资源简介

(共67张PPT)
The mass media
Unit 1
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Past perfect tense
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习
Larry was driving along the road when he saw a car with faint flames.Hardly ①had he seen the scene when he pulled over his car.Approaching the disabled car，he realized that the other man ②had already been there，who ③had intended to deliver goods to his customers.It was the first time that Larry ④had met with the situation，so he didn’t know what to do.Just at that time，the other man told Larry that he ⑤had called 911.Shortly after the fire and emergency workers arrived，the burning vehicle and the woman in it were saved.
1.语段中①②③④⑤为过去完成时，过去完成时由“__________________
_____”构成。
2.过去完成时用来描述过去某一时间_____所发生的动作或存在的状态。
返 回
had＋动词的过去
分词
之前
语法精讲
一、过去完成时的基本结构及其基本用法
1.基本结构
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 Had＋主语＋done Had＋主语＋been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词＋had＋主语＋done 疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
2.过去完成时的基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。
The fire had come about before the couple came back.
这对夫妇回来之前火灾就已经发生了。
The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.
这个国家尚未从战争的影响中恢复。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before，by then，by that time，by the end of＋时间点，by the time＋从句等。还可以通过上下文来暗示。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。
By the end of last year he had run out of all the money inherited from his father.
到去年年底，他已花光了他从父亲那里继承的所有钱。
(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend等)用于过去完成时表示未实现的希望或计划。
I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.
昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。
I had meant to tell Mike the good news，but found that he wasn’t at home.
我本打算把这个好消息告诉迈克，但发现他不在家。
(4)过去完成时可以用于“hardly/scarcely...when...”和“no sooner...than...”句型中，表示“一……就……”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，观众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he began to investigate the false news.
他刚到就开始调查这条假新闻。
(5)在“It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that...”句式中，that后的从句用过去完成时，表示“这/那是某人第几次做某事”。
It was the second time that he had travelled along the ancient Silk Road.
这是他第二次沿着古丝绸之路旅行。
(6)如果时间状语从句由before引导，主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时；如果时间状语从句由after引导，after引导的从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到达车站之前，列车已经开动了。
He began to write a review after he (had) watched the film twice.
他看了两遍电影后开始写评论。
二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
1.一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，常与具体的过去时间状语连用(如：ago，yesterday，last week，in 1989，when 引导的过去时间状语从句等)。
We were all excited when we took part in the sports meeting.
当我们参加运动会时，我们都很兴奋。
Two students hosted our school sports meeting last month.
上个月两名学生主持了我们学校的运动会。
2.过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“过去的过去”。
The headmaster had made a speech before the sports meeting began.
运动会开始之前，校长发表了演讲。
When they were finally released，their country had been divided into east and west.
最后当他们被释放的时候，他们的国家已经被分成了东部和西部。
The judge asked the witness where the accused had been during the accident.
法官询问证人，事故发生时被告人在什么地方。
三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
1.现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持续到现在的动作。
The company has extended its operations into Europe recently.
最近那家公司已经将业务扩展到了欧洲。
2.过去完成时主要强调过去发生的两个动作的先后顺序，表达的是“过去的过去”，即过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，两个动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.
来中国之前，格林先生在纽约住了十年。
返 回
达标检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.I __________(mean) to accompany you to the bookstore yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.
2.He __________(read) four books written by Shakespeare by the end of last month.
3.The moment I got home，I found I ________(leave) my jacket on the playground.
4.The twins，who ____________(finish) their homework，were allowed to play badminton in the yard.
had meant
had read
had left
had finished
5.He not only did well as a student but also ___________(become) an accomplished public speaker.
6.Instead of getting down to a new task as I _____________(expect)，he examined the previous work again.
7.She told me it was the most instructive lecture that she ____________ (attend) since she came to this school.
8.That was the first time I ________________(experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again.
became
had expected
had attended
had experienced
9.With economy developing at great speed，our city ____________(witness) quite a few changes in recent years.
10.To our surprise，the concert prepared by the students turned out to be more successful than we ___________(think).
has witnessed
had thought
Mr Smith was an ordinary-looking man，but he was very humorous. He could speak Chinese fluently，which shocked us all at first. Later，he told us that he 1.__________________(learn) Chinese for more than two years before he came to China.He always tried his best to make his lessons lively and interesting.In his lessons，he often 2.__________(mention) Egypt. He said that he 3.__________(be) there for many times.Mr Smith was so kind and loved us so much.He would try to persuade me to work harder.If I 4.__________(take) his advice，I would lead a better life now.
Ⅱ.短文填空
(had) learned/learnt
mentioned
had been
had taken
One day，when Mr Smith heard that one of my classmates 5.__________ (fall) off the stairs，he was so concerned that he hurried to the spot at once.Two years later，Mr Smith had to return to his homeland.When we got to the airport，the plane carrying him 6.__________(take) off.We were so disappointed! We will miss Mr Smith forever.
返 回
had fallen
had taken
作业3
1.He told me that he __________(know) her since he was a child.
2.By the end of June，they ___________(treat) over 10,000 patients.
3.It was the first time that he ________________(laugh) at in public.
4.I ___________(hope) to be back last night，but I didn’t catch the train.
5.He had no sooner left the room than they _______(begin) to talk about him.
6.The three of us ___________(travel) around Europe for about a month last summer.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
had known
had treated
had been laughed
had hoped
began
travel(l)ed
7.He ___________(serve) in the army for ten years before he worked in the company.
8.He is now a professor of Shandong University.He _______(stay) in America for 4 years.
9.The professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project ______
______________(complete) by the students independently.
10.Over the past decade，China ___________(become) one of the world’s top consumers in many important aspects ranging from autos to mobile phones.
(had) served
stayed
had
been completed
has become
1.在西安逗留期间，杰瑞品尝了他朋友推荐的许多当地美食。
During his stay in Xi’an，Jerry tried dozens of local foods ____________
_____________.
2.警察在目击者离开他的家之前就到了，这让目击者很懊恼。
_____________________ before the witness left his house，making the witness annoyed.
3.我本来要去机场见你的，可正好在我要出门时有人来拜访我。
____________________________________，but someone came to visit me just when I was about to leave.
Ⅱ.完成句子
his friend had
recommended
The police (had) arrived
I had intended to meet you at the airport
4.那是他第一次看到在网上发布的广告。
__________________________________ the advertisement posted on the Internet.
5.我一告诉她这一消息她就尖叫了起来。
________________________________________ she began to scream.
It was the first time that he had seen
Hardly/Scarcely had I told her the news when
A
(2025·福建福州高二上期末)
Science fiction has long entertained the idea of artificial intelligence becoming conscious(有意识的).Many researchers say that AI systems aren’t yet at the point of consciousness，but the pace of AI evolution(发展) has got them considering: how would we know if they were
语篇解读　本文是新闻报道。文章主要介绍关于如何判断人工智能有自主意识的研究和挑战。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
To answer this，a group of 19 neuroscientists(神经系统科学家)，philosophers and computer scientists have come up with a checklist of standards that，if met，would indicate that a system has a high chance of being conscious.The authors made the effort because “it seemed like there was a real lack of detailed，thoughtful discussion of AI consciousness，” says co-author Robert Long，a philosopher at the Center for AI Safety.
The team says that a failure to identify whether an AI system has become conscious has important moral implications.If something has been labelled “conscious”，according to co-author Megan Peters，a neuroscientist at the University of California，“that changes a lot about how we as human beings feel that entity(独立存在的个体) should be treated”.Long adds that，as far as he can tell，not enough effort has been made by the companies building advanced AI systems to evaluate the models for consciousness and make plans for what to do if that happens.
One of the challenges in studying consciousness in AI is defining what it means to be conscious.Peters says that for the report，the researchers focused on “phenomenal consciousness”.
Many neuroscience-based theories describe the biological basis of consciousness.But there is no agreement on which is the right one.To create their framework，the authors therefore used a range of these theories.The idea is that if an AI system functions in a way that matches aspects of many of these theories，then there is a greater likelihood that it is conscious.
They argue that this is a better approach to assessing consciousness than simply putting a system through a behavioural test—say，asking ChatGPT whether it is conscious，or challenging it and seeing how it responds.That’s because AI systems have become remarkably good at mimicking(模仿) humans.
1.What does Robert Long say about present research on AI consciousness
A.It is far from enough.
B.It is progressing rapidly.
C.It has shown promising insights into it.
D.It has learnt a lot from previous research.
细节理解题。根据第二段中Robert Long说的话“it seemed like there was a real lack of detailed，thoughtful discussion of AI consciousness”可知，Robert Long认为目前缺乏对人工智能意识的细致研究，即此类研究还远远不够。故选A。
解析
√
2.What would change if AI systems became conscious according to Megan Peters
A.Their final applications. B.How humans treat them.
C.Their moral responsibilities. D.How humans make future plans.
细节理解题。根据第三段中“If something has been labelled ‘conscious’，according to co-author Megan Peters...‘that changes a lot about how we as human beings feel that entity(独立存在的个体) should be treated’.”可知，Megan Peters认为，如果人工智能系统有了意识，人类对待它们的方式也会发生变化。故选B。
解析
√
3.What is a challenge in studying AI consciousness
A.Providing a definition of it.
B.Uncovering the reason behind it.
C.Measuring AI’s ability to mimic humans.
D.Comparing AI consciousness and human consciousness.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段中“One of the challenges in studying consciousness in AI is defining what it means to be conscious.”可知，定义什么是有意识是研究人工智能意识的挑战。故选A。
解析
4.How do the researchers identify whether an AI system is conscious
A.By observing its responses to digital signals and online questions.
B.By checking its understanding of some neuroscience-based theories.
C.By comparing its functional patterns with neuroscience-based theories.
D.By conducting experiments and tests to measure its level of self-
awareness.
√
推理判断题。根据第五段中“The idea is that if an AI system functions in a way that matches aspects of many of these theories，then there is a greater likelihood that it is conscious.”可推知，研究人员认定人工智能是否有意识是通过对比人工智能系统的功能是否与许多神经科学理论相匹配。故选C。
解析
B(此篇精读)
(2025·北京高二上期中)
Forget about the“post-1995 generation”.Young people born in 1995 or later have another name in English—Generation Z.They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future，which is why policy makers，as well as employers and marketers，are trying their best to understand these young people.So，how should we pin down the Gen Z-ers
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了Z世代这一代人的特点。
Most people will agree that the single biggest difference between Gen-Z and other generations is how connected they are.This is a group of people who were hooked up to social media as soon as they were born.Social media has changed the way Gen Z-ers interact with each other and how they get and process information.They read news，watch videos，share experiences and post recipes on social media.
“We are the first true digital natives.I can almost simultaneously create a document，edit it，post a photo on social media and talk on the phone，all from the user-friendly smartphone，” said Hannah Payne，an 18-year-old UCLA student.
It is noted that young people in the UK are becoming more active in politics.Young people regard voting as one option among many to show their political engagement that can potentially influence policies.Instead of party politics，they focus more on single-topic issues such as feminism(女权主义) or climate change.And “much of the engagement and organizing they do takes place on social media rather than through traditional political structures，” according to The Guardian.
Gen Z-ers are also culture creators.Growing up with the Internet has freed this generation from traditional cultural expression.They are no longer willing to let their creativity be limited by their parents or traditional rules.“We decide what kind of content we want to experience and choose how we experience it，” wrote Masback，a Huffington Post blogger and a Gen Z-er herself.
5.What does the underlined phrase “pin down” mean in paragraph 1
A.Cooperate with.
B.Firmly convince.
C.Communicate with.
D.Clearly understand.
√
词义猜测题。根据第一段中“They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future，which is why policy makers，as well as employers and marketers，are trying their best to understand these young people.”可知，人们正在尽力去了解这些年轻人，结合后文对Z世代这一代人的特点进行了说明可知，画线短语所在句意为“那么我们该如何清楚地了解Z世代这一代人？”，故画线短语意为“清楚地了解”。故选D。
解析
6.What is special about the Gen Z-ers’ engagement in politics
A.It’s party-based.
B.It stresses social response.
C.It’s topic-specific.
D.It has an immediate effect.
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Instead of party politics，they focus more on single-topic issues such as feminism(女权主义) or climate change.”可知，Z世代参与政治的特别之处在于他们更喜欢参与女权主义或气候变化等特定主题的议题，即他们的参与是针对特定主题的。故选C。
解析
√
7.What can be inferred about the Gen Z-ers
A.They are socially responsible.
B.They are more easy-going and generous.
C.They are addicted to social media.
D.They are rooted in traditional culture.
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“It is noted that young people in the UK are becoming more active in politics.”和最后一段中“Gen Z-ers are also culture creators.”可知，Z世代积极参与政治、参与文化的创造，由此可推断，他们有社会责任感。故选A。
解析
√
8.What is the author’s attitude towards Gen Z-ers
A.Worried. B.Objective.
C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.
观点态度题。通读全文可知，作者对Z世代这一代人的特点、时代背景和现状进行了客观阐述，在文中并没有倾向性的态度表达。由此可推知，作者对Z世代持客观态度。故选B。
解析
√
1.shape n.形状→v.塑造；影响……的发展
2.hook up to连接到
3.user-friendly adj.便于使用的
4.take place发生，进行
5.free...from...使……摆脱……；把……从……中解放出来
词汇积累
They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future，which is why policy makers，as well as employers and marketers，are trying their best to understand these young people.
分析：此句为复合句。主句为They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future；which引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语；why引导表语从句。
翻译：他们正在步入成年阶段，并即将塑造我们的未来。这就是为什么政策制定者、雇主和营销人员都在尽最大努力了解这些年轻人。
句式分析
(2025·湖南长沙高二上期中)
Mobile Phones in Education: a Double-edged Sword
The widespread use of mobile phones has changed how we communicate daily，but their place in education is still a matter of debate. While some think of them as a trouble，others feel they can serve as a useful tool for learning.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了手机在教育中的作用：它既有可能带来分心和作弊的问题，也有可能成为有效的学习工具。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
1 Some people doubt whether students are focused on their lessons or are instead distracted(使分心) by their devices，texting or even trying to cheat by taking photos of tests. There’s also a chance they’re playing games or watching videos on their phones instead of listening to the teacher.
A.It’s apparent that mobile phones can destroy a child.
B.They regard it as part of changing education for children.
C.Students are often distracted by their mobile phones during class time.
D.In fact，with proper guidance，mobile phones can boost the learning experience.
E.Surprisingly，some students even devote up to 12 hours daily to their mobile phones.
F.However，a number of schools have decided against a complete ban on mobile phones.
G.Educators are exploring the most effective ways to monitor student mobile phone
usage.
√
下文“Some people doubt whether students are focused on their lessons or are instead distracted(使分心) by their devices，texting...instead of listening to the teacher.”说明学生的注意力被手机分散了。C项“在上课期间学生经常被他们的手机影响”引出下文学生在课堂上使用手机的负面影响，符合语境，故选C。
解析
2 For example，France has made a law that doesn’t allow students under 15 to use mobile phones in school.The problem of students using mobile phones in class is a real worry.They are checking their phones，texting or going on social media.
A.It’s apparent that mobile phones can destroy a child.
B.They regard it as part of changing education for children.
C.Students are often distracted by their mobile phones during class time.
D.In fact，with proper guidance，mobile phones can boost the learning experience.
E.Surprisingly，some students even devote up to 12 hours daily to their mobile phones.
F.However，a number of schools have decided against a complete ban on mobile phones.
G.Educators are exploring the most effective ways to monitor student mobile phone
usage.
√
下文“For example，France has made a law that doesn’t allow students under 15 to use mobile phones in school.”说明法国的一项法律禁止15岁以下的学生在学校使用手机。G项“教育工作者正在探索控制学生使用手机的最佳方法”与下文提到的法国的法律措施相呼应，符合语境，故选G。
解析
3 Therefore，to deal with the problem，some schools have started using tech solutions.Schools have begun to use special boxes to keep students’ phones during school time，so they won’t be tempted to use them.
A.It’s apparent that mobile phones can destroy a child.
B.They regard it as part of changing education for children.
C.Students are often distracted by their mobile phones during class time.
D.In fact，with proper guidance，mobile phones can boost the learning experience.
E.Surprisingly，some students even devote up to 12 hours daily to their mobile phones.
F.However，a number of schools have decided against a complete ban on mobile phones.
G.Educators are exploring the most effective ways to monitor student mobile phone
usage.
√
上文“They are checking their phones，texting or going on social media.”说明了学生使用手机的情况。E项“惊人的是，一些学生每天花在手机上的时间甚至超过12个小时”强调了学生对手机的过度依赖，选项中的even是针对上文情况的递进，故选E。
解析
The idea of limiting mobile phone use isn’t just happening in a few schools.Over 30 schools in France have put some kind of limit on mobile phone use this year or last year，with different areas making their own rules about phones.
4 The teachers in these schools believe that students have grown up with mobile phones.Teachers think it’s their job to teach students how to use mobile phones the right way as a learning tool.
A.It’s apparent that mobile phones can destroy a child.
B.They regard it as part of changing education for children.
C.Students are often distracted by their mobile phones during class time.
D.In fact，with proper guidance，mobile phones can boost the learning experience.
E.Surprisingly，some students even devote up to 12 hours daily to their mobile phones.
F.However，a number of schools have decided against a complete ban on mobile phones.
G.Educators are exploring the most effective ways to monitor student mobile phone
usage.
√
上文说明许多学校采取了限制使用手机的措施，下文“The teachers in these schools believe that students have grown up with mobile phones...They also teach about how to use phones properly，including how to be responsible with social media and the Internet.”说明了一些学校的老师们支持使用手机以及他们的具体做法。F项“然而，一些学校决定反对完全禁止使用手机”与上文的限制措施形成了对比，并且自然地引出了下文，符合语境，故选F。
解析
They also teach about how to use phones properly，including how to be responsible with social media and the Internet. 5 In their eyes，the technology has already existed，so schools should use it to help students and not fear it.
A.It’s apparent that mobile phones can destroy a child.
B.They regard it as part of changing education for children.
C.Students are often distracted by their mobile phones during class time.
D.In fact，with proper guidance，mobile phones can boost the learning experience.
E.Surprisingly，some students even devote up to 12 hours daily to their mobile phones.
F.However，a number of schools have decided against a complete ban on mobile phones.
G.Educators are exploring the most effective ways to monitor student mobile phone
usage.
√
上文说明这些学校的老师教学生正确使用手机来辅助学习，B项“他们认为这是改变孩子教育的一部分”与上文提到的教师的想法和做法相呼应，选项中的They指代上文中的Teachers，it指代上文中的use phones properly，符合语境，故选B。
解析
Erhai Lake 1. (know) since ancient times as the “flawless jade among mountains” due to the color and purity of its waters.
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了与洱海形成有关的一个故事。
has been known
考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句中的since ancient times可知，此处谓语动词需用现在完成时，“be known as”意为“作为……而出名”，句子主语Erhai Lake为第三人称单数，故填has been known。
解析
Ⅴ.语法填空
Beside the Erhai Lake，a mountain peak，named Cangshan,2._________
(cover) with snow all year round.
is covered
考查动词时态、主谓一致和固定搭配。此处是在讲一个事实，故用一般现在时态。主语“a mountain peak”为第三人称单数，“be covered with”意为“被……覆盖”，故填is covered。
解析
According to legend，the husband of a princess 3. (send) into battle just after their marriage.He was gone for more than ten years and she feared he 4. (kill) in battle.
was sent
3.考查时态、语态和主谓一致。此处在讲过去的一个传说，故用一般过去时态。主语the husband为单数，与send之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态，故填was sent。
4.考查时态和语态。根据句意可知，她担心他已经在战争中死了。“他在战争中死了”这件事发生在过去的过去，故用过去完成时。he与kill之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态。故填had been killed。
解析
had been killed
As the princess was crying day and night，Erhai Lake 5.______________
_______(form) gradually from her tears gathered.When her husband finally returned，he found that the princess 6._________(die) of a broken heart.
was being
5.考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意可知，当公主日夜一直在哭泣的时候，洱海也在逐渐形成。故此处应用过去进行时的被动语态，主语Erhai Lake为第三人称单数，故填was being formed。
6.考查时态和语态。根据句意可知，当她的丈夫回来时，他发现公主死于心碎。公主死这个动作发生在found之前，应用过去完成时。故填had died。
解析
had died
formed
He swore to heaven that he would turn 7. a mountain to stay with the lake.The couple，Erhai Lake and Cangshan Mountain lived together forever.
into
考查介词。固定短语turn into“变成”，结合句意，此处指他发誓要变成一座山。故填into。
解析
Along the shore of the Erhai Lake there are many small hotels and pubs 8. you can hear the gentle lapping of the waters.The lake is also an 9. (attract) spot for movie makers.
where
attractive
8.考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为 hotels and pubs，在从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。故填where。
9.考查形容词。修饰名词spot要用形容词，所以此处要用形容词attractive，故填attractive。
解析
Erhai Lake，shaped like an ear，seems to be listening to every story 10.__________(tell).
being told
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构，空处应用非谓语动词，此处表示“倾听正在被讲述的每一个故事”，story与tell之间为动宾关系，表示正在被进行的动作，所以此处要用being done形式作后置定语，故填being told。
解析
返 回
本课结束Period 3　Grammar and usage—Past perfect tense
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成下面的练习
Larry was driving along the road when he saw a car with faint flames.Hardly ①had he seen the scene when he pulled over his car.Approaching the disabled car，he realized that the other man ②had already been there，who ③had intended to deliver goods to his customers.It was the first time that Larry ④had met with the situation，so he didn’t know what to do.Just at that time，the other man told Larry that he ⑤had called 911.Shortly after the fire and emergency workers arrived，the burning vehicle and the woman in it were saved.
1．语段中①②③④⑤为过去完成时，过去完成时由“had＋动词的过去分词”构成。
2．过去完成时用来描述过去某一时间之前所发生的动作或存在的状态。
一、过去完成时的基本结构及其基本用法
1．基本结构
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 Had＋主语＋done Had＋主语＋been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词＋had＋主语＋done 疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
2.过去完成时的基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。
The fire had come about before the couple came back.这对夫妇回来之前火灾就已经发生了。
The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.
这个国家尚未从战争的影响中恢复。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before，by then，by that time，by the end of＋时间点，by the time＋从句等。还可以通过上下文来暗示。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。
By the end of last year he had run out of all the money inherited from his father.到去年年底，他已花光了他从父亲那里继承的所有钱。
(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend等)用于过去完成时表示未实现的希望或计划。
I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。
I had meant to tell Mike the good news，but found that he wasn’t at home.
我本打算把这个好消息告诉迈克，但发现他不在家。
(4)过去完成时可以用于“hardly/scarcely...when...”和“no sooner...than...”句型中，表示“一……就……”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，观众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he began to investigate the false news.
他刚到就开始调查这条假新闻。
(5)在“It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that...”句式中，that后的从句用过去完成时，表示“这/那是某人第几次做某事”。
It was the second time that he had travelled along the ancient Silk Road.
这是他第二次沿着古丝绸之路旅行。
(6)如果时间状语从句由before引导，主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时；如果时间状语从句由after引导，after引导的从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开动了。
He began to write a review after he (had) watched the film twice.
他看了两遍电影后开始写评论。
二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
1．一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，常与具体的过去时间状语连用(如：ago，yesterday，last week，in 1989，when 引导的过去时间状语从句等)。
We were all excited when we took part in the sports meeting.
当我们参加运动会时，我们都很兴奋。
Two students hosted our school sports meeting last month.
上个月两名学生主持了我们学校的运动会。
2．过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“过去的过去”。
The headmaster had made a speech before the sports meeting began.
运动会开始之前，校长发表了演讲。
When they were finally released，their country had been divided into east and west.
最后当他们被释放的时候，他们的国家已经被分成了东部和西部。
The judge asked the witness where the accused had been during the accident.
法官询问证人，事故发生时被告人在什么地方。
三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
1．现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持续到现在的动作。
The company has extended its operations into Europe recently.
最近那家公司已经将业务扩展到了欧洲。
2．过去完成时主要强调过去发生的两个动作的先后顺序，表达的是“过去的过去”，即过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，两个动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.
来中国之前，格林先生在纽约住了十年。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I had meant(mean) to accompany you to the bookstore yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.
2．He had read(read) four books written by Shakespeare by the end of last month.
3．The moment I got home，I found I had left(leave) my jacket on the playground.
4．The twins，who had finished(finish) their homework，were allowed to play badminton in the yard.
5．He not only did well as a student but also became(become) an accomplished public speaker.
6．Instead of getting down to a new task as I had expected(expect)，he examined the previous work again.
7．She told me it was the most instructive lecture that she had attended(attend) since she came to this school.
8．That was the first time I had experienced(experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again.
9．With economy developing at great speed，our city has witnessed(witness) quite a few changes in recent years.
10．To our surprise，the concert prepared by the students turned out to be more successful than we had thought(think)．
Ⅱ.短文填空
Mr Smith was an ordinary-looking man，but he was very humorous.He could speak Chinese fluently，which shocked us all at first.Later，he told us that he 1.(had) learned/learnt(learn) Chinese for more than two years before he came to China.He always tried his best to make his lessons lively and interesting.In his lessons，he often 2.mentioned(mention) Egypt.He said that he 3.had been(be) there for many times.Mr Smith was so kind and loved us so much.He would try to persuade me to work harder.If I 4.had taken(take) his advice，I would lead a better life now.One day，when Mr Smith heard that one of my classmates 5.had fallen(fall) off the stairs，he was so concerned that he hurried to the spot at once.Two years later，Mr Smith had to return to his homeland.When we got to the airport，the plane carrying him 6.had taken(take) off.We were so disappointed! We will miss Mr Smith forever.
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．He told me that he had known(know) her since he was a child.
2．By the end of June，they had treated(treat) over 10,000 patients.
3．It was the first time that he had been laughed(laugh) at in public.
4．I had hoped(hope) to be back last night，but I didn’t catch the train.
5．He had no sooner left the room than they began(begin) to talk about him.
6．The three of us travel(l)ed(travel) around Europe for about a month last summer.
7．He (had) served(serve) in the army for ten years before he worked in the company.
8．He is now a professor of Shandong University.He stayed(stay) in America for 4 years.
9．The professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project had been completed(complete) by the students independently.
10．Over the past decade，China has become(become) one of the world’s top consumers in many important aspects ranging from autos to mobile phones.
Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．在西安逗留期间，杰瑞品尝了他朋友推荐的许多当地美食。
During his stay in Xi’an，Jerry tried dozens of local foods his friend had recommended.
2．警察在目击者离开他的家之前就到了，这让目击者很懊恼。
The police (had) arrived before the witness left his house，making the witness annoyed.
3．我本来要去机场见你的，可正好在我要出门时有人来拜访我。
I had intended to meet you at the airport，but someone came to visit me just when I was about to leave.
4．那是他第一次看到在网上发布的广告。
It was the first time that he had seen the advertisement posted on the Internet.
5．我一告诉她这一消息她就尖叫了起来。
Hardly/Scarcely had I told her the news when she began to scream.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·福建福州高二上期末)
Science fiction has long entertained the idea of artificial intelligence becoming conscious(有意识的)．Many researchers say that AI systems aren’t yet at the point of consciousness，but the pace of AI evolution(发展) has got them considering: how would we know if they were
To answer this，a group of 19 neuroscientists(神经系统科学家)，philosophers and computer scientists have come up with a checklist of standards that，if met，would indicate that a system has a high chance of being conscious.The authors made the effort because “it seemed like there was a real lack of detailed，thoughtful discussion of AI consciousness，” says co-author Robert Long，a philosopher at the Center for AI Safety.
The team says that a failure to identify whether an AI system has become conscious has important moral implications.If something has been labelled “conscious”，according to co-author Megan Peters，a neuroscientist at the University of California，“that changes a lot about how we as human beings feel that entity(独立存在的个体) should be treated”．Long adds that，as far as he can tell，not enough effort has been made by the companies building advanced AI systems to evaluate the models for consciousness and make plans for what to do if that happens.
One of the challenges in studying consciousness in AI is defining what it means to be conscious.Peters says that for the report，the researchers focused on “phenomenal consciousness”．
Many neuroscience-based theories describe the biological basis of consciousness.But there is no agreement on which is the right one.To create their framework，the authors therefore used a range of these theories.The idea is that if an AI system functions in a way that matches aspects of many of these theories，then there is a greater likelihood that it is conscious.
They argue that this is a better approach to assessing consciousness than simply putting a system through a behavioural test—say，asking ChatGPT whether it is conscious，or challenging it and seeing how it responds.That’s because AI systems have become remarkably good at mimicking(模仿) humans.
语篇解读　本文是新闻报道。文章主要介绍关于如何判断人工智能有自主意识的研究和挑战。
1．What does Robert Long say about present research on AI consciousness
A．It is far from enough.
B．It is progressing rapidly.
C．It has shown promising insights into it.
D．It has learnt a lot from previous research.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中Robert Long说的话“it seemed like there was a real lack of detailed，thoughtful discussion of AI consciousness”可知，Robert Long认为目前缺乏对人工智能意识的细致研究，即此类研究还远远不够。故选A。
2．What would change if AI systems became conscious according to Megan Peters
A．Their final applications.
B．How humans treat them.
C．Their moral responsibilities.
D．How humans make future plans.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“If something has been labelled ‘conscious’，according to co-author Megan Peters...‘that changes a lot about how we as human beings feel that entity(独立存在的个体) should be treated’．”可知，Megan Peters认为，如果人工智能系统有了意识，人类对待它们的方式也会发生变化。故选B。
3．What is a challenge in studying AI consciousness
A．Providing a definition of it.
B．Uncovering the reason behind it.
C．Measuring AI’s ability to mimic humans.
D．Comparing AI consciousness and human consciousness.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“One of the challenges in studying consciousness in AI is defining what it means to be conscious.”可知，定义什么是有意识是研究人工智能意识的挑战。故选A。
4．How do the researchers identify whether an AI system is conscious
A．By observing its responses to digital signals and online questions.
B．By checking its understanding of some neuroscience-based theories.
C．By comparing its functional patterns with neuroscience-based theories.
D．By conducting experiments and tests to measure its level of self-awareness.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第五段中“The idea is that if an AI system functions in a way that matches aspects of many of these theories，then there is a greater likelihood that it is conscious.”可推知，研究人员认定人工智能是否有意识是通过对比人工智能系统的功能是否与许多神经科学理论相匹配。故选C。
B(此篇精读)
(2025·北京高二上期中)
Forget about the“post-1995 generation”．Young people born in 1995 or later have another name in English—Generation Z．They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future，which is why policy makers，as well as employers and marketers，are trying their best to understand these young people.So，how should we pin down the Gen Z-ers
Most people will agree that the single biggest difference between Gen-Z and other generations is how connected they are.This is a group of people who were hooked up to social media as soon as they were born.Social media has changed the way Gen Z-ers interact with each other and how they get and process information.They read news，watch videos，share experiences and post recipes on social media.
“We are the first true digital natives.I can almost simultaneously create a document，edit it，post a photo on social media and talk on the phone，all from the user-friendly smartphone，” said Hannah Payne，an 18-year-old UCLA student.
It is noted that young people in the UK are becoming more active in politics.Young people regard voting as one option among many to show their political engagement that can potentially influence policies.Instead of party politics，they focus more on single-topic issues such as feminism(女权主义) or climate change.And “much of the engagement and organizing they do takes place on social media rather than through traditional political structures，” according to The Guardian.
Gen Z-ers are also culture creators.Growing up with the Internet has freed this generation from traditional cultural expression.They are no longer willing to let their creativity be limited by their parents or traditional rules.“We decide what kind of content we want to experience and choose how we experience it，” wrote Masback，a Huffington Post blogger and a Gen Z-er herself.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了Z世代这一代人的特点。
5．What does the underlined phrase “pin down” mean in paragraph 1
A．Cooperate with.
B．Firmly convince.
C．Communicate with.
D．Clearly understand.
答案　D
解析　词义猜测题。根据第一段中“They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future，which is why policy makers，as well as employers and marketers，are trying their best to understand these young people.”可知，人们正在尽力去了解这些年轻人，结合后文对Z世代这一代人的特点进行了说明可知，画线短语所在句意为“那么我们该如何清楚地了解Z世代这一代人？”，故画线短语意为“清楚地了解”。故选D。
6．What is special about the Gen Z-ers’ engagement in politics
A．It’s party-based.
B．It stresses social response.
C．It’s topic-specific.
D．It has an immediate effect.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“Instead of party politics，they focus more on single-topic issues such as feminism(女权主义) or climate change.”可知，Z世代参与政治的特别之处在于他们更喜欢参与女权主义或气候变化等特定主题的议题，即他们的参与是针对特定主题的。故选C。
7．What can be inferred about the Gen Z-ers
A．They are socially responsible.
B．They are more easy-going and generous.
C．They are addicted to social media.
D．They are rooted in traditional culture.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“It is noted that young people in the UK are becoming more active in politics.”和最后一段中“Gen Z-ers are also culture creators.”可知，Z世代积极参与政治、参与文化的创造，由此可推断，他们有社会责任感。故选A。
8．What is the author’s attitude towards Gen Z-ers
A．Worried. B．Objective.
C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。通读全文可知，作者对Z世代这一代人的特点、时代背景和现状进行了客观阐述，在文中并没有倾向性的态度表达。由此可推知，作者对Z世代持客观态度。故选B。
[词汇积累] 1．shape n．形状→v.塑造；影响……的发展 2．hook up to连接到 3．user-friendly adj.便于使用的 4．take place发生，进行 5．free...from...使……摆脱……；把……从……中解放出来 [句式分析] They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future，which is why policy makers，as well as employers and marketers，are trying their best to understand these young people. 分析：此句为复合句。主句为They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future；which引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语；why引导表语从句。 翻译：他们正在步入成年阶段，并即将塑造我们的未来。这就是为什么政策制定者、雇主和营销人员都在尽最大努力了解这些年轻人。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2025·湖南长沙高二上期中)
Mobile Phones in Education: a Double-edged Sword
The widespread use of mobile phones has changed how we communicate daily，but their place in education is still a matter of debate.While some think of them as a trouble，others feel they can serve as a useful tool for learning. 1 Some people doubt whether students are focused on their lessons or are instead distracted(使分心) by their devices，texting or even trying to cheat by taking photos of tests.There’s also a chance they’re playing games or watching videos on their phones instead of listening to the teacher.
2 For example，France has made a law that doesn’t allow students under 15 to use mobile phones in school.The problem of students using mobile phones in class is a real worry.They are checking their phones，texting or going on social media. 3 Therefore，to deal with the problem，some schools have started using tech solutions.Schools have begun to use special boxes to keep students’ phones during school time，so they won’t be tempted to use them.
The idea of limiting mobile phone use isn’t just happening in a few schools.Over 30 schools in France have put some kind of limit on mobile phone use this year or last year，with different areas making their own rules about phones.
4 The teachers in these schools believe that students have grown up with mobile phones.Teachers think it’s their job to teach students how to use mobile phones the right way as a learning tool.They also teach about how to use phones properly，including how to be responsible with social media and the Internet. 5 In their eyes，the technology has already existed，so schools should use it to help students and not fear it.
A．It’s apparent that mobile phones can destroy a child.
B．They regard it as part of changing education for children.
C．Students are often distracted by their mobile phones during class time.
D．In fact，with proper guidance，mobile phones can boost the learning experience.
E．Surprisingly，some students even devote up to 12 hours daily to their mobile phones.
F．However，a number of schools have decided against a complete ban on mobile phones.
G．Educators are exploring the most effective ways to monitor student mobile phone usage.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了手机在教育中的作用：它既有可能带来分心和作弊的问题，也有可能成为有效的学习工具。
1．答案　C
解析　下文“Some people doubt whether students are focused on their lessons or are instead distracted(使分心) by their devices，texting...instead of listening to the teacher.”说明学生的注意力被手机分散了。C项“在上课期间学生经常被他们的手机影响”引出下文学生在课堂上使用手机的负面影响，符合语境，故选C。
2．答案　G
解析　下文“For example，France has made a law that doesn’t allow students under 15 to use mobile phones in school.”说明法国的一项法律禁止15岁以下的学生在学校使用手机。G项“教育工作者正在探索控制学生使用手机的最佳方法”与下文提到的法国的法律措施相呼应，符合语境，故选G。
3．答案　E
解析　上文“They are checking their phones，texting or going on social media.”说明了学生使用手机的情况。E项“惊人的是，一些学生每天花在手机上的时间甚至超过12个小时”强调了学生对手机的过度依赖，选项中的even是针对上文情况的递进，故选E。
4．答案　F
解析　上文说明许多学校采取了限制使用手机的措施，下文“The teachers in these schools believe that students have grown up with mobile phones...They also teach about how to use phones properly，including how to be responsible with social media and the Internet.”说明了一些学校的老师们支持使用手机以及他们的具体做法。F项“然而，一些学校决定反对完全禁止使用手机”与上文的限制措施形成了对比，并且自然地引出了下文，符合语境，故选F。
5．答案　B
解析　上文说明这些学校的老师教学生正确使用手机来辅助学习，B项“他们认为这是改变孩子教育的一部分”与上文提到的教师的想法和做法相呼应，选项中的They指代上文中的Teachers，it指代上文中的use phones properly，符合语境，故选B。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Erhai Lake 1. (know) since ancient times as the “flawless jade among mountains” due to the color and purity of its waters.Beside the Erhai Lake，a mountain peak，named Cangshan,2. (cover) with snow all year round.
According to legend，the husband of a princess 3. (send) into battle just after their marriage.He was gone for more than ten years and she feared he 4. (kill) in battle.As the princess was crying day and night，Erhai Lake 5. (form) gradually from her tears gathered.When her husband finally returned，he found that the princess 6._________(die) of a broken heart.He swore to heaven that he would turn 7. a mountain to stay with the lake.The couple，Erhai Lake and Cangshan Mountain lived together forever.
Along the shore of the Erhai Lake there are many small hotels and pubs 8. you can hear the gentle lapping of the waters.The lake is also an 9. (attract) spot for movie makers.Erhai Lake，shaped like an ear，seems to be listening to every story 10.______(tell)．
1．答案　has been known
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句中的since ancient times可知，此处谓语动词需用现在完成时，“be known as”意为“作为……而出名”，句子主语Erhai Lake为第三人称单数，故填has been known。
2．答案　is covered
解析　考查动词时态、主谓一致和固定搭配。此处是在讲一个事实，故用一般现在时态。主语“a mountain peak”为第三人称单数，“be covered with”意为“被……覆盖”，故填is covered。
3．答案　was sent
解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。此处在讲过去的一个传说，故用一般过去时态。主语the husband为单数，与send之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态，故填was sent。
4．答案　had been killed
解析　考查时态和语态。根据句意可知，她担心他已经在战争中死了。“他在战争中死了”这件事发生在过去的过去，故用过去完成时。he与kill之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态。故填had been killed。
5．答案　was being formed
解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意可知，当公主日夜一直在哭泣的时候，洱海也在逐渐形成。故此处应用过去进行时的被动语态，主语Erhai Lake为第三人称单数，故填was being formed。
6．答案　had died
解析　考查时态和语态。根据句意可知，当她的丈夫回来时，他发现公主死于心碎。公主死这个动作发生在found之前，应用过去完成时。故填had died。
7．答案　into
解析　考查介词。固定短语turn into“变成”，结合句意，此处指他发誓要变成一座山。故填into。
8．答案　where
解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为 hotels and pubs，在从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。故填where。
9．答案　attractive
解析　考查形容词。修饰名词spot要用形容词，所以此处要用形容词attractive，故填attractive。
10．答案　being told
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构，空处应用非谓语动词，此处表示“倾听正在被讲述的每一个故事”，story与tell之间为动宾关系，表示正在被进行的动作，所以此处要用being done形式作后置定语，故填being told。

展开更多......

收起↑