资源简介

(共73张PPT)
Period 2
Learning About Language
Environmental protection
Unit 3
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业2
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色的部分并完成练习
①“Time to hit the ice，” her uncle said.②As he helped her walk to the edge of the rink，he said，“We will hold your hands and you can stand between us.” Cali took their hands in hers and made her first step onto the smooth ice.She grinned and tried taking a few steps.③“Good，Cali.Now try to glide on one foot for just a second longer than on each foot as you walk，” suggested her aunt.Then her uncle skated in front of her while her aunt guided her from behind.④“Skate to your uncle now，” she said，pushing her on the back a little to get more speed.Cali glided unsteadily towards her uncle，taking small steps and fighting for balance.
⑤When she reached her uncle，he told her to try it on her own.Cali wasn’t too sure about that.It seemed as if everyone else was zooming past her.She started to get nervous，but she still gave it a try.
英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引语，即直接引述别人的原话，如句_________；另一种是间接引语，即用自己的话转述别人的话，如句____。
①②③④
⑤
返 回
语法精讲
直接引语和间接引语
直接引语如果改为间接引语，需在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面作相应的变化。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用加引号。
一、连接词的选择
1.直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
She said，“I’m an ecologist and I’m devoted to protecting the environment.”
她说：“我是一名生态学家，致力于保护环境。”
→She said (that) she was an ecologist and she was devoted to protecting the environment.
她说她是一名生态学家，致力于保护环境。
2.直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或附加疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或...or not)或if引导。
(2023·浙江1月)Peter asked Miss Johnson，“Could you tell us what the best part about your job is？”
彼得问约翰逊小姐：“你能告诉我们你的工作中最棒的部分是什么吗？”
→Peter asked Miss Johnson whether she could tell them what the best part about her job was.
彼得问约翰逊小姐，她能否告诉他们她的工作中最棒的部分是什么。
3.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
(2023·浙江1月)Peter asked Miss Johnson，“What do you hope to achieve by being a teacher？”彼得问约翰逊小姐：“你希望作为一名教师实现什么目标？”
→Peter asked Miss Johnson what she hoped to achieve by being a teacher.
彼得问约翰逊小姐，她希望作为一名教师实现什么目标。
[点津]　(1)直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb”常改为told sb。
(2)直接引语为疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
(3)疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
[即时训练1]　把下列的直接引语变为间接引语
①“I like dancing，” she said.
→_____________________________________________________________
②She asked me curiously，“You plan to quit the club，don’t you？”
→____________________________________________________________
③She asked me，“Why do you decide to take part in the upcoming competition？”
→____________________________________________________________
She said (that) she liked dancing.
She asked me curiously whether/if I planned to quit the club.
She asked me why I decided to take part in the upcoming competition.
二、人称的变化
记忆口诀：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
直接引语变为间接引语时人称的变化要遵循下列原则：
一随主 直接引语中的第一人称变间接引语后与主句主语的人称保持一致 She said，“I enjoy getting my meals cooked for me every day.”
→She said that she enjoyed getting her meals cooked for her every day.
二随宾 直接引语中的第二人称变间接引语后与主句宾语的人称保持一致 The woman said to Dave，“You can wear your new sports jacket.”
→The woman told Dave that he could wear his new sports jacket.
三不变 直接引语中的第三人称变间接引语后人称不变 Annie asked Steve，“Where are they going to hold the graduation ceremony？”
→Annie asked Steve where they were going to hold the graduation ceremony.
口诀 一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
[即时训练2]　句型转换
①He says，“I like math very much.”
→He says that ________ math very much.
②He said to Lily，“You must get up early.”
→He told Lily that ____________________.
③She said to me，“They want to help him.”
→She told me that ______________________.
he likes
she must get up early
they wanted to help him
三、时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句子时态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时(不变)
一般将来时 过去将来时
“I’m trying to get more and more people to understand that there are solutions，” said she.
她说：“我正在努力让越来越多的人明白，有解决办法。”
→She said that she was trying to get more and more people to understand that there were solutions.她说，她正在努力让越来越多的人明白，有解决办法。
The director said，“We are happy to be taking part in the project.It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
主管说：“我们很高兴参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民建立联系。”
→The director said that they were happy to be taking part in the project and that it would really help connect their residents through a shared interest and creative activities.
主管说，他们很高兴参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助他们的居民建立联系。
[点津]　在下面几种情况中，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化。
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言时，其时态不变。
“It is never too late to learn，” my teacher told me yesterday.
我的老师昨天告诉我：“活到老，学到老。”
→My teacher told me yesterday that it is never too late to learn.
我的老师昨天告诉我，活到老，学到老。
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
Jack said，“I was born on April 21,1980.”
→Jack said that he was born on April 21,1980.
[即时训练3]　句型转换
①He said，“He is a student.”
→He said that he ____ a student.
②He said，“He will go home.”
→He said that he ______ go home.
③She said，“He has gone to Beijing.”
→She said that he __________ to Beijing.
was
would
had gone
四、指示词、状语及动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next/following day
直接引语 间接引语
时间状语 last month(week) the month(week) before
next month(week) the next month(week)
the day before yesterday two days before
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
She asked，“Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。
“I came here with my parents to enjoy the sunset yesterday，” said she.
她说：“昨天我和父母来这里欣赏日落。”
→She said she had gone there with her parents to enjoy the sunset the day before.
她说前一天她和父母一起去那里欣赏日落。
[即时训练4]　句型转换
①He said，“I opened the window this morning.”
→He said that he opened the window _____ morning.
②He said，“We went to the cinema yesterday.”
→He said they had gone to the cinema _____________.
③The manager said to me，“You must go there next week.”
→The manager told me that I had to go there _____________.
④He said，“It is nine o’clock now.”
→He said that it was nine o’clock _____.
that
the day before
the next week
then
五、引述祈使句的变化
引述祈使句通常用“动词＋宾语＋不定式”结构。如果祈使句为否定句，在不定式的前面加上not。引述表示命令的祈使句，常用动词order，tell，warn；引述表示请求的祈使句常用动词ask，beg；引述表示建议、劝告的祈使句常用动词advise等。
The man said to me，“Make a U-turn at the next crossroads and try another way.”
那个人对我说：“在下一个十字路口掉头，试试另一条路。”
→The man told me to make a U-turn at the next crossroads and try another way.
那个人告诉我在下一个十字路口掉头，试试另一条路。
He said，“Do have a look at yourself first.”
他说：“你先看一看自己。”
→He advised me to have a look at myself first.他建议我先看一看自己。
[名师点津]　祈使句变间接引语，遵循“一改二变三加四去”原则：
·一改：said (to)改为asked或told
·二变：said to＋宾语变成asked或told等＋宾语
·三加：即在动词原形前加to，使其成为动词不定式
·四去：去掉please
[即时训练5]　把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①“Bring me a cup of tea，please，” she said to her son.
→____________________________________________________________
②“Don’t believe any advertisement you read，” Michelle said to us.
→____________________________________________________________
She asked her son to take her a cup of tea.
Michelle told us not to believe any advertisement we read.
返 回
达标检测
Mac and his friends met a wolf in the wilds.They had a fierce fighting，and the wolf fled away.A few minutes later，the other two cyclists arrived.They were shocked to find Mac’s bicycle lying on the road，his tent bag torn and Mac just like a drowned mouse.They asked anxiously 1.__________________________(到底发生了什么).Mac responded breathlessly that 2.___________________________(他差点被一匹狼吃掉).When told about 3.____________________________(Mac经历了什么)，
what on earth had happened
根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列短文
he was almost eaten by a wolf
what Mac had experienced
they couldn’t help screaming out，“What a narrow escape！” “Yes，without my friends’ timely help,4.__________________________________
(我早已经是狼的盘中餐了).” Afraid that there might be more potential dangers ahead，the two cyclists asked kindly 5._____________________ ____________(他们是否需要搭便车).Mac and his friends answered with one voice，“6.___________(我们乐意).Thank you from the bottom of our hearts！”
I would have been the food of the wolf
whether/if they were in
need of a lift
We’d love to
返 回
作业2
1.He asked me ________ I was interested in English or not.
2.He asked me _____ my name was.
3.The official ordered us ______(get) ready before lunch.
4.Shelly said that she ____________(arrive) two days before.
5.She told me that I _______(play) basketball better than her.
6.My father told me yesterday that an early bird _______(catch) worms.
7.The boss asked him ___________(explain) why he was late.
8.The teacher told the students that she __________(give) them a surprise the next day.
whether
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
what
to get
had arrived
played
catches
to explain
would give
9.He asked the girl _____ had given her the book.
10.My sister advised me _______(tidy) my room by myself.
who
to tidy
1.He asked the boy why he had been late again.
_______________________________________________________________
2.He asked me to shut the window.
_______________________________________________________________
3.The doctor told me not to drink too much.
_______________________________________________________________
4.The old man said that the boys over there were playing football.
_______________________________________________________________
Ⅱ.将下列间接引语变为直接引语
The doctor said to me，“Don’t drink too much.”
He asked the boy，“Why were you late again？”
He said to me，“Shut the window，please.”
The old man said，“The boys over there are playing football.”
5.The teacher told us that we would have an English test the following Saturday.
_______________________________________________________________
The teacher said to us，“You will have an English test next Saturday.”
A
STINSON BEACH CLEAN-UP PROJECT
Help us keep Stinson Beach clean this summer！Warmer weather and handfuls of holidays bring more people out to the beach，which sometimes means more garbage too.Join us once per month to clear litter and maintain the beauty there.
语篇解读　这是一篇应用文，是一则志愿者招募广告，招募志愿者清理海滩，具体介绍了清理工作的时间、地点以及对志愿者的要求等。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
When：One Friday a month between May and September,10：00 am－1：00 pm.
Where：Stinson Beach parking lot.
Supplies：We invite volunteers to bring their own reusable supplies！Limit waste by bringing your own bag or bucket and gloves if you have them—but don’t worry if you don’t，we’ll have some supplies on site for you to use.
Group entry：Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
Age，Skills，What to bring：
Volunteers aged 10 and up are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form.Volunteers under 18 must have the parent approval section signed.
We’ll be working rain or shine.Bring layers for changing weather and rain gear(雨具).
Bring a personal water bottle and sunscreen.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Long pants and closed-toe shoes are required.
No experience necessary.Training and tools will be provided.Fulfills community service requirements.
1.What is the aim of the project
A.To attract the tourists.
B.To beautify the beach.
C.To provide trip study.
D.To conduct a research.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Join us once per month to clear litter and maintain the beauty there.”可知，该项目的目标是清理并美化海滩。故选B。
解析
2.What is required for volunteers under 18
A.Fine weather. B.Rich experience.
C.School uniform. D.Parent permission.
√
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中“Volunteers under 18 must have the parent approval section signed.”可知，18岁以下的志愿者需要家长的许可。故选D。
解析
3.What does the project provide for volunteers
A.Training. B.Long pants.
C.Rain gear. D.Water bottles.
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Training and tools will be provided.”可知，该项目为志愿者提供培训。故选A。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
The majority of plastic that pollutes our planet’s oceans doesn’t float on the surface，but rather underneath the waves.This makes tracking and monitoring the problematic rubbish using technology like satellites challenging for researchers.But a new system of supercomputer-powered search program could help enable satellites for the task.With additional research and fine tuning，it has become a valuable tool in tackling the global issue.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是一个由超级计算机驱动的搜索程序的新系统帮助解锁了用卫星监控海洋中的漂浮塑料垃圾的能力。
As detailed in a study published on June 14 in Nature Communications，a project trained a machine-learning program on 300,000 imagery of the Mediterranean Sea gathered over six years by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite.The team then used this database to identify what are known as windrows—floating filaments(丝状物) composed of garbage and plastic formed by ocean currents and wind.
Windrows，frequently short-lived structures，can extend for miles before spreading into the ocean.While windrows only account for① an extremely small portion② of overall ocean litter，researchers theorized the rubbish could serve as proxies for pollution hotspots.Between July 2015 and September 2021，the team detected and monitored a total of 14,374 windrows—an exponential(越来越快的) increase in documented litter structures.Many of the windrows positioned by satellite images were then subsequently checked by ships in the region.In total，the pollution is estimated to have covered 94.5 square kilometers，an area equal to roughly 7,500 soccer fields.
Further analyses allowed the team to infer a number of influences，such as nearby population distribution③，geography，and rainfall，on where and when ocean litter piles up④.A region that frequently experiences heavy rain more often carries garbage out into the water，while coastal desert areas may contribute far less.These hotspots are also primarily located within 15 km of a coast and frequently return to shore within the following weeks or months.
“Ocean litter mirrors the failures of our civilization to manage waste，” the team writes in their study.“Satellite-based observations are one of the best hopes for large-scale monitoring.”
4.What challenge do researchers face concerning ocean pollution
A.The hidden plastic.
B.The unstable currents.
C.The fund shortage.
D.The inadequate satellites.
√
细节理解题。根据首段中的“The majority of plastic...underneath the waves.This makes tracking and monitoring the problematic rubbish using technology like satellites challenging for researchers.”可知，污染地球海洋的大部分塑料在海浪之下，难以追踪和监测，即研究人员在海洋污染方面面临隐藏塑料的挑战。故选A。
解析
5.What is the focus of paragraph 2
A.The property of windrows.
B.The process of identifying windrows.
C.The way of constructing a database.
D.The study of a machine-learning program.
√
段落大意题。根据第二段可知，一个项目利用收集的地中海图像进行了机器学习程序的训练，然后研究小组使用这些数据库来识别由洋流和风形成的垃圾带，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是识别垃圾带的过程。故选B。
解析
6.What does the underlined word “proxies” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Signs. B.Components.
C.Defenders. D.Solutions.
√
词义猜测题。根据画线单词所在的句子可知，虽然垃圾带占整个海洋垃圾的很小一部分，但研究人员认为这些垃圾可以作为污染热点的……，由下文“the team detected and monitored a total of 14,374 windrows...litter structures”可推断，这些垃圾带可以看作是垃圾标志物，所以画线单词“proxies”与A项意义相近。故选A。
解析
7.Why does the writer mention coastal desert areas
A.To emphasize their impact.
B.To advocate ocean protection.
C.To prove the team’s inference.
D.To introduce another influence.
√
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Further analyses allowed the team to infer a number of influences，such as nearby population distribution，geography，and rainfall...while coastal desert areas may contribute far less.”可知，研究小组推断出一些影响因素，包括附近的人口分布、地理位置和降雨，以及海洋垃圾堆积的地点和时间等，经常有大规模降雨的地区更容易将垃圾送入大海，而沿海沙漠地区却很少造成海洋垃圾，由此可推断，文章提到沿海沙漠地区是为了证实研究小组的推断。故选C。
解析
①account for解释，说明；对……负责；解决，处理；___________(本文为此义)
②portion n._____________
③distribution n.___________
④pile up___________
语境猜词
占比，占据
一部分；一份
分配；分发
积累；堆积
A region that frequently experiences heavy rain more often carries garbage out into the water，while coastal desert areas may contribute far less.
分析：此句为_____句。that引导_____从句，先行词为region，that在从句中充当_____；while表示_____，翻译为“_____”。
翻译：_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
句式分析
复合
定语
主语
对比
然而
频繁遭遇暴雨的地区往往会将更多垃圾带入水中，而沿海沙漠地区造成的污染量要少得多。
Embracing a Green Lifestyle
Living a green lifestyle is not only beneficial for the environment but also for your health and wallet.Here are some steps to embrace a green lifestyle.
语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了几种拥抱绿色生活方式的措施。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
Reduce，reuse，recycle. 1 These three simple words can make a big difference in your daily life.Whether it’s using a reusable water bottle or shopping bag，these small actions can reduce waste and pollution.
A.Choose eco-friendly products.
B.This is the essence of a green lifestyle.
C.It’s easy to get started with these practices.
D.Try to minimize the use of single-use items.
E.Small changes can make a big impact on the environment.
F.Make sure to choose products that are made by local companies.
G.This can also be a fun and educational activity for the whole family.
√
根据上文“Reduce，reuse，recycle.”以及下文“These three simple words can make a big difference in your daily life.”可知，空格处应该说明“减少，再利用，再循环”对于绿色生活方式的意义，选项B(这是绿色生活方式的精髓。)能够承接上文，且引出下文。故选B。
解析
Conserve water and electricity.Be mindful of your water and electricity usage. 2 Simple habits like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth or switching off lights when not in use can save a lot of energy.
A.Choose eco-friendly products.
B.This is the essence of a green lifestyle.
C.It’s easy to get started with these practices.
D.Try to minimize the use of single-use items.
E.Small changes can make a big impact on the environment.
F.Make sure to choose products that are made by local companies.
G.This can also be a fun and educational activity for the whole family.
√
根据下文“Simple habits like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth or switching off lights when not in use can save a lot of energy.”可知，空格处需要总的说明一些简单的习惯对于绿色生活的影响。选项E(微小的改变可以对环境产生巨大的影响。)中的Small changes与下文的Simple habits相呼应，a big impact与下文的save a lot of energy相呼应；所以选项E能够引出下文。故选E。
解析
3 When shopping，opt for products that are made from sustainable materials and have minimal packaging.Remember to check the labels for certifications that indicate eco-friendliness.This not only helps to reduce waste but also supports companies that are committed to environmental protection.
A.Choose eco-friendly products.
B.This is the essence of a green lifestyle.
C.It’s easy to get started with these practices.
D.Try to minimize the use of single-use items.
E.Small changes can make a big impact on the environment.
F.Make sure to choose products that are made by local companies.
G.This can also be a fun and educational activity for the whole family.
√
根据下文“When shopping，opt for products that are made from sustainable materials and have minimal packaging.”可知，本段介绍的措施是选择环保的产品。选项A(选择环保产品。)可以作为本段的主题句。故选A。
解析
Grow your own food.Planting a small vegetable garden or even a few herbs in pots can be a rewarding experience. 4 It’s a great way to ensure you’re eating fresh and healthy food while also reducing your carbon footprint.
A.Choose eco-friendly products.
B.This is the essence of a green lifestyle.
C.It’s easy to get started with these practices.
D.Try to minimize the use of single-use items.
E.Small changes can make a big impact on the environment.
F.Make sure to choose products that are made by local companies.
G.This can also be a fun and educational activity for the whole family.
√
根据上文“Planting a small vegetable garden or even a few herbs in pots can be a rewarding experience.”可知，空格处需要进一步说明“种植一个小菜园或在花盆里种一些草本植物”的好处。选项G(这还可以是全家人的有趣的教育活动。)承接上文。故选G。
解析
Use public transportation，carpool，or bike.Instead of driving alone，consider using public transportation，carpooling，or biking to work or school. 5 This can significantly reduce your carbon emissions and improve air quality.
A.Choose eco-friendly products.
B.This is the essence of a green lifestyle.
C.It’s easy to get started with these practices.
D.Try to minimize the use of single-use items.
E.Small changes can make a big impact on the environment.
F.Make sure to choose products that are made by local companies.
G.This can also be a fun and educational activity for the whole family.
√
上文“Instead of driving alone，consider using public transportation，carpooling，or biking to work or school.”介绍了环保出行。选项C(从这些习惯开始比较容易)承接上文，解释上文做法的意义。故选C。
解析
Jiangjun Village used to be a dull place during winter.But the development of art areas has spurred tourism,1._______(give) it a new lease of life and making the winter scene much 2.__________(bright) nowadays.Art galleries，museums，and theaters now can be found located among its small cottages.The dilapidated(破旧的) houses have been changed 3._______ restaurants and teahouses.
语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了艺术重塑中国西南乡村风貌的故事。
Ⅴ.语法填空
giving
brighter
into/to
1.考查非谓语动词。give和逻辑主语the development of art areas之间是主谓关系，give应用现在分词形式作状语，故填giving。
2.考查形容词比较级。结合句意以及much修饰形容词比较级可知，此处指“现在的冬季景象更加明亮”，使用形容词比较级形式作宾补，故填brighter。
3.考查介词。be changed into/to“被改为……”，是固定搭配，故填into/to。
解析
In 2021，the village government，the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute and several other bodies established a rural artist construction pilot project，which centered on a dilapidated village courtyard 4.______(call) Lotus Cave.The project planned to build 10 core art areas，aiming to integrate the new facilities into the village’s environment，culture 5.____ local characteristics.
called
and
4.考查非谓语动词。call和逻辑主语courtyard之间是动宾关系，call应用过去分词形式作后置定语，故填called。
5.考查连词。名词“environment，culture”和“local characteristics”之间是并列关系，应用表并列的并列连词and连接，故填and。
解析
When the project 6. (launch)，Lotus Cave was a run-down collection of residential buildings in poor repair.But it has now been 7. (large) transformed by the hard work of artists and villagers.
was launched
largely
6.考查时态、语态和主谓一致。时间状语从句主语project和谓语动词launch之间是被动关系，结合主句中的was可知，句子描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，故填was launched。
7.考查副词。空处修饰动词transformed，应用副词largely修饰，作状语，故填largely。
解析
The art museum in the center of the village used to be a dilapidated house 8.___________ was overgrown with weeds.During the renovation work，the building’s original framework was restored and part of the adobe wall was preserved.
考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是a dilapidated house，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that，故填which/that。
解析
which/that
More 9. (exhibit) and art activities are now being held at Lotus Cave，attracting tourists from far afield.The injection of new life has tempted (吸引) many villagers who moved away to return and take a look at 10. (they) previous home.
exhibits/exhibitions
9.考查名词复数。空处是和“activities”并列的主语，应用名词形式，意为“展览会”，可用exhibit，也可使用exhibition，作此含义时二者均为可数名词，结合空前的More可知此处用复数形式，故填exhibits/exhibitions。
10.考查代词。空处修饰名词home，应用形容词性物主代词their，故填their。
解析
their
返 回
本课结束Period 2　Learning About Language
阅读以下短文，感知加黑的部分并完成练习
①“Time to hit the ice，” her uncle said.②As he helped her walk to the edge of the rink，he said，“We will hold your hands and you can stand between us.” Cali took their hands in hers and made her first step onto the smooth ice.She grinned and tried taking a few steps.③“Good，Cali.Now try to glide on one foot for just a second longer than on each foot as you walk，” suggested her aunt.Then her uncle skated in front of her while her aunt guided her from behind.④“Skate to your uncle now，” she said，pushing her on the back a little to get more speed.Cali glided unsteadily towards her uncle，taking small steps and fighting for balance.⑤When she reached her uncle，he told her to try it on her own.Cali wasn’t too sure about that.It seemed as if everyone else was zooming past her.She started to get nervous，but she still gave it a try.
英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引语，即直接引述别人的原话，如句①②③④；另一种是间接引语，即用自己的话转述别人的话，如句⑤。
直接引语和间接引语
直接引语如果改为间接引语，需在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面作相应的变化。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用加引号。
一、连接词的选择
1．直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
She said，“I’m an ecologist and I’m devoted to protecting the environment.”
她说：“我是一名生态学家，致力于保护环境。”
→She said (that) she was an ecologist and she was devoted to protecting the environment.
她说她是一名生态学家，致力于保护环境。
2．直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或附加疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或．..or not)或if引导。
(2023·浙江1月)Peter asked Miss Johnson，“Could you tell us what the best part about your job is？”
彼得问约翰逊小姐：“你能告诉我们你的工作中最棒的部分是什么吗？”
→Peter asked Miss Johnson whether she could tell them what the best part about her job was.
彼得问约翰逊小姐，她能否告诉他们她的工作中最棒的部分是什么。
3．直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
(2023·浙江1月)Peter asked Miss Johnson，“What do you hope to achieve by being a teacher？”彼得问约翰逊小姐：“你希望作为一名教师实现什么目标？”
→Peter asked Miss Johnson what she hoped to achieve by being a teacher.
彼得问约翰逊小姐，她希望作为一名教师实现什么目标。
[点津]　(1)直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb”常改为told sb。
(2)直接引语为疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
(3)疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
[即时训练1]　把下列的直接引语变为间接引语
①“I like dancing，” she said.
→She said (that) she liked dancing.
②She asked me curiously，“You plan to quit the club，don’t you？”
→She asked me curiously whether/if I planned to quit the club.
③She asked me，“Why do you decide to take part in the upcoming competition？”
→She asked me why I decided to take part in the upcoming competition.
二、人称的变化
记忆口诀：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
直接引语变为间接引语时人称的变化要遵循下列原则：
一随主 直接引语中的第一人称变间接引语后与主句主语的人称保持一致 She said，“I enjoy getting my meals cooked for me every day.” →She said that she enjoyed getting her meals cooked for her every day.
二随宾 直接引语中的第二人称变间接引语后与主句宾语的人称保持一致 The woman said to Dave，“You can wear your new sports jacket.” →The woman told Dave that he could wear his new sports jacket.
三不变 直接引语中的第三人称变间接引语后人称不变 Annie asked Steve，“Where are they going to hold the graduation ceremony？” →Annie asked Steve where they were going to hold the graduation ceremony.
口诀 一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
[即时训练2]　句型转换
①He says，“I like math very much.”
→He says that he likes math very much.
②He said to Lily，“You must get up early.”
→He told Lily that she must get up early.
③She said to me，“They want to help him.”
→She told me that they wanted to help him.
三、时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句子时态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时(不变)
一般将来时 过去将来时
“I’m trying to get more and more people to understand that there are solutions，” said she.
她说：“我正在努力让越来越多的人明白，有解决办法。”
→She said that she was trying to get more and more people to understand that there were solutions.她说，她正在努力让越来越多的人明白，有解决办法。
The director said，“We are happy to be taking part in the project.It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
主管说：“我们很高兴参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民建立联系。”
→The director said that they were happy to be taking part in the project and that it would really help connect their residents through a shared interest and creative activities.
主管说，他们很高兴参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助他们的居民建立联系。
[点津]　在下面几种情况中，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化。
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言时，其时态不变。
“It is never too late to learn，” my teacher told me yesterday.
我的老师昨天告诉我：“活到老，学到老。”
→My teacher told me yesterday that it is never too late to learn.
我的老师昨天告诉我，活到老，学到老。
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
Jack said，“I was born on April 21,1980.”
→Jack said that he was born on April 21,1980.
[即时训练3]　句型转换
①He said，“He is a student.”
→He said that he was a student.
②He said，“He will go home.”
→He said that he would go home.
③She said，“He has gone to Beijing.”
→She said that he had gone to Beijing.
四、指示词、状语及动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next/following day
last month(week) the month(week) before
next month(week) the next month(week)
the day before yesterday two days before
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
She asked，“Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。
“I came here with my parents to enjoy the sunset yesterday，” said she.
她说：“昨天我和父母来这里欣赏日落。”
→She said she had gone there with her parents to enjoy the sunset the day before.
她说前一天她和父母一起去那里欣赏日落。
[即时训练4]　句型转换
①He said，“I opened the window this morning.”
→He said that he opened the window that morning.
②He said，“We went to the cinema yesterday.”
→He said they had gone to the cinema the day before.
③The manager said to me，“You must go there next week.”
→The manager told me that I had to go there the next week.
④He said，“It is nine o’clock now.”
→He said that it was nine o’clock then.
五、引述祈使句的变化
引述祈使句通常用“动词＋宾语＋不定式”结构。如果祈使句为否定句，在不定式的前面加上not。引述表示命令的祈使句，常用动词order，tell，warn；引述表示请求的祈使句常用动词ask，beg；引述表示建议、劝告的祈使句常用动词advise等。
The man said to me，“Make a U-turn at the next crossroads and try another way.”
那个人对我说：“在下一个十字路口掉头，试试另一条路。”
→The man told me to make a U-turn at the next crossroads and try another way.
那个人告诉我在下一个十字路口掉头，试试另一条路。
He said，“Do have a look at yourself first.”
他说：“你先看一看自己。”
→He advised me to have a look at myself first.他建议我先看一看自己。
[名师点津]　祈使句变间接引语，遵循“一改二变三加四去”原则：
·一改：said (to)改为asked或told
·二变：said to＋宾语变成asked或told等＋宾语
·三加：即在动词原形前加to，使其成为动词不定式
·四去：去掉please
[即时训练5]　把下列直接引语变为间接引语
①“Bring me a cup of tea，please，” she said to her son.
→She asked her son to take her a cup of tea.
②“Don’t believe any advertisement you read，” Michelle said to us.
→Michelle told us not to believe any advertisement we read.
根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列短文
Mac and his friends met a wolf in the wilds.They had a fierce fighting，and the wolf fled away.A few minutes later，the other two cyclists arrived.They were shocked to find Mac’s bicycle lying on the road，his tent bag torn and Mac just like a drowned mouse.They asked anxiously 1.what on earth had happened(到底发生了什么)．Mac responded breathlessly that 2.he was almost eaten by a wolf(他差点被一匹狼吃掉)．When told about 3.what Mac had experienced(Mac经历了什么)，they couldn’t help screaming out，“What a narrow escape！” “Yes，without my friends’ timely help,4.I would have been the food of the wolf(我早已经是狼的盘中餐了)．” Afraid that there might be more potential dangers ahead，the two cyclists asked kindly 5.whether/if they were in need of a lift(他们是否需要搭便车)．Mac and his friends answered with one voice，“6.We’d love to(我们乐意)．Thank you from the bottom of our hearts！”
作业2
[分值：75分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．He asked me whether I was interested in English or not.
2．He asked me what my name was.
3．The official ordered us to get(get) ready before lunch.
4．Shelly said that she had arrived(arrive) two days before.
5．She told me that I played(play) basketball better than her.
6．My father told me yesterday that an early bird catches(catch) worms.
7．The boss asked him to explain(explain) why he was late.
8．The teacher told the students that she would give(give) them a surprise the next day.
9．He asked the girl who had given her the book.
10．My sister advised me to tidy(tidy) my room by myself.
Ⅱ.将下列间接引语变为直接引语(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．He asked the boy why he had been late again.
He asked the boy，“Why were you late again？”
2．He asked me to shut the window.
He said to me，“Shut the window，please.”
3．The doctor told me not to drink too much.
The doctor said to me，“Don’t drink too much.”
4．The old man said that the boys over there were playing football.
The old man said，“The boys over there are playing football.”
5．The teacher told us that we would have an English test the following Saturday.
The teacher said to us，“You will have an English test next Saturday.”
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
STINSON BEACH CLEAN-UP PROJECT
Help us keep Stinson Beach clean this summer！Warmer weather and handfuls of holidays bring more people out to the beach，which sometimes means more garbage too.Join us once per month to clear litter and maintain the beauty there.
When：One Friday a month between May and September,10：00 am－1：00 pm.
Where：Stinson Beach parking lot.
Supplies：We invite volunteers to bring their own reusable supplies！Limit waste by bringing your own bag or bucket and gloves if you have them—but don’t worry if you don’t，we’ll have some supplies on site for you to use.
Group entry：Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
Age，Skills，What to bring：
Volunteers aged 10 and up are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form.Volunteers under 18 must have the parent approval section signed.
We’ll be working rain or shine.Bring layers for changing weather and rain gear(雨具)．
Bring a personal water bottle and sunscreen.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Long pants and closed-toe shoes are required.
No experience necessary.Training and tools will be provided.Fulfills community service requirements.
语篇解读　这是一篇应用文，是一则志愿者招募广告，招募志愿者清理海滩，具体介绍了清理工作的时间、地点以及对志愿者的要求等。
1．What is the aim of the project
A．To attract the tourists.
B．To beautify the beach.
C．To provide trip study.
D．To conduct a research.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Join us once per month to clear litter and maintain the beauty there.”可知，该项目的目标是清理并美化海滩。故选B。
2．What is required for volunteers under 18
A．Fine weather. B．Rich experience.
C．School uniform. D．Parent permission.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中“Volunteers under 18 must have the parent approval section signed.”可知，18岁以下的志愿者需要家长的许可。故选D。
3．What does the project provide for volunteers
A．Training. B．Long pants.
C．Rain gear. D．Water bottles.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Training and tools will be provided.”可知，该项目为志愿者提供培训。故选A。
B(此篇精读)
The majority of plastic that pollutes our planet’s oceans doesn’t float on the surface，but rather underneath the waves.This makes tracking and monitoring the problematic rubbish using technology like satellites challenging for researchers.But a new system of supercomputer-powered search program could help enable satellites for the task.With additional research and fine tuning，it has become a valuable tool in tackling the global issue.
As detailed in a study published on June 14 in Nature Communications，a project trained a machine-learning program on 300,000 imagery of the Mediterranean Sea gathered over six years by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite.The team then used this database to identify what are known as windrows—floating filaments(丝状物) composed of garbage and plastic formed by ocean currents and wind.
Windrows，frequently short-lived structures，can extend for miles before spreading into the ocean.While windrows only account for① an extremely small portion② of overall ocean litter，researchers theorized the rubbish could serve as proxies for pollution hotspots.Between July 2015 and September 2021，the team detected and monitored a total of 14,374 windrows—an exponential(越来越快的) increase in documented litter structures.Many of the windrows positioned by satellite images were then subsequently checked by ships in the region.In total，the pollution is estimated to have covered 94.5 square kilometers，an area equal to roughly 7,500 soccer fields.
Further analyses allowed the team to infer a number of influences，such as nearby population distribution③，geography，and rainfall，on where and when ocean litter piles up④.A region that frequently experiences heavy rain more often carries garbage out into the water，while coastal desert areas may contribute far less.These hotspots are also primarily located within 15 km of a coast and frequently return to shore within the following weeks or months.
“Ocean litter mirrors the failures of our civilization to manage waste，” the team writes in their study.“Satellite-based observations are one of the best hopes for large-scale monitoring.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是一个由超级计算机驱动的搜索程序的新系统帮助解锁了用卫星监控海洋中的漂浮塑料垃圾的能力。
4．What challenge do researchers face concerning ocean pollution
A．The hidden plastic.
B．The unstable currents.
C．The fund shortage.
D．The inadequate satellites.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据首段中的“The majority of plastic...underneath the waves.This makes tracking and monitoring the problematic rubbish using technology like satellites challenging for researchers.”可知，污染地球海洋的大部分塑料在海浪之下，难以追踪和监测，即研究人员在海洋污染方面面临隐藏塑料的挑战。故选A。
5．What is the focus of paragraph 2
A．The property of windrows.
B．The process of identifying windrows.
C．The way of constructing a database.
D．The study of a machine-learning program.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。根据第二段可知，一个项目利用收集的地中海图像进行了机器学习程序的训练，然后研究小组使用这些数据库来识别由洋流和风形成的垃圾带，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是识别垃圾带的过程。故选B。
6．What does the underlined word “proxies” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Signs. B．Components.
C．Defenders. D．Solutions.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线单词所在的句子可知，虽然垃圾带占整个海洋垃圾的很小一部分，但研究人员认为这些垃圾可以作为污染热点的……，由下文“the team detected and monitored a total of 14,374 windrows...litter structures”可推断，这些垃圾带可以看作是垃圾标志物，所以画线单词“proxies”与A项意义相近。故选A。
7．Why does the writer mention coastal desert areas
A．To emphasize their impact.
B．To advocate ocean protection.
C．To prove the team’s inference.
D．To introduce another influence.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Further analyses allowed the team to infer a number of influences，such as nearby population distribution，geography，and rainfall...while coastal desert areas may contribute far less.”可知，研究小组推断出一些影响因素，包括附近的人口分布、地理位置和降雨，以及海洋垃圾堆积的地点和时间等，经常有大规模降雨的地区更容易将垃圾送入大海，而沿海沙漠地区却很少造成海洋垃圾，由此可推断，文章提到沿海沙漠地区是为了证实研究小组的推断。故选C。
[语境猜词]
①account for解释，说明；对……负责；解决，处理；占比，占据(本文为此义)
②portion n．一部分；一份
③distribution n．分配；分发
④pile up积累；堆积
[句式分析]
A region that frequently experiences heavy rain more often carries garbage out into the water，while coastal desert areas may contribute far less.
分析：此句为复合句。that引导定语从句，先行词为region，that在从句中充当主语；while表示对比，翻译为“然而”。
翻译：频繁遭遇暴雨的地区往往会将更多垃圾带入水中，而沿海沙漠地区造成的污染量要少得多。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Embracing a Green Lifestyle
Living a green lifestyle is not only beneficial for the environment but also for your health and wallet.Here are some steps to embrace a green lifestyle.
Reduce，reuse，recycle. 1 These three simple words can make a big difference in your daily life.Whether it’s using a reusable water bottle or shopping bag，these small actions can reduce waste and pollution.
Conserve water and electricity.Be mindful of your water and electricity usage. 2 Simple habits like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth or switching off lights when not in use can save a lot of energy.
3 When shopping，opt for products that are made from sustainable materials and have minimal packaging.Remember to check the labels for certifications that indicate eco-friendliness.This not only helps to reduce waste but also supports companies that are committed to environmental protection.
Grow your own food.Planting a small vegetable garden or even a few herbs in pots can be a rewarding experience. 4 It’s a great way to ensure you’re eating fresh and healthy food while also reducing your carbon footprint.
Use public transportation，carpool，or bike.Instead of driving alone，consider using public transportation，carpooling，or biking to work or school. 5 This can significantly reduce your carbon emissions and improve air quality.
A．Choose eco-friendly products.
B．This is the essence of a green lifestyle.
C．It’s easy to get started with these practices.
D．Try to minimize the use of single-use items.
E．Small changes can make a big impact on the environment.
F．Make sure to choose products that are made by local companies.
G．This can also be a fun and educational activity for the whole family.
1．答案　B
解析　根据上文“Reduce，reuse，recycle.”以及下文“These three simple words can make a big difference in your daily life.”可知，空格处应该说明“减少，再利用，再循环”对于绿色生活方式的意义，选项B(这是绿色生活方式的精髓。)能够承接上文，且引出下文。故选B。
2．答案　E
解析　根据下文“Simple habits like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth or switching off lights when not in use can save a lot of energy.”可知，空格处需要总的说明一些简单的习惯对于绿色生活的影响。选项E(微小的改变可以对环境产生巨大的影响。)中的Small changes与下文的Simple habits相呼应，a big impact与下文的save a lot of energy相呼应；所以选项E能够引出下文。故选E。
3．答案　A
解析　根据下文“When shopping，opt for products that are made from sustainable materials and have minimal packaging.”可知，本段介绍的措施是选择环保的产品。选项A(选择环保产品。)可以作为本段的主题句。故选A。
4．答案　G
解析　根据上文“Planting a small vegetable garden or even a few herbs in pots can be a rewarding experience.”可知，空格处需要进一步说明“种植一个小菜园或在花盆里种一些草本植物”的好处。选项G(这还可以是全家人的有趣的教育活动。)承接上文。故选G。
5．答案　C
解析　上文“Instead of driving alone，consider using public transportation，carpooling，or biking to work or school.”介绍了环保出行。选项C(从这些习惯开始比较容易)承接上文，解释上文做法的意义。故选C。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Jiangjun Village used to be a dull place during winter.But the development of art areas has spurred tourism,1. (give) it a new lease of life and making the winter scene much 2.___________(bright) nowadays.Art galleries，museums，and theaters now can be found located among its small cottages.The dilapidated(破旧的) houses have been changed 3.___________ restaurants and teahouses.
In 2021，the village government，the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute and several other bodies established a rural artist construction pilot project，which centered on a dilapidated village courtyard 4. (call) Lotus Cave.The project planned to build 10 core art areas，aiming to integrate the new facilities into the village’s environment，culture 5. local characteristics.
When the project 6. (launch)，Lotus Cave was a run-down collection of residential buildings in poor repair.But it has now been 7. (large) transformed by the hard work of artists and villagers.
The art museum in the center of the village used to be a dilapidated house 8._____________ was overgrown with weeds.During the renovation work，the building’s original framework was restored and part of the adobe wall was preserved.
More 9. (exhibit) and art activities are now being held at Lotus Cave，attracting tourists from far afield.The injection of new life has tempted (吸引) many villagers who moved away to return and take a look at 10. (they) previous home.
1．答案　giving
解析　考查非谓语动词。give和逻辑主语the development of art areas之间是主谓关系，give应用现在分词形式作状语，故填giving。
2．答案　brighter
解析　考查形容词比较级。结合句意以及much修饰形容词比较级可知，此处指“现在的冬季景象更加明亮”，使用形容词比较级形式作宾补，故填brighter。
3．答案　into/to
解析　考查介词。be changed into/to“被改为……”，是固定搭配，故填into/to。
4．答案　called
解析　考查非谓语动词。call和逻辑主语courtyard之间是动宾关系，call应用过去分词形式作后置定语，故填called。
5．答案　and
解析　考查连词。名词“environment，culture”和“local characteristics”之间是并列关系，应用表并列的并列连词and连接，故填and。
6．答案　was launched
解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。时间状语从句主语project和谓语动词launch之间是被动关系，结合主句中的was可知，句子描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，故填was launched。
7．答案　largely
解析　考查副词。空处修饰动词transformed，应用副词largely修饰，作状语，故填largely。
8．答案　which/that
解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是a dilapidated house，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that，故填which/that。
9．答案　exhibits/exhibitions
解析　考查名词复数。空处是和“activities”并列的主语，应用名词形式，意为“展览会”，可用exhibit，也可使用exhibition，作此含义时二者均为可数名词，结合空前的More可知此处用复数形式，故填exhibits/exhibitions。
10．答案　their
解析　考查代词。空处修饰名词home，应用形容词性物主代词their，故填their。

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