发生了什么事。谁将对这次事故负责仍在调查中。警察现在应该做的是尽快查明什么导致了这次事故。原因可能是司机太累了而没能及时停车。那位司机不承认他在拐弯处超速了。警察怀疑他所说的是否属实，决定进行进一步调查。
1．It was reported that there was an accident at a corner of the Roman Street this morning.No one saw 2.what on earth happened then.3.Who will be responsible for the accident is still under investigation.4.What the police should do now is to find out 5.what led to the accident as soon as possible.Perhaps the reason was 6.that the driver was too tired to stop the car in time.The driver didn’t admit 7.that he was overspeeding at the turning.The police doubted 8.whether what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation.
训练2　Lesson 1
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．Neighbours spotted smoke coming(come) out of the house.
2．Lily was affected with flu when she was in touch with the patient.
3．Being hot and dry in summer is a striking(strike) feature of the country.
4．Not having passed the exam，the student considered himself a failure(fail)．
5．Though it is just a small mistake，it may cause a series of chain reactions(react)．
6．The performer was dancing on the stage when a female viewer suddenly screamed.
7．After seeing the scary scene，some viewers let out a loud cry.
8．As is known to all，staying up late frequently affects our health both mentally(mental) and physically.
9．Standing on the massive(mass) grassland and enjoying the beautiful scene，I feel relaxed and comfortable.
10．Instead of getting angry about this，we should try to figure out how to make the atmosphere less embarrassing.
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——介绍书法比赛)(满分15分)
1．为了推广中国古典文化，下周五我们学校将在操场举办书法比赛。(classical)
In order to promote classical Chinese culture，a calligraphy competition will be held in our school playground next Friday.
2．要求每名参赛者必须在规定的时间内当场完成书写任务。(主语从句)
It is required that each competitor should complete the handwriting task within the given time on the spot.
3．评审将选出引人注目的书法作品在学校图书馆展出。(striking，exhibition)
The judges will select the most striking calligraphy works for exhibition in the school library.
4．届时，我们校长会将奖品颁发给在比赛中表现优异的参赛者。(定语从句)
Our principal will then present the prize to the outstanding participants who perform well in the competition.
5．我希望当学生们看到图书馆里展出的优秀作品时，他们会发现好的书写很重要。(find的复合结构)
I hope students can find good handwriting important when they see the excellent works displayed in the library.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
参考范文
Beautiful handwriting is of great benefit，especially for senior students.In order to promote classical Chinese culture，a calligraphy competition will be held in our school playground next Friday.
It is required that each competitor should complete the handwriting task within the given time on the spot.And then，the judges will select the most striking calligraphy works for exhibition in the school library.In the end，the principal will present the prize to the outstanding participants who perform well in the competition.
I hope students can find good handwriting important when they see the excellent works displayed in the library.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
At the age of 70，the famous painter Marc Chagall discovered that by designing stained-glass windows，he could breathe bright color and light into his artwork.
Born in 1887 in a Russian town，Chagall started painting when he was 19.He was tired of the dull colors of traditional Russian art.Thus in 1911，he moved to Paris.There，actors，writers，musicians and artists from around the world were creating new art forms.In France，Chagall learned new ways of painting，but stayed true to his childhood memories.While others chose modern subjects，he painted scenes of fantasy and fairy tales in an older，farmer-like way of life.
One day，during a walk through the French countryside，he discovered a picturesque house.He imagined replacing its walls with stained-glass(彩色玻璃) windows.Then，in another 700-year-old house，he saw a stained-glass window containing a green donkey.It occurred to him that he could create his own.
He began to co-work with master glassworker Charles Marq.Many stained-glass windows were made of flat colors，but Chagall used various techniques to create the effects he wanted.He painted images on glass，and then had it fired to high temperatures，making the lines and colors part of the glass.Marq admired Chagall’s determination.He also said Chagall worked with the carefulness of those rope walkers he admires，without which they couldn’t fly in their weightlessness up there.
In 1964，Chagall designed a stained-glass window for the United Nations building in New York.The UN works for international peace.Using a blue background as the symbol of peace and life，Chagall designed the window with angels floating in the sky，and mothers holding their children.
Chagall lived through two world wars and the loss of loved ones.He often refused payment for his stained-glass windows.He created them as gifts for the world，gifts that catch the sun.Today，people are still amazed about how his stained-glass creations shine and change with the sun.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是著名画家马克·夏加尔在70岁时通过设计彩色玻璃窗来为自己的作品注入明亮的色彩和光线。
1．Why did Chagall move to France
A．To get new inspiration.
B．To learn how to paint.
C．To look for true freedom.
D．To try to escape the war.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的“He was tired of the dull colors of traditional Russian art.Thus in 1911，he moved to Paris.There，actors，writers，musicians and artists from around the world were creating new art forms.In France，Chagall learned new ways of painting，but stayed true to his childhood memories.”可知，夏加尔搬到法国是为了获得新的灵感。故选A。
2．What drove Chagall to create his own stained-glass windows
A．His dislike of flat colors.
B．His childhood memories.
C．His chance meeting during a walk.
D．His efforts together with Marq.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段的“One day，during a walk through the French countryside...Then，in another 700-year-old house，he saw a stained-glass window containing a green donkey.It occurred to him that he could create his own.”可知，夏加尔在散步时偶然看到了一扇彩色玻璃窗，这促使他开始创作自己的彩色玻璃窗，故选C。
3．What did Charles Marq think of Chagall
A．Tough and unbeatable.
B．Careful and determined.
C．Selfless and confident.
D．Generous and easy-going.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段的“Marq admired Chagall’s determination.He also said Chagall worked with the carefulness of those rope walkers he admires...”可知，查尔斯·马克觉得夏加尔是谨慎而坚定的。故选B。
4．What can we know from the last two paragraphs
A．Chagall fought for world peace and life.
B．Chagall used to work in the United Nations.
C．All Chagall’s designs contained loving scenes.
D．Despite the hardships，Chagall remained kind.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Using a blue background as the symbol of peace and life，Chagall designed the window with angels floating in the sky，and mothers holding their children.”以及最后一段的“Chagall lived through two world wars and the loss of loved ones.He often refused payment for his stained-glass windows.He created them as gifts for the world，gifts that catch the sun.”可知，尽管历经苦难，夏加尔仍然对世界报以善意。故选D。
B
Crosswalk art is gaining popularity.It’s not only beautifying cities but also making it safer for passers-by.The Asphalt Art Initiative(沥青艺术倡议) by Bloomberg Philanthropies creates bright views at crossroads，changing gray concrete(混凝土) into cheerful，bright and safe space.
With its crosswalk art，crossroad paintings and painted squares，this initiative is also building community，calling upon local artists to work with volunteers in the area.One such example is the Gulfton Project in Houston，Texas.This city received Bloomberg Philanthropies’ support to improve dangerous crossroads.
The Houston Public Works Department selected an art studio to create a bright design，and community volunteers were recently asked to come out and paint the street.The design will be living，as it will be designed again every two years in order to re-inspire passers-by and drivers and stay culturally connected.Such an initiative is imperative as more than 50% of injuries and deaths happen near or at crossroads.
Crossroad paintings are so bright that it’s hard for a driver to miss them.Research for Bloomberg Philanthropies called the Asphalt Art Safety Study shows that they are effective; crashes with cars and passers-by were reduced by half and all crashes went down by 17%.
“Using bright urban artwork can really stand out and become some of cities’ biggest successes，” said Janette Sadik-Khan，principal for Transportation at Bloomberg Associates.“And this is a simple，beautiful solution.Such use of paint and other temporary treatments cost little，and they can deliver real results.”
Popularity is growing.From 2002 through 2022，there were 42 Asphalt Art Initiative projects in the US，as well as three pilot projects in Europe.In fact,19 more European cities were just selected for restored passers-by space，safety improvements，and crosswalk paintings，with restoration work starting in 2023.The idea is to do this across the world.Bloomberg is making this dream a reality by offering a detailed guide in multiple languages.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了布隆伯格慈善基金会推出的沥青艺术倡议，该倡议不仅能美化城市街道，而且可以改善人行横道的交通安全问题。
5．Which is one of the purposes of the Asphalt Art Initiative in Houston
A．To build a wonderful community.
B．To make the crossroads safe for everyone.
C．To develop the popularity of street art.
D．To change dull concrete into lively space.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段的“One such example is the Gulfton Project in Houston，Texas.This city received Bloomberg Philanthropies’ support to improve dangerous crossroads.”可知，休斯敦沥青艺术倡议的目的是改善道路状况，从而保证行人的安全。故选B。
6．What does the underlined word “imperative” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Profitable. B．Convenient.
C．Necessary. D．Distant.
答案　C
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“as more than 50% of injuries and deaths happen near or at crossroads”可知，该倡议能起到减少事故的效果，从而保证行人安全，因此这项倡议是非常必要的。故选C。
7．What does Janette Sadik-Khan say about the initiative
A．It makes a difference at a small cost.
B．It adds some attractions for some cities.
C．It stands out among all the city’s projects.
D．It offers a scientific solution to transportation.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第五段的“And this is a simple，beautiful solution.Such use of paint and other temporary treatments cost little，and they can deliver real results.”可推知，Janette Sadik-Khan认为这项倡议只需要很少的资金，却能阻止更大的损失。故选A。
8．What is the text mainly about
A．The changes caused by crosswalk art.
B．The popularity of crosswalk paintings.
C．Asphalt Art Initiative projects in the US.
D．Asphalt Art Initiative’s effort to crosswalk art.
答案　D
解析　主旨大意题。综合分析文章，尤其是根据第一段可知，本文主要讲的是布隆伯格慈善基金会推出的沥青艺术倡议，该倡议不仅可以美化城市街道，而且可以改善人行横道的交通安全问题。故选D。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Art isn’t always an easy and straightforward thing to understand，and it can be hard to appreciate because it has been seen as something that only particularly educated or wealthy people can enjoy. 1 Anyone can come to appreciate art with a little bit of time and effort.
Understand the art and then go a step deeper to understand the artists，their intentions and the historical backgrounds.Artists often create works to comment on major historical events. 2 For example，Pablo Picasso’s Guernica(1937) was created in response to the bombings during the Spanish Civil War.It’s filled with anti-war symbolism.Picasso said of the artwork，“Painting is not done to decorate apartments.It is an instrument of war against cruelty and darkness.”
3 Art movements grow from popularity of certain ways of creating art.An art school is basically a group of artists，sometimes all in the same region，who all have a similar style or subject matter.Knowing a little bit about these can help you understand why an artist might have made certain choices.For example，painters in the Egyptian school of art had certain rules that they had to follow—like the size of any figure they drew was supposed to vary based on the social status of the person they were painting. 4 Each one symbolized a different aspect of life or death.
Check out the life experiences of the artists.Learning a bit about the artists who created a piece can help understand it in a variety of ways.It can help you understand why they made certain artistic decisions. 5 She had limited mobility after fighting against a serious disease and suffering a bus accident in her early life.Her pain and struggle appears in several of her pieces.
A．But our tips will give you a new way.
B．Art movements sometimes inspired artists.
C．They couldn’t use more than six colors either.
D．However，this couldn’t be further from the truth.
E．This can give you a window into their unique opinion.
F．For example，Mexican painter Frida Kahlo had suffered a lot.
G．Learn about the art movements or schools that influenced the piece.
1．答案　D
解析　根据上文“Art isn’t always an easy and...that only particularly educated or wealthy people can enjoy.”及下文“Anyone can come to appreciate art with a little bit of time and effort.”可知，空处与上文为转折关系且引出下文说明人们对欣赏艺术的看法是不正确的。D选项“然而，这与事实相去甚远”切题。故选D项。
2．答案　E
解析　根据上文“Artists often create works to comment on major historical events.”可知，空处承接上文说明其作用。E选项“这可以让你了解他们独特的观点”切题。故选E项。
3．答案　G
解析　根据下文“Art movements grow from popularity of certain ways of creating art.An art school is basically a group of artists，sometimes all in the same region，who all have a similar style or subject matter.”可知，本段主要说要了解艺术运动和流派。G选项“了解影响作品的艺术运动和流派”切题，适合作为本段的主题句。故选G项。
4．答案　C
解析　根据上文“For example，painters in the Egyptian school of art had certain rules that they had to follow...”及下文“Each one symbolized a different aspect of life or death.”可知，空处承上启下说明埃及艺术流派的画家必须遵循的一些规则。C选项“他们也不能使用超过六种颜色”切题。故选C项。
5．答案　F
解析　根据上文“Learning a bit about...artistic decisions.”和下文“She had limited mobility after fighting against a serious disease and suffering a bus accident in her early life.Her pain and struggle appears in several of her pieces.”可知，空处应有She的指代对象。F选项“例如，墨西哥画家弗里达·卡罗(Frida Kahlo)就遭受了很多痛苦”切题。故选F项。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Piyingxi，or Chinese shadow puppetry is a traditional opera art among Chinese people.According to historical records，shadow puppetry originated 1. the Western Han Dynasty and became popular in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Shadow puppetry is an art with a perfect 2. (combine) of light，image，sound and color.In lamp light，the shadow puppet looks crystalline(似水晶的) and graceful，with the cut-out parts brighter than 3. rest.
The performers hold joysticks in their hands that they grab，grind，roll，and press 4.______________(create) flowing motions，which is exactly 5. the ancient called “a million soldiers in two hands”. In addition to images，performers tell their stories in the locally popular tone with musicians 6. (play) instruments in the background.
The coloring is also an 7. (amaze) step in making a shadow figure.The favorite colors are the pure ones，most of 8. are red，green and black in practice，as yellow is the original color of the skins，and the light leaked through the cut-outs is 9._____________(natural) white.
The harmonious co-existence of sounds，colors，light and shadow 10. (make) shadow puppetry a colorful addition to people’s leisure time.
语篇解读　本文是说明文。这篇文章详细介绍了中国皮影戏的起源、艺术特点、表演方式和色彩运用。
1．答案　from
解析　考查介词。originate from意为“起源于”。故填from。
2．答案　combination
解析　考查名词。空处应填名词作介词with的宾语，且前面有a修饰，应用名词单数。故填combination。
3．答案　the
解析　考查冠词。the rest意为“其余的；剩下的”。故填the。
4．答案　to create
解析　考查非谓语动词。空处用不定式作目的状语。故填to create。
5．答案　what
解析　考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中缺少宾语，指物，用what引导。故填what。
6．答案　playing
解析　考查非谓语动词。此处为with的复合结构，play和逻辑主语musicians之间是主动关系，用现在分词形式。故填playing。
7．答案　amazing
解析　考查形容词。空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词作定语，修饰step，用-ing形式。故填amazing。
8．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。此处是“不定代词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，空处指代先行词colors，在从句中作介词of的宾语，用which。故填which。
9．答案　naturally
解析　考查副词。空后是形容词，所以空处应填副词修饰。故填naturally。
10．答案　makes
解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。make作本句谓语，描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是The harmonious co-existence，为第三人称单数。故填makes。(共107张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Lesson 1
ART
UNIT 7
内容索引
Part 1　课文深度理解
Part 2　长句难句分析
Part 3　语言知识梳理
Part 4　语法项目精讲
训练2
课文深度理解
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A.Descriptions of three famous painters.
B.Descriptions of three paintings.
C.Definitions of masterpieces.
D.Three methods of creating paintings.
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Figure out the common structure of the three descriptions.
Para.1：The general 1. of the painting.
Para.2：The 2. of the painting.
Para.3：3. on the painting.
description
inspiration
Comments
Ⅰ.Read the passage carefully and then fill in the blanks.
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
The Starry Night
Painter 1._________________
Description The night sky with 2.________________________.
Inspiration What he saw 3.________________.
Comments ·He thought it was 4._________.
·The fact remains that The Starry Night is now one of the world’s 5._____________ paintings.
Vincent van Gogh
clouds，stars and a moon
from his window
a failure
most famous
The Scream
Painter 6._______________
Description A thin 7._______ with an expression of 8._____.
Inspiration His experience of 9.____________________.
Comments Many experts say the painting is connected to Munch’s 10.______________________，which caused him much 11.______.
Edvard Munch
figure
fear
walking with friends
mental health problems
pain
The Empire of Light
Painter 12.______________
Description A beautiful 13.______ lit by lights from inside，surrounded by 14.____________________，with a daytime sky full of brightness and soft white clouds.
Inspiration His 15.__________________.
Comments ·He thought that the change between day and night in the paintings was 16.___________.
·Some feel that the paintings look 17.__________________.
·Others find them 18._________.
René Magritte
house
the darkness of night
thoughts and ideas
surprising
dark and troubling
calming
Ⅱ.Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.What can we infer from the passage
A.Munch’s physical health problems caused him a lot of pain.
B.The Starry Night is a successful work of Van Gogh.
C.Magritte loved nature and got inspiration from it.
D.Some experts think that Van Gogh’s mental illness may have affected
his sense of light.
√
2.Which word can describe the three paintings best
A.Active. B.Calm.
C.Relaxing. D.Mysterious.
√
Let’s appreciate three famous masterpieces—The Starry Night，The Scream and The Empire of Light.
The Starry Night 1. (paint) by Vincent van Gogh while he stayed at a home for the mentally ill.Some experts thought that his mental 2. (ill) affected his sense of sight.The drug that he took can make people see yellow spots.3. (fortunately)，Van Gogh only sold one painting in his lifetime.Though he thought The Starry Night was a failure，it is now one of the world’s most famous 4. (painting).
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
was painted
illness
Unfortunately
paintings
Edvard Munch painted The Scream，5. shows a thin figure with an expression of fear—the figure’s mouth is wide open and letting out a 6. (power) scream.In his diary，Munch talked about what inspired him 7. (paint) the picture.
René Magritte painted a series of paintings,8. (include) The Empire of Light.It shows a beautiful house lit by lights from inside，surrounded by the darkness of night.9. is strange is that above the house and the tree，we see a daytime sky full of brightness and soft white clouds.The viewers have different reactions to The Empire of Light.As for Magritte himself，he thought that the change between day 10. night in the paintings was surprising.
which
powerful
to paint
including
What
and
返 回
长句难句分析
1.The Starry Night was painted June 1889 when Vincent van Gogh was staying at a home for the (mental) ill.(P8，The Starry Night，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是 句。when引导 从句，修饰 。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
in
mentally
主从复合
定语
June 1889
《星空》是文森特·凡·高于1889年6月在一家精神病院里创作的。
2.Van Gogh painted what he saw from his window—the night sky ______
clouds，stars and a moon.(P8，The Starry Night，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是 句。what引导 从句，且在从句中作saw的 ；破折号后面具体解释what he saw from his window的内容。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
主从复合
with
宾语
宾语
凡·高画了他看到的窗外景象——有云、星星和月亮的夜空。
3.However，the fact remains that The Starry Night is now one of the world’s most famous (painting).(P8，The Starry Night，Para.3)
结构分析：本句是 句。句中remain为系动词，that引导 从句，在从句中不作任何成分。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
主从复合
paintings
表语
而事实是，《星空》现在是世界上最著名的画作之一。
4.What makes it (strike) is that it shows a thin figure with an expression of fear—the figure’s mouth is wide open and letting a powerful scream.(P9，The Scream，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是 句。what引导 从句，且在从句中作
；that引导 从句，在从句中不作成分；with an expression of fear作 ，修饰 ；破折号后面的句子具体解释a thin figure with an expression of fear。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
out
striking
主从复合
主语
主语
表语
后置定语
figure
这幅画富有冲击力，画中有一个表情恐惧的瘦弱身影——嘴巴大张，正发出强烈的尖叫声。
5.Many experts say that The Scream is connected Munch’s mental health problems，which caused him a lot of pain.(P9，The Scream，Para.3)
结构分析：本句是 句。that引导 从句；which引导_____
从句，修饰 。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
主从复合
to
宾语
非限
制性定语
mental health problems
许多专家说，《呐喊》与给蒙克带来巨大痛苦的心理健康问题有关。
6.It shows a beautiful house lit lights from inside，surrounded by the
(dark) of night.(P9，The Empire of Light，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是 句。句中过去分词短语lit...和surrounded...均作house的 。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
darkness
by
简单
后置定语
画中有一座美丽的房子，房子里充满了灯光，外面被夜晚的黑暗包围。
7.What is strange is that above the house and the tree，we see a daytime sky full brightness and soft white clouds.(P9，The Empire of Light，Para.1)
结构分析：本句是 句。what引导 从句，且在从句中作
；that引导 从句，在从句中不作成分。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
主从复合
of
主语
主语
表语
奇怪的是，在房子和树木之上，我们看到明亮的天空和柔软的白云。
返 回
语言知识梳理
n.数字；身材；雕像；人物；人影 vt.计算；认为
1
figure
(1)By visiting the Palace Museum，you will figure our striking Chinese culture better and you’ll be amazed by its artistic design.
out
·keep one’s figure保持体形
·figure out弄懂；计算出；想出；理解
(2)(读后续写之动作描写)那个可怕的身影消失在森林后，汤姆一路跑回家。
，after which Tom ran all the way home.
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)只有通过均衡饮食、定期锻炼，你才能既保持体形又保持健康。
Only by means of balanced diets and regular exercise _________
.
写作佳句
The terrible figure disappeared into the forest
can you
keep your figure as well as stay healthy
2
spot
(1)When he turned around，he spotted a figure (stand) behind the tree.
(2)(2023·全国乙)I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
standing
·on the spot当场
·spot sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事
be spotted with散布；点缀；满是……斑点
n.(圆)点；斑点；污渍；地点 vt.看见；注意到；发现；认出；使有污迹，弄脏
on
(3)我们躺在草地上，凝视着繁星点点的夜空。
We lay on the grass，staring at the night sky ________________
.
which was spotted
写作佳句
with twinkling stars
n.失败；失败的人(或事物)[fail vi.失败；未能(做到)]
3
failure
(1)If you keep on doing it like this，you will end failure.
(2)As a matter of fact，the middle-aged man is complete failure.
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)It is natural that we fail (achieve) something in our daily life.What is important is that we can learn something from these (fail)，for (fail) is the mother of success.
in
·end in failure以失败告终
·fail to do sth 没能做成某事
a
to achieve
failures
failure
放出；发出(叫喊等)；泄露；加宽，放大(衣服等)；出租
4
let out
let alone更不用说；更谈不上
let...alone不打扰；不碰
let sb down使某人失望
let go (of)放开；放手
用let短语完成下面的语段
He (1) a long sigh，mainly because her words really (2)________
.She was so cold-hearted! The injured little pet dog couldn’t even stand up yet，(3) walk! He was so kind that it was impossible for him to (4) it.
let out
let him
let alone
let go of
down
n.反应，回应(react vi.做出反应，回应)
5
reaction
(1)This produced a chain (react)，which made it possible for life to develop.
(2)In this band，he always reacted the performer，which made me upset.
·in reaction to以应对……
·react to对……做出反应
react against反抗/反对……
react with和……发生(化学)反应
reaction
against
(3)(读后续写之主旨升华)在你身上发生了什么并不重要，重要的是你如何应对。
It’s not what happens to you，but that matters.
写作佳句
how you react to it
I was walking down the road with two friends when the sun set...(P9，The Scream，Para.2)太阳落山时，我和两个朋友一起走在路上……
结构分析：句中含有be doing...when...结构，表示“正在做……这时……”，其中when为并列连词，意为“此时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time。
be doing...when...
6
when用作并列连词，意为“这时”的句型还有：
be about to do...when...正要做……这时……
had just done...when...刚做了……这时……
be on the point of doing...when...正要做……这时……
(1)(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)我正要走下舞台，突然一个观众发出尖叫，把我吓得魂不附体。
I _____________________________________________________
a viewer let out a scream，scaring my soul out of my body.
写作佳句
was on the point of stepping off the stage when/was about to
step off the stage when
(2)(读后续写之动作描写)我正在痛哭不止，这时爸爸把我揽入怀中，轻轻地拍着我的后背。
I was crying my eyes out _________________________________
and patted me on the back gently.
when my father gathered me into his
arms
Others，however，find them calming.(P9，The Empire of Light，Para.3)
而有些人则觉得这些画让人感到平静。
结构分析：此句是简单句。句中含有“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构
7
find后可接复合宾语，能作宾补的可以是名词、形容词、分词、介词短语等。
注意：如果宾语是不定式或从句时，常用it充当形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到后面。
(1)When she looked up，she found the dark blue sky (star).
(2)When he hurried home，he found that talented scientist (sit) in his yard.
(3)When he arrived，he found all the work already (finish).
starry
sitting
finished
(4)(应用文写作之求助信)进入高中，我发现数学很难学。
Entering the senior high school，I _________________________
.
写作佳句
found it difficult to learn
Maths
返 回
语法项目精讲
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分是何种名词性从句
Xu Beihong was important in modern Chinese art in ①that he developed the tradition of combining poetry with painting.The reason why he held several exhibitions in Asia and Europe was ②that he wanted to promote Chinese art.In the painting named Racing Horse，③what we can see is a horse running at high speed like a missile across the sky.On the left and right sides of the painting，Xu cleverly drew in black ink to show the moving hair on the horse’s mane and tail.He also used different shades of grey in a creative way to show the sweat along the horse’s body.
情境导读
The reason why it is a favourite of many art lovers was ④that it was painted so skilfully with dark and light colours.
①： 从句；②： 从句；③： 从句；④： 从句。
宾语
表语
主语
表语
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子被称为名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，本单元重点讲解前三种从句。
语法精讲
名词性从句常用的引导词：
①从属连词that，whether，if等在从句中起连接作用，不作任何成分；
②连接代词who(ever)，what(ever)，which(ever)，whom(ever)等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等名词性成分；
③连接副词how(ever)，where(ever)，when(ever)，why等在从句中作状语。
名词性从句的语序：名词性从句一律用陈述语序。
一、主语从句
主语从句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it，而把真正的主语从句放在后面。
Whether the drama will be put on is not certain now.
这部戏剧是否会上演现在不能确定。
How the book will be sold depends on its author.
这本书如何销售取决于其作者。
Which pattern they will choose makes no difference.
他们选择哪种图案都无所谓。
That she will do well in her exam is certain.
＝It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
她在考试中会取得好成绩，这是确定无疑的。
注意：主语从句中以it作形式主语的四种常用句型：
1.It＋不及物动词或动词短语的适当形式＋从句
It happens that...碰巧……
It has turned out that...结果是……
It happened that the harvest was bad that year.恰好那年收成不好。
2.It＋be＋及物动词的过去分词＋从句
It is said that...据说……
It is reported that...据报道……
It is believed that...人们认为……
It is hoped that...大家希望……
It is said that the middle-aged man has suffered a lot of failures.
据说，这个中年男人遭受过很多次失败。
3.It＋be＋形容词＋从句
It is necessary that...……有必要。
It is clear that...……很清楚。
It is (un)likely that...……很/不太可能。
It is important that...……很重要。
It is necessary that we should be equipped with some professional skills.
我们用专业技能武装自己是必要的。
4.It＋be＋名词＋that从句
适用于该句型的名词(词组)有a pity，an honor，a good thing，a fact，a surprise，one’s duty等。
It is a pity that you missed such a funny comedy last week.
很遗憾上周你错过了那么好笑的一部喜剧片。
二、宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句被称为宾语从句。宾语从句既可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。若宾语部分结构较长，可使用形式宾语it，而把真正的宾语从句置于后面。
Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter.
每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。
Is there anything wrong with what I said
我所说的有错误之处吗？
These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.
这两个地区的相似之处在于夏天降水都很多。
I find it strange that she doesn’t want to go.
她居然不想去，我觉得奇怪。
注意：宾语从句一般用陈述语气，但是，当主句的谓语动词为advise，insist(坚决主张)，suggest(建议)，require，request，order等表示请求、命令、要求、主张的动词时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气，即用“should＋动词原形”(should可以省略)。
She insisted that we (should) go to the exhibition with her.
她坚决要求我们和她一起去看展览。
三、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连系动词之后，一般结构为“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。
可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem，sound等。
The question is whether he could compose such nice music within two days.
问题是他是否能在两天之内创作出那么好的音乐。
You look as if you slept badly.
你看上去仿佛没睡好觉。
注意：
1.表语从句实际上是对主语进行补充说明，从句表达的是主语的内容。
The fact is that he often feels tense while he is on the stage.
事实是他在台上时经常感到紧张。
2.主句的主语是名词advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等时，表语从句应用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
My suggestion is that we (should) consider all the aspects before making a decision.
我的建议是我们在做决定前应考虑到所有方面。
3.because，why引导的表语从句。
This/That is why...这/那是……的原因。
This/That is because...这/那是因为……
He failed.That is because he didn’t work hard.
他失败了。那是因为他没有努力。
He didn’t work hard.That is why he failed.
他没有努力。那是他失败的原因。
4.主句主语为reason时，表语从句的引导词要用that，一般不用why或because。
The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was drunk.
发生如此严重的一起事故的原因是司机喝醉了。
四、名词性从句要注意的难点
1.用whether而不用if的情况
(1)引导主语从句和表语从句时；(2)引导介词后的宾语从句时；(3)引导词与or not连用时；(4)引导词后接to do时；(5)有些动词如leave，put，discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.
我们讨论了是否应该举行会议。
It depends on whether we have enough time.
这取决于我们是否有足够的时间。
I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
我不知道这份报告是不是真的。
2.that与what引导名词性从句的区别
that在从句中不充当句子成分，也没有含义；what可以在从句中作主语、表语、宾语，意思是“……的事情，什么样的”。
That he failed in the test again really puzzled us.
他又一次没通过考试，这真让我们感到迷惑不解。(that在主语从句中不作成分，不可以省略)
These photographs will show you what our village looks like.
这些照片将向你展示我们村的面貌。(what在宾语从句中作介词like的宾语)
3.wh-与wh-ever引导名词性从句的区别
连接词what，which，who分别表示“……的东西或事情”“哪一个”“谁”，表示疑问含义；而whatever，whichever，whoever分别相当于anything that，any...that，anyone who，意为“无论……”，强调一切情况。试比较：
What you choose to wear should be clean.
你选择穿的衣服应该是干净的。
Whatever you choose to wear should be clean.
无论你选择穿什么衣服，都应该是干净的。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.I’d like to have a talk with is in charge of the company.
2.In fact，it depended on they would agree to our plan or not.
3.It is necessary each citizen should do something to save energy.
4. happened that the young man was covering the accident at that time.
5.Richard swims three times a week after work.This is he keeps his figure.
6.She made clear that she wouldn’t leave her company until she was 60.
达标检测
whoever
whether
that
It
how
it
7. he had given up his job really made all of us very surprised that day.
8.His suggestion is we shouldn’t respond to the emails from some strangers.
9.The doctor insisted that the injured boy (operate) on at once.
10. made the school proud was that over 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
That
that
(should) be operated
What
Ⅱ.单句写作
1.让她生气的是，她的儿子又一次考试不及格。
was that her son failed the exam again.
2.据说这位教授已经成功地完成了这个实验。
the professor has already succeeded in carrying out this experiment.
3.你想象不到他们在收到这份精美的礼物时有多么激动。
You can’t imagine _______________________________________________
.
What made her angry
It is said that
how excited they were when they received the nice
present
4.他已明确表示他与这件事无关。
He has made it clear .
5.我迟到的原因是我在半路上遇到了交通堵塞。
The reason why I was late was ____________________________________
on the half way.
6.问题是我们怎样才能弄到那么多钱来进行我们的项目。
The problem is to carry on our project.
that he has nothing to do with the matter
that I had been/got caught in a traffic jam
how we can get so much money
7.她不明白的是为什么对她的课感兴趣的学生越来越少了。
What she couldn’t understand was ________________________________
.
8.他们怎样处理了那些用过的材料，现在仍旧是个秘密。
remains a secret now.
why fewer and fewer students showed
interest in her lessons
How they have dealt with the used materials
Ⅲ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用名词性从句。
据报道，今天早上罗马街街角出事故了。当时没有人看到究竟发生了什么事。谁将对这次事故负责仍在调查中。
1. there was an accident at a corner of the Roman Street this morning.No one saw 2. then.
3. is still under investigation.
It was reported that
what on earth happened
Who will be responsible for the accident
警察现在应该做的是尽快查明什么导致了这次事故。原因可能是司机太累了而没能及时停车。那位司机不承认他在拐弯处超速了。警察怀疑他所说的是否属实，决定进行进一步调查。
4. is to find out 5._____________________
as soon as possible.Perhaps the reason was 6.________________________
in time.The driver didn’t admit 7.______________________
at the turning.The police doubted 8. and decided to make a further investigation.
What the police should do now
what led to the accident
that the driver was too tired
to stop the car
that he was overspeeding
whether what he said was true
返 回
训练2
1.Neighbours spotted smoke (come) out of the house.
2.Lily was affected flu when she was in touch with the patient.
3.Being hot and dry in summer is a (strike) feature of the country.
4.Not having passed the exam，the student considered himself a _______
(fail).
5.Though it is just a small mistake，it may cause a series of chain
(react).
6.The performer was dancing on the stage a female viewer suddenly screamed.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
coming
with
striking
failure
reactions
when
7.After seeing the scary scene，some viewers let a loud cry.
8.As is known to all，staying up late frequently affects our health both
(mental) and physically.
9.Standing on the (mass) grassland and enjoying the beautiful scene，I feel relaxed and comfortable.
10.Instead of getting angry about this，we should try to figure how to make the atmosphere less embarrassing.
out
mentally
massive
out
1.为了推广中国古典文化，下周五我们学校将在操场举办书法比赛。(classical)
，a calligraphy competition will be held in our school playground next Friday.
2.要求每名参赛者必须在规定的时间内当场完成书写任务。(主语从句)
_______________________________________________________________
within the given time on the spot.
In order to promote classical Chinese culture
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——介绍书法比赛)
It is required that each competitor should complete the handwriting task
3.评审将选出引人注目的书法作品在学校图书馆展出。(striking，exhibition)
_______________________________________________________________
in the school library.
4.届时，我们校长会将奖品颁发给在比赛中表现优异的参赛者。(定语从句)
Our principal will then present the prize to the outstanding participants
.
The judges will select the most striking calligraphy works for exhibition
who perform well in the competition
5.我希望当学生们看到图书馆里展出的优秀作品时，他们会发现好的书写很重要。(find的复合结构)
I hope students when they see the excellent works displayed in the library.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
can find good handwriting important
参考范文
Beautiful handwriting is of great benefit，especially for senior students.In order to promote classical Chinese culture，a calligraphy competition will be held in our school playground next Friday.
It is required that each competitor should complete the handwriting task within the given time on the spot.And then，the judges will select the most striking calligraphy works for exhibition in the school library.In the end，the principal will present the prize to the outstanding participants who perform well in the competition.
I hope students can find good handwriting important when they see the excellent works displayed in the library.
A
At the age of 70，the famous painter Marc Chagall discovered that by designing stained-glass windows，he could breathe bright color and light into his artwork.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是著名画家马克·夏加尔在70岁时通过设计彩色玻璃窗来为自己的作品注入明亮的色彩和光线。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
Born in 1887 in a Russian town，Chagall started painting when he was 19.He was tired of the dull colors of traditional Russian art.Thus in 1911，he moved to Paris.There，actors，writers，musicians and artists from around the world were creating new art forms.In France，Chagall learned new ways of painting，but stayed true to his childhood memories.While others chose modern subjects，he painted scenes of fantasy and fairy tales in an older，farmer-like way of life.
One day，during a walk through the French countryside，he discovered a picturesque house.He imagined replacing its walls with stained-glass(彩色玻璃) windows.Then，in another 700-year-old house，he saw a stained-glass window containing a green donkey.It occurred to him that he could create his own.
He began to co-work with master glassworker Charles Marq.Many stained-glass windows were made of flat colors，but Chagall used various techniques to create the effects he wanted.He painted images on glass，and then had it fired to high temperatures，making the lines and colors part of the glass.Marq admired Chagall’s determination.He also said Chagall worked with the carefulness of those rope walkers he admires，without which they couldn’t fly in their weightlessness up there.
In 1964，Chagall designed a stained-glass window for the United Nations building in New York.The UN works for international peace.Using a blue background as the symbol of peace and life，Chagall designed the window with angels floating in the sky，and mothers holding their children.
Chagall lived through two world wars and the loss of loved ones.He often refused payment for his stained-glass windows.He created them as gifts for the world，gifts that catch the sun.Today，people are still amazed about how his stained-glass creations shine and change with the sun.
1.Why did Chagall move to France
A.To get new inspiration.
B.To learn how to paint.
C.To look for true freedom.
D.To try to escape the war.
√
推理判断题。根据第二段的“He was tired of the dull colors of traditional Russian art.Thus in 1911，he moved to Paris.There，actors，writers，musicians and artists from around the world were creating new art forms.In France，Chagall learned new ways of painting，but stayed true to his childhood memories.”可知，夏加尔搬到法国是为了获得新的灵感。故选A。
解析
2.What drove Chagall to create his own stained-glass windows
A.His dislike of flat colors.
B.His childhood memories.
C.His chance meeting during a walk.
D.His efforts together with Marq.
√
推理判断题。根据第三段的“One day，during a walk through the French countryside...Then，in another 700-year-old house，he saw a stained-glass window containing a green donkey.It occurred to him that he could create his own.”可知，夏加尔在散步时偶然看到了一扇彩色玻璃窗，这促使他开始创作自己的彩色玻璃窗，故选C。
解析
3.What did Charles Marq think of Chagall
A.Tough and unbeatable.
B.Careful and determined.
C.Selfless and confident.
D.Generous and easy-going.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段的“Marq admired Chagall’s determination.
He also said Chagall worked with the carefulness of those rope walkers he admires...”可知，查尔斯·马克觉得夏加尔是谨慎而坚定的。故选B。
解析
4.What can we know from the last two paragraphs
A.Chagall fought for world peace and life.
B.Chagall used to work in the United Nations.
C.All Chagall’s designs contained loving scenes.
D.Despite the hardships，Chagall remained kind.
√
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Using a blue background as the symbol of peace and life，Chagall designed the window with angels floating in the sky，and mothers holding their children.”以及最后一段的“Chagall lived through two world wars and the loss of loved ones.He often refused payment for his stained-glass windows.He created them as gifts for the world，gifts that catch the sun.”可知，尽管历经苦难，夏加尔仍然对世界报以善意。故选D。
解析
B
Crosswalk art is gaining popularity.It’s not only beautifying cities but also making it safer for passers-by.The Asphalt Art Initiative(沥青艺术倡议) by Bloomberg Philanthropies creates bright views at crossroads，changing gray concrete(混凝土) into cheerful，bright and safe space.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了布隆伯格慈善基金会推出的沥青艺术倡议，该倡议不仅能美化城市街道，而且可以改善人行横道的交通安全问题。
With its crosswalk art，crossroad paintings and painted squares，this initiative is also building community，calling upon local artists to work with volunteers in the area.One such example is the Gulfton Project in Houston，Texas.This city received Bloomberg Philanthropies’ support to improve dangerous crossroads.
The Houston Public Works Department selected an art studio to create a bright design，and community volunteers were recently asked to come out and paint the street.The design will be living，as it will be designed again every two years in order to re-inspire passers-by and drivers and stay culturally connected.Such an initiative is imperative as more than 50% of injuries and deaths happen near or at crossroads.
Crossroad paintings are so bright that it’s hard for a driver to miss them.Research for Bloomberg Philanthropies called the Asphalt Art Safety Study shows that they are effective; crashes with cars and passers-by were reduced by half and all crashes went down by 17%.
“Using bright urban artwork can really stand out and become some of cities’ biggest successes，” said Janette Sadik-Khan，principal for Transportation at Bloomberg Associates.“And this is a simple，beautiful solution.Such use of paint and other temporary treatments cost little，and they can deliver real results.”
Popularity is growing.From 2002 through 2022，there were 42 Asphalt Art Initiative projects in the US，as well as three pilot projects in Europe.In fact,19 more European cities were just selected for restored passers-by space，safety improvements，and crosswalk paintings，with restoration work starting in 2023.The idea is to do this across the world.Bloomberg is making this dream a reality by offering a detailed guide in multiple languages.
5.Which is one of the purposes of the Asphalt Art Initiative in Houston
A.To build a wonderful community.
B.To make the crossroads safe for everyone.
C.To develop the popularity of street art.
D.To change dull concrete into lively space.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段的“One such example is the Gulfton Project in Houston，Texas.This city received Bloomberg Philanthropies’ support to improve dangerous crossroads.”可知，休斯敦沥青艺术倡议的目的是改善道路状况，从而保证行人的安全。故选B。
解析
6.What does the underlined word “imperative” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Profitable. B.Convenient.
C.Necessary. D.Distant.
√
词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“as more than 50% of injuries and deaths happen near or at crossroads”可知，该倡议能起到减少事故的效果，从而保证行人安全，因此这项倡议是非常必要的。故选C。
解析
7.What does Janette Sadik-Khan say about the initiative
A.It makes a difference at a small cost.
B.It adds some attractions for some cities.
C.It stands out among all the city’s projects.
D.It offers a scientific solution to transportation.
√
推理判断题。根据第五段的“And this is a simple，beautiful solution.Such use of paint and other temporary treatments cost little，and they can deliver real results.”可推知，Janette Sadik-Khan认为这项倡议只需要很少的资金，却能阻止更大的损失。故选A。
解析
8.What is the text mainly about
A.The changes caused by crosswalk art.
B.The popularity of crosswalk paintings.
C.Asphalt Art Initiative projects in the US.
D.Asphalt Art Initiative’s effort to crosswalk art.
√
主旨大意题。综合分析文章，尤其是根据第一段可知，本文主要讲的是布隆伯格慈善基金会推出的沥青艺术倡议，该倡议不仅可以美化城市街道，而且可以改善人行横道的交通安全问题。故选D。
解析
Art isn’t always an easy and straightforward thing to understand，and it can be hard to appreciate because it has been seen as something that only particularly educated or wealthy people can enjoy.
Ⅳ.七选五
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了如何欣赏艺术。
1 Anyone can come to appreciate art with a little bit of time and effort.
A.But our tips will give you a new way.
B.Art movements sometimes inspired artists.
C.They couldn’t use more than six colors either.
D.However，this couldn’t be further from the truth.
E.This can give you a window into their unique opinion.
F.For example，Mexican painter Frida Kahlo had suffered a lot.
G.Learn about the art movements or schools that influenced the piece.
√
根据上文“Art isn’t always an easy and...that only particularly educated or wealthy people can enjoy.”及下文“Anyone can come to appreciate art with a little bit of time and effort.”可知，空处与上文为转折关系且引出下文说明人们对欣赏艺术的看法是不正确的。D选项“然而，这与事实相去甚远”切题。故选D项。
解析
Understand the art and then go a step deeper to understand the artists，their intentions and the historical backgrounds.Artists often create works to comment on major historical events.
2 For example，Pablo Picasso’s Guernica(1937) was created in response to the bombings during the Spanish Civil War.It’s filled with anti-war symbolism.Picasso said of the artwork，“Painting is not done to decorate apartments.It is an instrument of war against cruelty and darkness.”
A.But our tips will give you a new way.
B.Art movements sometimes inspired artists.
C.They couldn’t use more than six colors either.
D.However，this couldn’t be further from the truth.
E.This can give you a window into their unique opinion.
F.For example，Mexican painter Frida Kahlo had suffered a lot.
G.Learn about the art movements or schools that influenced the piece.
√
根据上文“Artists often create works to comment on major historical events.”可知，空处承接上文说明其作用。E选项“这可以让你了解他们独特的观点”切题。故选E项。
解析
3 Art movements grow from popularity of certain ways of creating art.An art school is basically a group of artists，sometimes all in the same region，who all have a similar style or subject matter.
A.But our tips will give you a new way.
B.Art movements sometimes inspired artists.
C.They couldn’t use more than six colors either.
D.However，this couldn’t be further from the truth.
E.This can give you a window into their unique opinion.
F.For example，Mexican painter Frida Kahlo had suffered a lot.
G.Learn about the art movements or schools that influenced the piece.
√
根据下文“Art movements grow from popularity of certain ways of creating art.An art school is basically a group of artists，sometimes all in the same region，who all have a similar style or subject matter.”可知，本段主要说要了解艺术运动和流派。G选项“了解影响作品的艺术运动和流派”切题，适合作为本段的主题句。故选G项。
解析
Knowing a little bit about these can help you understand why an artist might have made certain choices.For example，painters in the Egyptian school of art had certain rules that they had to follow—like the size of any figure they drew was supposed to vary based on the social status of the person they were painting. 4 Each one symbolized a different aspect of life or death.
A.But our tips will give you a new way.
B.Art movements sometimes inspired artists.
C.They couldn’t use more than six colors either.
D.However，this couldn’t be further from the truth.
E.This can give you a window into their unique opinion.
F.For example，Mexican painter Frida Kahlo had suffered a lot.
G.Learn about the art movements or schools that influenced the piece.
√
根据上文“For example，painters in the Egyptian school of art had certain rules that they had to follow...”及下文“Each one symbolized a different aspect of life or death.”可知，空处承上启下说明埃及艺术流派的画家必须遵循的一些规则。C选项“他们也不能使用超过六种颜色”切题。故选C项。
解析
Check out the life experiences of the artists.Learning a bit about the artists who created a piece can help understand it in a variety of ways.It can help you understand why they made certain artistic decisions. 5 She had limited mobility after fighting against a serious disease and suffering a bus accident in her early life.Her pain and struggle appears in several of her pieces.
A.But our tips will give you a new way.
B.Art movements sometimes inspired artists.
C.They couldn’t use more than six colors either.
D.However，this couldn’t be further from the truth.
E.This can give you a window into their unique opinion.
F.For example，Mexican painter Frida Kahlo had suffered a lot.
G.Learn about the art movements or schools that influenced the piece.
√
根据上文“Learning a bit about...artistic decisions.”和下文“She had limited mobility after fighting against a serious disease and suffering a bus accident in her early life.Her pain and struggle appears in several of her pieces.”可知，空处应有She的指代对象。F选项“例如，墨西哥画家弗里达·卡罗(Frida Kahlo)就遭受了很多痛苦”切题。故选F项。
解析
Piyingxi，or Chinese shadow puppetry is a traditional opera art among Chinese people.According to historical records，shadow puppetry originated 1. the Western Han Dynasty and became popular in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
语篇解读　本文是说明文。这篇文章详细介绍了中国皮影戏的起源、艺术特点、表演方式和色彩运用。
from
Ⅴ.语法填空
考查介词。originate from意为“起源于”。故填from。
解析
Shadow puppetry is an art with a perfect 2. (combine) of light，image，sound and color.In lamp light，the shadow puppet looks crystalline(似水晶的) and graceful，with the cut-out parts brighter than 3. rest.
combination
2.考查名词。空处应填名词作介词with的宾语，且前面有a修饰，应用名词单数。故填combination。
3.考查冠词。the rest意为“其余的；剩下的”。故填the。
解析
the
The performers hold joysticks in their hands that they grab，grind，roll，and press 4.___________(create) flowing motions，which is exactly 5. the ancient called “a million soldiers in two hands”.
to create
4.考查非谓语动词。空处用不定式作目的状语。故填to create。
5.考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中缺少宾语，指物，用what引导。故填what。
解析
what
In addition to images，performers tell their stories in the locally popular tone with musicians 6. (play) instruments in the background.
考查非谓语动词。此处为with的复合结构，play和逻辑主语musicians之间是主动关系，用现在分词形式。故填playing。
解析
playing
The coloring is also an 7. (amaze) step in making a shadow figure.The favorite colors are the pure ones，most of 8. are red，green and black in practice，as yellow is the original color of the skins，and the light leaked through the cut-outs is 9.__________(natural) white.
amazing
7.考查形容词。空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词作定语，修饰step，用-ing形式。故填amazing。
8.考查定语从句。此处是“不定代词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，空处指代先行词colors，在从句中作介词of的宾语，用which。故填which。
9.考查副词。空后是形容词，所以空处应填副词修饰。故填naturally。
解析
which
naturally
返 回
The harmonious co-existence of sounds，colors，light and shadow 10. (make) shadow puppetry a colorful addition to people’s leisure time.
makes
考查动词时态和主谓一致。make作本句谓语，描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是The harmonious co-existence，为第三人称单数。故填makes。
解析
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