资源简介

(共72张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Ellipsis
Nature in the balance
Unit 1
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，找出下列句子中可以省略的词语，并用括号括起来
Last weekend，I took part in a forest clean-up activity.It was organized by GreenHope，an organization devoted to protecting forests.①At first I didn’t want to take part in the forest clean-up activity，but then I thought，“What if nobody goes？” ②Our team leader，Joe，took us to a forest outside the city.I was sad to see litter everywhere.There was a “No littering is allowed here” sign at the entrance to the forest，but that didn’t stop people from throwing their rubbish on the ground.Joe divided us into two groups：③one group cleaned up the north side of the forest，
and the other group cleaned up the south side of the forest.④We worked for several hours and we were happy to see that the forest looked cleaner than it had looked before.It was absolutely worth our effort! There’ll be another clean-up activity in the green belt next Saturday.You can find Joe and sign up if you’re willing to help.Everyone who takes part in the activity will receive a medal.I’ll join you too if I have time.
答案　
①At first I didn’t want to take part in the (forest clean-up) activity...
②Our team leader，Joe，took us (to a forest) outside the city.
③one group cleaned up the north side of the forest，and the other (group) cleaned up the south side (of the forest).
④We worked for several hours and (we) were happy to see that the forest looked cleaner than (it had looked) before.
返 回
语法精讲
省略
在英语中，为了使语言简洁或避免重复，常常省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
一、简单句中的省略
1.在非正式场合，如果语境清晰，常省略主语或主语和谓语的一部分。在祈使句中，通常省略主语you。
(It) Sounds like a good idea.
听起来是个好主意。
(Have you) Heard anything from Bob lately
(你)最近有鲍勃的消息吗？
(You) Have a good time！祝你玩得高兴！
2.在简短对话中，答语常保留主语和助动词，省略其后主要动词以及上句出现过的其他内容。
—Are you ready ——你准备好了吗？
—Yes，I am (ready).——是的，我准备好了。
3.There be句型的省略
(Is there) Anything else？还有其他东西吗？
4.感叹句的省略
在what和how引起的感叹句中，常常省略主语和be动词。
What a beautiful city (it is)！(这是)一个多么美丽的城市呀！
二、并列句中的省略
在并列句中，第二分句常省略与第一分句中相同的成分。
My room is on the fifth floor，and hers (is) on the eighth (floor).
我的房间在五楼，她的在八楼。
John won the first race and Jimmy (won) the second (race).
约翰赢了第一场赛跑，吉米赢了第二场。
He has a knowledge of first aid but his friend doesn’t (have a knowledge of first aid).
他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。
三、复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
当状语从句的主语跟主句的主语相同或从句的主语为it且从句谓语中含有be动词时，则从句中的主语和be动词常被省略。
Wood gives off much smoke while (it is) burning.木头燃烧时产生很多烟。
Whenever (it is) possible，they will stop him and ask him the three questions.
只要有可能，他们就让他停下并问他这三个问题。
Will you be free this Sunday？If (it is) so，let’s go camping.
这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野营吧。
注意：若省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系，则使用现在分词；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用不定式。
When (it is) heated，ice can turn into water.
加热的时候冰可以变成水。
2.定语从句中的省略
(1)当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可以省略。
The exact year (which/that)Angela and her family spent together in China was 2020.
安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2020年。
(2)the same...as...或such...as...定语从句中，也有省略与主句相同的部分的情况。
I have the same trouble as you (have).我和你有同样的困难。
(3)the way作先行词，后接定语从句时，在从句中作状语的that/in which可省略，在从句中作宾语的that/which亦可省略。
The way (that/in which) he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
The way (which/that) you told me yesterday doesn’t work.
你昨天告诉我的方法不管用。
3.宾语从句中的省略
在宾语从句中连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
I truly believe (that) beauty comes from within.我真的相信美丽来自内心。
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。
四、动词不定式中的省略
1.当不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not ready to (answer the question).
如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
2.当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。常见的动词有agree，afford，expect，forget，hope，know，manage，pretend，remember，refuse，want，wish，would like等。
He asked me to help him lock the door，but I forgot to (lock the door).
他让我帮他锁门，但是我忘了。
3.在某些使役动词，如：make，let，have等和感官动词，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则不省略to。
We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.
She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态)
我们经常听见她在教室唱英文歌。
4.并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，则不能省略to。
I’d like to stay with you，help you and learn from you.
我愿意留在你身边，帮助你并向你学习。
He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.(比较)
他认为重要的是学习而不是交朋友。
5.介词but，except(除了)前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
他所能做的只有观望。
五、使用so，not 等时的省略
在英语中，可以用so，not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
—Can you finish your work today
—I think so.
—I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作吗？
——我认为能。
——我认为不能。
注意：hope，guess，be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用not...so的形式。
—The boys are not doing a good job at all，are they
—I guess not.
——这些男孩做得一点儿都不好，是吗？
——我猜是没做好。
六、介词的省略
1.一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有：
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难
be busy (in) doing sth忙于做某事
spend some time (in) doing sth花费时间做某事
stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth阻止某人做某事
The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.
大雨使得他没能按时到达那里。
2.表示时间的介词at，on和in在next，last，this，these，yesterday，tomorrow，one，any，every，each，some等词之前时，一般省略。
We go to school (on) every day except Sundays.
除星期天外，我们每天都上学。
返 回
达标检测
1.Hope you are well，and that I shall hear from you after your holiday.
_______
2.You can play in the house，but you mustn’t outside the house.
__________________
3.—I hope the children won’t touch the dog.
—I’ve warned them not to.
________________________________
Ⅰ.写出下列句中省略的成分和内容
主语I
谓语的一部分play
动词不定式符号to后的touch the dog
4.—Can you tell me when he will go abroad
—It’s hard to say.
__________________________
5.Feeling much better now
____________________________
宾语when he will go abroad
主语和谓语的一部分Are you
1.I like singing more than I like dancing.
→I like singing more than .
2.Fill in a proper preposition where it is necessary.
→Fill in a proper preposition .
3.Do you come up with good ideas？If it is so，we would love to hear about them.
→Do you come up with good ideas？ ，we would love to hear about them.
Ⅱ.用省略结构改写下列句子
dancing
where necessary
If so
4.The boy used to play with the knife though his father told him not to play with the knife.
→The boy used to play with the knife .
5.The book that he borrowed yesterday is well worth reading.
→ is well worth reading.
though his father told him not to
The book he borrowed yesterday
返 回
作业3
1.当你参观另一个国家时，你应该了解当地的习俗并遵守它们。
，you should be aware of the local customs and observe them.
2.他说这次讲座非常重要，我们都应该参加。
He said and___________________
___________.
3.我不喜欢她对待她的学生的方式。
I don’t like the way .
When (you are) visiting another country
(that) the lecture was very important
Ⅰ.完成句子
that we should all
attend it
(that/in which) she treats her students
4.——约翰受伤了，否则他会赢得比赛。
——我认为也是如此。
—John was injured，or he would have won the race.
—________________
5.很多中国学生在学好英语方面有困难。
Many Chinese students __________________________________________
______________.
6.你如果不想，就不要告诉我真相。
Don’t tell me the truth .
I think so.
have difficulty/problem/trouble (in) learning
English well
if you don’t want to
A
Every year，travelers head to South America to be amazed at the vast glaciers，huge open skies and high mountains.But at Omora Ethnobotanical Park on Tierra del Fuego，visitors are encouraged to think small.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了火地岛的奥莫拉民族植物公园里的苔藓植物组成了一个微型森林世界。
Ⅱ.主题语篇阅读
Tierra del Fuego，a remote island at the tip of South America，might offer little in terms of animals and trees，but when it comes to bryophytes(苔藓植物)，it is among the richest corners of the planet.In the area that covers less than 0.01% of the Earth’s land surface，more than 5% of the world’s bryophyte species is found.
On entering the park，you’re given a magnifying lens(放大镜).Guided by plant experts，you are invited to get down on your hands and knees to explore the little-known world of Tierra del Fuego’s “miniature forests”—the bryophytes that cover the rocks and trees.Focus is key: as you tiptoe through the park，it is easy to miss or even step on them.
I wondered how interesting mosses could be.But when I got up close，they started to come to life.Shapes and colours appeared that were not visible to the naked eye.One plant was bright yellow，while another was green with a bright red tip like a little hat.
One of the strangest plants is Old Man’s Beard，which looks like thin noodles and hangs off the trees in webs.According to my guide Lily Lewis，it plays an important role in the growth of the forest，capturing nutrients and salts blown in on the ocean wind.
Old Man’s Beard is extremely vulnerable to pollution，and has all but disappeared across much of the planet.But in Tierra del Fuego，where the air and rain are among the cleanest on the planet，it grows wildly.
“The hand lens is your entry point into the world of the miniature forests，” Lewis said.“Looking through a lens reminds you that there are other viewpoints from which we can see the world.”
1.Which title best describes Tierra del Fuego
A.A wonderland of tiny plants.
B.A unique place of rare species.
C.A top destination for hiking lovers.
D.A remote land with different landscapes.
推理判断题。根据第二段可知，火地岛的面积不到地球陆地面积的0.01%，但拥有世界上超过5%的苔藓植物物种，因此可以说火地岛是微小植物的仙境。故选A。
解析
√
2.What quality is highly valued while one is exploring Omora Ethnobotanical Park
A.Curiosity and creativity.
B.Quickness and confidence.
C.Carefulness and attentiveness.
D.Determination and courage.
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Focus is key: as you tiptoe through the park，it is easy to miss or even step on them.”可知，在探索奥莫拉民族植物公园时，要小心且专注。故选C。
解析
√
3.Which can best replace the underlined word “vulnerable”？
A.Adaptable. B.Sensitive.
C.Beneficial. D.Resistant.
词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“...has all but disappeared across much of the planet.But in Tierra del Fuego，where the air and rain are among the cleanest on the planet，it grows wildly.”可知，澳洲铁线莲在地球上的大部分地区几乎都消失了。但是由于火地岛上的环境非常好，澳洲铁线莲在火地岛生长得很好，由此可推知，该植株对污染很敏感，也就是易受污染。故选B。
解析
√
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Eco-tourism in Tierra del Fuego
B.An Encounter with Old Man’s Beard
C.A Tiny Forest on the Tip of the World
D.Start Your Journey of Discovery，Now!
标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第二段可知，文章主要介绍了火地岛的奥莫拉民族植物公园里的苔藓植物组成了一个微型森林世界，所以C选项“世界之端的小森林”是本文的最佳标题。故选C。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
As African forest elephants make their way through the rainforest and search for food，they do a lot of damage to the surrounding plants.They step on，knock over，and remove leaves and branches off trees.In many people’s eyes，they make a broken mess①，which has raised people’s concern that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了森林象穿过雨林寻找食物时踩踏植物的行为有助于缓解气候变化，但不幸的是近年来森林象数量急剧下降，需要我们的关注和保护。
Actually，the elephants’ eating and destruction help with the climate change.How As they walk through the forest，they thin out② young trees that are competing for space，water，and light.As a result，the larger trees grow better，which have the ability to absorb and store more CO2.Meanwhile，lower forest density(密度) enables grasses to grow.Fallen trees make it possible for more light to reach the ground，benefiting the growth of grasses and a more balanced ecosystem.The enlarged grassland contributes to more carbon capture(碳捕获).According to a 2019 study，each forest elephant unknowingly helps the forest pull carbon out of the air—like taking 2,047 cars off roads a year.African forest elephants act as “climate heroes”，trying to create a healthy ecosystem and slow climate change.
Unfortunately，the number of forest elephants has fallen by more than 86% over 31 years，and their living area is now only a quarter of their original size.According to the wildlife scientist Fiona Maisels，between 2002 and 2013，elephants were lost at the rate of 60 a day，or about one every 20 minutes.
Now Ralph Chami，assistant director of the Institute for Capacity Development at the International Monetary Fund，wants to put a better value on forest elephants.Instead of focusing on how much the elephants need us to save them，he thinks we should focus on how much we need them to save us.These four-legged giants aren’t passengers on our planet；they are heroes protecting it.
5.What’s people’s impression of the African forest elephant according to paragraph 1
A.A destroyer of forest ecosystem.
B.A connector of forest food chain.
C.A helper of rainforest’s structure.
D.A contributor to environment protection.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段中“In many people’s eyes...raised people’s concern that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming.”可知，人们认为非洲森林象损害了热带雨林的生态系统，并可能导致全球变暖，是森林生态系统的破坏者，故选A。
解析
6.What is the effect of elephants’ behaviors on the forest
A.Better growth of young trees.
B.Larger living space for animals.
C.Higher absorption③ of carbon.
D.Greater competition among plants.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段首句“Actually，the elephants’ eating and destruction help with the climate change.”可知，大象的行为对气候变化有帮助作用，以及后文“According to a 2019 study，each forest elephant unknowingly helps the forest pull carbon out of the air—like taking 2,047 cars off roads a year.(根据2019年的一项研究，每头森林大象都在不知不觉中帮助森林从空气中吸收碳，其效果相当于每年从道路上移走2 047辆汽车)”可知，大象的行为让森林吸收更多碳，故选C。
解析
7.What do the numbers in paragraph 3 show
A.The great loss of forest resources.
B.The need to protect the forest.
C.The value of collecting exact data.
D.The sharp fall in elephant population.
√
推理判断题。根据第三段“Unfortunately，the number of forest elephants has fallen by more than 86%...elephants were lost at the rate of 60 a day，or about one every 20 minutes.”可知，在过去的31年里，森林象的数量减少了86%以上，2002年至2013年期间，大象的数量以每天60头的速度减少，或者大约每20分钟就有一头大象死去，因此第三段的数字表明森林象数量急剧下降，故选D。
解析
8.What is Ralph Chami’s point of view
A.Elephants’ survival is our survival.
B.We need to recognize the forest value.
C.Saving the planet is building our future.
D.We are supposed to protect giant animals.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“he thinks we should focus on how much we need them to save us...they are heroes protecting it.”可知，Ralph Chami认为我们需要大象来拯救我们，大象是保护地球的英雄，因此A项“大象的生存就是我们的生存”符合Ralph Chami的观点，故选A。
解析
①mess n._______________
②thin out _________________________
③absorption(派)＝absor(b)＋ption n._____________________
语境猜词
杂乱；不整洁
(使)变稀薄，变稀疏，变少
(液体、气体等的)吸收
In many people’s eyes，they make a broken mess，which has raised people’s concern that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming.
分析：该句为 句。“which has raised people’s concern”为________
_______从句；“that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming”为 从句，解释说明concern的内容。
翻译：_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
句式分析
复合
非限制
在许多人看来，它们使森林变得狼藉不堪，这引起了人们的担忧，它们正在损害热带雨林的生态系统，并可能加剧全球变暖。
性定语
同位语
A major project called green-prescription(处方) helping people in England connect with nature was launched.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个名为“绿色处方”的项目，该项目旨在帮助英国人与自然建立联系，通过社区园艺、植树和野外游泳等活动，改善人们的心理健康，并降低医疗成本。
Ⅲ.七选五阅读
More than 8,000 people took part in such activities in the project including community gardening，tree planting and wild swimming. 1
A.The people in need are recommended to the project.
B.That’s why green social prescribing is so important.
C.The project has reached a broad range of people now.
D.Most of them with mental ill health have benefited from it.
E.The participants were checked before and after the project.
F.The project also found a green prescription was cost-effective.
G.Its further growth requires the help of the government system.
√
根据上文可知，一个旨在帮助英国人与自然建立联系的项目启动了，超过8 000人参加了该活动，结合下文“The result can show it.”可知，空处是在描述该项目对参与者的益处，选项D符合语境，选项D中的“them”指代上文提到的“More than 8,000 people”。故选D。
解析
The result can show it.After taking part in the project，people’s feelings of happiness and of life being meaningful jumped to near national averages while levels of anxiety fell significantly. 2 The traditional treatments took up to 1,000 pounds for 10 sessions，nearly twice of it.
A.The people in need are recommended to the project.
B.That’s why green social prescribing is so important.
C.The project has reached a broad range of people now.
D.Most of them with mental ill health have benefited from it.
E.The participants were checked before and after the project.
F.The project also found a green prescription was cost-effective.
G.Its further growth requires the help of the government system.
√
根据上下文可知，上文提到参与该项目的人生活幸福感和意义感大幅提升；下文讲述了与绿色处方项目相比，传统治疗方法价格高昂，由此可知空处应比较绿色处方和传统治疗方法的成本，选项F符合语境，选项F中的“cost-effective”与下文提到的成本相关内容相呼应。故选F。
解析
“Green social prescribing” is an effective way of supporting people with mental health.But the project is just in its early stage. 3 It is expected to get a new round of funding from authority to work on expanding(扩大) its reach because there is a lot of needs，both from health services and from a lot of people whose needs are not being met.
A.The people in need are recommended to the project.
B.That’s why green social prescribing is so important.
C.The project has reached a broad range of people now.
D.Most of them with mental ill health have benefited from it.
E.The participants were checked before and after the project.
F.The project also found a green prescription was cost-effective.
G.Its further growth requires the help of the government system.
√
根据上文“But the project is just in its early stage.”和下文“It is expected to get a new round of funding from authority to work on expanding(扩大) its reach”可知，空处应说明该项目需要更多的支持来扩大其影响，选项G符合语境，选项G中的“Its further growth”与上文提到的“the project is just in its early stage”相呼应，选项G中的“the help of the government system”与下文提到的“get a new round of funding from authority”相呼应。故选G。
解析
Connecting with nature is a lifelong resource with proven benefits for mental and physical health.It can cut through generations of poor life events.But now many of the patients can’t access nature in this way due to a range of personal，social，and cultural factors. 4 This project has the possibility to reduce the prescribing and treatment costs，
A.The people in need are recommended to the project.
B.That’s why green social prescribing is so important.
C.The project has reached a broad range of people now.
D.Most of them with mental ill health have benefited from it.
E.The participants were checked before and after the project.
F.The project also found a green prescription was cost-effective.
G.Its further growth requires the help of the government system.
√
根据上文可知，现在由于一系列个人、社会和文化因素，许多患者无法通过这种方式接触自然，下文提到了绿色处方带来的益处，因此空处应说明绿色处方的重要性，选项B符合语境，选项B中的“why green social prescribing is so important”与上文提到的“many of the patients can’t access nature in this way”以及下文提到的“the possibility to reduce the prescribing and treatment costs”相呼应。故选B。
解析
as well as addressing many health needs and lowering the risk of several diseases，from diabetes(糖尿病) to depression(抑郁).So the project tries its best to help more people.
5 It has sites in Humberside，South Yorkshire，Derbyshire，Nottinghamshire，Manchester，Surrey and the west country.21% of the people who receive green prescribing are populations from remote areas and 57% from underdeveloped areas.
A.The people in need are recommended to the project.
B.That’s why green social prescribing is so important.
C.The project has reached a broad range of people now.
D.Most of them with mental ill health have benefited from it.
E.The participants were checked before and after the project.
F.The project also found a green prescription was cost-effective.
G.Its further growth requires the help of the government system.
√
根据下文可知，绿色处方在很多地方设有据点，惠及了很多偏远和欠发达地区的人们，空处为段首句，需要总结下文，因此空处应说明该项目已经覆盖了广泛的人群，选项C符合语境，选项C中的“has reached a broad range of people”与下文提到的“21% of the people who receive green prescribing are populations from remote areas and 57% from underdeveloped areas”相呼应。故选C。
解析
Every September，kids of all ages leap from the 1. (start) line of the Louis Tewanima Footrace on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona.
starting
Ⅳ.语法填空
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了霍皮文化里的跑步文化。
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，start在句中作定语，应用其现在分词来表示后面line的用途。故填starting。
解析
Many have come from nearby Hopi villages，and others have travelled from faraway places 2. (take) part in the race.
to take
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，take在句中应用非谓语动词形式，此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to take。
解析
Running is very important within Hopi culture.Long before they used modern cars，the Hopi relied on running to travel great distances，deliver 3. (message)，and care for their corn and fields.But the Hopi also ran for 4. (religion) reasons.
3.考查名词复数。message表示“信息”，是可数名词，空前没有冠词，表示数量大于一，应用复数形式。故填messages。
4.考查形容词。修饰后文名词reasons应用形容词religious，作定语。故填religious。
解析
messages
religious
Hopi runners of the past would run far beyond Hopi lands as 5.______
prayer for rain.They believed that they could attract rain clouds to follow them home with their swiftness of foot.
a
考查冠词。此处修饰名词prayer，表示数量一，且prayer发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
解析
Hopi youth 6. (instruct) to run on dirt trails according to Hopi customs and to study the graceful movements of deer and antelope in order to learn from 7.__________(they).
are instructed
6.考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语youth和谓语之间是被动关系，且陈述客观事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态，主语Hopi youth表示复数意义，be动词应用复数。故填are instructed。
7.考查代词。介词from后跟代词的宾格，作宾语。故填them。
解析
them
Elders teach youngsters to run with good hearts,8. (keep) the well-being of the entire Hopi community in mind.
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，keep在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语youngsters构成主动关系，表示与run这个动作同时发生，故用现在分词作状语。故填keeping。
解析
keeping
And so at the annual footrace，high on top of Second Mesa，Hopi children run not just to show respect 9. Louis Tewanima
10. was an Olympic medalist or for the chance of winning prize.They also run for their people，for their villages，and to continue the long tradition of distance running in Hopi society.
for
9.考查介词。show respect for sb为固定搭配。故填for。
10.考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词Louis Tewanima，先行词在从句中作主语，指人，应用关系代词who或that引导。故填who/that。
解析
who/that
返 回
本课结束Period 3　Grammar and usage—Ellipsis
阅读以下短文，找出下列句子中可以省略的词语，并用括号括起来
Last weekend，I took part in a forest clean-up activity.It was organized by GreenHope，an organization devoted to protecting forests.①At first I didn’t want to take part in the forest clean-up activity，but then I thought，“What if nobody goes？” ②Our team leader，Joe，took us to a forest outside the city.I was sad to see litter everywhere.There was a “No littering is allowed here” sign at the entrance to the forest，but that didn’t stop people from throwing their rubbish on the ground.Joe divided us into two groups：③one group cleaned up the north side of the forest，and the other group cleaned up the south side of the forest.④We worked for several hours and we were happy to see that the forest looked cleaner than it had looked before.It was absolutely worth our effort! There’ll be another clean-up activity in the green belt next Saturday.You can find Joe and sign up if you’re willing to help.Everyone who takes part in the activity will receive a medal.I’ll join you too if I have time.
答案　
①At first I didn’t want to take part in the (forest clean-up) activity...
②Our team leader，Joe，took us (to a forest) outside the city.
③one group cleaned up the north side of the forest，and the other (group) cleaned up the south side (of the forest)．
④We worked for several hours and (we) were happy to see that the forest looked cleaner than (it had looked) before.
省略
在英语中，为了使语言简洁或避免重复，常常省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
一、简单句中的省略
1．在非正式场合，如果语境清晰，常省略主语或主语和谓语的一部分。在祈使句中，通常省略主语you。
(It) Sounds like a good idea.
听起来是个好主意。
(Have you) Heard anything from Bob lately
(你)最近有鲍勃的消息吗？
(You) Have a good time！祝你玩得高兴！
2．在简短对话中，答语常保留主语和助动词，省略其后主要动词以及上句出现过的其他内容。
—Are you ready ——你准备好了吗？
—Yes，I am (ready)．——是的，我准备好了。
3．There be句型的省略
(Is there) Anything else？还有其他东西吗？
4．感叹句的省略
在what和how引起的感叹句中，常常省略主语和be动词。
What a beautiful city (it is)！(这是)一个多么美丽的城市呀！
二、并列句中的省略
在并列句中，第二分句常省略与第一分句中相同的成分。
My room is on the fifth floor，and hers (is) on the eighth (floor)．
我的房间在五楼，她的在八楼。
John won the first race and Jimmy (won) the second (race)．
约翰赢了第一场赛跑，吉米赢了第二场。
He has a knowledge of first aid but his friend doesn’t (have a knowledge of first aid)．
他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。
三、复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略
当状语从句的主语跟主句的主语相同或从句的主语为it且从句谓语中含有be动词时，则从句中的主语和be动词常被省略。
Wood gives off much smoke while (it is) burning.木头燃烧时产生很多烟。
Whenever (it is) possible，they will stop him and ask him the three questions.
只要有可能，他们就让他停下并问他这三个问题。
Will you be free this Sunday？If (it is) so，let’s go camping.
这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野营吧。
注意：若省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系，则使用现在分词；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用不定式。
When (it is) heated，ice can turn into water.
加热的时候冰可以变成水。
2．定语从句中的省略
(1)当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可以省略。
The exact year (which/that)Angela and her family spent together in China was 2020.
安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2020年。
(2)the same...as...或such...as...定语从句中，也有省略与主句相同的部分的情况。
I have the same trouble as you (have)．我和你有同样的困难。
(3)the way作先行词，后接定语从句时，在从句中作状语的that/in which可省略，在从句中作宾语的that/which亦可省略。
The way (that/in which) he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
The way (which/that) you told me yesterday doesn’t work.
你昨天告诉我的方法不管用。
3．宾语从句中的省略
在宾语从句中连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
I truly believe (that) beauty comes from within.我真的相信美丽来自内心。
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。
四、动词不定式中的省略
1．当不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not ready to (answer the question)．
如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
2．当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。常见的动词有agree，afford，expect，forget，hope，know，manage，pretend，remember，refuse，want，wish，would like等。
He asked me to help him lock the door，but I forgot to (lock the door)．
他让我帮他锁门，但是我忘了。
3．在某些使役动词，如：make，let，have等和感官动词，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则不省略to。
We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.
She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态)
我们经常听见她在教室唱英文歌。
4．并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，则不能省略to。
I’d like to stay with you，help you and learn from you.
我愿意留在你身边，帮助你并向你学习。
He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.(比较)
他认为重要的是学习而不是交朋友。
5．介词but，except(除了)前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
他所能做的只有观望。
五、使用so，not 等时的省略
在英语中，可以用so，not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
—Can you finish your work today
—I think so.
—I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作吗？
——我认为能。
——我认为不能。
注意：hope，guess，be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用not...so的形式。
—The boys are not doing a good job at all，are they
—I guess not.
——这些男孩做得一点儿都不好，是吗？
——我猜是没做好。
六、介词的省略
1．一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有：
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难
be busy (in) doing sth忙于做某事
spend some time (in) doing sth花费时间做某事
stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth阻止某人做某事
The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.
大雨使得他没能按时到达那里。
2．表示时间的介词at，on和in在next，last，this，these，yesterday，tomorrow，one，any，every，each，some等词之前时，一般省略。
We go to school (on) every day except Sundays.
除星期天外，我们每天都上学。
Ⅰ.写出下列句中省略的成分和内容
1．Hope you are well，and that I shall hear from you after your holiday.主语I
2．You can play in the house，but you mustn’t outside the house.谓语的一部分play
3．—I hope the children won’t touch the dog.
—I’ve warned them not to.
动词不定式符号to后的touch the dog
4．—Can you tell me when he will go abroad
—It’s hard to say.
宾语when he will go abroad
5．Feeling much better now
主语和谓语的一部分Are you
Ⅱ.用省略结构改写下列句子
1．I like singing more than I like dancing.
→I like singing more than dancing.
2．Fill in a proper preposition where it is necessary.
→Fill in a proper preposition where necessary.
3．Do you come up with good ideas？If it is so，we would love to hear about them.
→Do you come up with good ideas？If so，we would love to hear about them.
4．The boy used to play with the knife though his father told him not to play with the knife.
→The boy used to play with the knife though his father told him not to.
5．The book that he borrowed yesterday is well worth reading.→The book he borrowed yesterday is well worth reading.
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值65.5分]
Ⅰ.完成句子(共6小题；每小题3分，满分18分)
1．当你参观另一个国家时，你应该了解当地的习俗并遵守它们。
When (you are) visiting another country，you should be aware of the local customs and observe them.
2．他说这次讲座非常重要，我们都应该参加。
He said (that) the lecture was very important and that we should all attend it.
3．我不喜欢她对待她的学生的方式。
I don’t like the way (that/in which) she treats her students.
4．——约翰受伤了，否则他会赢得比赛。
——我认为也是如此。
—John was injured，or he would have won the race.
—I think so.
5．很多中国学生在学好英语方面有困难。
Many Chinese students have difficulty/problem/trouble (in) learning English well.
6．你如果不想，就不要告诉我真相。
Don’t tell me the truth if you don’t want to.
Ⅱ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Every year，travelers head to South America to be amazed at the vast glaciers，huge open skies and high mountains.But at Omora Ethnobotanical Park on Tierra del Fuego，visitors are encouraged to think small.
Tierra del Fuego，a remote island at the tip of South America，might offer little in terms of animals and trees，but when it comes to bryophytes(苔藓植物)，it is among the richest corners of the planet.In the area that covers less than 0.01% of the Earth’s land surface，more than 5% of the world’s bryophyte species is found.
On entering the park，you’re given a magnifying lens(放大镜)．Guided by plant experts，you are invited to get down on your hands and knees to explore the little-known world of Tierra del Fuego’s “miniature forests”—the bryophytes that cover the rocks and trees.Focus is key: as you tiptoe through the park，it is easy to miss or even step on them.
I wondered how interesting mosses could be.But when I got up close，they started to come to life.Shapes and colours appeared that were not visible to the naked eye.One plant was bright yellow，while another was green with a bright red tip like a little hat.
One of the strangest plants is Old Man’s Beard，which looks like thin noodles and hangs off the trees in webs.According to my guide Lily Lewis，it plays an important role in the growth of the forest，capturing nutrients and salts blown in on the ocean wind.
Old Man’s Beard is extremely vulnerable to pollution，and has all but disappeared across much of the planet.But in Tierra del Fuego，where the air and rain are among the cleanest on the planet，it grows wildly.
“The hand lens is your entry point into the world of the miniature forests，” Lewis said.“Looking through a lens reminds you that there are other viewpoints from which we can see the world.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了火地岛的奥莫拉民族植物公园里的苔藓植物组成了一个微型森林世界。
1．Which title best describes Tierra del Fuego
A．A wonderland of tiny plants.
B．A unique place of rare species.
C．A top destination for hiking lovers.
D．A remote land with different landscapes.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段可知，火地岛的面积不到地球陆地面积的0.01%，但拥有世界上超过5%的苔藓植物物种，因此可以说火地岛是微小植物的仙境。故选A。
2．What quality is highly valued while one is exploring Omora Ethnobotanical Park
A．Curiosity and creativity.
B．Quickness and confidence.
C．Carefulness and attentiveness.
D．Determination and courage.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Focus is key: as you tiptoe through the park，it is easy to miss or even step on them.”可知，在探索奥莫拉民族植物公园时，要小心且专注。故选C。
3．Which can best replace the underlined word “vulnerable”？
A．Adaptable. B．Sensitive.
C．Beneficial. D．Resistant.
答案　B
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“...has all but disappeared across much of the planet.But in Tierra del Fuego，where the air and rain are among the cleanest on the planet，it grows wildly.”可知，澳洲铁线莲在地球上的大部分地区几乎都消失了。但是由于火地岛上的环境非常好，澳洲铁线莲在火地岛生长得很好，由此可推知，该植株对污染很敏感，也就是易受污染。故选B。
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Eco-tourism in Tierra del Fuego
B．An Encounter with Old Man’s Beard
C．A Tiny Forest on the Tip of the World
D．Start Your Journey of Discovery，Now!
答案　C
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第二段可知，文章主要介绍了火地岛的奥莫拉民族植物公园里的苔藓植物组成了一个微型森林世界，所以C选项“世界之端的小森林”是本文的最佳标题。故选C。
B(此篇精读)
As African forest elephants make their way through the rainforest and search for food，they do a lot of damage to the surrounding plants.They step on，knock over，and remove leaves and branches off trees.In many people’s eyes，they make a broken mess①，which has raised people’s concern that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming.
Actually，the elephants’ eating and destruction help with the climate change.How As they walk through the forest，they thin out② young trees that are competing for space，water，and light.As a result，the larger trees grow better，which have the ability to absorb and store more CO2.Meanwhile，lower forest density(密度) enables grasses to grow.Fallen trees make it possible for more light to reach the ground，benefiting the growth of grasses and a more balanced ecosystem.The enlarged grassland contributes to more carbon capture(碳捕获)．According to a 2019 study，each forest elephant unknowingly helps the forest pull carbon out of the air—like taking 2,047 cars off roads a year.African forest elephants act as “climate heroes”，trying to create a healthy ecosystem and slow climate change.
Unfortunately，the number of forest elephants has fallen by more than 86% over 31 years，and their living area is now only a quarter of their original size.According to the wildlife scientist Fiona Maisels，between 2002 and 2013，elephants were lost at the rate of 60 a day，or about one every 20 minutes.
Now Ralph Chami，assistant director of the Institute for Capacity Development at the International Monetary Fund，wants to put a better value on forest elephants.Instead of focusing on how much the elephants need us to save them，he thinks we should focus on how much we need them to save us.These four-legged giants aren’t passengers on our planet；they are heroes protecting it.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了森林象穿过雨林寻找食物时踩踏植物的行为有助于缓解气候变化，但不幸的是近年来森林象数量急剧下降，需要我们的关注和保护。
5．What’s people’s impression of the African forest elephant according to paragraph 1
A．A destroyer of forest ecosystem.
B．A connector of forest food chain.
C．A helper of rainforest’s structure.
D．A contributor to environment protection.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“In many people’s eyes...raised people’s concern that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming.”可知，人们认为非洲森林象损害了热带雨林的生态系统，并可能导致全球变暖，是森林生态系统的破坏者，故选A。
6．What is the effect of elephants’ behaviors on the forest
A．Better growth of young trees.
B．Larger living space for animals.
C．Higher absorption③ of carbon.
D．Greater competition among plants.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段首句“Actually，the elephants’ eating and destruction help with the climate change.”可知，大象的行为对气候变化有帮助作用，以及后文“According to a 2019 study，each forest elephant unknowingly helps the forest pull carbon out of the air—like taking 2,047 cars off roads a year.(根据2019年的一项研究，每头森林大象都在不知不觉中帮助森林从空气中吸收碳，其效果相当于每年从道路上移走2 047辆汽车)”可知，大象的行为让森林吸收更多碳，故选C。
7．What do the numbers in paragraph 3 show
A．The great loss of forest resources.
B．The need to protect the forest.
C．The value of collecting exact data.
D．The sharp fall in elephant population.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段“Unfortunately，the number of forest elephants has fallen by more than 86%...elephants were lost at the rate of 60 a day，or about one every 20 minutes.”可知，在过去的31年里，森林象的数量减少了86%以上，2002年至2013年期间，大象的数量以每天60头的速度减少，或者大约每20分钟就有一头大象死去，因此第三段的数字表明森林象数量急剧下降，故选D。
8．What is Ralph Chami’s point of view
A．Elephants’ survival is our survival.
B．We need to recognize the forest value.
C．Saving the planet is building our future.
D．We are supposed to protect giant animals.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“he thinks we should focus on how much we need them to save us...they are heroes protecting it.”可知，Ralph Chami认为我们需要大象来拯救我们，大象是保护地球的英雄，因此A项“大象的生存就是我们的生存”符合Ralph Chami的观点，故选A。
[语境猜词]
①mess n．杂乱；不整洁
②thin out(使)变稀薄，变稀疏，变少
③absorption(派)＝absor(b)＋ption n．(液体、气体等的)吸收
[句式分析]
In many people’s eyes，they make a broken mess，which has raised people’s concern that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming.
分析：该句为复合句。“which has raised people’s concern”为非限制性定语从句；“that they are harming the rainforest ecosystem and may contribute to global warming”为同位语从句，解释说明concern的内容。
翻译：在许多人看来，它们使森林变得狼藉不堪，这引起了人们的担忧，它们正在损害热带雨林的生态系统，并可能加剧全球变暖。
Ⅲ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
A major project called green-prescription(处方) helping people in England connect with nature was launched.More than 8,000 people took part in such activities in the project including community gardening，tree planting and wild swimming. 1
The result can show it.After taking part in the project，people’s feelings of happiness and of life being meaningful jumped to near national averages while levels of anxiety fell significantly. 2 The traditional treatments took up to 1,000 pounds for 10 sessions，nearly twice of it.
“Green social prescribing” is an effective way of supporting people with mental health.But the project is just in its early stage. 3 It is expected to get a new round of funding from authority to work on expanding(扩大) its reach because there is a lot of needs，both from health services and from a lot of people whose needs are not being met.
Connecting with nature is a lifelong resource with proven benefits for mental and physical health.It can cut through generations of poor life events.But now many of the patients can’t access nature in this way due to a range of personal，social，and cultural factors. 4 This project has the possibility to reduce the prescribing and treatment costs，as well as addressing many health needs and lowering the risk of several diseases，from diabetes(糖尿病) to depression(抑郁)．So the project tries its best to help more people.
5 It has sites in Humberside，South Yorkshire，Derbyshire，Nottinghamshire，Manchester，Surrey and the west country.21% of the people who receive green prescribing are populations from remote areas and 57% from underdeveloped areas.
A．The people in need are recommended to the project.
B．That’s why green social prescribing is so important.
C．The project has reached a broad range of people now.
D．Most of them with mental ill health have benefited from it.
E．The participants were checked before and after the project.
F．The project also found a green prescription was cost-effective.
G．Its further growth requires the help of the government system.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个名为“绿色处方”的项目，该项目旨在帮助英国人与自然建立联系，通过社区园艺、植树和野外游泳等活动，改善人们的心理健康，并降低医疗成本。
1．答案　D
解析　根据上文可知，一个旨在帮助英国人与自然建立联系的项目启动了，超过8 000人参加了该活动，结合下文“The result can show it.”可知，空处是在描述该项目对参与者的益处，选项D符合语境，选项D中的“them”指代上文提到的“More than 8,000 people”。故选D。
2．答案　F
解析　根据上下文可知，上文提到参与该项目的人生活幸福感和意义感大幅提升；下文讲述了与绿色处方项目相比，传统治疗方法价格高昂，由此可知空处应比较绿色处方和传统治疗方法的成本，选项F符合语境，选项F中的“cost-effective”与下文提到的成本相关内容相呼应。故选F。
3．答案　G
解析　根据上文“But the project is just in its early stage.”和下文“It is expected to get a new round of funding from authority to work on expanding(扩大) its reach”可知，空处应说明该项目需要更多的支持来扩大其影响，选项G符合语境，选项G中的“Its further growth”与上文提到的“the project is just in its early stage”相呼应，选项G中的“the help of the government system”与下文提到的“get a new round of funding from authority”相呼应。故选G。
4．答案　B
解析　根据上文可知，现在由于一系列个人、社会和文化因素，许多患者无法通过这种方式接触自然，下文提到了绿色处方带来的益处，因此空处应说明绿色处方的重要性，选项B符合语境，选项B中的“why green social prescribing is so important”与上文提到的“many of the patients can’t access nature in this way”以及下文提到的“the possibility to reduce the prescribing and treatment costs”相呼应。故选B。
5．答案　C
解析　根据下文可知，绿色处方在很多地方设有据点，惠及了很多偏远和欠发达地区的人们，空处为段首句，需要总结下文，因此空处应说明该项目已经覆盖了广泛的人群，选项C符合语境，选项C中的“has reached a broad range of people”与下文提到的“21% of the people who receive green prescribing are populations from remote areas and 57% from underdeveloped areas”相呼应。故选C。
Ⅳ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Every September，kids of all ages leap from the 1. (start) line of the Louis Tewanima Footrace on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona.Many have come from nearby Hopi villages，and others have travelled from faraway places 2. (take) part in the race.
Running is very important within Hopi culture.Long before they used modern cars，the Hopi relied on running to travel great distances，deliver 3. (message)，and care for their corn and fields.But the Hopi also ran for 4. (religion) reasons.Hopi runners of the past would run far beyond Hopi lands as 5. prayer for rain.They believed that they could attract rain clouds to follow them home with their swiftness of foot.
Hopi youth 6. (instruct) to run on dirt trails according to Hopi customs and to study the graceful movements of deer and antelope in order to learn from 7.____________________(they)．Elders teach youngsters to run with good hearts,8. (keep) the well-being of the entire Hopi community in mind.
And so at the annual footrace，high on top of Second Mesa，Hopi children run not just to show respect 9. Louis Tewanima 10. was an Olympic medalist or for the chance of winning prize.They also run for their people，for their villages，and to continue the long tradition of distance running in Hopi society.
1．答案　starting
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，start在句中作定语，应用其现在分词来表示后面line的用途。故填starting。
2．答案　to take
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，take在句中应用非谓语动词形式，此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to take。
3．答案　messages
解析　考查名词复数。message表示“信息”，是可数名词，空前没有冠词，表示数量大于一，应用复数形式。故填messages。
4．答案　religious
解析　考查形容词。修饰后文名词reasons应用形容词religious，作定语。故填religious。
5．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。此处修饰名词prayer，表示数量一，且prayer发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
6．答案　are instructed
解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语youth和谓语之间是被动关系，且陈述客观事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态，主语Hopi youth表示复数意义，be动词应用复数。故填are instructed。
7．答案　them
解析　考查代词。介词from后跟代词的宾格，作宾语。故填them。
8．答案　keeping
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，keep在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语youngsters构成主动关系，表示与run这个动作同时发生，故用现在分词作状语。故填keeping。
9．答案　for
解析　考查介词。show respect for sb为固定搭配。故填for。
10．答案　who/that
解析　考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词Louis Tewanima，先行词在从句中作主语，指人，应用关系代词who或that引导。故填who/that。

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