资源简介

(共85张PPT)
Period 2
Learning About Language
Sea exploration
Unit 3
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
达标检测
作业2
情境导读
阅读以下短文，认真感悟不定式在句中所作的成分并完成练习
As we all know，it’s important ①to master a foreign language. However，Lin Tao found it difficult ②to learn English，leaving him at a loss.He was always busy and had a lot of homework given by his English teacher ③to do.There was an urgent need ④to improve his learning efficiency in order ⑤to keep up with the teacher’s pace.One day，his teacher advised him ⑥to sign up for an online course，whose aim was ⑦to improve students’ enthusiasm for learning and it provided useful learning methods.⑧To improve his English performance，he worked day and night，focusing on his course and practicing hard.
1.以上句子中加颜色部分均是动词不定式。动词不定式在句中可充当主语(如 )、宾语(如 )、宾语补足语(如 )、表语(如 )、定语(如 )及目的状语(如 )。
2.动词不定式的一般式结构为 。
返 回
①
②
⑥
⑦
③④
⑤⑧
to do
语法精讲
复习动词不定式
一、概念
动词不定式的基本构成是“to＋动词原形”。to是不定式符号，无词义。动词不定式(短语)具有名词、形容词、副词或动词的特征，它可以在句中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
时态 主动 被动 意义
一般时 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或在其后发生
进行时 to be doing 在谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
完成时 to have done to have been done 在谓语动作之前发生
I plan to withdraw from the club.
我打算退出这个俱乐部。(withdraw的动作在plan之后发生)
It’s a great honour for me to be invited.
我能被邀请，甚是荣幸。(me是invite动作的承受者)
They are reported to be working hard.
据报道他们正努力地工作。(be reported与work同时发生)
The merchant is considered to have negotiated with that factory.
这个商人被认为已经和那家工厂协商过了。(negotiate发生在be considered之前)
The teacher seems to have been told the good news.老师似乎已被告知了这个好消息。(teacher是tell的承受者且tell发生在seem之前)
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①She isn’t feeling well；she appears (catch) a serious cold.
②He had intended (return) after receiving the first letter from Mary.
③The kids shouted so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ______
_____(hear).
④昨晚他父母回来时，他碰巧正在做作业。
When his parents came back last night，he _________________________
__________.
⑤据报道，这本书已被翻译成七种语言。
The book is reported seven languages.
to have caught
to return
to be
heard
happened to be doing his
homework
to have been translated into
[注意]　(1)不定式“主动形式表示被动”
例句 主动形式表示被动
We have masses of work to do today.Hurry up！ 今天，我们有很多工作要做。快点儿！ 当动词不定式作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系，同时与句中另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系时。
I am easy to get along with.我容易相处。 在“主语＋be＋性质形容词＋动词不定式”结构中。
What to do next hasn’t been decided. 下一步该做什么还没有决定。 当动词不定式与疑问代词连
用时。
例句 主动形式表示被动
I felt I was to blame for this bicycle accident.我觉得这次自行车事故怪我。 在“be to blame”中常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The maths problem is too difficult to solve.这个数学题太难了，无法破解。 在“too...to...”结构中。
There is nothing to worry/to be worried about. 没什么可担心的。 在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，不定式用主动式或被动式均可，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
(2)不定式的否定形式
例句 不定式的否定形式
The doctor advised my father not to smoke. 医生建议我爸爸不要吸烟。 He promised never to skip school.他保证绝不逃课。 not/never to do
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①The math problem is easy (handle).
②I have five hands (help) me with the challenging project.
③Facing various goods in the shop，I didn’t know which _____________
(choose).
④公共汽车司机提醒乘客不要把随身物品落在车上。
The bus driver reminds the passengers _____________________________
__________.
to handle
to help
to choose
not to leave behind their belongings
on the bus
三、动词不定式的句法功能
1.作主语
动词不定式作主语表示将来特定的某一次的具体动作，谓语动词用单数。若动词不定式太长，则用it代替动词不定式作形式主语，不定式移至句末，常用句式为“it＋be＋adj.＋of/for sb to do sth”。当形容词表达事物的特征时，用for sb；当形容词表达人的特征或品质时，用of sb。
To err is human.
金无足赤，人无完人。/人非圣贤，孰能无过。
To finish this job in one day is impossible.
要在一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。
To blame the worker will not make up for the loss.责备那个工作人员弥补不了损失。
It is important for us students to work out on a regular basis.
经常锻炼身体对我们学生很重要。
It is kind of you to help me out of difficulty.
帮我摆脱困难，你真好。
2.作表语
动词不定式作表语时需放在系动词(如be，seem，remain，appear，get)后面，用来表示将来的动作或说明主语的内容。如果主语是dream，wish，idea，plan，task，purpose，aim，ambition，goal，duty，job等表示意向、打算、职责等意义的词，也常用不定式作表语。
She seems to get along well with her new classmates.她似乎和她的新同学相处得很好。
His dream is to become an astronaut.
他的梦想是成为一名宇航员。
My main task is to get this company running smoothly.我的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。
3.作宾语
常用不定式作宾语的动词 三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise
两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse
设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide
不要假装在选择：pretend，choose
“动词＋it＋adj./n.＋动词不定式”结构 it为形式宾语，不定式为真正的宾语。用于该结构的动词有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make等。
疑问词＋to do 动词不定式有时和疑问代词/副词或whether一起构成宾语
I promise to keep you company at night.
我保证晚上陪你。
The chairwoman demanded to know the truth.
女主席要求知道真相。
Tina’s decided to go to Rome for her holidays.
蒂娜已决定去罗马度假。
He pretended to be reading when his mother entered the room.
当妈妈进入房间时，他假装在读书。
I find it pleasant to work with him.
我觉得跟他一块工作令人愉快。
I think it my duty to organize various meaningful activities.我认为组织各种各样的有意义的活动是我的职责。
I don’t know whether to accept his invitation.
我不知道是否接受他的邀请。
[注意]　下列动词或词组既可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
mean to do sth打算做某事
mean doing sth意味着做某事
forget to do sth忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth忘记做过某事(已做)
regret to do sth对即将做的事表示遗憾(未做)
regret doing sth对做过的事表示后悔(已做)
try to do sth尽力去做某事
try doing sth试着做某事
go on to do sth继续做另一件事
go on doing sth继续做原来做的事
remember to do sth记着去做某事(未做)
remember doing sth记着做了某事(已做)
4.作定语
例句 动词不定式作定语的几种情况
He is the best man to do the job. 他是做这项工作的最佳人选。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个来，最后一个离开。 序数词、形容词最高级或 the last/ the only/the next 等后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定式作定语。
例句 动词不定式作定语的几种情况
Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand，even more so. 对于学习来说，兴趣同理解能力一样重要，甚至更重要。 He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 他许诺明天按时来这里。 抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，opportunity，ability，promise，attempt等后常用动词不定式作定语。
例句 动词不定式作定语的几种情况
Do you have anything to say？你有什么要说的吗？ something，nothing，anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备好长时间停留在月球上之前，还有许多问题要解决。 动词不定式作定语可表示将来的、还没发生的动作。
5.作状语
(1)作目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语时，其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后面，表示强调，也可位于句首；其前可加in order或so as，但加so as时不能放在句首。
I came here to say goodbye to you.
我来这里是为了向你告别。
He ran fast all the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus.
他一路快速奔跑以便赶上第一班公共汽车。
In order to pass the exam，he studied hard till midnight.
为了通过考试，他努力学习到半夜。
(2)作原因状语
动词不定式常跟在作表语的形容词或过去分词之后，用来说明产生某种情绪或作出某种评价的原因。此类词有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。
We’re quite glad to meet you here.
我们很高兴在这里见到你。
They were very surprised to be informed of the news.被告知这个消息他们很吃惊。
(3)作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语时常放在句尾，表示出乎意料的结果。常用only to do，enough to do，too...to...，so/such...as to do等形式。
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
他到了车站，却被告知火车已经开走了。
He is old enough to solve the problem on his own.他已经长大了，可以独立解决这个问题。
He is too stubborn to change his mind.
他太固执而不会改变主意。
The old woman was so angry as to shake.
那个老妇人气得发抖。
It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house.噪声这么大，吵醒了屋子里的每个人。
[注意]　现在分词(短语)作结果状语多表示自然而然的结果，即句子和结果状语之间有一定的因果关系。
Jack has made great progress，making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的进步，这让他的父母很高兴。
6.作补语
(1)动词ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warn，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等表示命令、教导、要求、意向、允许、警告等意义的动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.
她要求我在她不在的时候接电话。
My teacher encouraged me to study hard.
我的老师鼓励我努力学习。
Her parents don’t allow her to go out at night.
她的父母不允许她晚上出去。
(2)believe，consider，declare，find，prove，suppose，think等表示意见、认可、判断、料想、声明等意义的动词后的宾语补足语常是“to be”形式。
She’s proved herself to be a very reliable worker.她证明了自己是一名非常可靠的员工。
I believe him to be honest.
我相信他是诚实的。
(3)动词不定式在feel(一感)，hear/listen to(二听)，make/let/have(三让)，see/watch/notice/observe(四看)等使役动词和感官动词(短语)后作宾语补足语时，常省略to。这些词在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，此时不定式作主语补足语(一感二听三让四看半帮助，主动不to 被动to)。
I felt the earth shake last night.
昨晚，我感受到了地面颤动。
I often hear him sing the song.
我经常听见他唱这首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.
经常听见他唱这首歌。
[即时训练3]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①I remember (see) you somewhere before.
②It is generous of him (contribute) so much.
③Whether we will succeed or not remains (see).
④His ambition is (become) an actor.
⑤The best way (strengthen) willpower is to make it into a habit.
⑥The problem (discuss) tomorrow is rather difficult to address.
seeing
to contribute
to be seen
to become
to strengthen
to be discussed
⑦我匆匆赶到邮局，却发现它关门了。
I hurried to the post office， .
⑧她丈夫去世了，留给她五个孩子。
Her husband died， .
⑨他父亲不允许他玩电脑游戏。
His father didn’t permit him .
⑩最后，他们同意互相谈判。
In the end，they .
only to find it closed
leaving her with five children
to play computer games
agreed to negotiate with each other
返 回
达标检测
1.It is necessary for students (learn) some survival skills in case of dangers.
2.The next morning he hired a boat and set out (find) the well-known painter.
3.The girl is often seen (dance) to the music on the nearby square.
4.The airport (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
5.Some people try to knock me down，only (make) me more determined to do better.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
to learn
to find
to dance
to be completed
to make
6.The local government doesn’t have to sacrifice environment __________
(promote) economic growth.
7.The workers seem (compromise) with the boss，because they are prepared to return to work.
8. (stay) warm at night，I would fill the wood stove，and then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
9.Half surprised and half concerned，the father felt a sense of responsibility of caring for the kids，so he decided (help) them make breakfast.
to promote
to have compromised
To stay
to help
10.With a lot of homework (do)，I can’t go skating with you，and I wonder if you could forgive me for my breaking the promise.
to do
“Let’s get out of here，Paul！” screamed Bill.Paul’s heart beat wildly，his legs trembling.“1. (没有必要担心).We are bound 2. (出去).” Paul comforted him.However，it was 3. (很难做到).They turned around，trying their best 4. (推动关着的门)，but in vain.However，with 5. (各种各样的困难要解决)，Paul and Bill didn’t lose heart.They picked up an overturned chair 6._______________________(使窗户打开) and then climbed through it carefully.7. (为了离开这个令人恐惧的地方)，
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用动词不定式
There is no need to worry
to get out
very difficult to make it
to push the closed door
many kinds of/various difficulties to handle
to make the window open
To leave the frightening place
they ran as quickly as possible.Finally，although they were still suffering from the shock，they were relieved 8. (到达一个安全的地方).
to reach a safe place
返 回
作业2
1.It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box.
＝It is impossible such a heavy box.
2.It happened that we had known each other before.
＝We happened each other before.
3.The progress which will be made soon is of great importance.
＝The progress soon is of great importance.
4.The boss made the workers work all night.
＝The workers all night.
Ⅰ.句型转换
for a child to lift
to have known
to be made
were made to work
5.When we should hold the meeting is still to be discussed.
＝When the meeting is still to be discussed.
6.It seemed that they were writing something for somebody.
＝They seemed something for somebody.
7.I find that it is difficult to speak English well.
＝I find English well.
8.I hope that I will be an astronaut some day.
＝I hope an astronaut some day.
to hold
to be writing
it difficult to speak
to be
9.The girl got up earlier so that she might not be late again.
＝The girl got up earlier be late again.
10.They suppose that he is a manager.
＝They suppose a manager.
so as not to/in order not to
him to be
1.上初中时，我的目标是做全班最优秀的学生。
When I was in junior high，my aim was .
2.为了实现这个目标，我决定像我的同桌一样学习到半夜。
，I decided until midnight like my deskmate.
3.我努力最后一个走，第一个到，却发现我上课时总是发困。
I tried ，_________________
always sleepy in class.
4.我的老师说保持充足的睡眠是很重要的。
My teacher said it was very important .
Ⅱ.完成句子
to be the best student in my class
To achieve this goal
to study
to be the last to leave and the first to arrive
only to find myself
to have enough sleep
5.他建议我制定一个适合我自己的计划。
He advised me that is suitable for myself.
6.他很高兴被那所重点大学录取了。
He was glad that key university.
7.经常听到这个年轻人唱最近流行的歌曲。
The young man which are popular these days.
8.我很遗憾地通知你，你的申请被拒绝了。
I regret that your application has been rejected.
to make a plan
to have been admitted to
is often heard to sing the songs
to inform you
A
One long gray ship at the Port of Los Angeles is doing its part to combat climate change.On the ship，which belongs to Captura，a Los Angeles-based startup，is a system that takes into seawater and sucks out CO2，which can be used for various purposes or buried.The decarbonated (不含二氧化碳的) seawater is returned to the ocean，
语篇解读　本文是新闻报道。文章主要报道了几家初创企业正在探索利用新技术从海洋中捕获并处理二氧化碳，以减少温室气体排放，对抗气候变化。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
where it absorbs more CO2 from the atmosphere，in a small strike against the massive rise of the greenhouse gas.
After a year-long experiment，Captura is planning to open a 1000-ton-per-year facility that will bury the captured CO2 in rock formations under the North Sea.Equatic，another Los Angeles-based startup，is launching an even larger 3650-ton-per-year ocean CO2 capture plant this year in Singapore.
Supporters say capturing CO2 from the ocean should be easier and cheaper than a seemingly more direct approach：extracting it directly from the air.Direct air capture，which relies on fans to sweep air past absorbent chemicals，currently costs between $600 to $1,000 per ton of CO2 removed，largely because atmospheric CO2 is so thin，making up less than 0.05% of the air.Earth’s oceans，in contrast，hold the gas at a concentration nearly 150 times higher，and absorb roughly 30% of all CO2 emissions each panies say they should ultimately be able to capture CO2 at $100 per ton，or less.
Ocean capture advocates are seeking government support.In the US，direct air capture plants earn a $180 tax credit per ton of removed CO2，but Ocean efforts currently don’t qualify.“A similar tax incentive(激励政策) for water-based CO2 removal is absolutely needed，” says Ruben Brands，CEO of Equatic.
Even if the technology takes off，it will have to scale up massively to make a meaning contribution in offsetting(抵消) global emissions. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change，by 2050 we will need to remove some 5 billion tons of CO2 every year to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5℃.So far，the ocean capture companies are pulling out only thousands of tons.Matthew Eisaman，a chief scientist at Captura，says，“We have an enormous challenge ahead of us.”
1.How does the system in paragraph 1 work
A.It converts seawater into CO2.
B.It releases CO2 into the atmosphere.
C.It absorbs seawater and extracts CO2.
D.It stores decarbonated seawater on the ship.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段可知，隶属于总部位于洛杉矶的初创公司Captura的船上有一个系统，可以吸收海水并吸收二氧化碳，这些二氧化碳可以用于各种目的或被掩埋。脱碳后的海水被送回海洋，在那里它从大气中吸收更多的二氧化碳，作为对温室气体大规模上升的一次小打击。由此可知，这个系统会吸收海水并提取二氧化碳。故选C。
解析
2.What makes extracting CO2 from the ocean easier and cheaper
A.CO2 in seawater is more absorbent.
B.CO2 is stored in solid form in seawater.
C.CO2 in the ocean is more readily accessible.
D.CO2 is naturally more concentrated in seawater.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Supporters say capturing CO2 from the ocean should be easier and cheaper than a seemingly more direct approach：extracting it directly from the air.”以及“Earth’s oceans，in contrast，hold the gas at a concentration nearly 150 times higher...”可知，因为二氧化碳在海水中的浓度自然更高，所以从海洋中提取二氧化碳变得更容易、更便宜。故选D。
解析
3.What is Ruben Brands’s attitude toward the new form of capturing technology
A.Doubtful. B.Objective.
C.Supportive. D.Indifferent.
√
观点态度题。根据第四段中的“‘A similar tax incentive(激励政策) for water-based CO2 removal is absolutely needed，’ says Ruben Brands，CEO of Equatic.”可知，Ruben Brands认为需要政策来促进以水为基础的二氧化碳的去除，所以推知，Ruben Brands对这种新形式的捕捉技术是支持的。故选C。
解析
4.What would be the best title of the passage
A.Combining Ocean CO2 Capture with Air Capture
B.Setting a New Example of Climate Change Solution
C.Analyzing Ocean CO2 Capture Against Climate Change
D.Exploring Oceanic Solutions for Reducing CO2 Emissions
√
标题归纳题。根据第一段以及纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了几家初创企业正在探索利用海洋减少二氧化碳排放的解决方案，因此最合适的标题是D项“Exploring Oceanic Solutions for Reducing CO2 Emissions (探索减少二氧化碳排放的海洋解决方案)”。故选D。
解析
B(此篇精读)
Figuring out biodiversity patterns and detecting rare or just-good-at-hiding species has long posed challenges to① ecosystem monitoring and conservation efforts.Traditional survey methods are labor intensive and cover limited areas.Now，emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques open new possibilities.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。新的生物多样性监测技术——环境DNA (eDNA)技术即将问世，文章对其进行了介绍。
Scientists collect water or soil samples from an environment and extract any DNA traces left behind by organisms.This is the environmental DNA (eDNA).They then use one of the two analysis methods—quantitative PCR (qPCR)or DNA sequencing.qPCR is used to detect if a specific species’ DNA is in the sample.For example，researchers tested river water eDNA to see if endangered fish X was present.When it was detected，they confirmed that the fish lived in that river without directly seeing it.DNA sequencing analyzes all DNA in the sample at once.Scientists can then match the DNA barcodes② to databases to identify which species were in the sampled environment.
Although eDNA sampling cannot identify new species or those only known from photos and videos if they are not already listed in the reference databases，the real power of it lies in its ability to capture③ a wide range of organisms.With just one sample，scientists can detect all kinds of living things，from bacteria to whales，in almost any environment where life exists，including the deep sea and underground caves.One of the most significant advantages of eDNA sampling is that it allows scientists to detect species that are difficult to see or capture.This is particularly useful when studying rare or very small species，or when working in environments like dark water where visibility④ is limited.
This is just the start.Imagine a future where eDNA data could be collected from the most remote oceans by autonomous vehicles，analyzed by the drone(无人机) or on board a research vessel，and integrated with other monitoring data so marine managers and the public can see near-real-time data about the condition of the ocean.Science fiction Not any more.
5.What can we infer from paragraph 1
A.Finding out species diversity is difficult for related scientists.
B.The previous research methods completely depend on labor.
C.eDNA techniques could make up for some limitations posed by the
traditional one.
D.eDNA techniques have already substituted traditional survey methods.
√
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Traditional survey methods are labor intensive and cover limited areas.Now，emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques open new possibilities.”可知，第一段明确提到传统调查方法存在局限性(劳动强度大和覆盖区域有限)，而新兴的环境DNA(eDNA)技术开辟了新的可能性。这表明eDNA技术可以弥补传统技术带来的一些限制。故选C。
解析
6.What’s the advantage of eDNA sampling
A.It can detect species from photos and videos.
B.It can help scientists capture endangered species.
C.It improves adaptability to different researching environments.
D.It can identify any living creature with a sample of it.
√
推理判断题。根据第三段可知：eDNA的真正力量在于它能够捕获范围广泛的生物。只需一个样本，科学家就可以在几乎任何有生命存在的环境中探测到各种生物，从细菌到鲸鱼，包括深海和地下洞穴。eDNA采样的一个最显著的优势是，它允许科学家探测到难以看到或捕获的物种。这在研究稀有或非常小的物种时特别有用，或者在像黑暗水域这样的可见度有限的环境中工作时特别有用。所以eDNA采样的优势在于它能提高对不同研究环境的适应性，eDNA采样能够在各种环境中检测生物。故选C。
解析
7.What could eDNA data be applied to in the future
A.Studying microbial communities.
B.Analyzing diversity changes over time.
C.Collecting species in new environments.
D.Offering statistics for ocean supervision.
√
细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Imagine a future...condition of the ocean.(想象一下，未来eDNA数据可以由自动驾驶车辆从最偏远的海洋收集，由无人机或在研究船上进行分析，并与其他监测数据相结合，这样海洋管理者和公众就可以看到有关海洋状况的近实时数据)”可知，eDNA数据在未来可以应用于为海洋监管提供统计数据。故选D。
解析
8.What’s the main idea of the text
A.New biodiversity monitoring techniques are around the corner.
B.Traditional survey methods are abandoned for their shortcomings.
C.Rare species have been discovered with two analysis methods.
D.Scientists have made a breakthrough in undersea research.
√
主旨大意题。第一段提到新兴的环境DNA (eDNA)技术开启了新的可能性。随后文章详细介绍了eDNA技术在生物多样性监测中的优势和应用。由此可知，文章主要介绍了eDNA这一新的生物多样性监测技术即将问世。选项A(新的生物多样性监测技术即将到来)与文章的主旨相符，故选A。
解析
语境猜词
①pose challenges to ______________
②barcode n._______
③capture v. (本文为此义)；拍摄；引起(兴趣)；
攻占；争得
④visible adj.可见的
→visibility n.______________
条形码
捕获
可见度，能见度
对……构成挑战
One of the most significant advantages of eDNA sampling is that it allows scientists to detect species that are difficult to see or capture.
分析：此句为 句。第一个that引导 从句，在从句中不作成分，无意义；第二个that引导 从句，species为先行词，that在从句中作_____。
翻译：_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
句式分析
复合
环境 DNA 采样的一个最显著的优势在于它能让科学家检测到那些难以看到或捕获的物种。
表语
定语
主语
Laughter is a universal language for humans to connect with each other and form social bonds.Even as babies，we giggle when our parents pull funny faces，and then gradually learn to make others laugh as we grow up.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物界中可能存在幽默感的现象，科学家观察到狗、猿类和老鼠等动物展现出类似人类幽默行为的例子，如戏弄、开玩笑和发出笑声，表明幽默感或许在进化早期就已出现。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
A.But is it a uniquely human experience
B.His study showed that rats intend to tease.
C.Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry.
D.Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting.
E.His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun.
F.But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour
G.So，a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline.
√
1 Scientists have observed behaviors in animals that suggest that your pets might be secret jokers.
上文说明人类会笑和让别人发笑，下文说科学家观察到宠物可能也有类似的行为。A项“但这是一种人类独有的体验吗？”承接上文，并引出下文，说明动物也可能会开玩笑。故选A。
解析
Have you ever seen dogs let people come close to their toy，and then playfully run away with it Biologist Charles Darwin saw this as the dog’s version of a practical joke.Mare Bekoff，biology professor，also observed dogs playfully teasing each other by approaching slowly and then quickly running away.
2 And he’s also said that animals may goof around(胡闹) as a way to cope with stress.
A.But is it a uniquely human experience
B.His study showed that rats intend to tease.
C.Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry.
D.Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting.
E.His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun.
F.But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour
G.So，a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline.
√
上文说明生物学教授研究狗的行为，下文是研究的一项结果。E项“他的研究得出结论，狗只是想玩得开心”符合题意，与下文为并列关系，都是研究结果。故选E。
解析
In a 2024 study，Isabelle Laumer and colleagues watched four ape species interact with each other and observed 18 distinct teasing behaviors.They saw young apes move towards an adult quietly，pat them to surprise them and then wait and watch the response，behavior similar to that shown by human children. 3
A.But is it a uniquely human experience
B.His study showed that rats intend to tease.
C.Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry.
D.Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting.
E.His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun.
F.But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour
G.So，a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline.
√
上文说明猿的幼崽会做出类似人类儿童的表现，G项“因此，幽默感可能在我们进化的早期就已出现”承接上文，作为上文研究得出的结果。故选G。
解析
What about laughing While playing，dogs sometimes produce a breathy snort(哼) that could sound like laughter. 4 Rats make a joyful squeak(吱吱声) similar to a giggle when they are tickled，says Jeffrey Burgdorf，professor at Northwestern University.
A.But is it a uniquely human experience
B.His study showed that rats intend to tease.
C.Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry.
D.Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting.
E.His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun.
F.But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour
G.So，a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline.
√
上下文举例说明动物会在快乐时发出像笑声的声音，D项“海豚在打闹时发出欢乐的声音”与上下文并列，符合题意。故选D。
解析
5 Are the apes in Laumer’s study really joking around or just attention-seeking What would be the evolutionary purpose of animals teasing “In humans，humour can serve as an ice-breaker，removing social barriers and strengthening relationships，” says Laumer.“We don’t know if it’s the same in apes or other animals，but it’s possible.”
A.But is it a uniquely human experience
B.His study showed that rats intend to tease.
C.Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry.
D.Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting.
E.His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun.
F.But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour
G.So，a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline.
√
上文说明老鼠被挠痒时会发出类似咯咯笑的声音，F项中a rat’s giggle是关键词，F项“但是老鼠的咯咯笑声真的是幽默感的表现吗？”承接上文，并提出问题，与下文衔接连贯。故选F。
解析
Ⅴ.语法填空
Oceans cover about 70 percent of the Earths’ surface，yet even today their depths remain largely unexplored.Scientists estimate between 90 and 95 percent of the deep sea remains 1.__________(mystery).
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了深海勘探历史与技术。
mysterious
考查形容词。remains为连系动词，空处应用形容词作表语，故填mysterious。
解析
The deep sea is 2. (true) the planet’s final frontier.
The term “deep sea” doesn’t have 3. same meaning to everyone.To fishermen，the deep sea is any part of the ocean beyond the relatively shallow continental shelf.
truly
2.考查副词。空处作状语修饰be动词，应用副词形式，故填truly。
3.考查冠词。same前常用定冠词，为固定用法，故填the。
解析
the
To scientists，the deep sea is the lowest part of the ocean，located below the thermocline(温跃层) 4._______heating and cooling effects from sunlight stop 5. (have) an effect，and above the sea floor.This is the part of the ocean 6. (deep) than 1,800 meters.
where
4.考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是thermocline，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where，故填where。
5.考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，此处指“阳光的加热和冷却效应停止起作用”，表示停止正在做的事情，使用stop doing sth，故填having。
6.考查形容词比较级。根据than可知应用形容词比较级，故填deeper。
解析
having
deeper
It’s difficult 7. (research) the depths because they are permanently dark，extremely cold and 8. high pressure.From the time of Pliny until the end of the 19th century，people believed the deep sea was a lifeless wasteland.
to research
7.考查非谓语动词。It是形式主语，空处应用动词不定式作真正的主语，故填to research。
8.考查介词。under high pressure“在高压之下”，是固定短语，故填under。
解析
under
Modern scientists recognize the deep sea as the largest habitat on the planet.Special tools 9. (develop) by humans over the past few decades to explore this cold and dark environment.Deep sea exploration involves multiple 10.___________(discipline)，such as oceanography，biology，geography，archaeology，and engineering.
have been developed
9.考查时态、语态和主谓一致。主语Special tools和动词develop之间是被动关系，结合时间状语over the past few decades可知应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语表示复数意义，故填have been developed。
10.考查名词复数。discipline是可数名词，由multiple可知应用名词复数形式，故填disciplines。
解析
disciplines
返 回
本课结束Period 2　Learning About Language
阅读以下短文，认真感悟不定式在句中所作的成分并完成练习
As we all know，it’s important ①to master a foreign language.However，Lin Tao found it difficult ②to learn English，leaving him at a loss.He was always busy and had a lot of homework given by his English teacher ③to do.There was an urgent need ④to improve his learning efficiency in order ⑤to keep up with the teacher’s pace.One day，his teacher advised him ⑥to sign up for an online course，whose aim was ⑦to improve students’ enthusiasm for learning and it provided useful learning methods.⑧To improve his English performance，he worked day and night，focusing on his course and practicing hard.
1.以上句子中黑体部分均是动词不定式。动词不定式在句中可充当主语(如①)、宾语(如②)、宾语补足语(如⑥)、表语(如⑦)、定语(如③④)及目的状语(如⑤⑧)。
2．动词不定式的一般式结构为to do。
复习动词不定式
一、概念
动词不定式的基本构成是“to＋动词原形”。to是不定式符号，无词义。动词不定式(短语)具有名词、形容词、副词或动词的特征，它可以在句中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
时态 主动 被动 意义
一般时 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或在其后发生
进行时 to be doing 在谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
完成时 to have done to have been done 在谓语动作之前发生
I plan to withdraw from the club.
我打算退出这个俱乐部。(withdraw的动作在plan之后发生)
It’s a great honour for me to be invited.
我能被邀请，甚是荣幸。(me是invite动作的承受者)
They are reported to be working hard.
据报道他们正努力地工作。(be reported与work同时发生)
The merchant is considered to have negotiated with that factory.
这个商人被认为已经和那家工厂协商过了。(negotiate发生在be considered之前)
The teacher seems to have been told the good news.老师似乎已被告知了这个好消息。(teacher是tell的承受者且tell发生在seem之前)
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①She isn’t feeling well；she appears to have caught(catch) a serious cold.
②He had intended to return(return) after receiving the first letter from Mary.
③The kids shouted so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle to be heard(hear)．
④昨晚他父母回来时，他碰巧正在做作业。
When his parents came back last night，he happened to be doing his homework.
⑤据报道，这本书已被翻译成七种语言。
The book is reported to have been translated into seven languages.
[注意]　(1)不定式“主动形式表示被动”
例句 主动形式表示被动
We have masses of work to do today.Hurry up！ 今天，我们有很多工作要做。快点儿！ 当动词不定式作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系，同时与句中另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系时。
I am easy to get along with.我容易相处。 在“主语＋be＋性质形容词＋动词不定式”结构中。
What to do next hasn’t been decided.下一步该做什么还没有决定。 当动词不定式与疑问代词连用时。
I felt I was to blame for this bicycle accident.我觉得这次自行车事故怪我。 在“be to blame”中常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The maths problem is too difficult to solve.这个数学题太难了，无法破解。 在“too...to...”结构中。
There is nothing to worry/to be worried about. 没什么可担心的。 在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，不定式用主动式或被动式均可，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
(2)不定式的否定形式
例句 不定式的否定形式
The doctor advised my father not to smoke. 医生建议我爸爸不要吸烟。 He promised never to skip school.他保证绝不逃课。 not/never to do
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①The math problem is easy to handle(handle)．
②I have five hands to help(help) me with the challenging project.
③Facing various goods in the shop，I didn’t know which to choose(choose)．
④公共汽车司机提醒乘客不要把随身物品落在车上。
The bus driver reminds the passengers not to leave behind their belongings on the bus.
三、动词不定式的句法功能
1．作主语
动词不定式作主语表示将来特定的某一次的具体动作，谓语动词用单数。若动词不定式太长，则用it代替动词不定式作形式主语，不定式移至句末，常用句式为“it＋be＋adj.＋of/for sb to do sth”。当形容词表达事物的特征时，用for sb；当形容词表达人的特征或品质时，用of sb。
To err is human.
金无足赤，人无完人。/人非圣贤，孰能无过。
To finish this job in one day is impossible.
要在一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。
To blame the worker will not make up for the loss.责备那个工作人员弥补不了损失。
It is important for us students to work out on a regular basis.
经常锻炼身体对我们学生很重要。
It is kind of you to help me out of difficulty.
帮我摆脱困难，你真好。
2．作表语
动词不定式作表语时需放在系动词(如be，seem，remain，appear，get)后面，用来表示将来的动作或说明主语的内容。如果主语是dream，wish，idea，plan，task，purpose，aim，ambition，goal，duty，job等表示意向、打算、职责等意义的词，也常用不定式作表语。
She seems to get along well with her new classmates.她似乎和她的新同学相处得很好。
His dream is to become an astronaut.
他的梦想是成为一名宇航员。
My main task is to get this company running smoothly.我的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。
3．作宾语
常用不定式作宾语的动词 三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise
两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse
设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide
不要假装在选择：pretend，choose
“动词＋it＋adj./n.＋动词不定式”结构 it为形式宾语，不定式为真正的宾语。用于该结构的动词有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make等。
疑问词＋to do 动词不定式有时和疑问代词/副词或whether一起构成宾语
I promise to keep you company at night.
我保证晚上陪你。
The chairwoman demanded to know the truth.
女主席要求知道真相。
Tina’s decided to go to Rome for her holidays.
蒂娜已决定去罗马度假。
He pretended to be reading when his mother entered the room.
当妈妈进入房间时，他假装在读书。
I find it pleasant to work with him.
我觉得跟他一块工作令人愉快。
I think it my duty to organize various meaningful activities.我认为组织各种各样的有意义的活动是我的职责。
I don’t know whether to accept his invitation.
我不知道是否接受他的邀请。
[注意]　下列动词或词组既可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
4．作定语
例句 动词不定式作定语的几种情况
He is the best man to do the job. 他是做这项工作的最佳人选。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个来，最后一个离开。 序数词、形容词最高级或 the last/the only/the next 等后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定式作定语。
Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand，even more so. 对于学习来说，兴趣同理解能力一样重要，甚至更重要。 He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 他许诺明天按时来这里。 抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，opportunity，ability，promise，attempt等后常用动词不定式作定语。
Do you have anything to say？你有什么要说的吗？ something，nothing，anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备好长时间停留在月球上之前，还有许多问题要解决。 动词不定式作定语可表示将来的、还没发生的动作。
5.作状语
(1)作目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语时，其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后面，表示强调，也可位于句首；其前可加in order或so as，但加so as时不能放在句首。
I came here to say goodbye to you.
我来这里是为了向你告别。
He ran fast all the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus.
他一路快速奔跑以便赶上第一班公共汽车。
In order to pass the exam，he studied hard till midnight.
为了通过考试，他努力学习到半夜。
(2)作原因状语
动词不定式常跟在作表语的形容词或过去分词之后，用来说明产生某种情绪或作出某种评价的原因。此类词有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。
We’re quite glad to meet you here.
我们很高兴在这里见到你。
They were very surprised to be informed of the news.被告知这个消息他们很吃惊。
(3)作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语时常放在句尾，表示出乎意料的结果。常用only to do，enough to do，too...to...，so/such...as to do等形式。
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
他到了车站，却被告知火车已经开走了。
He is old enough to solve the problem on his own.他已经长大了，可以独立解决这个问题。
He is too stubborn to change his mind.
他太固执而不会改变主意。
The old woman was so angry as to shake.
那个老妇人气得发抖。
It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house.噪声这么大，吵醒了屋子里的每个人。
[注意]　现在分词(短语)作结果状语多表示自然而然的结果，即句子和结果状语之间有一定的因果关系。
Jack has made great progress，making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的进步，这让他的父母很高兴。
6．作补语
(1)动词ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warn，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等表示命令、教导、要求、意向、允许、警告等意义的动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.
她要求我在她不在的时候接电话。
My teacher encouraged me to study hard.
我的老师鼓励我努力学习。
Her parents don’t allow her to go out at night.
她的父母不允许她晚上出去。
(2)believe，consider，declare，find，prove，suppose，think等表示意见、认可、判断、料想、声明等意义的动词后的宾语补足语常是“to be”形式。
She’s proved herself to be a very reliable worker.她证明了自己是一名非常可靠的员工。
I believe him to be honest.
我相信他是诚实的。
(3)动词不定式在feel(一感)，hear/listen to(二听)，make/let/have(三让)，see/watch/notice/observe(四看)等使役动词和感官动词(短语)后作宾语补足语时，常省略to。这些词在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，此时不定式作主语补足语(一感二听三让四看半帮助，主动不to 被动to)。
I felt the earth shake last night.
昨晚，我感受到了地面颤动。
I often hear him sing the song.
我经常听见他唱这首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.
经常听见他唱这首歌。
[即时训练3]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①I remember seeing(see) you somewhere before.
②It is generous of him to contribute(contribute) so much.
③Whether we will succeed or not remains to be seen(see)．
④His ambition is to become(become) an actor.
⑤The best way to strengthen(strengthen) willpower is to make it into a habit.
⑥The problem to be discussed(discuss) tomorrow is rather difficult to address.
⑦我匆匆赶到邮局，却发现它关门了。
I hurried to the post office，only to find it closed.
⑧她丈夫去世了，留给她五个孩子。
Her husband died，leaving her with five children.
⑨他父亲不允许他玩电脑游戏。
His father didn’t permit him to play computer games.
⑩最后，他们同意互相谈判。
In the end，they agreed to negotiate with each other.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It is necessary for students to learn(learn) some survival skills in case of dangers.
2．The next morning he hired a boat and set out to find(find) the well-known painter.
3．The girl is often seen to dance(dance) to the music on the nearby square.
4．The airport to be completed(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
5．Some people try to knock me down，only to make(make) me more determined to do better.
6．The local government doesn’t have to sacrifice environment to promote(promote) economic growth.
7．The workers seem to have compromised(compromise) with the boss，because they are prepared to return to work.
8．To stay(stay) warm at night，I would fill the wood stove，and then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
9．Half surprised and half concerned，the father felt a sense of responsibility of caring for the kids，so he decided to help(help) them make breakfast.
10．With a lot of homework to do(do)，I can’t go skating with you，and I wonder if you could forgive me for my breaking the promise.
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用动词不定式
“Let’s get out of here，Paul！” screamed Bill.Paul’s heart beat wildly，his legs trembling.“1.There is no need to worry(没有必要担心)．We are bound 2.to get out(出去)．” Paul comforted him.However，it was 3.very difficult to make it(很难做到)．They turned around，trying their best 4.to push the closed door(推动关着的门)，but in vain.However，with 5.many kinds of/various difficulties to handle(各种各样的困难要解决)，Paul and Bill didn’t lose heart.They picked up an overturned chair 6.to make the window open(使窗户打开) and then climbed through it carefully.7.To leave the frightening place(为了离开这个令人恐惧的地方)，they ran as quickly as possible.Finally，although they were still suffering from the shock，they were relieved 8.to reach a safe place(到达一个安全的地方)．
作业2
[分值：91.5分]
Ⅰ.句型转换(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)
1．It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box.
＝It is impossible for a child to lift such a heavy box.
2．It happened that we had known each other before.
＝We happened to have known each other before.
3．The progress which will be made soon is of great importance.
＝The progress to be made soon is of great importance.
4．The boss made the workers work all night.
＝The workers were made to work all night.
5．When we should hold the meeting is still to be discussed.
＝When to hold the meeting is still to be discussed.
6．It seemed that they were writing something for somebody.
＝They seemed to be writing something for somebody.
7．I find that it is difficult to speak English well.
＝I find it difficult to speak English well.
8．I hope that I will be an astronaut some day.
＝I hope to be an astronaut some day.
9．The girl got up earlier so that she might not be late again.
＝The girl got up earlier so as not to/in order not to be late again.
10．They suppose that he is a manager.
＝They suppose him to be a manager.
Ⅱ.完成句子(共8小题；每小题3分，满分24分)
1．上初中时，我的目标是做全班最优秀的学生。
When I was in junior high，my aim was to be the best student in my class.
2．为了实现这个目标，我决定像我的同桌一样学习到半夜。
To achieve this goal，I decided to study until midnight like my deskmate.
3．我努力最后一个走，第一个到，却发现我上课时总是发困。
I tried to be the last to leave and the first to arrive，only to find myself always sleepy in class.
4．我的老师说保持充足的睡眠是很重要的。
My teacher said it was very important to have enough sleep.
5．他建议我制定一个适合我自己的计划。
He advised me to make a plan that is suitable for myself.
6．他很高兴被那所重点大学录取了。
He was glad to have been admitted to that key university.
7．经常听到这个年轻人唱最近流行的歌曲。
The young man is often heard to sing the songs which are popular these days.
8．我很遗憾地通知你，你的申请被拒绝了。
I regret to inform you that your application has been rejected.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
One long gray ship at the Port of Los Angeles is doing its part to combat climate change.On the ship，which belongs to Captura，a Los Angeles-based startup，is a system that takes into seawater and sucks out CO2，which can be used for various purposes or buried.The decarbonated (不含二氧化碳的) seawater is returned to the ocean，where it absorbs more CO2 from the atmosphere，in a small strike against the massive rise of the greenhouse gas.
After a year-long experiment，Captura is planning to open a 1000-ton-per-year facility that will bury the captured CO2 in rock formations under the North Sea.Equatic，another Los Angeles-based startup，is launching an even larger 3650-ton-per-year ocean CO2 capture plant this year in Singapore.
Supporters say capturing CO2 from the ocean should be easier and cheaper than a seemingly more direct approach：extracting it directly from the air.Direct air capture，which relies on fans to sweep air past absorbent chemicals，currently costs between $600 to $1,000 per ton of CO2 removed，largely because atmospheric CO2 is so thin，making up less than 0.05% of the air.Earth’s oceans，in contrast，hold the gas at a concentration nearly 150 times higher，and absorb roughly 30% of all CO2 emissions each panies say they should ultimately be able to capture CO2 at $100 per ton，or less.
Ocean capture advocates are seeking government support.In the US，direct air capture plants earn a $180 tax credit per ton of removed CO2，but Ocean efforts currently don’t qualify.“A similar tax incentive(激励政策) for water-based CO2 removal is absolutely needed，” says Ruben Brands，CEO of Equatic.
Even if the technology takes off，it will have to scale up massively to make a meaning contribution in offsetting(抵消) global emissions.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change，by 2050 we will need to remove some 5 billion tons of CO2 every year to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5℃.So far，the ocean capture companies are pulling out only thousands of tons.Matthew Eisaman，a chief scientist at Captura，says，“We have an enormous challenge ahead of us.”
语篇解读　本文是新闻报道。文章主要报道了几家初创企业正在探索利用新技术从海洋中捕获并处理二氧化碳，以减少温室气体排放，对抗气候变化。
1．How does the system in paragraph 1 work
A．It converts seawater into CO2.
B．It releases CO2 into the atmosphere.
C．It absorbs seawater and extracts CO2.
D．It stores decarbonated seawater on the ship.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段可知，隶属于总部位于洛杉矶的初创公司Captura的船上有一个系统，可以吸收海水并吸收二氧化碳，这些二氧化碳可以用于各种目的或被掩埋。脱碳后的海水被送回海洋，在那里它从大气中吸收更多的二氧化碳，作为对温室气体大规模上升的一次小打击。由此可知，这个系统会吸收海水并提取二氧化碳。故选C。
2．What makes extracting CO2 from the ocean easier and cheaper
A．CO2 in seawater is more absorbent.
B．CO2 is stored in solid form in seawater.
C．CO2 in the ocean is more readily accessible.
D．CO2 is naturally more concentrated in seawater.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Supporters say capturing CO2 from the ocean should be easier and cheaper than a seemingly more direct approach：extracting it directly from the air.”以及“Earth’s oceans，in contrast，hold the gas at a concentration nearly 150 times higher...”可知，因为二氧化碳在海水中的浓度自然更高，所以从海洋中提取二氧化碳变得更容易、更便宜。故选D。
3．What is Ruben Brands’s attitude toward the new form of capturing technology
A．Doubtful. B．Objective.
C．Supportive. D．Indifferent.
答案　C
解析　观点态度题。根据第四段中的“‘A similar tax incentive(激励政策) for water-based CO2 removal is absolutely needed，’ says Ruben Brands，CEO of Equatic.”可知，Ruben Brands认为需要政策来促进以水为基础的二氧化碳的去除，所以推知，Ruben Brands对这种新形式的捕捉技术是支持的。故选C。
4．What would be the best title of the passage
A．Combining Ocean CO2 Capture with Air Capture
B．Setting a New Example of Climate Change Solution
C．Analyzing Ocean CO2 Capture Against Climate Change
D．Exploring Oceanic Solutions for Reducing CO2 Emissions
答案　D
解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段以及纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了几家初创企业正在探索利用海洋减少二氧化碳排放的解决方案，因此最合适的标题是D项“Exploring Oceanic Solutions for Reducing CO2 Emissions (探索减少二氧化碳排放的海洋解决方案)”。故选D。
B(此篇精读)
Figuring out biodiversity patterns and detecting rare or just-good-at-hiding species has long posed challenges to① ecosystem monitoring and conservation efforts.Traditional survey methods are labor intensive and cover limited areas.Now，emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques open new possibilities.
Scientists collect water or soil samples from an environment and extract any DNA traces left behind by organisms.This is the environmental DNA (eDNA)．They then use one of the two analysis methods—quantitative PCR (qPCR)or DNA sequencing.qPCR is used to detect if a specific species’ DNA is in the sample.For example，researchers tested river water eDNA to see if endangered fish X was present.When it was detected，they confirmed that the fish lived in that river without directly seeing it.DNA sequencing analyzes all DNA in the sample at once.Scientists can then match the DNA barcodes② to databases to identify which species were in the sampled environment.
Although eDNA sampling cannot identify new species or those only known from photos and videos if they are not already listed in the reference databases，the real power of it lies in its ability to capture③ a wide range of organisms.With just one sample，scientists can detect all kinds of living things，from bacteria to whales，in almost any environment where life exists，including the deep sea and underground caves.One of the most significant advantages of eDNA sampling is that it allows scientists to detect species that are difficult to see or capture.This is particularly useful when studying rare or very small species，or when working in environments like dark water where visibility④ is limited.
This is just the start.Imagine a future where eDNA data could be collected from the most remote oceans by autonomous vehicles，analyzed by the drone(无人机) or on board a research vessel，and integrated with other monitoring data so marine managers and the public can see near-real-time data about the condition of the ocean.Science fiction Not any more.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。新的生物多样性监测技术——环境DNA eDNA 技术即将问世，文章对其进行了介绍。
5．What can we infer from paragraph 1
A．Finding out species diversity is difficult for related scientists.
B．The previous research methods completely depend on labor.
C．eDNA techniques could make up for some limitations posed by the traditional one.
D．eDNA techniques have already substituted traditional survey methods.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Traditional survey methods are labor intensive and cover limited areas.Now，emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques open new possibilities.”可知，第一段明确提到传统调查方法存在局限性(劳动强度大和覆盖区域有限)，而新兴的环境DNA(eDNA)技术开辟了新的可能性。这表明eDNA技术可以弥补传统技术带来的一些限制。故选C。
6．What’s the advantage of eDNA sampling
A．It can detect species from photos and videos.
B．It can help scientists capture endangered species.
C．It improves adaptability to different researching environments.
D．It can identify any living creature with a sample of it.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段可知：eDNA的真正力量在于它能够捕获范围广泛的生物。只需一个样本，科学家就可以在几乎任何有生命存在的环境中探测到各种生物，从细菌到鲸鱼，包括深海和地下洞穴。eDNA采样的一个最显著的优势是，它允许科学家探测到难以看到或捕获的物种。这在研究稀有或非常小的物种时特别有用，或者在像黑暗水域这样的可见度有限的环境中工作时特别有用。所以eDNA采样的优势在于它能提高对不同研究环境的适应性，eDNA采样能够在各种环境中检测生物。故选C。
7．What could eDNA data be applied to in the future
A．Studying microbial communities.
B．Analyzing diversity changes over time.
C．Collecting species in new environments.
D．Offering statistics for ocean supervision.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Imagine a future...condition of the ocean.(想象一下，未来eDNA数据可以由自动驾驶车辆从最偏远的海洋收集，由无人机或在研究船上进行分析，并与其他监测数据相结合，这样海洋管理者和公众就可以看到有关海洋状况的近实时数据)”可知，eDNA数据在未来可以应用于为海洋监管提供统计数据。故选D。
8．What’s the main idea of the text
A．New biodiversity monitoring techniques are around the corner.
B．Traditional survey methods are abandoned for their shortcomings.
C．Rare species have been discovered with two analysis methods.
D．Scientists have made a breakthrough in undersea research.
答案　A
解析　主旨大意题。第一段提到新兴的环境DNA (eDNA)技术开启了新的可能性。随后文章详细介绍了eDNA技术在生物多样性监测中的优势和应用。由此可知，文章主要介绍了eDNA这一新的生物多样性监测技术即将问世。选项A(新的生物多样性监测技术即将到来)与文章的主旨相符，故选A。
[语境猜词]
①pose challenges to对……构成挑战
②barcode n．条形码
③capture v．捕获(本文为此义)；拍摄；引起(兴趣)；攻占；争得
④visible adj.可见的→visibility n．可见度，能见度
[句式分析]
One of the most significant advantages of eDNA sampling is that it allows scientists to detect species that are difficult to see or capture.
分析：此句为复合句。第一个that引导表语从句，在从句中不作成分，无意义；第二个that引导定语从句，species为先行词，that在从句中作主语。
翻译：环境 DNA 采样的一个最显著的优势在于它能让科学家检测到那些难以看到或捕获的物种。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Laughter is a universal language for humans to connect with each other and form social bonds.Even as babies，we giggle when our parents pull funny faces，and then gradually learn to make others laugh as we grow up. 1 Scientists have observed behaviors in animals that suggest that your pets might be secret jokers.
Have you ever seen dogs let people come close to their toy，and then playfully run away with it Biologist Charles Darwin saw this as the dog’s version of a practical joke.Mare Bekoff，biology professor，also observed dogs playfully teasing each other by approaching slowly and then quickly running away. 2 And he’s also said that animals may goof around(胡闹) as a way to cope with stress.
In a 2024 study，Isabelle Laumer and colleagues watched four ape species interact with each other and observed 18 distinct teasing behaviors.They saw young apes move towards an adult quietly，pat them to surprise them and then wait and watch the response，behavior similar to that shown by human children. 3
What about laughing While playing，dogs sometimes produce a breathy snort(哼) that could sound like laughter. 4 Rats make a joyful squeak(吱吱声) similar to a giggle when they are tickled，says Jeffrey Burgdorf，professor at Northwestern University.
5 Are the apes in Laumer’s study really joking around or just attention-seeking What would be the evolutionary purpose of animals teasing “In humans，humour can serve as an ice-breaker，removing social barriers and strengthening relationships，” says Laumer.“We don’t know if it’s the same in apes or other animals，but it’s possible.”
A．But is it a uniquely human experience
B．His study showed that rats intend to tease.
C．Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry.
D．Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting.
E．His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun.
F．But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour
G．So，a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物界中可能存在幽默感的现象，科学家观察到狗、猿类和老鼠等动物展现出类似人类幽默行为的例子，如戏弄、开玩笑和发出笑声，表明幽默感或许在进化早期就已出现。
1．答案　A
解析　上文说明人类会笑和让别人发笑，下文说科学家观察到宠物可能也有类似的行为。A项“但这是一种人类独有的体验吗？”承接上文，并引出下文，说明动物也可能会开玩笑。故选A。
2．答案　E
解析　上文说明生物学教授研究狗的行为，下文是研究的一项结果。E项“他的研究得出结论，狗只是想玩得开心”符合题意，与下文为并列关系，都是研究结果。故选E。
3．答案　G
解析　上文说明猿的幼崽会做出类似人类儿童的表现，G项“因此，幽默感可能在我们进化的早期就已出现”承接上文，作为上文研究得出的结果。故选G。
4．答案　D
解析　上下文举例说明动物会在快乐时发出像笑声的声音，D项“海豚在打闹时发出欢乐的声音”与上下文并列，符合题意。故选D。
5．答案　F
解析　上文说明老鼠被挠痒时会发出类似咯咯笑的声音，F项中a rat’s giggle是关键词，F项“但是老鼠的咯咯笑声真的是幽默感的表现吗？”承接上文，并提出问题，与下文衔接连贯。故选F。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Oceans cover about 70 percent of the Earths’ surface，yet even today their depths remain largely unexplored.Scientists estimate between 90 and 95 percent of the deep sea remains 1.__________(mystery)．The deep sea is 2. (true) the planet’s final frontier.
The term “deep sea” doesn’t have 3. same meaning to everyone.To fishermen，the deep sea is any part of the ocean beyond the relatively shallow continental shelf.To scientists，the deep sea is the lowest part of the ocean，located below the thermocline(温跃层) 4.______________heating and cooling effects from sunlight stop 5. (have) an effect，and above the sea floor.This is the part of the ocean 6. (deep) than 1,800 meters.
It’s difficult 7. (research) the depths because they are permanently dark，extremely cold and 8. high pressure.From the time of Pliny until the end of the 19th century，people believed the deep sea was a lifeless wasteland.Modern scientists recognize the deep sea as the largest habitat on the planet.Special tools 9. (develop) by humans over the past few decades to explore this cold and dark environment.Deep sea exploration involves multiple 10._______________(discipline)，such as oceanography，biology，geography，archaeology，and engineering.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了深海勘探历史与技术。
答案　1.mysterious　2.truly　3.the　4.where　5.having　6.deeper　7.to research　8.under　9.have been developed　10.disciplines
解析　1.考查形容词。remains为连系动词，空处应用形容词作表语，故填mysterious。
2.考查副词。空处作状语修饰be动词，应用副词形式，故填truly。
3.考查冠词。same前常用定冠词，为固定用法，故填the。
4.考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是thermocline，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where，故填where。
5.考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，此处指“阳光的加热和冷却效应停止起作用”，表示停止正在做的事情，使用stop doing sth，故填having。
6.考查形容词比较级。根据than可知应用形容词比较级，故填deeper。
7.考查非谓语动词。It是形式主语，空处应用动词不定式作真正的主语，故填to research。
8.考查介词。under high pressure“在高压之下”，是固定短语，故填under。
9.考查时态、语态和主谓一致。主语Special tools和动词develop之间是被动关系，结合时间状语over the past few decades可知应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语表示复数意义，故填have been developed。
10.考查名词复数。discipline是可数名词，由multiple可知应用名词复数形式，故填disciplines。

展开更多......

收起↑