资源简介

(共78张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Verb-ed forms as attributives，adverbials and object complements
Scientists who
changed the world
Unit 4
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习
①Observed on the first day of the first month，Chinese New Year，also ②called the Spring Festival，is well received by all the Chinese people all over the world.At the Spring Festival，most people have big meals ③cooked by themselves and chat with family members while others may take a trip to visit their friends or to spend their long holiday.It is also a children’s festival.The elders will hand out red packets with some money ④put into them to the younger generation.And children used to set off firecrackers during the Spring Festival.Chinese people think the loud sound of firecrackers makes devils ⑤driven away.
[自主发现]
Verb-ed形式作定语的有 ；作状语的有 ；作宾语补足语的有________。
②③
①
④⑤
返 回
语法精讲
动词-ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
一、过去分词作定语
1.过去分词作定语时的位置
(1)一般情况下，单个的过去分词作前置定语，即放在被修饰词之前。
The frozen lake is as smooth as a mirror.
结冰的湖面像镜子一样平滑。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
污染了的空气和水对人们的健康有害。
(2)过去分词短语往往作后置定语，即放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
Last Tuesday in a mountainous area，there were a total of 173 sheep killed almost immediately(＝which were killed almost immediately) when lightning struck.
上周二在一个山区，总共有173只羊在被闪电击中时即刻死亡。
2.过去分词作定语时的意义
(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.(表示被动)
卡车和公共汽车都是靠装在车顶上的大袋子里的气体驱动。
The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.(表示被动和完成)
会议上提出的计划将很快被执行。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。
Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week.
上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们比赛了。
The risen sun is shining brightly in the morning.早上已升起的太阳正灿烂地照耀着。
3.过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别
　　　　　意义 形式　　　　　 语态 时态
过去分词 被动 完成
现在分词 主动 进行
As we all know，China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
The visitor comes from a developed country.
这名游客来自一个发达国家。
4.过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语时的区别
　　　　意义 形式　　　　 语态 时态
done 被动 完成
being done 被动 进行
to be done 被动 尚未发生
The building built last year is our teaching building.
去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building being built now is our teaching building.
现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building to be built next month is our teaching building.
下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
二、过去分词作状语
过去分词(短语)作状语，表示被动的或完成的动作，这时句子的主语和过去分词之间为逻辑上的被动关系。
Written in a hurry，this article was not so good.
因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。
本句中的Written in a hurry即为过去分词短语作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经写完。
1.过去分词作状语时的句法功能
过去分词通常在句中作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语和伴随状语等。
(1)过去分词作时间状语，在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。
Asked about his address(＝When he was asked about his address)，the boy didn’t respond.
被问及他的地址时，小男孩没有作答。
(2)过去分词作原因状语，在句中相当于一个原因状语从句。
Deeply moved by the movie(＝Because they were deeply moved by the movie)，the children began to cry.
因为被电影深深地感动了，孩子们开始哭了起来。
(3)过去分词作条件状语，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。
Given more time(＝If they were given more time)，the trees could grow taller.
如果再多给一点时间，这些树会长得更高。
Heated to a high temperature(＝If it is heated to a high temperature)，water will change into vapor.如果加热到高温，水就能变成水蒸气。
(4)过去分词作让步状语，在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。
Though warned of the storm(＝Though they had been warned of the storm)，the farmers were still working in the fields.
尽管被警告过有暴风雨，农民们仍然在田里劳作。
(5)过去分词作方式、伴随状语。
Followed by a group of students，the teacher entered the classroom.
＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students.
老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。
注意：过去分词(短语)作状语时，前面有时可以加上when，if，while，though，even if，until，unless等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为“主语＋be的多种形式”)。需要注意的是省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或为it。
Even if invited(＝Even if I’m invited)，I won’t attend the party.
即使受到邀请，我也不会参加那个聚会的。
2.现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
The girl went out，shutting the door behind her.
女孩出去后将身后的门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do，she turned to her parents for help.
由于不知如何是好，她去找她的父母帮忙。
(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given more encouragement，the girl could have behaved better.
如果多给这个女孩一些鼓励，她本来可以表现得更好。
Faced with difficulties，you must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难时，你必须尽量去克服它们。
(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，而是强调状态。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，she didn’t hear the sound.
陷入沉思，她没有听到那阵声音。
Born in this beautiful town，the girl hates to leave it.
出生于这座美丽的小镇，女孩不愿离开它。
三、过去分词作宾语补足语
1.过去分词用在表状态的keep，leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。
He got up late and hurried to his office，leaving his breakfast untouched.
他起床晚了，没吃早饭就匆忙去上班了。
2.过去分词用在使役动词have/get和make的后面作宾语补足语。
(1)“have/get＋宾语＋过去分词”通常可以表示两种含义：“让别人做某事”或“遭遇到某种不幸”。
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.
飞机起飞前一个小时克莱尔让她的行李进行了安检。
While they were on holiday，they had their car broken into.
他们在度假时，他们的汽车被撬开了。
(2)在“make＋宾语＋过去分词”结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是被动关系。
They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.
他们用很简单的英语来努力使自己被理解。
3.感官动词see，hear，notice，observe，watch，feel，find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
When we saw the road blocked with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.
当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家度过假期。
The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely changed.
第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界完全变了样。
4.表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like，want，wish，order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week.
经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。
5.在“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。
The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.
客厅既干净又整洁，已经为即将做好的饭菜摆好了餐桌。
John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.
约翰收到一份宴请函，而且他的工作也做完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。
6.过去分词、现在分词与动词不定式作宾语补足语时的区别
(1)过去分词作宾语补足语强调动作与宾语之间为动宾关系。
We found the boy knocked down by a car.
我们发现那个男孩被车撞倒了。
(2)现在分词作宾语补足语强调动作与宾语之间为主谓关系，或动作正在进行。
We found Jim lying on the grass just now.
我们刚才发现吉姆躺在草地上。
(3)动词不定式作宾语补足语强调动作发生的全过程。有些动词(感官动词和使役动词)后可跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
I saw her enter the classroom.
我看见她进了教室。
返 回
达标检测
1.Born in a mountain village，Tom was interested in something involving agriculture.When he was young，he often helped his father with the crops 2.damaged in the heavy rain.When he grew up，he was admitted into a key university，where he majored in agriculture.After graduation，he joined a team 3.set up by an old expert with enough professional knowledge.When 4.faced with a natural disaster，some farmers were often helpless.Tom and his team often helped them to have their confidence 5.improved.
Ⅰ.阅读下面短文，分析并说出画线部分所作的句子成分
They also showed them how to save the damaged crops and how to have the production 6.doubled.Most of the local farmers thought highly of the team.7.Praised by these farmers，Tom worked harder than before.In his opinion，it was his duty to help the farmers out when they got into trouble.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7._____
状语
定语
定语
状语
宾补
宾补
状语
1.Sufficient data which are obtained from the experiments show that the herb extracts are effective.
→Sufficient data show that the herb extracts are effective.
2.He was devoted to his research，so that he had no time to relax.
→ ，he had no time to relax.
3.When I arrived there，I noticed the car was stuck in the mud.
→When I arrived there，I .
Ⅱ.句型转换(用非谓语形式改写句子)
obtained from the experiments
Devoted to his research
noticed the car stuck in the mud
4.Although he was left at home alone，John didn’t feel afraid at all.
→ ，John didn’t feel afraid at all.
5.The woman doctor tried her best to save the girl who was seriously injured in the accident.
→The woman doctor tried her best to save the girl seriously___________
_____________.
6.The athlete walked onto the platform，and he was followed by two other prizewinners.
→The athlete walked onto the platform，___________________________
_______________.
Left at home alone
injured in
the accident
followed by two other
prizewinners
7.In recent years，we have seen large areas of wetlands that were damaged by human activities.
→In recent years，we have seen large areas of wetlands_______________
__________________.
8.The man who is cheering up the team members is the organizer of this activity.
→The man is the organizer of this activity.
damaged by
human activities
返 回
cheering up the team members
作业3
1. (see) from the top of the hill，the town looks more beautiful.
2.Ordinary soap， (use) correctly，can deal with bacteria effectively.
3.He still couldn’t make his theory (understand) even though he tried to illustrate it.
4.Don’t leave that man over there (wait) outside and show him in now.
5.When she found her mobile devices (throw) away，she boiled with anger.
Seen
used
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
understood
waiting
thrown
6.You had better choose your job (depend) on what you are interested in.
7.Generally speaking，if (take) according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.
8.They are making great gifts and you’ll see them (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
depending
taken
decorated
1.她很高兴看到她母亲在她姐姐家里受到很好的照顾。
She was happy at her elder sister’s home.
2.由于住得离学校远，我必须每天早起。
，I have to get up early every morning.
3.她穿着一条漂亮的裙子，参加了开幕式。
，she attended the opening ceremony.
Ⅱ.完成句子
to see her mother taken good care of
Living far from the school
Dressed in a beautiful skirt
4.虽然又被另一支队伍打败了，但是我们没有失去信心。
again，we didn’t lose heart.
5.我经常参考我最喜欢的作家写的书。
I often refer to books .
Beaten by another team
written by my favourite author
A
Each year，the nation’s oldest math and science competition，the Regeneron Science Talent Search，selects teenagers based on their achievements，as well as their potential to become world-changing scientists and leaders.Previous finalists have gone on to win Nobel Prizes，National Medals of Science and Fields Medals.
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Victor Cai因开发一种短程距离感应雷达而入围美国历史最悠久的数学和科学竞赛Regeneron Science Talent Search。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
Of over 1,800 applicants in 2022，Victor Cai，from Parkland High School，was among the search’s top 40 finalists.Each finalist was awarded $25,000 and participated in a week-long competition in March.Top prizes ranged from $40,000 to $250,000.
Cai was selected as a finalist for developing a short-range distance sensing radar(雷达) to help blind people get around in their homes.He was inspired to develop his project after his kung fu teacher of 11 years slowly lost his sight due to a rare eye disease.“I was eager to do something for him，” he said.
The traditional radar device can interfere(干扰) with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth，making such technology difficult to use in the home.Cai used a little-known radar concept(概念)，officially called the Multiple Frequency Continuous Wave.His device is currently about one foot by one foot in height and width.Cai hopes to develop a smaller one that the user can wear around the house.
“Science allows us to create new technologies and to use these technologies to develop ways to make people’s lives better，” he said.“For me，it’s really special to create something that hasn’t been possible before.”
Cai felt excited about meeting his fellow finalists during the competition from March 9 to l6.“It’s nice to have different topics being researched by all the finalists and to know how they are improving our lives，” Cai said.“We all have the shared passion for using science to improve the world.”
1.What do we know about the Regeneron Science Talent Search from the passage
A.It takes place once every four years.
B.Its top prize winner will be awarded $25,000.
C.It aims to select promising scientists from teenagers.
D.Over 1,800 applicants participated in it in March,2022.
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Each year...the Regeneron Science Talent Search，selects teenagers based on their achievements，as well as their potential to become world-changing scientists and leaders.”可知，该竞赛旨在从青少年中选拔有前途的科学家。故选C。
解析
√
2.Why did Cai desire to develop his project
A.To improve the world.
B.To inspire more teenagers.
C.To become one of the finalists.
D.To make his teacher’s life easier.
细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，他开发他的项目是为了让他因罕见眼病而逐渐失明的老师的生活更轻松。故选D。
解析
√
3.What is special about Victor Cai’s device
A.It can be worn by its user.
B.It can now be used in the home.
C.It can interfere with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
D.It’s developed using a well-known concept.
√
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Cai was selected as a finalist for developing a short-range distance sensing radar(雷达) to help blind people get around in their homes.”和第四段中“The traditional radar device can interfere(干扰) with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth，making such technology difficult to use in the home...His device is currently about one foot by one foot in height and width.”可推知，他发明的设备的特殊之处在于它现在可以在家里使用。故选B。
解析
4.Which of the following words can best describe Victor Cai
A.Honest and positive.
B.Curious and energetic.
C.Brave and open-minded.
D.Creative and ambitious.
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Cai was selected as a finalist for developing a short-range distance sensing radar(雷达) to help blind people get around in their homes.”可推知，他很有创造力；根据最后一段中他说的“We all have the shared passion for using science to improve the world.”可推知，他很有雄心。故选D。
解析
√
B
If you could travel in time，where would you go Perhaps you would watch a performance of a Shakespeare’s play in Elizabethan England What about hanging out with Laozi in the Spring and Autumn Period Or maybe you’d voyage far ahead of the present day to see what the future holds.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者在文章中介绍了与时间旅行有关的文学作品、理论支持以及悖论，同时表达了自己对时间旅行的观点。
The possibility of time travel is indeed appealing.Stories exploring the subject have been around for hundreds of years.Perhaps the best-known example is science fiction novel The Time Machine，written by H.G.Wells and published in 1895.It was adapted into at least two feature films of the same name，as well as two television versions，and a large number of comic book adaptations.It is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively.The term “time machine”，put forward by Wells，now universally refers to a vehicle transporting people into the far future.
But could time travel actually be possible Some scientists say yes，in theory.They propose using cracks in time and space called “wormholes”，which could be used as short cuts to other periods.Einstein’s theory of relativity allows time travel in extreme circumstances.And Stephen Hawking says you could travel into the future with a really fast spaceship—going at nearly the speed of light，though building such a spaceship wouldn’t of course be simple.
Even if you could travel into the past，there is something called the “grandfather paradox”.It asks what would happen if a time traveler were to go back in time and have his own grandfather killed for some reason，and therefore prevent himself from being born.If the time traveler wasn’t born，how would he travel back in time
And would you really like to visit the future In H.G.Wells’ book，the main character travels into distant time where he arrives at a beach and is attacked by giant crabs.He then voyages 30 million years into the future where the only living thing is a black object with tentacles(触角).
If that’s what’s in store，maybe we are better just living in the present day after all.
5.Which of the following statements is TRUE
A.It was H.G.Wells who invented the term “time machine”.
B.The Time Machine is one of the bestselling science fiction novels.
C.Works of literature about time travel first appeared one hundred years ago.
D.There are films，comic books and poems adapted from the novel The
Time Machine.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“The term ‘time machine’，put forward by Wells，now universally refers to a vehicle transporting people into the far future.”可知，是H.G.Wells首次提出了“时光机器”这一词。故选A。
解析
6.What can we know about Einstein’s and Hawking’s theories
A.They suggest the possibility of time travel.
B.They have pushed the invention of the first spaceship.
C.They have been proved wrong by some time travelers.
D.They have similarities because both are based on experiments.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Einstein’s theory of relativity allows time travel in extreme circumstances.And Stephen Hawking says you could travel into the future with a really fast spaceship—going at nearly the speed of light...”可知，爱因斯坦和霍金的理论表明了时间旅行的可能性。故选A。
解析
7.In paragraph 4，which idea does “grandfather paradox” probably refer to
A.The traveler is prevented from meeting his grandfather.
B.The traveler goes back in time to seek for his grandfather.
C.The grandfather’s death makes the traveler’s birth impossible.
D.The reunion of the traveler and his grandfather brings happiness.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段中“It asks what would happen if a time traveler were to go back in time and have his own grandfather killed for some reason，and therefore prevent himself from being born.If the time traveler wasn’t born，how would he travel back in time？”可知，这里“grandfather paradox”指的是“祖父的死使时间旅行者的出生变得不可能”。故选C。
解析
8.According to the passage，what is probably the author’s attitude towards time travel
A.Unclear. B.Doubtful.
C.Supportive. D.Unconcerned.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段“If that’s what’s in store，maybe we are better just living in the present day after all.”可知，作者认为最好活在当下，所以作者对时间旅行持怀疑的态度。故选B。
解析
Children start out as natural scientists，eager to look into the world around them.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一些帮助孩子享受科学的建议。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
1 There’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment.You only have to share your children’s curiosity.
A.Do not interrupt.
B.Pay attention to your words.
C.There is no time for a child to think.
D.Helping them enjoy science can be easy.
E.This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
F.So in this way we don’t need to develop their interest in science.
G.And they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner.
√
上文“Children start out as natural scientists，eager to look into the world around them.”说明了孩子天生与科学之间的联系，下文“There’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment.You only have to share your children’s curiosity.”提到了让孩子们对科学感兴趣不需要很多科学术语或昂贵的实验室设备，说明让孩子享受科学很容易，故D项(帮助他们享受科学很容易)符合语境，故选D。
解析
Listen to their questions.I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a job.After my sharing，a boy raised his hand and asked me some questions，“Have you ever seen a grasshopper eat When I try eating leaves like that，I get a stomachache.Why？” 2
A.Do not interrupt.
B.Pay attention to your words.
C.There is no time for a child to think.
D.Helping them enjoy science can be easy.
E.This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
F.So in this way we don’t need to develop their interest in science.
G.And they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner.
√
上文“I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds...a boy raised his hand and asked me some questions...”说明作者遇到一个男孩提问的情况，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文说明男孩的问题引发的结果。E项(由此开始了一系列持续了近两个小时的问题)符合语境，故选E。
解析
Give them time to think.Studies over the past 30 years have shown that，after a question，adults typically wait only one second or less for an answer. 3 When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more，children give more logical，complete and creative answers.
A.Do not interrupt.
B.Pay attention to your words.
C.There is no time for a child to think.
D.Helping them enjoy science can be easy.
E.This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
F.So in this way we don’t need to develop their interest in science.
G.And they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner.
√
上文“Studies over the past 30 years have shown that，after a question，adults typically wait only one second or less for an answer.”说明成年人通常给孩子们留很短的思考时间。下文“When adults increase their ‘wait time’ to three seconds or more，children give more logical，complete and creative answers.”说明在成年人延长等待时间后，孩子可以给出更好的答案。C项(孩子没有时间思考)构成上文的结果，并引出下文更好的做法，符合语境，故选C。
解析
　4　 Once you have a child in a science discussion，don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very good”.These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior.But in talking about science，quick praise can signal that discussion is over.Instead，keep things going by saying，“That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it that way before，” or coming up with more questions or ideas.
A.Do not interrupt.
B.Pay attention to your words.
C.There is no time for a child to think.
D.Helping them enjoy science can be easy.
E.This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
F.So in this way we don’t need to develop their interest in science.
G.And they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner.
√
下文“Once you have a child in a science discussion，don’t jump in with ‘That’s right’ or ‘Very good’...Instead，keep things going by saying，‘That’s interesting’ or ‘I’d never thought of it that way before，’ or coming up with more questions or ideas.”说明本段主要讲的是在与孩子进行科学讨论时应注意自己使用恰当的语言，B项(注意你的语言)可概括本段内容。故选B。
解析
Show rather than tell.Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can learn from a book or a television program.Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass(放大镜). 5
A.Do not interrupt.
B.Pay attention to your words.
C.There is no time for a child to think.
D.Helping them enjoy science can be easy.
E.This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
F.So in this way we don’t need to develop their interest in science.
G.And they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner.
√
上文“Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can learn from a book or a television program.Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass(放大镜).”说明要让孩子用观察的方式来理解做一些事情的原因，G项(他们就会明白你为什么要他们在晚饭前洗手)中they对应上文中children，说明了让孩子们用放大镜观察自己的指尖，孩子们自然会明白餐前洗手的原因，符合语境，故选G。
解析
China is widely known for its ancient civilization 1. has continued all the way through into modern times.There are many reasons why this has been possible.
which/that
Ⅴ.语法填空
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了汉字的起源、发展过程以及对古代和现代的重要意义和作用。
考查定语从句。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，关系词指代先行词ancient civilization(指物)并在从句中作主语，故填which/that。
解析
At the beginning，written Chinese was 2. picture-based language.Ancient Chinese people carved 3. (symbol) on animal bones and shells.
a
2.考查冠词。language为可数名词，此处泛指“一种语言”，且picture-based发音以辅音音素开头，需用不定冠词a。
3.考查名词复数。根据句意和句中bones和shells可知，雕刻的符号不止一个，应用名词复数形式。
解析
symbols
By the Shang Dynasty，a well-developed writing system had come into being.At that time，people lived in different places,4.____________(lead) to many varieties of dialects and characters.
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词lived，且句中无连词，此处使用非谓语形式，表示一种自然而然的结果，用现在分词作结果状语。
解析
leading
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one country where the Chinese writing system began to develop 5. one direction.The writing system was of great 6.________________(important) in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
5.考查介词。固定短语in one/a direction，意为“在一个方向上，朝一个方向”。
6.考查词性转换。be of importance＝be important，意为“重要的”。
解析
in
importance
Even today，wherever Chinese people live or whatever dialect they speak，they can communicate 7._________(free) in writing.
freely
考查词性转换。修饰动词communicate用副词，副词freely“自由地”，而free也可作副词，但表示“免费地”，不符合句意。
解析
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with 8. (it) past.People in modern times can read classic works that 9.________________(write) by Chinese in ancient times.
8.考查代词。修饰名词past用形容词性物主代词。
9.考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句意和句子结构可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，从句的先行词为classic works，与write之间是被动关系，而且动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were written。
解析
its
were written
The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form,10.____________(know) as Chinese calligraphy，which has become an important part of Chinese culture.Today，the Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture.
考查非谓语动词。be known as为固定短语，意为“作为……而著名”。此处省略be，用过去分词作后置定语。故填known。
解析
known
返 回
本课结束Period 3　Grammar and usage—Verb-ed forms as attributives，adverbials and object complements
阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并完成下面的练习
①Observed on the first day of the first month，Chinese New Year，also ②called the Spring Festival，is well received by all the Chinese people all over the world.At the Spring Festival，most people have big meals ③cooked by themselves and chat with family members while others may take a trip to visit their friends or to spend their long holiday.It is also a children’s festival.The elders will hand out red packets with some money ④put into them to the younger generation.And children used to set off firecrackers during the Spring Festival.Chinese people think the loud sound of firecrackers makes devils ⑤driven away.
自主发现
Verb-ed形式作定语的有②③；作状语的有①；作宾语补足语的有④⑤。
动词-ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时的位置
(1)一般情况下，单个的过去分词作前置定语，即放在被修饰词之前。
The frozen lake is as smooth as a mirror.
结冰的湖面像镜子一样平滑。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
污染了的空气和水对人们的健康有害。
(2)过去分词短语往往作后置定语，即放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
Last Tuesday in a mountainous area，there were a total of 173 sheep killed almost immediately(＝which were killed almost immediately) when lightning struck.
上周二在一个山区，总共有173只羊在被闪电击中时即刻死亡。
2．过去分词作定语时的意义
(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.(表示被动)
卡车和公共汽车都是靠装在车顶上的大袋子里的气体驱动。
The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.(表示被动和完成)
会议上提出的计划将很快被执行。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。
Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week.
上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们比赛了。
The risen sun is shining brightly in the morning.早上已升起的太阳正灿烂地照耀着。
3．过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别
　　　　　意义 形式　　　　　 语态 时态
过去分词 被动 完成
现在分词 主动 进行
As we all know，China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
The visitor comes from a developed country.
这名游客来自一个发达国家。
4．过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语时的区别
　　　　意义 形式　　　　 语态 时态
done 被动 完成
being done 被动 进行
to be done 被动 尚未发生
The building built last year is our teaching building.
去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building being built now is our teaching building.
现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building to be built next month is our teaching building.
下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
二、过去分词作状语
过去分词(短语)作状语，表示被动的或完成的动作，这时句子的主语和过去分词之间为逻辑上的被动关系。
Written in a hurry，this article was not so good.
因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。
本句中的Written in a hurry即为过去分词短语作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经写完。
1．过去分词作状语时的句法功能
过去分词通常在句中作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语和伴随状语等。
(1)过去分词作时间状语，在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。
Asked about his address(＝When he was asked about his address)，the boy didn’t respond.
被问及他的地址时，小男孩没有作答。
(2)过去分词作原因状语，在句中相当于一个原因状语从句。
Deeply moved by the movie(＝Because they were deeply moved by the movie)，the children began to cry.
因为被电影深深地感动了，孩子们开始哭了起来。
(3)过去分词作条件状语，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。
Given more time(＝If they were given more time)，the trees could grow taller.
如果再多给一点时间，这些树会长得更高。
Heated to a high temperature(＝If it is heated to a high temperature)，water will change into vapor.如果加热到高温，水就能变成水蒸气。
(4)过去分词作让步状语，在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。
Though warned of the storm(＝Though they had been warned of the storm)，the farmers were still working in the fields.
尽管被警告过有暴风雨，农民们仍然在田里劳作。
(5)过去分词作方式、伴随状语。
Followed by a group of students，the teacher entered the classroom.
＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students.
老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。
注意：过去分词(短语)作状语时，前面有时可以加上when，if，while，though，even if，until，unless等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为“主语＋be的多种形式”)。需要注意的是省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或为it。
Even if invited(＝Even if I’m invited)，I won’t attend the party.
即使受到邀请，我也不会参加那个聚会的。
2．现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
The girl went out，shutting the door behind her.
女孩出去后将身后的门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do，she turned to her parents for help.
由于不知如何是好，她去找她的父母帮忙。
(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given more encouragement，the girl could have behaved better.
如果多给这个女孩一些鼓励，她本来可以表现得更好。
Faced with difficulties，you must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难时，你必须尽量去克服它们。
(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，而是强调状态。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，she didn’t hear the sound.
陷入沉思，她没有听到那阵声音。
Born in this beautiful town，the girl hates to leave it.
出生于这座美丽的小镇，女孩不愿离开它。
三、过去分词作宾语补足语
1．过去分词用在表状态的keep，leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。
He got up late and hurried to his office，leaving his breakfast untouched.
他起床晚了，没吃早饭就匆忙去上班了。
2．过去分词用在使役动词have/get和make的后面作宾语补足语。
(1)“have/get＋宾语＋过去分词”通常可以表示两种含义：“让别人做某事”或“遭遇到某种不幸”。
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.
飞机起飞前一个小时克莱尔让她的行李进行了安检。
While they were on holiday，they had their car broken into.
他们在度假时，他们的汽车被撬开了。
(2)在“make＋宾语＋过去分词”结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是被动关系。
They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.
他们用很简单的英语来努力使自己被理解。
3．感官动词see，hear，notice，observe，watch，feel，find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
When we saw the road blocked with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.
当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家度过假期。
The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely changed.
第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界完全变了样。
4．表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like，want，wish，order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week.
经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。
5．在“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。
The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.
客厅既干净又整洁，已经为即将做好的饭菜摆好了餐桌。
John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.
约翰收到一份宴请函，而且他的工作也做完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。
6．过去分词、现在分词与动词不定式作宾语补足语时的区别
(1)过去分词作宾语补足语强调动作与宾语之间为动宾关系。
We found the boy knocked down by a car.
我们发现那个男孩被车撞倒了。
(2)现在分词作宾语补足语强调动作与宾语之间为主谓关系，或动作正在进行。
We found Jim lying on the grass just now.
我们刚才发现吉姆躺在草地上。
(3)动词不定式作宾语补足语强调动作发生的全过程。有些动词(感官动词和使役动词)后可跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
I saw her enter the classroom.
我看见她进了教室。
Ⅰ.阅读下面短文，分析并说出画线部分所作的句子成分
1．Born in a mountain village，Tom was interested in something involving agriculture.When he was young，he often helped his father with the crops 2.damaged in the heavy rain.When he grew up，he was admitted into a key university，where he majored in agriculture.After graduation，he joined a team 3.set up by an old expert with enough professional knowledge.When 4.faced with a natural disaster，some farmers were often helpless.Tom and his team often helped them to have their confidence 5.improved.They also showed them how to save the damaged crops and how to have the production 6.doubled.Most of the local farmers thought highly of the team.7.Praised by these farmers，Tom worked harder than before.In his opinion，it was his duty to help the farmers out when they got into trouble.
1．状语 2.定语 3.定语 4.状语 5.宾补 6.宾补 7.状语
Ⅱ.句型转换(用非谓语形式改写句子)
1.Sufficient data which are obtained from the experiments show that the herb extracts are effective.
→Sufficient data obtained from the experiments show that the herb extracts are effective.
2．He was devoted to his research，so that he had no time to relax.
→Devoted to his research，he had no time to relax.
3．When I arrived there，I noticed the car was stuck in the mud.
→When I arrived there，I noticed the car stuck in the mud.
4．Although he was left at home alone，John didn’t feel afraid at all.
→Left at home alone，John didn’t feel afraid at all.
5．The woman doctor tried her best to save the girl who was seriously injured in the accident.
→The woman doctor tried her best to save the girl seriously injured in the accident.
6．The athlete walked onto the platform，and he was followed by two other prizewinners.
→The athlete walked onto the platform，followed by two other prizewinners.
7．In recent years，we have seen large areas of wetlands that were damaged by human activities.
→In recent years，we have seen large areas of wetlands damaged by human activities.
8．The man who is cheering up the team members is the organizer of this activity.
→The man cheering up the team members is the organizer of this activity.
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值74.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共8小题；每小题1.5分，满分12分)
1．Seen(see) from the top of the hill，the town looks more beautiful.
2．Ordinary soap，used(use) correctly，can deal with bacteria effectively.
3．He still couldn’t make his theory understood(understand) even though he tried to illustrate it.
4．Don’t leave that man over there waiting(wait) outside and show him in now.
5．When she found her mobile devices thrown(throw) away，she boiled with anger.
6．You had better choose your job depending(depend) on what you are interested in.
7．Generally speaking，if taken(take) according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.
8．They are making great gifts and you’ll see them decorated(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．她很高兴看到她母亲在她姐姐家里受到很好的照顾。
She was happy to see her mother taken good care of at her elder sister’s home.
2．由于住得离学校远，我必须每天早起。
Living far from the school，I have to get up early every morning.
3．她穿着一条漂亮的裙子，参加了开幕式。
Dressed in a beautiful skirt，she attended the opening ceremony.
4．虽然又被另一支队伍打败了，但是我们没有失去信心。
Beaten by another team again，we didn’t lose heart.
5．我经常参考我最喜欢的作家写的书。
I often refer to books written by my favourite author.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Each year，the nation’s oldest math and science competition，the Regeneron Science Talent Search，selects teenagers based on their achievements，as well as their potential to become world-changing scientists and leaders.Previous finalists have gone on to win Nobel Prizes，National Medals of Science and Fields Medals.
Of over 1,800 applicants in 2022，Victor Cai，from Parkland High School，was among the search’s top 40 finalists.Each finalist was awarded $25,000 and participated in a week-long competition in March.Top prizes ranged from $40,000 to $250,000.
Cai was selected as a finalist for developing a short-range distance sensing radar(雷达) to help blind people get around in their homes.He was inspired to develop his project after his kung fu teacher of 11 years slowly lost his sight due to a rare eye disease.“I was eager to do something for him，” he said.
The traditional radar device can interfere(干扰) with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth，making such technology difficult to use in the home.Cai used a little-known radar concept(概念)，officially called the Multiple Frequency Continuous Wave.His device is currently about one foot by one foot in height and width.Cai hopes to develop a smaller one that the user can wear around the house.
“Science allows us to create new technologies and to use these technologies to develop ways to make people’s lives better，” he said.“For me，it’s really special to create something that hasn’t been possible before.”
Cai felt excited about meeting his fellow finalists during the competition from March 9 to l6.“It’s nice to have different topics being researched by all the finalists and to know how they are improving our lives，” Cai said.“We all have the shared passion for using science to improve the world.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Victor Cai因开发一种短程距离感应雷达而入围美国历史最悠久的数学和科学竞赛Regeneron Science Talent Search。
1．What do we know about the Regeneron Science Talent Search from the passage
A．It takes place once every four years.
B．Its top prize winner will be awarded $25,000.
C．It aims to select promising scientists from teenagers.
D．Over 1,800 applicants participated in it in March,2022.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Each year...the Regeneron Science Talent Search，selects teenagers based on their achievements，as well as their potential to become world-changing scientists and leaders.”可知，该竞赛旨在从青少年中选拔有前途的科学家。故选C。
2．Why did Cai desire to develop his project
A．To improve the world.
B．To inspire more teenagers.
C．To become one of the finalists.
D．To make his teacher’s life easier.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，他开发他的项目是为了让他因罕见眼病而逐渐失明的老师的生活更轻松。故选D。
3．What is special about Victor Cai’s device
A．It can be worn by its user.
B．It can now be used in the home.
C．It can interfere with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
D．It’s developed using a well-known concept.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“Cai was selected as a finalist for developing a short-range distance sensing radar(雷达) to help blind people get around in their homes.”和第四段中“The traditional radar device can interfere(干扰) with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth，making such technology difficult to use in the home...His device is currently about one foot by one foot in height and width.”可推知，他发明的设备的特殊之处在于它现在可以在家里使用。故选B。
4．Which of the following words can best describe Victor Cai
A．Honest and positive.
B．Curious and energetic.
C．Brave and open-minded.
D．Creative and ambitious.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“Cai was selected as a finalist for developing a short-range distance sensing radar(雷达) to help blind people get around in their homes.”可推知，他很有创造力；根据最后一段中他说的“We all have the shared passion for using science to improve the world.”可推知，他很有雄心。故选D。
B
If you could travel in time，where would you go Perhaps you would watch a performance of a Shakespeare’s play in Elizabethan England What about hanging out with Laozi in the Spring and Autumn Period Or maybe you’d voyage far ahead of the present day to see what the future holds.
The possibility of time travel is indeed appealing.Stories exploring the subject have been around for hundreds of years.Perhaps the best-known example is science fiction novel The Time Machine，written by H．G.Wells and published in 1895.It was adapted into at least two feature films of the same name，as well as two television versions，and a large number of comic book adaptations.It is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively.The term “time machine”，put forward by Wells，now universally refers to a vehicle transporting people into the far future.
But could time travel actually be possible Some scientists say yes，in theory.They propose using cracks in time and space called “wormholes”，which could be used as short cuts to other periods.Einstein’s theory of relativity allows time travel in extreme circumstances.And Stephen Hawking says you could travel into the future with a really fast spaceship—going at nearly the speed of light，though building such a spaceship wouldn’t of course be simple.
Even if you could travel into the past，there is something called the “grandfather paradox”．It asks what would happen if a time traveler were to go back in time and have his own grandfather killed for some reason，and therefore prevent himself from being born.If the time traveler wasn’t born，how would he travel back in time
And would you really like to visit the future In H．G.Wells’ book，the main character travels into distant time where he arrives at a beach and is attacked by giant crabs.He then voyages 30 million years into the future where the only living thing is a black object with tentacles(触角)．
If that’s what’s in store，maybe we are better just living in the present day after all.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者在文章中介绍了与时间旅行有关的文学作品、理论支持以及悖论，同时表达了自己对时间旅行的观点。
5．Which of the following statements is TRUE
A．It was H．G.Wells who invented the term “time machine”．
B．The Time Machine is one of the bestselling science fiction novels.
C．Works of literature about time travel first appeared one hundred years ago.
D．There are films，comic books and poems adapted from the novel The Time Machine.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“The term ‘time machine’，put forward by Wells，now universally refers to a vehicle transporting people into the far future.”可知，是H.G.Wells首次提出了“时光机器”这一词。故选A。
6．What can we know about Einstein’s and Hawking’s theories
A．They suggest the possibility of time travel.
B．They have pushed the invention of the first spaceship.
C．They have been proved wrong by some time travelers.
D．They have similarities because both are based on experiments.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Einstein’s theory of relativity allows time travel in extreme circumstances.And Stephen Hawking says you could travel into the future with a really fast spaceship—going at nearly the speed of light...”可知，爱因斯坦和霍金的理论表明了时间旅行的可能性。故选A。
7．In paragraph 4，which idea does “grandfather paradox” probably refer to
A．The traveler is prevented from meeting his grandfather.
B．The traveler goes back in time to seek for his grandfather.
C．The grandfather’s death makes the traveler’s birth impossible.
D．The reunion of the traveler and his grandfather brings happiness.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“It asks what would happen if a time traveler were to go back in time and have his own grandfather killed for some reason，and therefore prevent himself from being born.If the time traveler wasn’t born，how would he travel back in time？”可知，这里“grandfather paradox”指的是“祖父的死使时间旅行者的出生变得不可能”。故选C。
8．According to the passage，what is probably the author’s attitude towards time travel
A．Unclear. B．Doubtful.
C．Supportive. D．Unconcerned.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段“If that’s what’s in store，maybe we are better just living in the present day after all.”可知，作者认为最好活在当下，所以作者对时间旅行持怀疑的态度。故选B。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Children start out as natural scientists，eager to look into the world around them. 1 There’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment.You only have to share your children’s curiosity.
Listen to their questions.I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a job.After my sharing，a boy raised his hand and asked me some questions，“Have you ever seen a grasshopper eat When I try eating leaves like that，I get a stomachache.Why？” 2
Give them time to think.Studies over the past 30 years have shown that，after a question，adults typically wait only one second or less for an answer. 3 When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more，children give more logical，complete and creative answers.
　4　 Once you have a child in a science discussion，don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very good”．These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior.But in talking about science，quick praise can signal that discussion is over.Instead，keep things going by saying，“That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it that way before，” or coming up with more questions or ideas.
Show rather than tell.Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can learn from a book or a television program.Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass(放大镜)． 5
A．Do not interrupt.
B．Pay attention to your words.
C．There is no time for a child to think.
D．Helping them enjoy science can be easy.
E．This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
F．So in this way we don’t need to develop their interest in science.
G．And they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner.
1．答案　D
解析　上文“Children start out as natural scientists，eager to look into the world around them.”说明了孩子天生与科学之间的联系，下文“There’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment.You only have to share your children’s curiosity.”提到了让孩子们对科学感兴趣不需要很多科学术语或昂贵的实验室设备，说明让孩子享受科学很容易，故D项(帮助他们享受科学很容易)符合语境，故选D。
2．答案　E
解析　上文“I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds...a boy raised his hand and asked me some questions...”说明作者遇到一个男孩提问的情况，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文说明男孩的问题引发的结果。E项(由此开始了一系列持续了近两个小时的问题)符合语境，故选E。
3．答案　C
解析　上文“Studies over the past 30 years have shown that，after a question，adults typically wait only one second or less for an answer.”说明成年人通常给孩子们留很短的思考时间。下文“When adults increase their ‘wait time’ to three seconds or more，children give more logical，complete and creative answers.”说明在成年人延长等待时间后，孩子可以给出更好的答案。C项(孩子没有时间思考)构成上文的结果，并引出下文更好的做法，符合语境，故选C。
4．答案　B
解析　下文“Once you have a child in a science discussion，don’t jump in with ‘That’s right’ or ‘Very good’．..Instead，keep things going by saying，‘That’s interesting’ or ‘I’d never thought of it that way before，’ or coming up with more questions or ideas.”说明本段主要讲的是在与孩子进行科学讨论时应注意自己使用恰当的语言，B项(注意你的语言)可概括本段内容。故选B。
5．答案　G
解析　上文“Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can learn from a book or a television program.Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass(放大镜)．”说明要让孩子用观察的方式来理解做一些事情的原因，G项(他们就会明白你为什么要他们在晚饭前洗手)中they对应上文中children，说明了让孩子们用放大镜观察自己的指尖，孩子们自然会明白餐前洗手的原因，符合语境，故选G。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
China is widely known for its ancient civilization 1. has continued all the way through into modern times.There are many reasons why this has been possible.
At the beginning，written Chinese was 2. picture-based language.Ancient Chinese people carved 3. (symbol) on animal bones and shells.By the Shang Dynasty，a well-developed writing system had come into being.At that time，people lived in different places,4._____________(lead) to many varieties of dialects and characters.
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one country where the Chinese writing system began to develop 5. one direction.The writing system was of great 6.___________________(important) in uniting the Chinese people and culture.Even today，wherever Chinese people live or whatever dialect they speak，they can communicate 7.________________(free) in writing.
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with 8. (it) past.People in modern times can read classic works that 9.____________________(write) by Chinese in ancient times.The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form,10.___________________(know) as Chinese calligraphy，which has become an important part of Chinese culture.Today，the Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了汉字的起源、发展过程以及对古代和现代的重要意义和作用。
1．答案　which/that
解析　考查定语从句。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，关系词指代先行词ancient civilization(指物)并在从句中作主语，故填which/that。
2．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。language为可数名词，此处泛指“一种语言”，且picture-based发音以辅音音素开头，需用不定冠词a。
3．答案　symbols
解析　考查名词复数。根据句意和句中bones和shells可知，雕刻的符号不止一个，应用名词复数形式。
4．答案　leading
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词lived，且句中无连词，此处使用非谓语形式，表示一种自然而然的结果，用现在分词作结果状语。
5．答案　in
解析　考查介词。固定短语in one/a direction，意为“在一个方向上，朝一个方向”。
6．答案　importance
解析　考查词性转换。be of importance＝be important，意为“重要的”。
7．答案　freely
解析　考查词性转换。修饰动词communicate用副词，副词freely“自由地”，而free也可作副词，但表示“免费地”，不符合句意。
8．答案　its
解析　考查代词。修饰名词past用形容词性物主代词。
9．答案　were written
解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句意和句子结构可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，从句的先行词为classic works，与write之间是被动关系，而且动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were written。
10．答案　known
解析　考查非谓语动词。be known as为固定短语，意为“作为……而著名”。此处省略be，用过去分词作后置定语。故填known。

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