资源简介

(共78张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Non-restrictive relative clauses
Wish you were here
Unit 1
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
认真阅读下列短文，找出含有非限制性定语从句的句子，并标出关系词
Tourism is the lifeblood of the communities that call popular holiday destinations their homes. It allows service industries，such as hotels and transport，to grow consistently. These industries，in turn，give jobs to the local population，whose welfare depends on tourism. The prices of tourist essentials such as transport，accommodation and food usually increase too，which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.
However，booming business is not always a bed of roses. More nature-centred tourist attractions，where man and nature live in harmony，can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists. As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained，wildlife habitats are likely to suffer，which could endanger the local plants and animals.
While the physical characteristics of the land may be at risk from tourism，the cultural aspects of the destination are also put in harm’s way. Local festivals and customs，which may have deep meaning in a particular culture，can simply become entertainment for tourists. This can，over time，result in the loss of respect for the local culture.
Travelling can be a great experience for both the tourists and the locals. However，the tourists should always aim to be responsible. Reducing the negative impact，wherever we travel，will help make it possible for many future generations to enjoy the same sites.
答案　1.These industries，in turn，give jobs to the local population，whose welfare depends on tourism.
2.The prices of tourist essentials such as transport，accommodation and food usually increase too，which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.
3.More nature-centred tourist attractions，where man and nature live in harmony，can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.
4.As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained，wildlife habitats are likely to suffer，which could endanger the local plants and animals.
5.Local festivals and customs，which may have deep meaning in a particular culture，can simply become entertainment for tourists.
返 回
语法精讲
非限制性定语从句
一、非限制性定语从句的特点
1.The lecture，which focused on career development，inspired many young people to pursue their dreams.
这次讲座专注于职业发展，激励了许多年轻人追逐自己的梦想。
2.Soon we were busy preparing presents for our unexpected guests，who just wanted to stay warm on Christmas Day.
很快我们就忙着为我们的不速之客准备礼物，他们只是想在圣诞节取暖。
3.Last week，we took the foreign students to experience the authentic tea culture，which turned out to be extremely rewarding.
上周，我们带领外国学生体验了正宗的茶文化，结果证明非常有意义。
总结：
注意事项：
1.非限制性定语从句通常不用that引导。
I am fond of the novel，which you bought for me.我喜欢那本小说，就是你给我买的那本。
2.非限制性定语从句一般不用why引导，而要用for which代替why。
The reason，for which he couldn’t reduce his consumption，wasn’t given.
他为何不能降低消费，他没有给出任何理由。
3.非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是整个主句的内容，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
People increasingly adapt to the fast pace of life，which has also led to the rise in the time-saving payment method.(先行词为主句的内容)
人们越来越适应快节奏的生活，这也导致了节省时间的支付方式的兴起。
二、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.
这是我们的校长，我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你。
Peter，whom you met in Beijing，is now back in his motherland.
彼得现在回他的祖国了，你在北京见过他。
I delivered a speech the other day，which was well received by the audience.
前几天我做了一个演讲，得到了听众的好评。
I tried a traditional dish in Suzhou last week，whose taste was beyond imagination.
我上周在苏州尝了一道传统菜，味道超乎想象。
Overall，the outing was a valuable experience，where we gained a better understanding of the world around us.
总的来说，这次郊游是一次宝贵的经历，让我们更好地了解了周围的世界。
He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.
他于1992年逃离家乡，当时他只有12岁。
总结：
关系词 所指 所作成分
关系代词 who 指人 主语
whom 指人 宾语(不能省略，不能用who替代)
which 指代名词、代词、整个主句或主句的一部分 主语、宾语等
whose 指人或指物 定语
关系副词 where 通常是地点名词 地点状语
when 时间名词 时间状语
注意：名词/代词/数词/the＋形容词＋介词＋关系代词(which/whom)也可引导非限制性定语从句，此类结构常见的有some/several/a few/a little/none/many/more/most/the largest...of which/whom等形式。
Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved.
关于人类为什么会流眼泪，科学家提出了许多理论，但都没有得到证实。
Many young people，most of whom were well-educated，made their way to remote regions to chase their dreams.
很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。
三、as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
As we all know，the Great Wall is one of the greatest wonders in the world.
众所周知，长城是世界上最伟大的奇迹之一。
The student，as was expected，achieved a great success.正如所期盼的，这名学生取得了巨大成功。
As is often the case，little boys tend to be very active and out of control.
小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。
I want to buy the house，which has a garden.(which指代the house)
我想买这座房子，它带有一个花园。
He was late for the meeting，which made the chairman very angry.(which指代整个主句的内容)
他开会迟到了，主席为此非常生气。
总结：
as which
指代 只能指代整个句子的内容 既可指代名词或代词，又可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代主句的一部分
位置 所引导的定语从句可位于主句之前、之中或之后 所引导的定语从句只能位于主句之中或之后
意义 正如，正像 这一点，这件事
[点津]　as常用在一些固定结构中：
as is said above如上所述
as we all know/as is known to us all 众所周知
as has been said before如之前所说
as is often the case情况常常如此
as is already mentioned above正如上面所提到的那样
as you can see正如你看到的那样
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
I have two foreign teachers，both of whom are from America.我有两个外教，他们都来自美国。
The foreign teacher who/that comes from America teaches us literature.
从美国来的那位外教教我们文学。
This is the man，whom we talked about just now.
这就是那个人，我们刚才谈论过的。
This is the man (that/who/whom) we are talking about.
这就是我们正谈论的那个人。
When you reached the village，you would first find a house whose windows were made of wood.
当你到达那个村庄时，你首先会发现一所有着木窗的房子。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area，where they also did some climbing.
他们在这个山区欣赏到了美景，在那里他们也做了一些爬山运动。
总结：
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
意义 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整。 仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思完整。
结构要求 紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间一般不加逗号。 常用逗号与先行词或主句隔开。
功能 修饰先行词。 修饰先行词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
引导词 所有的关系代词及关系副词。 关系代词that及关系副词why除外。
省略情况 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 所有关系词均不可省略。
译法 翻译成先行词的定语，“……的”。 通常翻译成主句的并列句。
We visit the school where we studied two years ago.
我们参观了我们两年前就读的那所学校。(限制性定语从句，起限定作用)
The house，which we bought last year，lies in the centre of the city.
那套房子位于市中心，是我们去年买的。(非限制性定语从句，不表明有多少套房子)
The house (which/that) we bought last year lies in the centre of the city.
我们去年买的那套房子位于市中心。(限制性定语从句，暗含“可能有若干套房子”之意)
返 回
达标检测
1.He visited the Great Wall again. He went there two years ago.
→He visited the Great Wall again，__________________________.
2.He lost the game. It made him a bit discouraged.
→He lost the game，_______________________________.
3.He encountered a girl. The girl wore a purple blouse，an umbrella in her hand.
→He encountered a girl，________________________________________
______.
Ⅰ.句型转换
where he went two years ago
which made him a bit discouraged
who wore a purple blouse，an umbrella in her
hand
4.He has organized a team of workers. All of them are hard-working.
→He has organized a team of workers，___________________________.
5.He is a man of great experience. Much can be learned from him.
→He is a man of great experience，_____________________________.
all of whom are hard-working
from whom much can be learned
Ⅱ.用适当的关系词完成短文
The very film 1._____ is called Titanic is such a beautiful and sad love story 2.___ is popular with the public, 3._______ hero and heroine are Jack and Rose. Rose was a young beautiful woman, 4._____ went to America with her mother. Jack，who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter. They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 5.______ they had a happy time. Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose (everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 6.______ most people can’t behave in real life).
that
as
who
whose
where
which
Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.7.___ is known to all，love is the strongest strength. And that’s the reason 8.____ Rose could live on and tell us the moving story.
As
why
返 回
作业3
1.This is one of the reasons ______ you have to give it up.
2.The old lady has two daughters，one of ______ is working abroad.
3.We walked down the village street，______ people were having a market day.
4.The glasses，without _______ he couldn’t see anything，were broken yesterday.
5.You will have to wait for one more week，_____ the manager will be back from his trip.
why
whom
where
Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空
which
when
6.The man，most of _______ novels have been adapted for films，is now a world-famous writer.
7.The living standard of the people in China，____ is shown in the report，has improved over the past decades.
8.The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building，most of ______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least one month.
9.I shall never forget those years _____ I lived in the valley with the farmers，_______ has a great effect on my life.
10.I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day，as do many businessmen _________ live in downtown Tianjin.
whose
as
which
when
which
who/that
1.众所周知，定期散步对我们的健康有很大的好处。
_________________________________，walking regularly does a lot of good to our health.
2.北京是我国的首都，它不仅是我国的政治中心，也是我国的经济中心。
Beijing，_________________________，is not only the political center but also the economic center of our country.
Ⅱ.单句写作
As we all know/As is known to us all
which is the capital of China
3.我被这样一位伟大的女性所鼓舞，她的经历告诉我们，不管发生什么我们都不能放弃。
I am inspired by such a great woman，_____________________________
_____________ no matter what happens.
4.参加者将于下周六上午8时在操场就座，届时将举行开幕式。
The participants will be seated in the playground at 8 a.m. next Saturday，_________________________________________.
whose experiences tell us we should
when the opening ceremony will be conducted
never give up
5.从周日12点开始，访谈将持续40分钟，在此期间，希望您为我们提供一些关于如何减轻压力的建议。
Starting at 12 o’clock on Sunday，the interview will last forty minutes，_______________________________________________________________ on how to reduce stress.
during which (time) you are expected to give us some recommendations
A
A flat tyre happened to us when we moved into the Mount Barnett Roadhouse on Western Australia. Luckily，three warm-hearted local guys changed our tyre，with serious warnings to get to the service station to fix it.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者夫妇在澳大利亚西北部的金伯利地区自驾游时遭遇爆胎，幸得当地人帮助，后乘坐直升机俯瞰这片原始旷野，探访古老岩画，体验了一段难忘的探险旅程。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
My wife Jean and I had wanted to experience one of the English-speaking world’s most remote places that non-explorers could manage on their own—the Kimberley region，an area in the northwestern corner of Australia. Eventually，we got the chance.
The only way to explore Kimberley is by the Gibbvery，a very tough path，or by air. We did the latter first，taking the lay of the land from the sky before we set off down the Gibbvery on four wheels. To do that，we went to the jumping-off point for helicopter tours in Kimberley.
“You from Canada，mate？” asked James Bondfield，our young helicopter pilot. “Uh，yes，I am.” When we Canadians open our mouths in Australia，we’re almost always mistaken for Americans. “I worked in Canada，” said Bondfield，explaining that he had built up his flying hours in the oil sands in northern Alberta. He also flew in the forests of Papua New Guinea，Malaysia and Indonesia before returning home and rising to be the chief pilot of a company at age 30.
During the following two days，Bondfield，like any great guide，took us where we expected to go，then showed us his own secret places there. We first picnicked on top of King George Falls in the Balanggarra Indigenous Protected Area，a 1 million-hectare homeland of First Peoples in Australia，and their rock art，dating back to more than 40,000 years ago，is drawing global attention.
Bondfield landed us near some caves covered in the images of ancient plants and animals. Their brightness was barely faded despite tens of thousands of years of bad weather. We crawled into rock cracks all afternoon，snapped photos and returned with shots of paintings that are among the oldest made by humans anywhere in the world.
1.What problem did the author and his wife face during the travel
A.They had a traffic accident.
B.Their car lost its way in the wild.
C.They failed to find a service station.
D.Their car needed mending in some way.
细节理解题。由首段中“A flat tyre happened to us when we moved into the Mount Barnett Roadhouse on Western Australia.”可知，作者和他的妻子在旅行中遇到了轮胎爆裂的问题，即他们的汽车需要修理一下。故选D。
解析
√
2.What can we say about Bondfield
A.He was confident of the flight.
B.He was strict with passengers.
C.He was fond of flying secretly.
D.He was unfamiliar with Canada.
推理判断题。从文章第四段中Bondfield主动和作者搭话并结合“‘I worked in Canada，’...rising to be the chief pilot of a company at age 30.”可以看出，Bondfield有丰富的飞行经验，且他在30岁时已经成为首席飞行员，可推知他对这次搭载作者夫妇的飞行很有信心，状态很放松。故选A。
解析
√
3.What is the highlight of the Balanggarra Indigenous Protected Area
A.The ancient rock art.
B.The creature resources.
C.The changeable weather.
D.The undeveloped scenery.
细节理解题。由文章第五段中“We first picnicked on top of King George Falls...their rock art，dating back to more than 40,000 years ago，is drawing global attention.”可知，巴兰加拉土著保护区的原住民的岩石艺术可以追溯到4万多年前，引起了全球的关注。故选A。
解析
√
4.How does the author like this experience
A.Unclear. B.Tolerant.
C.Content. D.Regretful.
推理判断题。结合全文，尤其尾段中“We crawled into rock cracks all afternoon，snapped photos and returned with shots of paintings that are among the oldest made by humans anywhere in the world.”可知，作者分享了他们在金伯利地区的探险经历，表达了对所见所闻的惊叹和对古老文化的尊重，因此可以推断出作者对这次经历感到满意。故选C。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
Exploring China is not easy even for experienced travelers，but the history instructor Jessica Gerard from Ozarks Technical Community College(OTC) knows from experience the trip is worth it.Since 2008，she’s led five groups of students across China to study its culture and history.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了大学历史讲师Jessica Gerard带领学生到中国进行文化和历史学习。
Gerard often reminds students that the trip is not a vacation—it’s an academic course. “Anyone interested in the trip must take an online course about the history of China before they can go，” she said. “And，most importantly，students continue to learn while in China. They’re expected to listen to guides，keep a diary and write about their experiences afterward.”
OTC student Ross Weis believed his experiences in China easily transcended(超越) anything he could have learned in the classroom. In fact，it was his long-held① interest in China that led him to ask about the trip after seeing a poster in the OTC library. “I’ve always been drawn to② China and its rich culture and history，” Weis said. “My dad studied history in college，and I suppose that has some influence on me.”
Of all the cities and historical sites Weis visited，he said nothing could top③ his experience at the Great Wall. “I’d read about the Great Wall and seen it on TV，but it is so different to go there and actually experience it，” he said. “It wasn’t as worn as I had expected it to be. That was pretty cool.”
From 2008 to 2024，every OTC group Gerard has taken to China has been led by her trusty④ tourist agent，Jim Lieu. Gerard plans her trips directly through Lieu，who keeps travel costs down for students. “Lieu and I have an excellent relationship with one another. He always knows what I want for my students，and I know what he can do，” said Gerard. “He sincerely believes that in order to build stronger communities and a better world，people around the world should get to know each other through travel.”
5.What should the students do prior to their trip to China
A.Show their interest.
B.Take a course online.
C.Consult a native guide.
D.Share their preparation.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Anyone interested in the trip must take an online course about the history of China before they can go”可知，在去中国旅行之前，学生们应该先参加在线课程。故选B项。
解析
6.Why did Ross Weis take the trip to China
A.Because he is interested in China.
B.Because his friend invited him to China.
C.Because he loves traveling around the world.
D.Because his father inspired him to learn Chinese.
细节理解题。根据第三段中“In fact，it was his long-held interest in China that led him to ask about the trip”可知，Ross Weis去中国旅行是因为他一直对中国感兴趣。故选A项。
解析
√
7.What can we know from the passage
A.Weis thinks the Great Wall is worn.
B.Gerard plans her trips only by herself.
C.Gerard is a geography instructor.
D.Gerard’s led students to travel to China for about 16 years.
细节理解题。根据第一段的“Since 2008，she’s led five groups of students across China to study its culture and history.”和尾段的“From 2008 to 2024，every OTC group Gerard has taken to China has been led by her trusty tourist agent，Jim Lieu.”可知，从2008年至2024年，Gerard带领学生前往中国旅行已经大约16年了。故选D项。
解析
√
8.What does Gerard think of Jim Lieu
A.Brave. B.Patient.
C.Helpful. D.Humorous.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“her trusty tourist agent，Jim Lieu”和“He always knows what I want for my students，and I know what he can do”可知，Gerard认为Jim Lieu值得信任，帮助了她很多，故选C项。
解析
①long-held adj. _______________________
②be drawn to _________________________
③top v. ___________
④trusty adj. _________________
语境猜词
长期持有的；长期存在的
被……吸引；对……感兴趣
超过；胜过
可靠的；可信赖的
Of all the cities and historical sites Weis visited，he said nothing could top his experience at the Great Wall.
分析：此句为_____句。Weis visited为省略了that的_____从句，that在从句中作_____，指代先行词the cities and historical sites；said后为省略了that的_____从句，that在从句中不作任何成分，无意义。
翻译：_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
句式分析
复合
定语
宾语
宾语
在维斯游览过的所有城市和历史遗迹中，他说没有什么能比得上他在长城的经历。
In 2002，UNESCO declared 21 May as UN World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些庆祝联合国世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日的朴素而简单的方法。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
The day’s not intended to find out the uniqueness of different cultures，separating them from each other. 1 Here are a few modest and simple ways to mark the occasion.
A.Or you could listen to radio programmes.
B.In short，it’s never too late to learn a language.
C.You could also appreciate music in foreign films.
D.Remember language serves as a reflection and carrier of culture.
E.Learning about traditional stories from other cultures won’t disappoint you.
F.Even if you can’t visit a museum at first hand，you can select virtual
exhibitions.
G.Instead，it’s a chance to unfold the similarities and celebrate the cultural
diversity.
√
上文指出联合国世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日的目的并非分离不同文化，G项“相反，这是一个展示相似之处和庆祝文化多样性的机会”符合语境，指出其真正目的。故选G。
解析
Visiting an exhibition or a museum dedicated to other cultures comes first since it may inspire you to create something yourself，and heighten your desire to learn about a new topic or culture.
2 For example，you can see the British Museum’s collection online，and the National Gallery has a digital tour of 18 rooms that lets you get up close to the paintings.
A.Or you could listen to radio programmes.
B.In short，it’s never too late to learn a language.
C.You could also appreciate music in foreign films.
D.Remember language serves as a reflection and carrier of culture.
E.Learning about traditional stories from other cultures won’t disappoint you.
F.Even if you can’t visit a museum at first hand，you can select virtual
exhibitions.
G.Instead，it’s a chance to unfold the similarities and celebrate the cultural
diversity.
√
上文建议去参观其他文化的展览或博物馆，下文举例说明可以在网上看展，因此F项“即使你不能亲身参观博物馆，你也可以选择虚拟展览”符合语境，指出不能亲身看展的替代性解决方法，其中的virtual与下文的online以及digital呼应。故选F。
解析
3 It’s a great way to expand your knowledge of the world.
A.Or you could listen to radio programmes.
B.In short，it’s never too late to learn a language.
C.You could also appreciate music in foreign films.
D.Remember language serves as a reflection and carrier of culture.
E.Learning about traditional stories from other cultures won’t disappoint you.
F.Even if you can’t visit a museum at first hand，you can select virtual
exhibitions.
G.Instead，it’s a chance to unfold the similarities and celebrate the
cultural diversity.
√
空处位于段首，是段落主旨句。根据下文“Many traditional folk tales have...dive into the storybooks and read folk tales.”可知，本段主要讲了解传统民间故事，E项“学习其他文化的传统故事不会让你失望”符合语境，其中的Learning about traditional stories from other cultures是后一句中It指代的对象。故选E。
解析
Many traditional folk tales have universal themes，but at the same time，shine a light on particular aspects of another culture. So now it might be a great time to dive into the storybooks and read folk tales.
There is perhaps no better way to experience another culture than listening to music. Even if you don’t understand the words，you can still hear the influence of other cultures. You could allow yourself to discover music from every corner of the globe on forums.
A.Or you could listen to radio programmes.
B.In short，it’s never too late to learn a language.
C.You could also appreciate music in foreign films.
D.Remember language serves as a reflection and carrier of culture.
E.Learning about traditional stories from other cultures won’t disappoint you.
F.Even if you can’t visit a museum at first hand，you can select virtual
exhibitions.
G.Instead，it’s a chance to unfold the similarities and celebrate the cultural
diversity.
√
4 After all，series of music are on the air，often with strong international influences.
上文建议通过听音乐来体验另一种文化，并介绍发现音乐的方法，下文指出有很多在播出的音乐节目，因此A项“或者你可以听广播节目”和上文的“通过论坛发现音乐”是选择关系，和下文series of music are on the air相呼应。故选A。
解析
It never goes without mentioning language while embracing culture diversity.
A.Or you could listen to radio programmes.
B.In short，it’s never too late to learn a language.
C.You could also appreciate music in foreign films.
D.Remember language serves as a reflection and carrier of culture.
E.Learning about traditional stories from other cultures won’t disappoint you.
F.Even if you can’t visit a museum at first hand，you can select virtual
exhibitions.
G.Instead，it’s a chance to unfold the similarities and celebrate the cultural
diversity.
√
It is relatively easy to have a go at trying a new language through the many smartphone apps or through an online language exchange. 5
上文提出语言对于文化多样性很重要并介绍了学习新语言的渠道，D项“记住，语言是文化的反映和载体”强调语言对文化的意义，承接前文。故选D。
解析
Counted among the “Ten Great Chinese Paintings”，the famous historical scroll painting Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy(使团) created by renowned painter Yan Liben (601-673) 1. (make) an appearance in an exhibition at the Palace Museum in Beijing on April 29,2023.
made
Ⅴ.语法填空
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了著名画家阎立本创作的著名历史卷轴《步辇图》在北京故宫博物院展出。
考查时态。空处作谓语动词，根据时间状语“on April 29,2023”可知，谓语动词用一般过去时。故填made。
解析
This painting 2. (faithful) displays a scene in the year 641 when Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty received the Tibetan team，3._______ came for Tang Princess Wencheng.
faithfully
2.考查副词。修饰动词display用副词作状语。故填faithfully。
3.考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the Tibetan team”，在从句中担当主语，用which。故填which。
解析
which
In the 4. (seven)century，Songtsen Gampo，the headman of the Tibetan Tubo Kingdom，sent an envoy to Chang’an to propose a marriage. Emperor Taizong agreed to give Princess Wencheng in marriage to him. In the spring of 641，the envoy sent by Songtsen Gampo arrived at the court 5. (guard) the princess back to Tubo.
seventh/7th
4.考查序数词。根据句意可知，事情发生在公元第7世纪，用序数词。故填seventh/7th。
5.考查非谓语动词。这里为非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词的不定式形式。故填to guard。
解析
to guard
Princess Wencheng brought not only Tang Dynasty customs and practices，but also a large group of 6. (craftsman)，which had a stimulating effect 7. the Tubo tribal economy and culture. As a result，the Tang Empire and Tubo maintained a good relationship for a considerable period.
craftsmen
6.考查名词复数。根据空前的“a large group of”可判断，空处为可数名词的复数形式。故填craftsmen。
7.考查介词。固定搭配have an effect on/upon，意为“对……有影响”。故填on/upon。
解析
on/upon
In addition to well-known artworks such as this painting，the exhibition also featured a large number of cultural relics 8.__________(display)to the public for the first time.
displayed
考查非谓语动词。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，和被修饰词“cultural relics”之间为被动关系，用动词的过去分词形式。故填displayed。
解析
The exhibition showcased 9. total of 108 cultural relics，including 13 items from 10. (variety) units of the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Xizang Autonomous Region，as well as 95 items from the Palace Museum.
a
9.考查冠词。短语a total of，意为“总计”。故填a。
10.考查形容词。分析句子成分可知，空处用形容词作定语，修饰其后的名词units。故填various。
解析
various
返 回
本课结束Period 3　Grammar and usage—Non-restrictive relative clauses
认真阅读下列短文，找出含有非限制性定语从句的句子，并标出关系词
Tourism is the lifeblood of the communities that call popular holiday destinations their homes.It allows service industries，such as hotels and transport，to grow consistently.These industries，in turn，give jobs to the local population，whose welfare depends on tourism.The prices of tourist essentials such as transport，accommodation and food usually increase too，which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.
However，booming business is not always a bed of roses.More nature-centred tourist attractions，where man and nature live in harmony，can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained，wildlife habitats are likely to suffer，which could endanger the local plants and animals.
While the physical characteristics of the land may be at risk from tourism，the cultural aspects of the destination are also put in harm’s way.Local festivals and customs，which may have deep meaning in a particular culture，can simply become entertainment for tourists.This can，over time，result in the loss of respect for the local culture.
Travelling can be a great experience for both the tourists and the locals.However，the tourists should always aim to be responsible.Reducing the negative impact，wherever we travel，will help make it possible for many future generations to enjoy the same sites.
答案　1.These industries，in turn，give jobs to the local population，whose welfare depends on tourism.
2．The prices of tourist essentials such as transport，accommodation and food usually increase too，which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.
3．More nature-centred tourist attractions，where man and nature live in harmony，can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.
4．As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained，wildlife habitats are likely to suffer，which could endanger the local plants and animals.
5．Local festivals and customs，which may have deep meaning in a particular culture，can simply become entertainment for tourists.
非限制性定语从句
一、非限制性定语从句的特点
1．The lecture，which focused on career development，inspired many young people to pursue their dreams.
这次讲座专注于职业发展，激励了许多年轻人追逐自己的梦想。
2．Soon we were busy preparing presents for our unexpected guests，who just wanted to stay warm on Christmas Day.
很快我们就忙着为我们的不速之客准备礼物，他们只是想在圣诞节取暖。
3．Last week，we took the foreign students to experience the authentic tea culture，which turned out to be extremely rewarding.
上周，我们带领外国学生体验了正宗的茶文化，结果证明非常有意义。
总结：
注意事项：
1．非限制性定语从句通常不用that引导。
I am fond of the novel，which you bought for me.我喜欢那本小说，就是你给我买的那本。
2．非限制性定语从句一般不用why引导，而要用for which代替why。
The reason，for which he couldn’t reduce his consumption，wasn’t given.
他为何不能降低消费，他没有给出任何理由。
3．非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是整个主句的内容，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
People increasingly adapt to the fast pace of life，which has also led to the rise in the time-saving payment method.(先行词为主句的内容)
人们越来越适应快节奏的生活，这也导致了节省时间的支付方式的兴起。
二、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.
这是我们的校长，我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你。
Peter，whom you met in Beijing，is now back in his motherland.
彼得现在回他的祖国了，你在北京见过他。
I delivered a speech the other day，which was well received by the audience.
前几天我做了一个演讲，得到了听众的好评。
I tried a traditional dish in Suzhou last week，whose taste was beyond imagination.
我上周在苏州尝了一道传统菜，味道超乎想象。
Overall，the outing was a valuable experience，where we gained a better understanding of the world around us.
总的来说，这次郊游是一次宝贵的经历，让我们更好地了解了周围的世界。
He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.
他于1992年逃离家乡，当时他只有12岁。
总结：
关系词 所指 所作成分
关系代词 who 指人 主语
whom 指人 宾语(不能省略，不能用who替代)
which 指代名词、代词、整个主句或主句的一部分 主语、宾语等
whose 指人或指物 定语
关系副词 where 通常是地点名词 地点状语
when 时间名词 时间状语
注意：名词/代词/数词/the＋形容词＋介词＋关系代词(which/whom)也可引导非限制性定语从句，此类结构常见的有some/several/a few/a little/none/many/more/most/the largest...of which/whom等形式。
Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved.
关于人类为什么会流眼泪，科学家提出了许多理论，但都没有得到证实。
Many young people，most of whom were well-educated，made their way to remote regions to chase their dreams.
很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。
三、as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
As we all know，the Great Wall is one of the greatest wonders in the world.
众所周知，长城是世界上最伟大的奇迹之一。
The student，as was expected，achieved a great success.正如所期盼的，这名学生取得了巨大成功。
As is often the case，little boys tend to be very active and out of control.
小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。
I want to buy the house，which has a garden.(which指代the house)
我想买这座房子，它带有一个花园。
He was late for the meeting，which made the chairman very angry.(which指代整个主句的内容)
他开会迟到了，主席为此非常生气。
总结：
as which
指代 只能指代整个句子的内容 既可指代名词或代词，又可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代主句的一部分
位置 所引导的定语从句可位于主句之前、之中或之后 所引导的定语从句只能位于主句之中或之后
意义 正如，正像 这一点，这件事
[点津]　as常用在一些固定结构中：
as is said above如上所述
as we all know/as is known to us all 众所周知
as has been said before如之前所说
as is often the case情况常常如此
as is already mentioned above正如上面所提到的那样
as you can see正如你看到的那样
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
I have two foreign teachers，both of whom are from America.我有两个外教，他们都来自美国。
The foreign teacher who/that comes from America teaches us literature.
从美国来的那位外教教我们文学。
This is the man，whom we talked about just now.
这就是那个人，我们刚才谈论过的。
This is the man (that/who/whom) we are talking about.
这就是我们正谈论的那个人。
When you reached the village，you would first find a house whose windows were made of wood.
当你到达那个村庄时，你首先会发现一所有着木窗的房子。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area，where they also did some climbing.
他们在这个山区欣赏到了美景，在那里他们也做了一些爬山运动。
总结：
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
意义 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整。 仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思完整。
结构 要求 紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间一般不加逗号。 常用逗号与先行词或主句隔开。
功能 修饰先行词。 修饰先行词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
引导词 所有的关系代词及关系副词。 关系代词that及关系副词why除外。
省略 情况 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 所有关系词均不可省略。
译法 翻译成先行词的定语，“……的”。 通常翻译成主句的并列句。
We visit the school where we studied two years ago.
我们参观了我们两年前就读的那所学校。(限制性定语从句，起限定作用)
The house，which we bought last year，lies in the centre of the city.
那套房子位于市中心，是我们去年买的。(非限制性定语从句，不表明有多少套房子)
The house (which/that) we bought last year lies in the centre of the city.
我们去年买的那套房子位于市中心。(限制性定语从句，暗含“可能有若干套房子”之意)
Ⅰ.句型转换
1．He visited the Great Wall again.He went there two years ago.
→He visited the Great Wall again，where he went two years ago.
2．He lost the game.It made him a bit discouraged.
→He lost the game，which made him a bit discouraged.
3．He encountered a girl.The girl wore a purple blouse，an umbrella in her hand.
→He encountered a girl，who wore a purple blouse，an umbrella in her hand.
4．He has organized a team of workers.All of them are hard-working.
→He has organized a team of workers，all of whom are hard-working.
5．He is a man of great experience.Much can be learned from him.
→He is a man of great experience，from whom much can be learned.
Ⅱ.用适当的关系词完成短文
The very film 1.that is called Titanic is such a beautiful and sad love story 2.as is popular with the public,3.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman,4.who went to America with her mother.Jack，who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 5.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose (everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 6.which most people can’t behave in real life)．Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.7.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason 8.why Rose could live on and tell us the moving story.
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值：82.5分]
Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)
1．This is one of the reasons why you have to give it up.
2．The old lady has two daughters，one of whom is working abroad.
3．We walked down the village street，where people were having a market day.
4．The glasses，without which he couldn’t see anything，were broken yesterday.
5．You will have to wait for one more week，when the manager will be back from his trip.
6．The man，most of whose novels have been adapted for films，is now a world-famous writer.
7．The living standard of the people in China，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past decades.
8．The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building，most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least one month.
9．I shall never forget those years when I lived in the valley with the farmers，which has a great effect on my life.
10．I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day，as do many businessmen who/that live in downtown Tianjin.
Ⅱ.单句写作(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．众所周知，定期散步对我们的健康有很大的好处。
As we all know/As is known to us all，walking regularly does a lot of good to our health.
2．北京是我国的首都，它不仅是我国的政治中心，也是我国的经济中心。
Beijing，which is the capital of China，is not only the political center but also the economic center of our country.
3．我被这样一位伟大的女性所鼓舞，她的经历告诉我们，不管发生什么我们都不能放弃。
I am inspired by such a great woman，whose experiences tell us we should never give up no matter what happens.
4．参加者将于下周六上午8时在操场就座，届时将举行开幕式。
The participants will be seated in the playground at 8 a．m.next Saturday，when the opening ceremony will be conducted.
5．从周日12点开始，访谈将持续40分钟，在此期间，希望您为我们提供一些关于如何减轻压力的建议。
Starting at 12 o’clock on Sunday，the interview will last forty minutes，during which (time) you are expected to give us some recommendations on how to reduce stress.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
A flat tyre happened to us when we moved into the Mount Barnett Roadhouse on Western Australia.Luckily，three warm-hearted local guys changed our tyre，with serious warnings to get to the service station to fix it.
My wife Jean and I had wanted to experience one of the English-speaking world’s most remote places that non-explorers could manage on their own—the Kimberley region，an area in the northwestern corner of Australia.Eventually，we got the chance.
The only way to explore Kimberley is by the Gibbvery，a very tough path，or by air.We did the latter first，taking the lay of the land from the sky before we set off down the Gibbvery on four wheels.To do that，we went to the jumping-off point for helicopter tours in Kimberley.
“You from Canada，mate？” asked James Bondfield，our young helicopter pilot.“Uh，yes，I am.” When we Canadians open our mouths in Australia，we’re almost always mistaken for Americans.“I worked in Canada，” said Bondfield，explaining that he had built up his flying hours in the oil sands in northern Alberta.He also flew in the forests of Papua New Guinea，Malaysia and Indonesia before returning home and rising to be the chief pilot of a company at age 30.
During the following two days，Bondfield，like any great guide，took us where we expected to go，then showed us his own secret places there.We first picnicked on top of King George Falls in the Balanggarra Indigenous Protected Area，a 1 million-hectare homeland of First Peoples in Australia，and their rock art，dating back to more than 40,000 years ago，is drawing global attention.
Bondfield landed us near some caves covered in the images of ancient plants and animals.Their brightness was barely faded despite tens of thousands of years of bad weather.We crawled into rock cracks all afternoon，snapped photos and returned with shots of paintings that are among the oldest made by humans anywhere in the world.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者夫妇在澳大利亚西北部的金伯利地区自驾游时遭遇爆胎，幸得当地人帮助，后乘坐直升机俯瞰这片原始旷野，探访古老岩画，体验了一段难忘的探险旅程。
1．What problem did the author and his wife face during the travel
A．They had a traffic accident.
B．Their car lost its way in the wild.
C．They failed to find a service station.
D．Their car needed mending in some way.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。由首段中“A flat tyre happened to us when we moved into the Mount Barnett Roadhouse on Western Australia.”可知，作者和他的妻子在旅行中遇到了轮胎爆裂的问题，即他们的汽车需要修理一下。故选D。
2．What can we say about Bondfield
A．He was confident of the flight.
B．He was strict with passengers.
C．He was fond of flying secretly.
D．He was unfamiliar with Canada.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。从文章第四段中Bondfield主动和作者搭话并结合“‘I worked in Canada，’．..rising to be the chief pilot of a company at age 30.”可以看出，Bondfield有丰富的飞行经验，且他在30岁时已经成为首席飞行员，可推知他对这次搭载作者夫妇的飞行很有信心，状态很放松。故选A。
3．What is the highlight of the Balanggarra Indigenous Protected Area
A．The ancient rock art.
B．The creature resources.
C．The changeable weather.
D．The undeveloped scenery.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由文章第五段中“We first picnicked on top of King George Falls...their rock art，dating back to more than 40,000 years ago，is drawing global attention.”可知，巴兰加拉土著保护区的原住民的岩石艺术可以追溯到4万多年前，引起了全球的关注。故选A。
4．How does the author like this experience
A．Unclear. B．Tolerant.
C．Content. D．Regretful.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。结合全文，尤其尾段中“We crawled into rock cracks all afternoon，snapped photos and returned with shots of paintings that are among the oldest made by humans anywhere in the world.”可知，作者分享了他们在金伯利地区的探险经历，表达了对所见所闻的惊叹和对古老文化的尊重，因此可以推断出作者对这次经历感到满意。故选C。
B(此篇精读)
Exploring China is not easy even for experienced travelers，but the history instructor Jessica Gerard from Ozarks Technical Community College(OTC) knows from experience the trip is worth it.Since 2008，she’s led five groups of students across China to study its culture and history.
Gerard often reminds students that the trip is not a vacation—it’s an academic course.“Anyone interested in the trip must take an online course about the history of China before they can go，” she said.“And，most importantly，students continue to learn while in China.They’re expected to listen to guides，keep a diary and write about their experiences afterward.”
OTC student Ross Weis believed his experiences in China easily transcended(超越) anything he could have learned in the classroom.In fact，it was his long-held① interest in China that led him to ask about the trip after seeing a poster in the OTC library.“I’ve always been drawn to② China and its rich culture and history，” Weis said.“My dad studied history in college，and I suppose that has some influence on me.”
Of all the cities and historical sites Weis visited，he said nothing could top③ his experience at the Great Wall.“I’d read about the Great Wall and seen it on TV，but it is so different to go there and actually experience it，” he said.“It wasn’t as worn as I had expected it to be.That was pretty cool.”
From 2008 to 2024，every OTC group Gerard has taken to China has been led by her trusty④ tourist agent，Jim Lieu.Gerard plans her trips directly through Lieu，who keeps travel costs down for students.“Lieu and I have an excellent relationship with one another.He always knows what I want for my students，and I know what he can do，” said Gerard.“He sincerely believes that in order to build stronger communities and a better world，people around the world should get to know each other through travel.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了大学历史讲师Jessica Gerard带领学生到中国进行文化和历史学习。
5．What should the students do prior to their trip to China
A．Show their interest.
B．Take a course online.
C．Consult a native guide.
D．Share their preparation.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Anyone interested in the trip must take an online course about the history of China before they can go”可知，在去中国旅行之前，学生们应该先参加在线课程。故选B项。
6．Why did Ross Weis take the trip to China
A．Because he is interested in China.
B．Because his friend invited him to China.
C．Because he loves traveling around the world.
D．Because his father inspired him to learn Chinese.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“In fact，it was his long-held interest in China that led him to ask about the trip”可知，Ross Weis去中国旅行是因为他一直对中国感兴趣。故选A项。
7．What can we know from the passage
A．Weis thinks the Great Wall is worn.
B．Gerard plans her trips only by herself.
C．Gerard is a geography instructor.
D．Gerard’s led students to travel to China for about 16 years.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的“Since 2008，she’s led five groups of students across China to study its culture and history.”和尾段的“From 2008 to 2024，every OTC group Gerard has taken to China has been led by her trusty tourist agent，Jim Lieu.”可知，从2008年至2024年，Gerard带领学生前往中国旅行已经大约16年了。故选D项。
8．What does Gerard think of Jim Lieu
A．Brave. B．Patient.
C．Helpful. D．Humorous.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“her trusty tourist agent，Jim Lieu”和“He always knows what I want for my students，and I know what he can do”可知，Gerard认为Jim Lieu值得信任，帮助了她很多，故选C项。
[语境猜词]
①long-held adj.长期持有的；长期存在的
②be drawn to 被……吸引；对……感兴趣
③top v．超过；胜过
④trusty adj.可靠的；可信赖的
[句式分析]
Of all the cities and historical sites Weis visited，he said nothing could top his experience at the Great Wall.
分析：此句为复合句。Weis visited为省略了that的定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，指代先行词the cities and historical sites；said后为省略了that的宾语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分，无意义。
翻译：在维斯游览过的所有城市和历史遗迹中，他说没有什么能比得上他在长城的经历。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
In 2002，UNESCO declared 21 May as UN World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.The day’s not intended to find out the uniqueness of different cultures，separating them from each other. 1 Here are a few modest and simple ways to mark the occasion.
Visiting an exhibition or a museum dedicated to other cultures comes first since it may inspire you to create something yourself，and heighten your desire to learn about a new topic or culture. 2 For example，you can see the British Museum’s collection online，and the National Gallery has a digital tour of 18 rooms that lets you get up close to the paintings.
3 It’s a great way to expand your knowledge of the world.Many traditional folk tales have universal themes，but at the same time，shine a light on particular aspects of another culture.So now it might be a great time to dive into the storybooks and read folk tales.
There is perhaps no better way to experience another culture than listening to music.Even if you don’t understand the words，you can still hear the influence of other cultures.You could allow yourself to discover music from every corner of the globe on forums. 4 After all，series of music are on the air，often with strong international influences.
It never goes without mentioning language while embracing culture diversity.It is relatively easy to have a go at trying a new language through the many smartphone apps or through an online language exchange. 5
A．Or you could listen to radio programmes.
B．In short，it’s never too late to learn a language.
C．You could also appreciate music in foreign films.
D．Remember language serves as a reflection and carrier of culture.
E．Learning about traditional stories from other cultures won’t disappoint you.
F．Even if you can’t visit a museum at first hand，you can select virtual exhibitions.
G．Instead，it’s a chance to unfold the similarities and celebrate the cultural diversity.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些庆祝联合国世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日的朴素而简单的方法。
1．答案　G
解析　上文指出联合国世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日的目的并非分离不同文化，G项“相反，这是一个展示相似之处和庆祝文化多样性的机会”符合语境，指出其真正目的。故选G。
2．答案　F
解析　上文建议去参观其他文化的展览或博物馆，下文举例说明可以在网上看展，因此F项“即使你不能亲身参观博物馆，你也可以选择虚拟展览”符合语境，指出不能亲身看展的替代性解决方法，其中的virtual与下文的online以及digital呼应。故选F。
3．答案　E
解析　空处位于段首，是段落主旨句。根据下文“Many traditional folk tales have...dive into the storybooks and read folk tales.”可知，本段主要讲了解传统民间故事，E项“学习其他文化的传统故事不会让你失望”符合语境，其中的Learning about traditional stories from other cultures是后一句中It指代的对象。故选E。
4．答案　A
解析　上文建议通过听音乐来体验另一种文化，并介绍发现音乐的方法，下文指出有很多在播出的音乐节目，因此A项“或者你可以听广播节目”和上文的“通过论坛发现音乐”是选择关系，和下文series of music are on the air相呼应。故选A。
5．答案　D
解析　上文提出语言对于文化多样性很重要并介绍了学习新语言的渠道，D项“记住，语言是文化的反映和载体”强调语言对文化的意义，承接前文。故选D。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Counted among the “Ten Great Chinese Paintings”，the famous historical scroll painting Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy(使团) created by renowned painter Yan Liben (601-673) 1. (make) an appearance in an exhibition at the Palace Museum in Beijing on April 29,2023.This painting 2. (faithful) displays a scene in the year 641 when Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty received the Tibetan team，3. came for Tang Princess Wencheng.
In the 4. (seven)century，Songtsen Gampo，the headman of the Tibetan Tubo Kingdom，sent an envoy to Chang’an to propose a marriage.Emperor Taizong agreed to give Princess Wencheng in marriage to him.In the spring of 641，the envoy sent by Songtsen Gampo arrived at the court 5. (guard) the princess back to Tubo.
Princess Wencheng brought not only Tang Dynasty customs and practices，but also a large group of 6. (craftsman)，which had a stimulating effect 7. the Tubo tribal economy and culture.As a result，the Tang Empire and Tubo maintained a good relationship for a considerable period.
In addition to well-known artworks such as this painting，the exhibition also featured a large number of cultural relics 8. (display)to the public for the first time.
The exhibition showcased 9. total of 108 cultural relics，including 13 items from 10. (variety) units of the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Xizang Autonomous Region，as well as 95 items from the Palace Museum.
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了著名画家阎立本创作的著名历史卷轴《步辇图》在北京故宫博物院展出。
1．答案　made
解析　考查时态。空处作谓语动词，根据时间状语“on April 29,2023”可知，谓语动词用一般过去时。故填made。
2．答案　faithfully
解析　考查副词。修饰动词display用副词作状语。故填faithfully。
3．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the Tibetan team”，在从句中担当主语，用which。故填which。
4．答案　seventh/7th
解析　考查序数词。根据句意可知，事情发生在公元第7世纪，用序数词。故填seventh/7th。
5．答案　to guard
解析　考查非谓语动词。这里为非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词的不定式形式。故填to guard。
6．答案　craftsmen
解析　考查名词复数。根据空前的“a large group of”可判断，空处为可数名词的复数形式。故填craftsmen。
7．答案　on/upon
解析　考查介词。固定搭配have an effect on/upon，意为“对……有影响”。故填on/upon。
8．答案　displayed
解析　考查非谓语动词。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，和被修饰词“cultural relics”之间为被动关系，用动词的过去分词形式。故填displayed。
9．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。短语a total of，意为“总计”。故填a。
10．答案　various
解析　考查形容词。分析句子成分可知，空处用形容词作定语，修饰其后的名词units。故填various。

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