资源简介

(共70张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Subject clauses
Out of this world
Unit 2
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习
It is a well-known fact ①that the faces some people show to the world might be completely different to their real personalities.For instance，most comedians have permanent smiles on their faces and always sound cheerful because that’s the nature of their work.From this，it’s impossible to know what their true feelings are.Although they might be laughing on the outside，they might be crying on the inside.②How others are feeling is not something that we should make assumptions about，because it’s not always obvious ③who is truly happy.④What is certain is that comedians often use comedy to help them understand themselves and the world.In fact，being a comedian is a very serious job indeed.
[自主发现]
以上加颜色部分均为 从句，在整个句子中充当 ，一般放在 ，如 和 ；也可以用形式主语 代替，而将从句后置，如 和 。
返 回
主语
主语
句首
②
④
it
①
③
语法精讲
主语从句
一、定义
在主从复合句中充当主语的从句即为主语从句。主语从句可直接放在句首，也可用形式主语it代替，而将主语从句后置。
What made me embarrassed was that neither of them reacted to my question.
使我尴尬的是他们俩都没有对我的问题作出回应。
It worried the astronaut that her niece was always playing computer games.
侄女总是玩电脑游戏，这让这名宇航员很担心。
二、主语从句的引导词
类别 例词 句法功能
从属连词 that，whether/if 在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether/if表示“是否”。
连接代词 who，what，which，whoever，whatever等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
连接副词 when，why，where，how等 在从句中作时间、原因、地点、方式等状语成分。
1.从属连词that和whether/if
(1)that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，本身无任何意义，只起连接作用，但不可省略。
That the astronomers survived the accident in the circumstances is a miracle.
在这种情况下，天文学家们在事故中幸存下来简直是个奇迹。
(2)whether/if在从句中不充当任何句子成分，起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。
Whether the radiation will be controlled is still unknown.
＝It is still unknown if/whether the radiation will be controlled.
辐射是否会得到控制还是未知的。
2.连接代词(who，whose，whom，what，which，whichever，whoever，whomever，whatever等)
连接代词引导主语从句，在从句中可以作主语、宾语或定语等成分。
Whoever (of you) comes first will be admitted by this agency.
无论(你们中的)谁获得第一名都将被这家机构录取。
Who will be in charge of the administration is plain to see.
谁将负责这个行政部门是显而易见的。
Whatever you do in your spare time should do no harm to others.
无论你在空闲时间做什么都不能伤害其他人。
Whose carelessness spoilt the work must be made clear.
必须查清是谁的粗心破坏了工作。
3.连接副词(when，where，how，why等)
连接副词引导主语从句，在从句中作状语。
How this mission was accomplished is not clear to anyone.
这个任务是怎么完成的，谁也不清楚。
When we will have a meeting is an important question.
我们何时举行会议是个重要的问题。
Where the treasure was buried is still a puzzle.
财宝埋在哪里仍然是个谜。
[点津] 　主语从句中引导词的选择技巧：
(1)分析连接词在从句中所作的句子成分；
(2)分析从句的意义。
三、it作形式主语
当句子主语过长时，为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形式主语时常用于以下句型：
句型 说明
It＋be动词＋形容词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的形容词有important，(un)likely，possible，necessary，natural，wrong，vital等。
It＋be动词＋名词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的名词有fact，idea，honour，question，pity等。
It＋be动词＋过去分词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的过去分词有known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought，believed等。
It＋不及物动词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的不及物动词有appear，happen，seem，occur，matter等。
It is vital that we act to stop the destruction of the rainforests.
至关紧要的是，我们应当采取行动制止破坏雨林。
He is so diligent that it is no wonder that he is always getting a high remark.
他勤勤恳恳，所以总是得到很高的评价是不足为奇的。
It seems that it is going to rain.
看起来好像要下雨。
[点津]　(1)在“It＋be动词＋过去分词＋主语从句”结构中，过去分词若为suggested/ordered/required/advised等词，主语从句中的谓语用“(should) do”。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。
(2)在“It＋be动词＋形容词＋主语从句”结构中，若形容词为important/necessary/strange/
essential等词，主语从句中的谓语用“(should) do”。
It is necessary that a scientist (should) know foreign languages.
科学家有必要懂外语。
四、考点警示
1.从句的语序：陈述语序
What we will do next should be decided.
应该决定我们下一步要做什么。
2.主谓一致
(1)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。
Where he will get a job after graduation has bothered him much.
毕业后到哪里找份工作使他很苦恼。
[点津]　what和who引导主语从句时，有时主句的谓语动词应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。
What the school needs most are books.
这所学校最需要的是书。
(2)如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
他们将在什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。
When and where the movie will be shown is not clear.这部影片何时何地上映还不清楚。
3.whether引导的主语从句
如果用了形式主语it，引导词whether可以换成if。如果whether从句在句首或后面有or not时，则不能用if替换。
Whether genetically-modified food does us harm remains to be seen.
＝It remains to be seen whether/if genetically-modified food does us harm.
转基因食品对我们是否有害有待观察。
4.引导词that和what
引导词that在主语从句中不充当句子成分，也没有含义，不可以省略；what在主语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或者定语，有具体的含义。
What caused the accident was a man lying on the ground.
引起这起事故的是一个躺在地上的男人。
That she was at the entrance to the cinema then was a big surprise to me.
她当时在电影院入口处对我来说是一个非常大的惊喜。
返 回
达标检测
1.Why did they suddenly disappear？It still remains a mystery.
→____________________________________________________________
2.He said a lot at the meeting.His words were very attractive.
→____________________________________________________________
3.It was a pity.You missed such a good lecture.
→____________________________________________________________
4.We should practise oral English for an hour every day.It is our rule.
→____________________________________________________________
5.Shall we go for a picnic tomorrow？It depends on the weather.
→____________________________________________________________
Ⅰ.把下列各题中的两个简单句合并为一个含有主语从句的复合句
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
It was a pity that you missed such a good lecture.
It is our rule that we should practise oral English for an hour every day.
Whether we will go for a picnic tomorrow depends on the weather.
Since he graduated from college，he had been in low spirits.1._____ ____________________(使他沮丧的是) that his mother was always complaining about something.His father had been out of work for a long time.It worried him 2. (他家将会负债) if he couldn’t find a suitable job.However，his parents didn’t understand 3. (他正在考虑什么).They often urged him to look for a job as soon as possible.
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用主语从句
What
made him upset was
that his family would get into debt
what he was thinking about
It was really a problem for him 4.__________________________________
___________________________(他不知道如何和他父母交流).5.________ ____________________________________(他是否将在当地的工厂找工作) was bothering him，for he planned to go to a bigger city.
返 回
that he didn’t know how to
communicate with his parents
Whether
he would find a job in the local factory
作业3
1. John was late for the class is plain to see.
2. will be in charge of the company is being discussed.
3. is interested in the activity can sign his or her name.
4. bothers me most is that he is too proud to take part in it.
5. part of the territory he will make his way to needs discussing.
6. she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.
7. the English Evening will be held has not yet been decided.
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空
Why
Who
Whoever
What
Which
That
Where/When
8. the mission was done in such a short time was a permanent mystery.
9. the astronomers will hold a party tomorrow or not depends on the weather.
10.It is ordered the construction of the sports ground should be completed next week.
How
Whether
that
1.吃绿色蔬菜有助于增强体力，这一点已经得到证实。
has been proved.
2.(应用文写作之求助信)如何能提高英语口语对我来说仍然是一个难题，因此我写信向你求助。
，so I am writing to ask for your help.
Ⅱ.单句写作
That eating green vegetables contributes to building up strength
How I can improve my spoken English is still a puzzle to me
3.(读后续写之哭泣描写)他们所做的事情深深地感动了我们，我们的泪水止不住地往下流。
，our tears rolling down without control.
4.(读后续写之兴奋心理描写)约翰突然想到他可以做爆米花来帮助伯纳德，眼睛里闪烁着兴奋的光芒。
to help Bernard，with eyes glittering with excitement.
What they had done deeply moved us
It occurred to/hit/struck John that he could make popcorn
5.(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)不确定他是否能够成功地吓跑狼，他的心吓得狂跳。
，his heart beating wildly with extreme fright.
It was uncertain whether/if he could successfully frighten away the wolf
A
Our ship sailed on the sea into the Earth’s night.Here，there was no visible light from the Sun or the Earth Engines.But as we looked up，we children saw the starry sky for the first time in our lives.How breathtakingly beautiful it was!
语篇解读　本文是记叙文，讲述了人类因为未知原因乘坐地球前往比邻星的故事。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
Ms Xing put an arm around us while pointing at the sky with her other hand.“Look，children! That is Proxima Centauri(比邻星)，our new home！” With these words，tears ran slowly down her face.Before long，we were all in tears—even the captain and crew.We all looked in the direction that Ms Xing was pointing.There was only one point of light among the twinkling stars that shined constantly：Proxima Centauri—the only source of hope and comfort for a hundred future generations.“Whatever risks we might take，we will finally make it there！” said the captain，in an assured voice.
On our way back from the sea，we saw the first sign that Earth had begun its journey.In the night sky，a huge comet had appeared.It was the Moon，abandoned by humankind.Lunar Engines had been installed to the Moon to force it out of its orbit so that a disastrous crash could be avoided as the Earth sped up and moved away.As it progressed，the gravitational tide of the Moon caused the ocean to swell，creating gigantic waves.We quickly got off the ship to our destination in the Southern Hemisphere.The next few days were the countdown to our departure.
Finally came the big day! As Earth Engines was set at a full power，we got immediately blinded by the bright light from it.This acceleration created massive tsunamis hundreds of meters high that crashed onto the coasts of every continent.Burning hot hurricanes roared through the boiling waves，screaming with wild fury and pulling up almost every tree on Earth.
Our Earth，with its blue tail cutting through the darkness of space，had set out on its long journey，and with it went all of humankind.
1.Why did we all cry when looking up into the sky
A.Because we had to abandon the Earth.
B.Because we were fascinated by the stars.
C.Because we saw our new settlement.
D.Because we felt lonely in the universe.
推理判断题。根据第二段中“‘Look，children! That is Proxima Centauri(比邻星)，our new home！’...the only source of hope and comfort for a hundred future generations.”可知，因为“我们”看到了新的定居点，所以“我们”在仰望天空的时候激动得哭起来。故选C项。
解析
√
2.What was the function of the Lunar Engines
A.To protect the Earth from a deadly impact.
B.To make sure the Moon runs in its orbit.
C.To keep the moon at the same speed as the Earth.
D.To shelter humans from the tide of the Moon.
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Lunar Engines had been installed to the Moon to force it out of its orbit so that a disastrous crash could be avoided as the Earth sped up and moved away.”可知，月球引擎的功能是保护地球免受致命的撞击。故选A项。
解析
√
3.Which of the following words can best describe the journey
A.Smooth and steady.
B.Endless and hopeless.
C.Exciting and entertaining.
D.Ambitious and adventurous.
推理判断题。根据第二段末句和最后一段可知，在前往比邻星的途中，人类顽强地带着地球一起踏上漫长而未知的旅途，这要克服重重困难，所以是雄心勃勃且富有冒险精神。故选D项。
解析
√
4.Where is the text probably taken from
A.A personal diary.
B.A science fiction novel.
C.A travel magazine.
D.An academic article.
文章出处题。根据首尾两段以及纵观全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了人类乘坐地球前往比邻星的故事，所以应是出自一篇科幻小说。故选B项。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
When Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield looked at Earth，tears formed in his left eye.Within minutes，using the bridge of his nose like a waterfall，the tears spilled into① his right eye，until he couldn’t see.
语篇解读　本文属于科普说明文。文章通过加拿大宇航员克里斯·哈德菲尔德的太空经历，介绍了太空心理学的重要性，并提出了应对生活挑战的心理策略。
Fear should have paralyzed(使……不知所措) Hadfield since he was blind in space.Instead，Hadfield assessed his surroundings，evaluated the risk，trusted his training，and continued his spacewalk.Back in the spacecraft，he realized that an anti-fog solution(防雾液) had stimulated his eyes.Luckily，they were fine after a good cleaning.Hadfield returned to Earth with first-hand experience of space psychology in action.
Space psychology，a vital long-term field of study at NASA(美国宇航局)，which refers to applying psychology to human spaceflight，is gaining special importance as humans prepare for long-distance space travel.Clearly，space psychology matters on the journey to the Moon，Mars and beyond.But it’s also of great help to humans as we meet obstacles in our lives.According to Hadfield，we can learn from astronauts who practice what goes wrong and right，with the following suggestions.
In the language system used by NASA，attitude refers to a spacecraft’s positioning② in 3D space.To reach a destination，the spacecraft must be pointed in the right direction.They must have the correct “attitude”.Hadfield suggests that we view life the way NASA plans missions：with an attitude.Unexpected factors may change your path，but with the proper mindset③，they won’t change your course.
And，he classifies team members into three groups：Plus-ones(the high-performers)，Zeroes and Minus-ones(Liabilities 惹麻烦的人). Hadfield encourages people to be Zeroes because they listen，learn，and contribute without conflict.Zeroes help build consensus(共识) in a group and have the potential to be plus-one performers.
Meanwhile，Hadfield says it’s important for astronauts to pay attention to even the small things as ignoring them could be dangerous. We can overcome our fears by learning as much as we can about them.So，we should prepare for situations that we know will make us anxious. Hadfield also suggests that we imagine what could go wrong as a way to be better prepared.
5.What’s the purpose of mentioning Chris Hadfield’s space experience in the first paragraph
A.To explain how astronauts work in space.
B.To bring up the topic of space psychology.
C.To attract readers to know more about spacewalk.
D.To show Hadfield’s excellent performance in space.
推理判断题。根据第一段末句“Hadfield returned to Earth with first-hand experience of space psychology in action.”可知，提及他的太空经历是为了引出太空心理学这一话题。故选B项。
解析
√
6.Why does the author think space psychology is important to us
A.Space psychology can greatly help us deal with life challenges.
B.Without space psychology，we couldn’t get to the Moon，Mars and
beyond.
C.With space psychology，our course won’t be changed by unexpected
factors.
D.Equipped with space psychology，astronauts can deal with any
emergency calmly.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Clearly，space psychology matters on the journey to the Moon，Mars and beyond.But it’s also of great help to humans as we meet obstacles in our lives.”可知，作者认为太空心理学对于我们很重要，因为它能极大地帮助我们应对生活中的挑战。故选A项。
解析
7.What kind of person does the underlined word “Zeroes” refer to in paragraph 4
A.The admirable performers.
B.Those who achieve nothing.
C.Capable workers who don’t cause problems.
D.Those who are always popular and get along well with others.
√
词义猜测题。根据第四段中“Hadfield encourages people to be Zeroes because they listen，learn，and contribute without conflict...be plus-one performers.”可知，哈德菲尔德鼓励人们成为Zeroes，因为他们倾听、学习，并且在不会起冲突的情况下做出贡献。Zeroes帮助团队达成共识，并有潜力成为优秀的表演者。由此可知，“Zeroes”指的是那些能够倾听、学习、做贡献而不引起冲突的人，即有能力的工作者，不会制造麻烦。故选C项。
解析
8.What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A.It is easy for astronauts to ignore small things.
B.If you know well enough about fears，you will not feel anxious.
C.To get fully prepared，it is the best way to imagine what could go wrong.
D.It’s important to focus on the small details and get ready for anxious
situations.
推理判断题。根据最后一段前三句可推知，关注细节并为焦虑的情况做准备是很重要的。故选D项。
解析
√
①spill into _____
②positioning n. ___________
③mindset n. _________
语境猜词
涌入
安置，定位
思维倾向
Space psychology，a vital long-term field of study at NASA，which refers to applying psychology to human spaceflight，is gaining special importance as humans prepare for long-distance space travel.
分析：此句为复合句。a vital long-term...为space psychology的 ；which引导 从句，space psychology为 ，which在从句中作 ；as引导 从句。
翻译：_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
句式分析
同位语
非限制性定语
先行词
主语
时间状语
太空心理学，美国宇航局一个至关重要的长期研究领域，它指的是将心理学应用于人类太空飞行，随着人类为长途太空旅行做准备，正变得尤为重要。
A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another.It has two kinds—natural satellites and artificial satellites.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人造卫星的组成、运行方式和速度等基本情况。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
A.Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit
B.Artificial satellites come in many shapes and size
C.Examples of natural satellites are the Earth and Moon
D.they have different tools to perform different functions
E.the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments
F.Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet
G.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans
1 while artificial satellites are those made by man.
√
上文提到卫星有两种，天然卫星和人造卫星，下文提到人造卫星，空处应该解释什么是天然卫星。C项“天然卫星的例子是地球和月球”符合语境。故选C。
解析
Despite their widespread impact on daily life，artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups.On the outside，they may look like a wheel，equipped with solar panels or sails.Inside， 2 ，which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work.Among them，high-resolution(高清晰度的) cameras and communication electronics are typical ones.Besides，the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.
A.Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit
B.Artificial satellites come in many shapes and size
C.Examples of natural satellites are the Earth and Moon
D.they have different tools to perform different functions
E.the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments
F.Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet
G.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans
√
上文提到人造卫星的外部构造，并由下文“which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work”可知，空处应该讲内部包含什么仪器。E项“卫星载有特定任务的科学仪器”符合语境。故选E。
解析
puters function as the satellite’s brain，which receive information，interpret it，and send messages back to the earth.
A.Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit
B.Artificial satellites come in many shapes and size
C.Examples of natural satellites are the Earth and Moon
D.they have different tools to perform different functions
E.the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments
F.Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet
G.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans
√
下文详细描述了人造卫星的组成部分以及它们的功能，并将这些部分形象地比喻为人体的各个器官，它们协同工作，使得人造卫星能够执行各种任务。因此，G项“人造卫星像人类一样以系统的方式运作”符合语境。故选G。
解析
Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellite’s eyes.Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light，heat，and gases，but also record changes in what is being observed.Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth.Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment.
Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. 4 .To stay in the earth’s orbit，the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity.The satellite’s speed works against Earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.
A.Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit
B.Artificial satellites come in many shapes and size
C.Examples of natural satellites are the Earth and Moon
D.they have different tools to perform different functions
E.the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments
F.Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet
G.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans
√
本段话题词是gravity，下文提到人造卫星需要调整速度来对抗地球的引力，以保持轨道稳定。空处需要解释为什么需要这样做，F项“地球的引力把所有东西都拉向地球的中心”解释了原因，符合语境。故选F。
解析
Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits，based on the tasks they need to perform. 5 ，which can be 200－500 miles high.The closer to the earth，the stronger the gravity is.Therefore，these satellites must travel at about 17,500 miles per hour to keep themselves from falling back to the earth，while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.
A.Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit
B.Artificial satellites come in many shapes and size
C.Examples of natural satellites are the Earth and Moon
D.they have different tools to perform different functions
E.the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments
F.Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet
G.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans
√
根据下文“which can be 200－500 miles high”可知，空处需要引出这些卫星的轨道高度。A项“靠近地球的卫星在近地轨道上”符合语境。故选A。
解析
Experts say the bee population is getting smaller because of climate change and other human-caused 1. (activity).
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了气候变化和其他人为活动导致蜜蜂数量的减少以及养蜂人蒂勒独特的养蜂方法与感悟。
Ⅴ.语法填空
activities
考查名词复数。此处other修饰可数名词复数，故填activities。
解析
We are building houses and cities on land where they live，and using chemicals 2. are killing them.Last winter，U.S.beekeepers lost almost 40% of their colonies(蜂群)，3. (make) them suffer great losses.
that/which
making
2.考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为chemicals，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
3.考查非谓语动词。空前是一个完整的句子，此处应用非谓语动词作状语，根据句意判断，此处应用现在分词作结果状语。
解析
Thiele,4. beekeeper，says the usual ways people raise honey bees 5._____(be) bad for their health.He rejects the white boxes that 6.___________(tradition) beekeepers use.He also refuses to use chemicals，smoke or protective clothing when he works with bees.He touches them 7.______ his bare hands.Thiele says his hives(蜂巢) are both a way to save bees and a personal project.
a
are
traditional
with
4.考查冠词。beekeeper是发音以辅音音素开头的可数名词，此处表泛指，需要用不定冠词a修饰，故填a。
5.考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为the usual ways，是复数形式，故填are。
6.考查形容词。修饰名词beekeepers用形容词，故填traditional。
7.考查介词。分析句子结构可知此处需要填介词，根据句意可知此处表示“用”，故填with。
解析
When bees crawled(爬) over his hands and arms，he said，“It feels so close and I feel how 8._________(deep) we belong and how important it is 9. (keep) them safe from harm.”
deeply
to keep
8.考查副词。修饰动词belong用副词，故填deeply。
9.考查非谓语动词。it is＋adj.＋to do sth表示“做某事是……的”，it为形式主语，后面的不定式是真正的主语，故填to keep。
解析
He adds that honey bees show how fragile the life is.He makes a 10.________(far) remark，“As if they are really mirroring where we are at this time on this planet.”
further
考查形容词比较级。上一句说他补充说蜜蜂显示了生命是多么脆弱，此处有一个隐晦的比较意义，表示“进一步说”，故填further。
解析
返 回
本课结束Period 3　Grammar and usage—Subject clauses
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成下面的练习
It is a well-known fact ①that the faces some people show to the world might be completely different to their real personalities.For instance，most comedians have permanent smiles on their faces and always sound cheerful because that’s the nature of their work.From this，it’s impossible to know what their true feelings are.Although they might be laughing on the outside，they might be crying on the inside.②How others are feeling is not something that we should make assumptions about，because it’s not always obvious ③who is truly happy.④What is certain is that comedians often use comedy to help them understand themselves and the world.In fact，being a comedian is a very serious job indeed.
[自主发现]
以上黑体部分均为主语从句，在整个句子中充当主语，一般放在句首，如②和④；也可以用形式主语it代替，而将从句后置，如①和③。
主语从句
一、定义
在主从复合句中充当主语的从句即为主语从句。主语从句可直接放在句首，也可用形式主语it代替，而将主语从句后置。
What made me embarrassed was that neither of them reacted to my question.
使我尴尬的是他们俩都没有对我的问题作出回应。
It worried the astronaut that her niece was always playing computer games.
侄女总是玩电脑游戏，这让这名宇航员很担心。
二、主语从句的引导词
类别 例词 句法功能
从属连词 that，whether/if 在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether/if表示“是否”。
连接代词 who，what，which，whoever，whatever等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
连接副词 when，why，where，how等 在从句中作时间、原因、地点、方式等状语成分。
1.从属连词that和whether/if
(1)that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，本身无任何意义，只起连接作用，但不可省略。
That the astronomers survived the accident in the circumstances is a miracle.
在这种情况下，天文学家们在事故中幸存下来简直是个奇迹。
(2)whether/if在从句中不充当任何句子成分，起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。
Whether the radiation will be controlled is still unknown.
＝It is still unknown if/whether the radiation will be controlled.
辐射是否会得到控制还是未知的。
2．连接代词(who，whose，whom，what，which，whichever，whoever，whomever，whatever等)
连接代词引导主语从句，在从句中可以作主语、宾语或定语等成分。
Whoever (of you) comes first will be admitted by this agency.
无论(你们中的)谁获得第一名都将被这家机构录取。
Who will be in charge of the administration is plain to see.
谁将负责这个行政部门是显而易见的。
Whatever you do in your spare time should do no harm to others.
无论你在空闲时间做什么都不能伤害其他人。
Whose carelessness spoilt the work must be made clear.
必须查清是谁的粗心破坏了工作。
3．连接副词(when，where，how，why等)
连接副词引导主语从句，在从句中作状语。
How this mission was accomplished is not clear to anyone.
这个任务是怎么完成的，谁也不清楚。
When we will have a meeting is an important question.
我们何时举行会议是个重要的问题。
Where the treasure was buried is still a puzzle.
财宝埋在哪里仍然是个谜。
[点津] 　主语从句中引导词的选择技巧：
(1)分析连接词在从句中所作的句子成分；
(2)分析从句的意义。
三、it作形式主语
当句子主语过长时，为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形式主语时常用于以下句型：
句型 说明
It＋be动词＋形容词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的形容词有important，(un)likely，possible，necessary，natural，wrong，vital等。
It＋be动词＋名词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的名词有fact，idea，honour，question，pity等。
It＋be动词＋过去分词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的过去分词有known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought，believed等。
It＋不及物动词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的不及物动词有appear，happen，seem，occur，matter等。
It is vital that we act to stop the destruction of the rainforests.
至关紧要的是，我们应当采取行动制止破坏雨林。
He is so diligent that it is no wonder that he is always getting a high remark.
他勤勤恳恳，所以总是得到很高的评价是不足为奇的。
It seems that it is going to rain.
看起来好像要下雨。
[点津] 　(1)在“It＋be动词＋过去分词＋主语从句”结构中，过去分词若为suggested/ordered/required/advised等词，主语从句中的谓语用“(should) do”。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。
(2)在“It＋be动词＋形容词＋主语从句”结构中，若形容词为important/necessary/strange/
essential等词，主语从句中的谓语用“(should) do”。
It is necessary that a scientist (should) know foreign languages.
科学家有必要懂外语。
四、考点警示
1．从句的语序：陈述语序
What we will do next should be decided.
应该决定我们下一步要做什么。
2．主谓一致
(1)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。
Where he will get a job after graduation has bothered him much.
毕业后到哪里找份工作使他很苦恼。
[点津] 　what和who引导主语从句时，有时主句的谓语动词应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。
What the school needs most are books.
这所学校最需要的是书。
(2)如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
他们将在什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。
When and where the movie will be shown is not clear.这部影片何时何地上映还不清楚。
3．whether引导的主语从句
如果用了形式主语it，引导词whether可以换成if。如果whether从句在句首或后面有or not时，则不能用if替换。
Whether genetically-modified food does us harm remains to be seen.
＝It remains to be seen whether/if genetically-modified food does us harm.
转基因食品对我们是否有害有待观察。
4．引导词that和what
引导词that在主语从句中不充当句子成分，也没有含义，不可以省略；what在主语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或者定语，有具体的含义。
What caused the accident was a man lying on the ground.
引起这起事故的是一个躺在地上的男人。
That she was at the entrance to the cinema then was a big surprise to me.
她当时在电影院入口处对我来说是一个非常大的惊喜。
Ⅰ.把下列各题中的两个简单句合并为一个含有主语从句的复合句
1．Why did they suddenly disappear？It still remains a mystery.
→Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
2．He said a lot at the meeting.His words were very attractive.
→What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
3．It was a pity.You missed such a good lecture.
→It was a pity that you missed such a good lecture.
4．We should practise oral English for an hour every day.It is our rule.
→It is our rule that we should practise oral English for an hour every day.
5．Shall we go for a picnic tomorrow？It depends on the weather.
→Whether we will go for a picnic tomorrow depends on the weather.
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用主语从句
Since he graduated from college，he had been in low spirits.1.What made him upset was(使他沮丧的是) that his mother was always complaining about something.His father had been out of work for a long time.It worried him 2.that his family would get into debt(他家将会负债) if he couldn’t find a suitable job.However，his parents didn’t understand 3.what he was thinking about(他正在考虑什么)．They often urged him to look for a job as soon as possible.It was really a problem for him 4.that he didn’t know how to communicate with his parents(他不知道如何和他父母交流).5.Whether he would find a job in the local factory(他是否将在当地的工厂找工作) was bothering him，for he planned to go to a bigger city.
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．Why John was late for the class is plain to see.
2．Who will be in charge of the company is being discussed.
3．Whoever is interested in the activity can sign his or her name.
4．What bothers me most is that he is too proud to take part in it.
5．Which part of the territory he will make his way to needs discussing.
6．That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.
7．Where/When the English Evening will be held has not yet been decided.
8．How the mission was done in such a short time was a permanent mystery.
9．Whether the astronomers will hold a party tomorrow or not depends on the weather.
10．It is ordered that the construction of the sports ground should be completed next week.
Ⅱ.单句写作(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．吃绿色蔬菜有助于增强体力，这一点已经得到证实。
That eating green vegetables contributes to building up strength has been proved.
2．(应用文写作之求助信)如何能提高英语口语对我来说仍然是一个难题，因此我写信向你求助。
How I can improve my spoken English is still a puzzle to me，so I am writing to ask for your help.
3．(读后续写之哭泣描写)他们所做的事情深深地感动了我们，我们的泪水止不住地往下流。
What they had done deeply moved us，our tears rolling down without control.
4．(读后续写之兴奋心理描写)约翰突然想到他可以做爆米花来帮助伯纳德，眼睛里闪烁着兴奋的光芒。
It occurred to/hit/struck John that he could make popcorn to help Bernard，with eyes glittering with excitement.
5．(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)不确定他是否能够成功地吓跑狼，他的心吓得狂跳。
It was uncertain whether/if he could successfully frighten away the wolf，his heart beating wildly with extreme fright.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Our ship sailed on the sea into the Earth’s night.Here，there was no visible light from the Sun or the Earth Engines.But as we looked up，we children saw the starry sky for the first time in our lives.How breathtakingly beautiful it was!
Ms Xing put an arm around us while pointing at the sky with her other hand.“Look，children! That is Proxima Centauri(比邻星)，our new home！” With these words，tears ran slowly down her face.Before long，we were all in tears—even the captain and crew.We all looked in the direction that Ms Xing was pointing.There was only one point of light among the twinkling stars that shined constantly：Proxima Centauri—the only source of hope and comfort for a hundred future generations.“Whatever risks we might take，we will finally make it there！” said the captain，in an assured voice.
On our way back from the sea，we saw the first sign that Earth had begun its journey.In the night sky，a huge comet had appeared.It was the Moon，abandoned by humankind.Lunar Engines had been installed to the Moon to force it out of its orbit so that a disastrous crash could be avoided as the Earth sped up and moved away.As it progressed，the gravitational tide of the Moon caused the ocean to swell，creating gigantic waves.We quickly got off the ship to our destination in the Southern Hemisphere.The next few days were the countdown to our departure.
Finally came the big day! As Earth Engines was set at a full power，we got immediately blinded by the bright light from it.This acceleration created massive tsunamis hundreds of meters high that crashed onto the coasts of every continent.Burning hot hurricanes roared through the boiling waves，screaming with wild fury and pulling up almost every tree on Earth.
Our Earth，with its blue tail cutting through the darkness of space，had set out on its long journey，and with it went all of humankind.
语篇解读　本文是记叙文，讲述了人类因为未知原因乘坐地球前往比邻星的故事。
1．Why did we all cry when looking up into the sky
A．Because we had to abandon the Earth.
B．Because we were fascinated by the stars.
C．Because we saw our new settlement.
D．Because we felt lonely in the universe.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“‘Look，children! That is Proxima Centauri(比邻星)，our new home！’...the only source of hope and comfort for a hundred future generations.”可知，因为“我们”看到了新的定居点，所以“我们”在仰望天空的时候激动得哭起来。故选C项。
2．What was the function of the Lunar Engines
A．To protect the Earth from a deadly impact.
B．To make sure the Moon runs in its orbit.
C．To keep the moon at the same speed as the Earth.
D．To shelter humans from the tide of the Moon.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Lunar Engines had been installed to the Moon to force it out of its orbit so that a disastrous crash could be avoided as the Earth sped up and moved away.”可知，月球引擎的功能是保护地球免受致命的撞击。故选A项。
3．Which of the following words can best describe the journey
A．Smooth and steady.
B．Endless and hopeless.
C．Exciting and entertaining.
D．Ambitious and adventurous.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段末句和最后一段可知，在前往比邻星的途中，人类顽强地带着地球一起踏上漫长而未知的旅途，这要克服重重困难，所以是雄心勃勃且富有冒险精神。故选D项。
4．Where is the text probably taken from
A．A personal diary.
B．A science fiction novel.
C．A travel magazine.
D．An academic article.
答案　B
解析　文章出处题。根据首尾两段以及纵观全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了人类乘坐地球前往比邻星的故事，所以应是出自一篇科幻小说。故选B项。
B(此篇精读)
When Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield looked at Earth，tears formed in his left eye.Within minutes，using the bridge of his nose like a waterfall，the tears spilled into① his right eye，until he couldn’t see.Fear should have paralyzed(使……不知所措) Hadfield since he was blind in space.Instead，Hadfield assessed his surroundings，evaluated the risk，trusted his training，and continued his spacewalk.Back in the spacecraft，he realized that an anti-fog solution(防雾液) had stimulated his eyes.Luckily，they were fine after a good cleaning.Hadfield returned to Earth with first-hand experience of space psychology in action.
Space psychology，a vital long-term field of study at NASA(美国宇航局)，which refers to applying psychology to human spaceflight，is gaining special importance as humans prepare for long-distance space travel.Clearly，space psychology matters on the journey to the Moon，Mars and beyond.But it’s also of great help to humans as we meet obstacles in our lives.According to Hadfield，we can learn from astronauts who practice what goes wrong and right，with the following suggestions.
In the language system used by NASA，attitude refers to a spacecraft’s positioning② in 3D space.To reach a destination，the spacecraft must be pointed in the right direction.They must have the correct “attitude”．Hadfield suggests that we view life the way NASA plans missions：with an attitude.Unexpected factors may change your path，but with the proper mindset③，they won’t change your course.
And，he classifies team members into three groups：Plus-ones(the high-performers)，Zeroes and Minus-ones(Liabilities 惹麻烦的人)．Hadfield encourages people to be Zeroes because they listen，learn，and contribute without conflict.Zeroes help build consensus(共识) in a group and have the potential to be plus-one performers.
Meanwhile，Hadfield says it’s important for astronauts to pay attention to even the small things as ignoring them could be dangerous.We can overcome our fears by learning as much as we can about them.So，we should prepare for situations that we know will make us anxious.Hadfield also suggests that we imagine what could go wrong as a way to be better prepared.
语篇解读　本文属于科普说明文。文章通过加拿大宇航员克里斯·哈德菲尔德的太空经历，介绍了太空心理学的重要性，并提出了应对生活挑战的心理策略。
5．What’s the purpose of mentioning Chris Hadfield’s space experience in the first paragraph
A．To explain how astronauts work in space.
B．To bring up the topic of space psychology.
C．To attract readers to know more about spacewalk.
D．To show Hadfield’s excellent performance in space.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段末句“Hadfield returned to Earth with first-hand experience of space psychology in action.”可知，提及他的太空经历是为了引出太空心理学这一话题。故选B项。
6．Why does the author think space psychology is important to us
A．Space psychology can greatly help us deal with life challenges.
B．Without space psychology，we couldn’t get to the Moon，Mars and beyond.
C．With space psychology，our course won’t be changed by unexpected factors.
D．Equipped with space psychology，astronauts can deal with any emergency calmly.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Clearly，space psychology matters on the journey to the Moon，Mars and beyond.But it’s also of great help to humans as we meet obstacles in our lives.”可知，作者认为太空心理学对于我们很重要，因为它能极大地帮助我们应对生活中的挑战。故选A项。
7．What kind of person does the underlined word “Zeroes” refer to in paragraph 4
A．The admirable performers.
B．Those who achieve nothing.
C．Capable workers who don’t cause problems.
D．Those who are always popular and get along well with others.
答案　C
解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段中“Hadfield encourages people to be Zeroes because they listen，learn，and contribute without conflict...be plus-one performers.”可知，哈德菲尔德鼓励人们成为Zeroes，因为他们倾听、学习，并且在不会起冲突的情况下做出贡献。Zeroes帮助团队达成共识，并有潜力成为优秀的表演者。由此可知，“Zeroes”指的是那些能够倾听、学习、做贡献而不引起冲突的人，即有能力的工作者，不会制造麻烦。故选C项。
8．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．It is easy for astronauts to ignore small things.
B．If you know well enough about fears，you will not feel anxious.
C．To get fully prepared，it is the best way to imagine what could go wrong.
D．It’s important to focus on the small details and get ready for anxious situations.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段前三句可推知，关注细节并为焦虑的情况做准备是很重要的。故选D项。
[语境猜词]
①spill into 涌入
②positioning n．安置，定位
③mindset n．思维倾向
[句式分析]
Space psychology，a vital long-term field of study at NASA，which refers to applying psychology to human spaceflight，is gaining special importance as humans prepare for long-distance space travel.
分析：此句为复合句。a vital long-term...为space psychology的同位语；which引导非限制性定语从句，space psychology为先行词，which在从句中作主语；as引导时间状语从句。
翻译：太空心理学，美国宇航局一个至关重要的长期研究领域，它指的是将心理学应用于人类太空飞行，随着人类为长途太空旅行做准备，正变得尤为重要。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another.It has two kinds—natural satellites and artificial satellites. 1 while artificial satellites are those made by man.
Despite their widespread impact on daily life，artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups.On the outside，they may look like a wheel，equipped with solar panels or sails.Inside， 2 ，which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work.Among them，high-resolution(高清晰度的) cameras and communication electronics are typical ones.Besides，the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.
puters function as the satellite’s brain，which receive information，interpret it，and send messages back to the earth.Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellite’s eyes.Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light，heat，and gases，but also record changes in what is being observed.Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth.Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment.
Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. 4 .To stay in the earth’s orbit，the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity.The satellite’s speed works against Earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.
Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits，based on the tasks they need to perform. 5 ，which can be 200－500 miles high.The closer to the earth，the stronger the gravity is.Therefore，these satellites must travel at about 17,500 miles per hour to keep themselves from falling back to the earth，while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.
A．Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit
B．Artificial satellites come in many shapes and size
C．Examples of natural satellites are the Earth and Moon
D．they have different tools to perform different functions
E．the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments
F．Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet
G．Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人造卫星的组成、运行方式和速度等基本情况。
1．答案　C
解析　上文提到卫星有两种，天然卫星和人造卫星，下文提到人造卫星，空处应该解释什么是天然卫星。C项“天然卫星的例子是地球和月球”符合语境。故选C。
2．答案　E
解析　上文提到人造卫星的外部构造，并由下文“which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work”可知，空处应该讲内部包含什么仪器。E项“卫星载有特定任务的科学仪器”符合语境。故选E。
3．答案　G
解析　下文详细描述了人造卫星的组成部分以及它们的功能，并将这些部分形象地比喻为人体的各个器官，它们协同工作，使得人造卫星能够执行各种任务。因此，G项“人造卫星像人类一样以系统的方式运作”符合语境。故选G。
4．答案　F
解析　本段话题词是gravity，下文提到人造卫星需要调整速度来对抗地球的引力，以保持轨道稳定。空处需要解释为什么需要这样做，F项“地球的引力把所有东西都拉向地球的中心”解释了原因，符合语境。故选F。
5．答案　A
解析　根据下文“which can be 200－500 miles high”可知，空处需要引出这些卫星的轨道高度。A项“靠近地球的卫星在近地轨道上”符合语境。故选A。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Experts say the bee population is getting smaller because of climate change and other human-caused 1. (activity)．We are building houses and cities on land where they live，and using chemicals 2. are killing them.Last winter，U.S.beekeepers lost almost 40% of their colonies(蜂群)，3. (make) them suffer great losses.
Thiele,4. beekeeper，says the usual ways people raise honey bees 5.__________(be) bad for their health.He rejects the white boxes that 6. (tradition) beekeepers use.He also refuses to use chemicals，smoke or protective clothing when he works with bees.He touches them 7. his bare hands.Thiele says his hives(蜂巢) are both a way to save bees and a personal project.
When bees crawled(爬) over his hands and arms，he said，“It feels so close and I feel how 8.__________(deep) we belong and how important it is 9. (keep) them safe from harm.”
He adds that honey bees show how fragile the life is.He makes a 10. (far) remark，“As if they are really mirroring where we are at this time on this planet.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了气候变化和其他人为活动导致蜜蜂数量的减少以及养蜂人蒂勒独特的养蜂方法与感悟。
1．答案　activities
解析　考查名词复数。此处other修饰可数名词复数，故填activities。
2．答案　that/which
解析　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为chemicals，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
3．答案　making
解析　考查非谓语动词。空前是一个完整的句子，此处应用非谓语动词作状语，根据句意判断，此处应用现在分词作结果状语。
4．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。beekeeper是发音以辅音音素开头的可数名词，此处表泛指，需要用不定冠词a修饰，故填a。
5．答案　are
解析　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为the usual ways，是复数形式，故填are。
6．答案　traditional
解析　考查形容词。修饰名词beekeepers用形容词，故填traditional。
7．答案　with
解析　考查介词。分析句子结构可知此处需要填介词，根据句意可知此处表示“用”，故填with。
8．答案　deeply
解析　考查副词。修饰动词belong用副词，故填deeply。
9．答案　to keep
解析　考查非谓语动词。it is＋adj.＋to do sth表示“做某事是……的”，it为形式主语，后面的不定式是真正的主语，故填to keep。
10．答案　further
解析　考查形容词比较级。上一句说他补充说蜜蜂显示了生命是多么脆弱，此处有一个隐晦的比较意义，表示“进一步说”，故填further。

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