资源简介

(共66张PPT)
Period 2
Learning About Language
Healthy lifestyle
Unit 2
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业2
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色的部分并完成练习
①To change bad habits is never easy.To get healthy and get rid of bad habits，sometimes ②it is a good idea to get professional help.③It will take an hour for a nutrition specialist to make a balanced diet menu for you.④It is also useful to turn to a fitness consultant for advice.
You can also help yourself with some common sense.For example，⑤it is harmful to skip breakfast too often.⑥It is important to avoid passive cigarette smoking.And，of course，⑦it is dangerous to take illegal drugs too.
1.以上加颜色句子中动词不定式都作_____。
2.句②③④⑤⑥⑦中it作__________，真正的主语是后面的___________。
主语
形式主语
返 回
动词不定式
语法精讲
动词不定式作主语
一、基本用法
1.动词不定式表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
To promote the elderly people’s welfare is the purpose of the project.
该项目旨在提升老年人的福利。
[点津]　①表示单一概念的动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。两个或两个以上不定式并列作主语，若语意不一致则用复数，但如果不定式作为一个整体或属于同一概念，仍用单数。
To improve people’s lives and to speed up socialist construction are our two important tasks today.
提高人民生活水平和加快社会主义建设是当今我们的两个重要任务。
Early to go to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
早睡早起有益健康。
②动词不定式的被动语态是to be done。
To be misunderstood made me upset and frustrated.
被误解让我心烦意乱，沮丧不已。
2.it作形式主语，真正的主语(动词不定式)后置，特别是动词不定式短语较长时。常用于下列句式中：
(1)It＋be＋名词(a pity/a shame/a pleasure/one’s duty/an honour/a privilege/...)＋to do...
But no matter when you travel，it’s a good idea to make your reservations in advance.
但无论你何时旅行，提前预订是个好主意。
(2)It＋be＋形容词＋(for/of sb)＋to do...
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用汽车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
[点津]　①该句式结构中for sb前常用表示事物的特征、特点的形容词，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting，impossible等。
It is not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble.
学生乱扔垃圾和乱涂乱画是不合适的。
②of sb前一般用表示人物的性格、品德及主观感情或态度的形容词，如good，kind，nice，clever，foolish，right等。
It’s very kind of you to help me out of difficulty.
你帮助我摆脱困难，真是太好了。
(3)It takes/costs/requires/makes...sb/sth to do...
It took me two hours to finish the task.
完成这项任务花了我两个小时。
3.“疑问词(when，where，how，what，whether等)＋动词不定式短语”作主语
How to get along well with others is what troubles me most，so please offer me some suggestions.
如何与他人和睦相处是最困扰我的问题，所以请给我一些建议。
When to start the plan is what we will discuss next.何时启动这个计划是我们接下来要讨论的。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①It is difficult ________(name) a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here.
②Failure cannot be avoided as we grow up and therefore，how ________
(treat) failure is very important.
③____________________(misunderstand) made me in low spirits and I didn’t know how to ease my frustration.
④As is well-known to us all，to improve spoken English ______(need) our constant practice.
⑤________(form) a good habit is difficult，while to fall into a bad habit is easy.
to name
to treat
To be misunderstood
needs
To form
二、动词不定式作主语与动名词作主语的区别
1.不定式作主语与动词-ing形式作主语往往表示不同的意义。
不定式作主语 往往表示具体的或一次性的动作
动词-ing形式作主语 表示一般的、经常性的或抽象的行为动作
To visit Hangzhou with my teammates is my next goal.(具体)
和我的队友一起去杭州旅游是我的下一个目标。
Walking is a good form of exercise for both the young and the old.(抽象)
散步是一种老少皆宜的很好的运动方式。
It is widely known that smoking is harmful to health.(一般)
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
To finish the task will take a long time.(具体)
完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。
2.下列句型中常用动名词作主语
在“It is＋no good/no use/useless/a waste of time＋v.-ing”句型中常用动词-ing形式作真正的主语。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
覆水难收。
[点津]　如果该句型中用了for引出不定式的逻辑主语，就只能用不定式。
It is no good for us to do that kind of exercise.
我们做那种练习没有好处。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
①_________(make) the same mistake repeatedly is what we students should avoid.
②________(teach) you the uses of the infinitive is my job today.
③No one can deny the fact that it is a waste of time ________(play) computer games.
Making
To teach
playing
返 回
达标检测
1._______________________(英语说得流利) is my dream.I am completely aware that it is difficult 2.______________________(流利地说英语).So I ask my English teacher for help straight away.She gives me some advice.First of all，it is necessary for me 3.____________________ _________________(在任何可能的时候说英语).Besides，it is very important 4._______________________________(练习正确的发音).All in all，it is possible for me 5.______________________________(擅长英语口语) if I am hard-working enough.
To be fluent in English
运用不定式作主语的知识补全下面的短文
to speak English fluently
to speak English
whenever possible
to practice correct pronunciation
to be good at oral/spoken English
返 回
作业2
1.被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件很荣幸的事情。
It’s a great honour ___________________________________.
2.我们难以在15分钟内写完这篇作文。
It is difficult for us ______________________________________________
______.
3.她真蠢，一次又一次地犯同样的错误。
It is stupid of her ______________________________________.
to be invited to Mary’s birthday party
Ⅰ.完成句子
to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an
hour
to make the same mistake again and again
4.被我的老师误解使我不知道如何为自己辩解。
________________________________ made me unaware of how to defend myself.
5.哭没有用，而且只有努力才能改变你现在糟糕的处境。
_________________，and it is hard work that can change your present terrible situation.
6.我很荣幸与你分享如何与你父母和睦相处的观点。
It is a great honour for me ____________________________ on how to get along well with your parents.
To be misunderstood by my teacher
It is no use crying
to share with you my opinions
7.众所周知，做早操有益于我们的健康。
As is known to us all，______________________ is good for our health.
8.是否报名参加比赛让他很烦恼。
__________________________________ bothered him a lot.
doing morning exercise
Whether to sign up for the competition
A
Sugar-free cookies，sugar-free candy，diet soda...are better for you？After sugar became a bad thing in the nutrition and wellness world，sugar-free food items and drinks acted as substitutes(替代) for once beloved sweet drinks and snacks.Claiming to be ZERO sugar meant it was healthier，better for diabetics(糖尿病患者)，and helped you slim down...Right
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了无论糖还是人工甜味剂都不是好的选择，喜欢甜食者最好的选择是摄取自然的糖分，如来自水果的天然糖。
Ⅱ.主题语篇阅读
Wrong.Sugar-free food isn’t better for you.In fact，it is worse.
Sugar-free means that artificial sweeteners(甜味剂) are used instead of real sugar.The problem：these sweeteners do not come from natural sources and they can cause you more harm than good.
Let’s get into what these artificial sweeteners actually are.Sugar-free sugar sounds wrong and that’s because there is no such thing as sugar-free sugar.Some of these sugar-free alternatives even contain sugar and the chemicals your body often does not know how to process.
Most artificial sweeteners are a lot sweeter than sugar，so only a tiny amount is needed.That’s why they can market sugar-free alternatives as “low-calorie” or “no-calorie”.It also means that you get no nutritional value from consuming them，which is why many sugar-free substitutes are classified as “non-nutritive”.These artificial sweeteners tend to hide under sneaky names.Actually，they are 200－600 times sweeter than sugar.
When you eat sweet stuff，your body continues to desire it and，even though your body cannot metabolize these sugar-free alternatives，your brain does not know the difference.In turn，sugar-free alternatives can lead to weight gain and type 2 diabetes.
Artificial sweeteners also damage your gut’s ability to break down sugar，which impacts everything you eat.In other words，your body doesn’t know how to handle artificial sweeteners because they have nothing real to process.
A good rule of thumb：stay away from artificial sweeteners and look for non-sugar，natural sweeteners.In the war against artificial sweeteners and real sugar，both lose.Satisfy your sweet tooth with natural sugars that come from fruits and stay away from products claiming to be sugar-free!
1.What’s special about sugar-free products
A.They don’t taste very sweet.
B.They help you lose weight.
C.They contain artificial sweeteners.
D.They are more nutritious.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sugar-free means that artificial sweeteners are used instead of real sugar.”可知，所谓的“无糖”其实是用人工甜味剂来代替真正的糖，即无糖产品中包含人工甜味剂。故选C。
解析
2.Why are sugar-free alternatives described as “low-calorie” or “no-calorie”？
A.They don’t produce any heat.
B.They have little nutritional value.
C.A small amount of real sugar is used.
D.Only a little artificial sweetener is used.
√
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Most artificial sweeteners are a lot sweeter than sugar，so only a tiny amount is needed.That’s why they can market sugar-free alternatives as ‘low-calorie’ or ‘no-calorie’.”可知，由于人工甜味剂甜度非常高，所以其用量非常小，因此商家将其“无糖”产品标榜为“低卡路里”或“零卡路里”。故选D。
解析
3.What does the underlined word “metabolize” mean in paragraph 6
A.Search for. B.Break down.
C.Focus on. D.Give way to.
词义猜测题。根据第四段末句“Some of these sugar-free...contain sugar and the chemicals your body often does not know how to process”可知，无糖替代品中含有身体处理不了糖和化学物质，也就是身体无法分解无糖替代品，所以画线词义为“分解”。故选B。
解析
√
4.What is the author’s final conclusion
A.We should choose sugar from natural sources.
B.We must say no to all sugary products.
C.Sugar-free products are healthier and better.
D.Real sugar is a better choice for your teeth.
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，作者认为，喜欢甜食者最好的选择是摄取来自水果的天然糖，远离那些声称“无糖”的产品。故选A。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
New research has highlighted the deep link between dietary① choices and brain health.Published in Nature，the research showed that a healthy，balanced diet was linked to superior brain health，cognitive functions and mental well-being.The study，involving researchers at the University of Warwick，sheds light on② how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。一项新研究表明，饮食选择与大脑健康之间有密切的联系，强调尽早养成健康的饮食习惯的重要性。
The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions，blood metabolic biomarkers，brain imaging，and genetics unveil new insights into③ the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being.
A balanced diet was associated with better mental health，superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain—linked to intelligence—compared with those with a less varied diet.
The study also highlights the need for gradual changes in eating habits，especially for people who are used to tasty but nutrient-poor foods.By slowly reducing sugar and fat intake④ over time，people may find themselves naturally tend to make healthier food choices.
Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health，the scientists believe，showing how a combination of genetic predispositions(倾向) and lifestyle choices shapes well-being.
Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng，University of Warwick，emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life.He said，“Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth.To foster⑤ the development of a healthy balanced diet，both families and schools should offer a diverse range of nutritious meals and cultivate an environment that supports children’s physical and mental health.”
Co-author Wei Cheng，Fudan University，added，“Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health，urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations.”
5.What did the research do at the University of Warwick centre on
A.The link between exercise and brain health.
B.The association between diet and brain health.
C.The impact of well-being on cognitive functions.
D.The effects of a balanced diet on mental well-being.
√
细节理解题。由第一段中“The study...impact brain health.”可知，华威大学的研究主要围绕饮食与大脑健康之间的关系展开。故选B。
解析
6.How did researchers draw their conclusion
A.By analyzing data.
B.By conducting surveys.
C.By doing experiments.
D.By observing participants.
√
细节理解题。由第二段“The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed...including cognitive functions，...”可知，研究人员对来自英国生物样本库的由181 990名参与者组成的大样本的饮食选择进行了分析，即通过分析数据得出结论。故选A。
解析
7.Which of the following is influenced by the amount of grey matter in the brain
A.A person’s age.
B.A person’s weight.
C.A person’s height.
D.A person’s cognition.
√
推理判断题。由第三段“A balanced diet was associated with...even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain—linked to intelligence...”可知，智力与大脑灰质含量多少有关，“一个人的认知”属于大脑智力范畴，会受到大脑灰质含量的影响。故选D。
解析
8.What may the two authors，Jianfeng Feng and Wei Cheng，suggest
A.Getting regular brain health checks.
B.Improving the nutrition in every meal.
C.Forming healthy eating habits.
D.Promoting health awareness in school.
√
细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng...emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life.”以及最后一段中的“urging common efforts in promoting...fostering healthier eating habits...”可知，两人建议人们养成健康的饮食习惯。故选C。
解析
①dietary adj.
②shed light on
③unveil new insights into
④intake n.
⑤foster vt.
语境猜词
饮食的
阐明；解释
揭示对……的新认知
摄入
促进
_______
___________
___________________
_____
_____
Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health，the scientists believe，showing how a combination of genetic predispositions and lifestyle choices shapes well-being.
分析：此句为复合句。the scientists believe作_______；showing为现在分词作_________；how引导_____从句，how在从句中作__________。
翻译：_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
句式分析
插入语
伴随状语
宾语
方式状语
科学家认为，遗传因素也可能促成饮食与大脑健康之间的关联，这显示了遗传倾向与生活方式选择的结合如何影响健康状况。
Health，as the old saying goes，is over wealth，so it’s of great significance to keep fit.You can take away our money，our house，or our clothes and we can survive.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章作者分享了自己保持健康的三个秘诀——合理饮食、规律锻炼和活跃社交。
Ⅲ.七选五阅读
1 That is why I eat healthily，exercise regularly，and keep up my social life.
A.It can also strengthen our muscles.
B.Take away our health and we will die.
C.Friends are an important part of one’s health.
D.These are my three secrets to keeping a healthy lifestyle.
E.Besides，I always stay away from junk food which lacks nutrients.
F.By joining in relaxing activities，I can refresh myself to study well.
G.Instead，I eat lots of vegetables and fruit which are rich in fiber and vitamins.
√
根据前文“You can take away our money，our house，or our clothes and we can survive.”和后文“That is why I eat healthily，exercise regularly，and keep up my social life.”可知，空处应指出健康的重要性，所以选项B“拿走我们的健康，我们就会死去”切合文意。故选B。
解析
Eating healthily is important to maintain one’s health.I try to avoid foods high in fat like French fries or cookies.I also try to limit the amount of animal protein I consume. 2 So，it is important to know how to cook these foods so that the nutrients are not lost in the cooking process.
A.It can also strengthen our muscles.
B.Take away our health and we will die.
C.Friends are an important part of one’s health.
D.These are my three secrets to keeping a healthy lifestyle.
E.Besides，I always stay away from junk food which lacks nutrients.
F.By joining in relaxing activities，I can refresh myself to study well.
G.Instead，I eat lots of vegetables and fruit which are rich in fiber and vitamins.
√
根据段落主题句“Eating healthily is important to maintain one’s health.”可知，本段讲述饮食健康对身体健康很重要，前文阐述作者避免吃高脂肪含量的东西，并且限制自己的动物蛋白摄入量，结合后文“So，it is important to know how to cook these foods so that the nutrients are not lost in the cooking process.”可知，空处涉及健康的食物，选项G中的vegetables and fruit呼应后文中的these foods，fiber and vitamins呼应后文中的nutrients。故选G。
解析
Our muscles must continue to be strong to support our body as we age.Exercise helps the bones build density and helps us maintain our posture. 3 A regular exercise program of cardiovascular training and weight training is an important part of keeping us healthy.
A.It can also strengthen our muscles.
B.Take away our health and we will die.
C.Friends are an important part of one’s health.
D.These are my three secrets to keeping a healthy lifestyle.
E.Besides，I always stay away from junk food which lacks nutrients.
F.By joining in relaxing activities，I can refresh myself to study well.
G.Instead，I eat lots of vegetables and fruit which are rich in fiber and vitamins.
√
根据前文“Exercise helps the bones build density and helps us maintain our posture.”以及后文“A regular exercise program...keeping us healthy.”可知，此处强调锻炼对身体的好处，所以选项A“它还可以增强我们的肌肉”切合文意。故选A。
解析
4 Studies have shown that people with a wide range of social contacts get fewer colds and recover faster from diseases than those who aren’t socially active.For the sake of health，I like to play and interact with my friends and I always feel better when I am with them than when I am alone.
A.It can also strengthen our muscles.
B.Take away our health and we will die.
C.Friends are an important part of one’s health.
D.These are my three secrets to keeping a healthy lifestyle.
E.Besides，I always stay away from junk food which lacks nutrients.
F.By joining in relaxing activities，I can refresh myself to study well.
G.Instead，I eat lots of vegetables and fruit which are rich in fiber and vitamins.
√
空处是段落主题句。根据后文“Studies have shown that people with a wide range of social contacts get fewer colds and recover faster from diseases than those who aren’t socially active.”可知，本段强调社交对健康的重要性，所以选项C“朋友是个人健康的重要组成部分”切合文意。故选C。
解析
By eating properly and exercising regularly，I can keep my body at an appropriate weight and can maintain my health.By spending time with my friends，I can keep my mind as well as my body happy. 5
A.It can also strengthen our muscles.
B.Take away our health and we will die.
C.Friends are an important part of one’s health.
D.These are my three secrets to keeping a healthy lifestyle.
E.Besides，I always stay away from junk food which lacks nutrients.
F.By joining in relaxing activities，I can refresh myself to study well.
G.Instead，I eat lots of vegetables and fruit which are rich in fiber and vitamins.
√
根据文章的结构以及前文“By eating properly and exercising regularly，I can keep my body at an appropriate weight and can maintain my health.By spending time with my friends，I can keep my mind as well as my body happy.”可知，此处是对保持健康的三个秘诀的总结，所以选项D“这是我保持健康生活方式的三个秘诀”切合文意。故选D。
解析
The Huang He Valley，also 1. (refer) to as the Yellow River Valley，
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中华母亲河——黄河，以及由她形成的黄河流域。
referred
Ⅳ.语法填空
考查非谓语动词。此处为非谓语动词短语作定语，refer与The Huang He Valley之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式，故填referred。
解析
was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization，because of 2.________ it is often called “Mother River”.The valley is at the center of thousands of years of Chinese history.3.______ China’s second-longest river，
2.考查定语从句。because of的宾语是前文提到的内容，两个句子之间无连词，因此用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个句子，在从句中作宾语，故填which。
3.考查介词。根据句意可知，这里指“作为”，应用介词as，句首单词的首字母需大写，故填As。
解析
which
As
the Huang He is over 5,400 kilometers long.It is called the Yellow River because its waters carry sand and mud,4. (give) the river its yellow-brown color.
考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处用现在分词作结果状语，表示一种自然而然的结果，故填giving。
解析
giving
While the river helps create fertile land that is suited for farming，during certain times of the year，the Huang He 5. (frequent) overflows，which damages housing and crops across the North China Plain,
frequently
考查副词。修饰动词overflows用副词作状语，故填frequently。
解析
6. important agricultural region.For thousands of years，the Chinese 7. (conduct) major public projects to keep control of the water from the Huang He，including hydroelectric dams in modern times.Despite the possibility of flooding，the Huang He Valley basin is home to a huge population，and many of the country’s oldest cities are located along the river.
an
have conducted/have been conducting
6.考查冠词。此处泛指“一片重要的农业区”，且important的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
7.考查时态和主谓一致。由时间状语For thousands of years可知，表示从过去一直延续到现在的动作，用现在完成时，也可以使用现在完成进行时，表示动作一直在进行，主语the Chinese是复数，故填have conducted/have been conducting。
解析
Tribes and villages appeared from around 2100 BCE to 1600 BCE in the Huang He Valley.During that time，tribal leaders came together to solve the problem of the Huang He overflowing and wiping out 8.____(they) villages and crops.The aim then was 9.__________(control) the Huang He better and save the crops from flooding.With this ability，a number of 10._________(dynasty) were headquartered in the region.Eventually，the valley became the center of Chinese culture，society and learning.
to control
their
dynasties
8.考查代词。修饰名词用形容词性物主代词作定语，故填their。
9.考查非谓语动词。The aim作主语，后用动词不定式作表语。故填to control。
10.考查名词复数。dynasty为可数名词，根据空前的a number of可知，应用复数形式，故填dynasties。
解析
返 回
本课结束Period 2　Learning About Language
阅读以下短文，感知加黑的部分并完成练习
①To change bad habits is never easy.To get healthy and get rid of bad habits，sometimes ②it is a good idea to get professional help.③It will take an hour for a nutrition specialist to make a balanced diet menu for you.④It is also useful to turn to a fitness consultant for advice.
You can also help yourself with some common sense.For example，⑤it is harmful to skip breakfast too often.⑥It is important to avoid passive cigarette smoking.And，of course，⑦it is dangerous to take illegal drugs too.
1.以上黑体句子中动词不定式都作主语。
2．句②③④⑤⑥⑦中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
动词不定式作主语
一、基本用法
1．动词不定式表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
To promote the elderly people’s welfare is the purpose of the project.
该项目旨在提升老年人的福利。
[点津]　①表示单一概念的动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。两个或两个以上不定式并列作主语，若语意不一致则用复数，但如果不定式作为一个整体或属于同一概念，仍用单数。
To improve people’s lives and to speed up socialist construction are our two important tasks today.
提高人民生活水平和加快社会主义建设是当今我们的两个重要任务。
Early to go to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
早睡早起有益健康。
②动词不定式的被动语态是to be done。
To be misunderstood made me upset and frustrated.
被误解让我心烦意乱，沮丧不已。
2．it作形式主语，真正的主语(动词不定式)后置，特别是动词不定式短语较长时。常用于下列句式中：
(1)It＋be＋名词(a pity/a shame/a pleasure/one’s duty/an honour/a privilege/...)＋to do...
But no matter when you travel，it’s a good idea to make your reservations in advance.
但无论你何时旅行，提前预订是个好主意。
(2)It＋be＋形容词＋(for/of sb)＋to do...
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用汽车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
[点津]　①该句式结构中for sb前常用表示事物的特征、特点的形容词，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting，impossible等。
It is not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble.
学生乱扔垃圾和乱涂乱画是不合适的。
②of sb前一般用表示人物的性格、品德及主观感情或态度的形容词，如good，kind，nice，clever，foolish，right等。
It’s very kind of you to help me out of difficulty.
你帮助我摆脱困难，真是太好了。
(3)It takes/costs/requires/makes...sb/sth to do...
It took me two hours to finish the task.
完成这项任务花了我两个小时。
3．“疑问词(when，where，how，what，whether等)＋动词不定式短语”作主语
How to get along well with others is what troubles me most，so please offer me some suggestions.
如何与他人和睦相处是最困扰我的问题，所以请给我一些建议。
When to start the plan is what we will discuss next.何时启动这个计划是我们接下来要讨论的。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①It is difficult to name(name) a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here.
②Failure cannot be avoided as we grow up and therefore，how to treat(treat) failure is very important.
③To be misunderstood(misunderstand) made me in low spirits and I didn’t know how to ease my frustration.
④As is well-known to us all，to improve spoken English needs(need) our constant practice.
⑤To form(form) a good habit is difficult，while to fall into a bad habit is easy.
二、动词不定式作主语与动名词作主语的区别
1．不定式作主语与动词-ing形式作主语往往表示不同的意义。
不定式作主语 往往表示具体的或一次性的动作
动词-ing形式作主语 表示一般的、经常性的或抽象的行为动作
To visit Hangzhou with my teammates is my next goal.(具体)
和我的队友一起去杭州旅游是我的下一个目标。
Walking is a good form of exercise for both the young and the old.(抽象)
散步是一种老少皆宜的很好的运动方式。
It is widely known that smoking is harmful to health.(一般)
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
To finish the task will take a long time.(具体)
完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。
2．下列句型中常用动名词作主语
在“It is＋no good/no use/useless/a waste of time＋v.-ing”句型中常用动词-ing形式作真正的主语。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
覆水难收。
[点津]　如果该句型中用了for引出不定式的逻辑主语，就只能用不定式。
It is no good for us to do that kind of exercise.
我们做那种练习没有好处。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
①Making(make) the same mistake repeatedly is what we students should avoid.
②To teach(teach) you the uses of the infinitive is my job today.
③No one can deny the fact that it is a waste of time playing(play) computer games.
运用不定式作主语的知识补全下面的短文
1．To be fluent in English(英语说得流利) is my dream.I am completely aware that it is difficult 2.to speak English fluently(流利地说英语)．So I ask my English teacher for help straight away.She gives me some advice.First of all，it is necessary for me 3.to speak English whenever possible(在任何可能的时候说英语)．Besides，it is very important 4.to practice correct pronunciation(练习正确的发音)．All in all，it is possible for me 5.to be good at oral/spoken English(擅长英语口语) if I am hard-working enough.
作业2
[分值：71.5分]
Ⅰ.完成句子(共8小题；每小题3分，满分24分)
1．被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件很荣幸的事情。
It’s a great honour to be invited to Mary’s birthday party.
2．我们难以在15分钟内写完这篇作文。
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
3．她真蠢，一次又一次地犯同样的错误。
It is stupid of her to make the same mistake again and again.
4．被我的老师误解使我不知道如何为自己辩解。
To be misunderstood by my teacher made me unaware of how to defend myself.
5．哭没有用，而且只有努力才能改变你现在糟糕的处境。
It is no use crying，and it is hard work that can change your present terrible situation.
6．我很荣幸与你分享如何与你父母和睦相处的观点。
It is a great honour for me to share with you my opinions on how to get along well with your parents.
7．众所周知，做早操有益于我们的健康。
As is known to us all，doing morning exercise is good for our health.
8．是否报名参加比赛让他很烦恼。
Whether to sign up for the competition bothered him a lot.
Ⅱ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Sugar-free cookies，sugar-free candy，diet soda...are better for you？After sugar became a bad thing in the nutrition and wellness world，sugar-free food items and drinks acted as substitutes(替代) for once beloved sweet drinks and snacks.Claiming to be ZERO sugar meant it was healthier，better for diabetics(糖尿病患者)，and helped you slim down...Right
Wrong.Sugar-free food isn’t better for you.In fact，it is worse.
Sugar-free means that artificial sweeteners(甜味剂) are used instead of real sugar.The problem：these sweeteners do not come from natural sources and they can cause you more harm than good.
Let’s get into what these artificial sweeteners actually are.Sugar-free sugar sounds wrong and that’s because there is no such thing as sugar-free sugar.Some of these sugar-free alternatives even contain sugar and the chemicals your body often does not know how to process.
Most artificial sweeteners are a lot sweeter than sugar，so only a tiny amount is needed.That’s why they can market sugar-free alternatives as “low-calorie” or “no-calorie”．It also means that you get no nutritional value from consuming them，which is why many sugar-free substitutes are classified as “non-nutritive”．These artificial sweeteners tend to hide under sneaky names.Actually，they are 200－600 times sweeter than sugar.
When you eat sweet stuff，your body continues to desire it and，even though your body cannot metabolize these sugar-free alternatives，your brain does not know the difference.In turn，sugar-free alternatives can lead to weight gain and type 2 diabetes.
Artificial sweeteners also damage your gut’s ability to break down sugar，which impacts everything you eat.In other words，your body doesn’t know how to handle artificial sweeteners because they have nothing real to process.
A good rule of thumb：stay away from artificial sweeteners and look for non-sugar，natural sweeteners.In the war against artificial sweeteners and real sugar，both lose.Satisfy your sweet tooth with natural sugars that come from fruits and stay away from products claiming to be sugar-free!
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了无论糖还是人工甜味剂都不是好的选择，喜欢甜食者最好的选择是摄取自然的糖分，如来自水果的天然糖。
1．What’s special about sugar-free products
A．They don’t taste very sweet.
B．They help you lose weight.
C．They contain artificial sweeteners.
D．They are more nutritious.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sugar-free means that artificial sweeteners are used instead of real sugar.”可知，所谓的“无糖”其实是用人工甜味剂来代替真正的糖，即无糖产品中包含人工甜味剂。故选C。
2．Why are sugar-free alternatives described as “low-calorie” or “no-calorie”？
A．They don’t produce any heat.
B．They have little nutritional value.
C．A small amount of real sugar is used.
D．Only a little artificial sweetener is used.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Most artificial sweeteners are a lot sweeter than sugar，so only a tiny amount is needed.That’s why they can market sugar-free alternatives as ‘low-calorie’ or ‘no-calorie’．”可知，由于人工甜味剂甜度非常高，所以其用量非常小，因此商家将其“无糖”产品标榜为“低卡路里”或“零卡路里”。故选D。
3．What does the underlined word “metabolize” mean in paragraph 6
A．Search for. B．Break down.
C．Focus on. D．Give way to.
答案　B
解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段末句“Some of these sugar-free...contain sugar and the chemicals your body often does not know how to process”可知，无糖替代品中含有身体处理不了糖和化学物质，也就是身体无法分解无糖替代品，所以画线词义为“分解”。故选B。
4．What is the author’s final conclusion
A．We should choose sugar from natural sources.
B．We must say no to all sugary products.
C．Sugar-free products are healthier and better.
D．Real sugar is a better choice for your teeth.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，作者认为，喜欢甜食者最好的选择是摄取来自水果的天然糖，远离那些声称“无糖”的产品。故选A。
B(此篇精读)
New research has highlighted the deep link between dietary① choices and brain health.Published in Nature，the research showed that a healthy，balanced diet was linked to superior brain health，cognitive functions and mental well-being.The study，involving researchers at the University of Warwick，sheds light on② how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health.
The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions，blood metabolic biomarkers，brain imaging，and genetics unveil new insights into③ the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being.
A balanced diet was associated with better mental health，superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain—linked to intelligence—compared with those with a less varied diet.
The study also highlights the need for gradual changes in eating habits，especially for people who are used to tasty but nutrient-poor foods.By slowly reducing sugar and fat intake④ over time，people may find themselves naturally tend to make healthier food choices.
Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health，the scientists believe，showing how a combination of genetic predispositions(倾向) and lifestyle choices shapes well-being.
Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng，University of Warwick，emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life.He said，“Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth.To foster⑤ the development of a healthy balanced diet，both families and schools should offer a diverse range of nutritious meals and cultivate an environment that supports children’s physical and mental health.”
Co-author Wei Cheng，Fudan University，added，“Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health，urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。一项新研究表明，饮食选择与大脑健康之间有密切的联系，强调尽早养成健康的饮食习惯的重要性。
5．What did the research do at the University of Warwick centre on
A．The link between exercise and brain health.
B．The association between diet and brain health.
C．The impact of well-being on cognitive functions.
D．The effects of a balanced diet on mental well-being.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。由第一段中“The study...impact brain health.”可知，华威大学的研究主要围绕饮食与大脑健康之间的关系展开。故选B。
6．How did researchers draw their conclusion
A．By analyzing data.
B．By conducting surveys.
C．By doing experiments.
D．By observing participants.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由第二段“The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed...including cognitive functions，...”可知，研究人员对来自英国生物样本库的由181 990名参与者组成的大样本的饮食选择进行了分析，即通过分析数据得出结论。故选A。
7．Which of the following is influenced by the amount of grey matter in the brain
A．A person’s age.
B．A person’s weight.
C．A person’s height.
D．A person’s cognition.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。由第三段“A balanced diet was associated with...even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain—linked to intelligence...”可知，智力与大脑灰质含量多少有关，“一个人的认知”属于大脑智力范畴，会受到大脑灰质含量的影响。故选D。
8．What may the two authors，Jianfeng Feng and Wei Cheng，suggest
A．Getting regular brain health checks.
B．Improving the nutrition in every meal.
C．Forming healthy eating habits.
D．Promoting health awareness in school.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng...emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life.”以及最后一段中的“urging common efforts in promoting...fostering healthier eating habits...”可知，两人建议人们养成健康的饮食习惯。故选C。
[语境猜词]
①dietary adj.饮食的
②shed light on阐明；解释
③unveil new insights into揭示对……的新认知
④intake n．摄入
⑤foster vt.促进
[句式分析]
Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health，the scientists believe，showing how a combination of genetic predispositions and lifestyle choices shapes well-being.
分析：此句为复合句。the scientists believe作插入语；showing为现在分词作伴随状语；how引导宾语从句，how在从句中作方式状语。
翻译：科学家认为，遗传因素也可能促成饮食与大脑健康之间的关联，这显示了遗传倾向与生活方式选择的结合如何影响健康状况。
Ⅲ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Health，as the old saying goes，is over wealth，so it’s of great significance to keep fit.You can take away our money，our house，or our clothes and we can survive. 1 That is why I eat healthily，exercise regularly，and keep up my social life.
Eating healthily is important to maintain one’s health.I try to avoid foods high in fat like French fries or cookies.I also try to limit the amount of animal protein I consume. 2 So，it is important to know how to cook these foods so that the nutrients are not lost in the cooking process.
Our muscles must continue to be strong to support our body as we age.Exercise helps the bones build density and helps us maintain our posture. 3 A regular exercise program of cardiovascular training and weight training is an important part of keeping us healthy.
4 Studies have shown that people with a wide range of social contacts get fewer colds and recover faster from diseases than those who aren’t socially active.For the sake of health，I like to play and interact with my friends and I always feel better when I am with them than when I am alone.
By eating properly and exercising regularly，I can keep my body at an appropriate weight and can maintain my health.By spending time with my friends，I can keep my mind as well as my body happy. 5
A．It can also strengthen our muscles.
B．Take away our health and we will die.
C．Friends are an important part of one’s health.
D．These are my three secrets to keeping a healthy lifestyle.
E．Besides，I always stay away from junk food which lacks nutrients.
F．By joining in relaxing activities，I can refresh myself to study well.
G．Instead，I eat lots of vegetables and fruit which are rich in fiber and vitamins.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章作者分享了自己保持健康的三个秘诀——合理饮食、规律锻炼和活跃社交。
1．答案　B
解析　根据前文“You can take away our money，our house，or our clothes and we can survive.”和后文“That is why I eat healthily，exercise regularly，and keep up my social life.”可知，空处应指出健康的重要性，所以选项B“拿走我们的健康，我们就会死去”切合文意。故选B。
2．答案　G
解析　根据段落主题句“Eating healthily is important to maintain one’s health.”可知，本段讲述饮食健康对身体健康很重要，前文阐述作者避免吃高脂肪含量的东西，并且限制自己的动物蛋白摄入量，结合后文“So，it is important to know how to cook these foods so that the nutrients are not lost in the cooking process.”可知，空处涉及健康的食物，选项G中的vegetables and fruit呼应后文中的these foods，fiber and vitamins呼应后文中的nutrients。故选G。
3．答案　A
解析　根据前文“Exercise helps the bones build density and helps us maintain our posture.”以及后文“A regular exercise program...keeping us healthy.”可知，此处强调锻炼对身体的好处，所以选项A“它还可以增强我们的肌肉”切合文意。故选A。
4．答案　C
解析　空处是段落主题句。根据后文“Studies have shown that people with a wide range of social contacts get fewer colds and recover faster from diseases than those who aren’t socially active.”可知，本段强调社交对健康的重要性，所以选项C“朋友是个人健康的重要组成部分”切合文意。故选C。
5．答案　D
解析　根据文章的结构以及前文“By eating properly and exercising regularly，I can keep my body at an appropriate weight and can maintain my health.By spending time with my friends，I can keep my mind as well as my body happy.”可知，此处是对保持健康的三个秘诀的总结，所以选项D“这是我保持健康生活方式的三个秘诀”切合文意。故选D。
Ⅳ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
The Huang He Valley，also 1. (refer) to as the Yellow River Valley，was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization，because of 2. it is often called “Mother River”．The valley is at the center of thousands of years of Chinese history.3.___________ China’s second-longest river，the Huang He is over 5,400 kilometers long.It is called the Yellow River because its waters carry sand and mud,4. (give) the river its yellow-brown color.
While the river helps create fertile land that is suited for farming，during certain times of the year，the Huang He 5. (frequent) overflows，which damages housing and crops across the North China Plain,6. important agricultural region.For thousands of years，the Chinese 7. (conduct) major public projects to keep control of the water from the Huang He，including hydroelectric dams in modern times.Despite the possibility of flooding，the Huang He Valley basin is home to a huge population，and many of the country’s oldest cities are located along the river.
Tribes and villages appeared from around 2100 BCE to 1600 BCE in the Huang He Valley.During that time，tribal leaders came together to solve the problem of the Huang He overflowing and wiping out 8. (they) villages and crops.The aim then was 9.___________(control) the Huang He better and save the crops from flooding.With this ability，a number of 10. (dynasty) were headquartered in the region.Eventually，the valley became the center of Chinese culture，society and learning.
1．答案　referred
解析　考查非谓语动词。此处为非谓语动词短语作定语，refer与The Huang He Valley之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式，故填referred。
2．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。because of的宾语是前文提到的内容，两个句子之间无连词，因此用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个句子，在从句中作宾语，故填which。
3．答案　As
解析　考查介词。根据句意可知，这里指“作为”，应用介词as，句首单词的首字母需大写，故填As。
4．答案　giving
解析　考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处用现在分词作结果状语，表示一种自然而然的结果，故填giving。
5．答案　frequently
解析　考查副词。修饰动词overflows用副词作状语，故填frequently。
6．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。此处泛指“一片重要的农业区”，且important的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
7．答案　have conducted/have been conducting
解析　考查时态和主谓一致。由时间状语For thousands of years可知，表示从过去一直延续到现在的动作，用现在完成时，也可以使用现在完成进行时，表示动作一直在进行，主语the Chinese是复数，故填have conducted/have been conducting。
8．答案　their
解析　考查代词。修饰名词用形容词性物主代词作定语，故填their。
9．答案　to control
解析　考查非谓语动词。The aim作主语，后用动词不定式作表语。故填to control。
10．答案　dynasties
解析　考查名词复数。dynasty为可数名词，根据空前的a number of可知，应用复数形式，故填dynasties。

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