资源简介

(共69张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Predicative clauses
Back to the past
Unit 3
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，找出含有表语从句的句子，并画出连接词。
Sima Qian，one of the greatest historians in Chinese history，was born in either 145 or 135 BCE.Influenced by his father，who was also a historian，Sima Qian took an interest in history when he was a child.He learnt Chinese classics from great literary masters，and at the age of 20，he began travelling extensively across the country.He interviewed the local people to get a wide range of information.Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.After his father died，Sima Qian succeeded his father as Grand Historian，which facilitated his access to official books and files.However，his work proved difficult，because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts.His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
As he carried on with his work，something awful happened to Sima Qian.He was put in prison，where he suffered a lot of pain physically and mentally.However，he was not defeated.He never forgot about his father’s dream，in good times or bad times.After more than ten years of hard work，the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian)，his masterpiece，was completed.
答案　1.Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
2.His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.
3.His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
返 回
语法精讲
表语从句
一、表语从句的概述
表语从句
概念 在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。
连接词 连接代词 what(ever)，which(ever)，who(ever)，whom(ever)，whose
连接副词 when，where，why，how
从属连词 that，whether
其他 as if/though，because
语序 陈述语序：连接词＋主语＋谓语
二、表语从句的用法
(一)连接词的意义和用法
1.从属连词
(1)that本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
The trouble is that she hasn’t found enough proofs.
麻烦是她还没有找到足够的证据。
(2)whether意为“是否”，但不充当句子成分；if不可引导表语从句。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题是我们能否在明晚以前完成我们的工作。
2.连接代词
连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。
What worries us most is who let out the secret.
最令我们担忧的是谁泄露了秘密。
The problem is whose work is the best among the mechanics.
问题是在这些技工中谁的工作最出色。
I read about it in some book or another，but what I don’t know is which (book) it is.
我在某本书或另一本书上看到过这件事，但我不知道是哪一本。
[点津]
what在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么，什么样子”或“所……的(人或事)”。
The question is what caused the accident.
问题是什么造成了这次事故。
Patience is a good virtue and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
耐心是一种美德，这是做好任何事情所需要的。
To my astonishment，the building is no longer what it used to be.
令我惊讶的是，这座建筑已经不是以前的样子了。
3.连接副词
连接副词when，where，why，how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。
That’s where the famous astronomer is wrong.
那就是这位著名的天文学家不对的地方。
What puzzles Lily’s friends is why she always has so many crazy ideas.
使莉莉的朋友们困惑的是她为什么总有那么多疯狂的想法。
4.其他
as if/though意为“好像”。
It looked as if/though she had forgotten how to breathe.
她看上去就好像是忘了如何呼吸。
[点津]
1.That’s why...那就是……的原因(why从句表示结果)
2.That’s because...那是因为……(because从句表示原因)
3.The reason why...is/was that...……的原因是……(主语是reason，表语从句常用that引导，而不用because)
English has many borrowed words；that’s why it is rather confusing to learners.
英语有很多外来词；那就是让学习者感到非常困惑的原因。
—I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply.
—Oh，that was probably because I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
——我今天上午10点左右给你办公室打电话，但是没有人接。
——哦，那可能是因为我正在探望一位住院的朋友。
The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。
(二)注意事项
1.表语从句采用陈述语序，即连接词＋主语＋谓语
(疑问语序)Who can we get to replace her
我们让谁代替她呢？
(表语从句中的陈述语序)The problem is who we can get to replace her.
问题是我们让谁代替她。
2.表语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)如果主语是advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order等时，表语从句中谓语动词的形式：(should＋)动词原形。
My suggestion is that you (should) take in foods high in protein.
我的建议是你应该摄入富含蛋白质的食物。
(2)as if/though引导的表语从句中虚拟语气形式如下：
①从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had done；
②从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式，be动词用were；
③从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用would/could/might＋do。
She looks as if she were ten years younger.
她看起来好像年轻了十岁。
It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the English Channel.
看来要有一场激动人心的横渡英吉利海峡的比赛了。
I felt as if I had done something wrong.
我觉得我好像做错了什么事。
返 回
达标检测
悲伤的泪水顺着我的脸颊流淌。这是因为我的英语没考及格。似乎我陷入了绝望的世界。关键问题是我完全失去了信心。
Tears of sadness poured down my cheeks.This was 1.______________
.It seemed 2.___________________________________
.The key problem was 3. .
because I failed
完成语段
in the English exam
as if/though I were thrown into the world
of hopelessness
that I completely lost confidence
我去向我的英语老师寻求帮助，我的英语老师的建议是我应该多记单词。最重要的是我如何把所学的知识应用到实践中。老师的话给了我很大的启发，我脸上又露出了笑容。
I turned to my English teacher for help，and my English teacher’s suggestion was 4. .The most important was 5. .What my teacher said inspired me a lot and a smile appeared on my face again.
that I (should) memorize more words
返 回
how I could apply whatever I learned to practice
作业3
1.The problem is is really fit for the hard job.
2.What I want to know is you can accept my invitation.
3.The reason for your mistake is you lack confidence in yourself.
4.The important thing is name should be put on the top of the list.
5.The most exciting moment in my life was I was awarded the prize.
6.Chongqing is my grandpa and grandma were born and brought up.
who
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空
whether
that
whose
when
where
7.The tiger is stands for strength and energy in traditional Chinese culture.
8.The difficulty we now meet with is we can persuade him to tell us the truth.
9.However，the fact is forests play a vital role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
10.The reason I’m writing to apply for the job is I have a good command of English and am easy to get along with.
what
how
that
why
that
1.事实是他非常有资格担任报纸上刊登的职位。
The fact is advertised in the newspaper.
2.首先，这正是英国游客所期望的。
Firstly，this is precisely .
3.好像他对此事故一无所知。
It seems .
Ⅱ.完成句子
that he is quite qualified for the position
what the British visitors are expecting
as if/though he knew nothing about the accident
4.我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
My advice is .
5.我非常高兴。这是因为我在上周日举行的演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。
I am wild with joy. in the speech competition held last Sunday.
that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible
This is because I have won first prize
A
Perhaps one of the most famous sayings in China is，“Worry before all others worry; rejoice after all others have rejoiced.” Written by Fan Zhongyan，this 11th-century proverb provides a goal for all Chinese government officials to aspire to.
语篇解读　这是一篇人物传记。文章介绍了中国历史人物范仲淹。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
Fan Zhongyan(989－1052) himself was a good example of someone who lived by these words.When he was just one or two years old，his father died and his mother married another man，but he was always content with what he had.
From a very young age，he was very diligent in his schoolwork.In 1015，Fan passed the imperial examination(科举考试) and became a government official.While serving in Taizhou，he always had the people’s best interest at heart，and he proposed building a sea wall(海堤) to protect homes from flooding.Serving with distinction，he helped build up defenses when the country was threatened by war.Then，once the country was at peace again，he was promoted to a high-level position in the capital.
As an advisor to the emperor，Fan then tried to institute(实行) government reforms.However，many conservative officials opposed him，so the reforms were stopped and Fan was forced to go into exile(流放).While in exile in 1046，Fan wrote an essay entitled Memorial to Yueyang Tower.In the essay，he wondered if it was possible to find government officials who would be firm in their desire to look after the needs of the common people，and not worry about their own personal welfare.
After retiring，he bought a farm and used it to provide jobs for local people.The profits from the farm were then used to pay for the education of poor children.
It is refreshing to think that there was once such a person who did not just speak wise words to live by，but also put those words into practice during his own life.
1.How does the author introduce the topic of the passage
A.By using a quote.
B.By giving examples.
C.By providing data.
D.By making comparisons.
推理判断题。由第一段中“Perhaps one of the most famous sayings in China is，‘Worry before all others worry; rejoice after all others have rejoiced.’”可知，作者通过引用范仲淹的名句“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”来引入文章主题。故选A项。
解析
√
2.What’s the right order of the events
①Fan suggested building a sea wall in Taizhou.
②Fan wrote the essay Memorial to Yueyang Tower.　③Fan’s father passed away.　④Fan retired and bought a farm.
A.③①②④ B.①②③④
C.③①④② D.①②④③
√
细节理解题。由第二段中“When he was just one or two years old，his father died...”，第三段中“While serving in Taizhou...he proposed building a sea wall(海堤) to protect homes from flooding.”，第四段中“While in exile in 1046，Fan wrote an essay entitled Memorial to Yueyang Tower.”和第五段中“After retiring，he bought a farm and used it to provide jobs for local people.”可知，时间发生的顺序为③①②④。故选A项。
解析
3.What did Fan express in his famous essay
A.His concern about the needs of the common people.
B.His determination to set a good example for government officials.
C.His hope to find government officials looking after common people.
D.His desire to find government officials putting people’s needs above
their own welfare.
√
细节理解题。由第四段中“In the essay...look after the needs of the common people，and not worry about their own personal welfare.”可知，他想知道是否能找到这样的政府官员，他们会坚定地照顾老百姓的需求，而不担心自己的个人福利。由此可知，范仲淹想找到将人民的利益放在自身利益之上的政府官员。故选D项。
解析
4.What qualities can best describe Fan Zhongyan according to the passage
A.Loving and demanding.
B.Selfless and devoted.
C.Modest and hard-working.
D.Strong-willed and tolerant.
推理判断题。由第一段中“Worry before all others worry; rejoice after all others have rejoiced.”和倒数第二段“After retiring，he bought a farm...to pay for the education of poor children.”可知，文章通过对范仲淹的生平、成就及他的著作《岳阳楼记》的介绍，描述了范仲淹无私且甘于奉献的品质。故选B项。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
All the Beauty in the World，Patrick Bringley’s memoir(回忆录) about his 10 years working as a guard at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art(Met)，brings new meaning to the term “art appreciation”.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了Patrick Bringley所著的回忆录《这世间一切的美》，这本书记录了他在纽约大都会艺术博物馆当警卫时的所见所感，为“艺术欣赏”一词带来了新的意义。
Bringley is not the only Met staffer to write about the institution.But Bringley’s “guard’s-eye view” is unique，and he presents his personal story with sincerity①.After his brother Tom’s death in 2008，Bringley gave up his job as a journalist for a job in which “I was happy to be going nowhere”.He explains，“I had lost someone.I did not wish to move on from that.In a sense，I didn’t wish to move at all.”
All the Beauty in the World offers well-chosen cases about the museum to support Bringley’s personal tale.The Met opened in 1880 and has since expanded to more than 2.5 million square feet—“the size of about 3,000 average New York apartments”.The “salmon run(鲑鱼回游) of visitors” that goes up the Grand Staircase every morning when the museum opens adds up to a crowd of nearly 7 million visitors a year.
As interesting as these facts are，it’s Bringley’s reflections on dozens of individual paintings，photographs，sculptures and ancient artifacts that turn this book into a tribute(致敬) to the power of art.I think that “sometimes we need permission to stop and adore② things，and a work of art gives us that”.In a Vermeer portrait of a dozing③ maidservant，he is moved to see that the artist captured “that feeling we sometimes have that a private setting possesses a holiness④ of its own.It was my constant feeling in Tom’s hospital room.”
As rich in moving insights as the Met is in treasures，All the Beauty in the World reminds us of the importance of learning not “about art，but from it” and attaining peace into art.This is art appreciation at a deep level.
5.What sets All the Beauty in the World apart from other books written by Met staffers
A.Bringley’s writing perspective.
B.Bringley’s analysis of visitors.
C.Bringley’s focus on MET’s history.
D.Bringley’s introduction to artworks.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Bringley is not the only Met staffer to write about the institution.But Bringley’s ‘guard’s-eye view’ is unique，and he presents his personal story with sincerity.”可知，Bringley独一无二的写作视角是让这本书有别于其他大都会艺术博物馆工作人员所写的书的地方。故选A项。
解析
6.What caused Bringley to change his job according to his words
A.His hobby from childhood.
B.His failure as a journalist.
C.Loss of his beloved brother.
D.His ambition of being great.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“After his brother Tom’s death in 2008，Bringley gave up his job as a journalist for a job in which ‘I was happy to be going nowhere’.”可知，Bringley决定换工作是因为他心爱的哥哥去世了。故选C项。
解析
√
7.What is paragraph 4 mainly about regarding the book
A.An account of Met’s development.
B.An introduction to recognized artists.
C.Bringley’s interpretations of individual artworks.
D.Bringley’s review of the impact of technology on art.
√
段落大意题。根据第四段的“As interesting as these facts are，it’s Bringley’s reflections on dozens of individual paintings，photographs，sculptures and ancient artifacts that turn this book into a tribute(致敬) to the power of art.I think that ‘sometimes we need permission to stop and adore things，and a work of art gives us that’.”以及下面具体的例子可知，本段主要讲Bringley对个人艺术作品的解读。故选C项。
解析
8.What can be the best title of this passage
A.Learn from Art，Find Peace
B.Appreciate Life，Know Art
C.Little-known Facts About the Met
D.Inner Worlds of the Famous Artists
√
标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“As rich in moving insights as the Met is in treasures，All the Beauty in the World reminds us of the importance of learning not ‘about art，but from it’ and attaining peace into art.This is art appreciation at a deep level.”由此可推测出，A项“Learn from Art，Find Peace”最适合作本文标题。故选A项。
解析
①sincerity (派)＝sincer(e)＋ity n._____
②adore v.____________
③doze v.___________
④holiness n._______
语境猜词
真诚
崇拜；热爱
打盹；小睡
神圣
The “salmon run of visitors” that goes up the Grand Staircase every morning when the museum opens adds up to a crowd of nearly 7 million visitors a year.
分析：此句为 句。that引导 从句，visitors作先行词，that在从句中作 ；when在定语从句中引导 从句。
翻译：________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
句式分析
复合
定语
主语
时间状语
每天早晨博物馆开门时，如“鲑鱼回游” 般涌上大楼梯的游客，一年累计起来将近有 700 万人次。
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了校车的起源以及其发展的过程。
The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages(四轮马车) known as “school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana.
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
1
A.Horses were easy to control.
B.Not all chose to paint their buses yellow.
C.The reason why the colour was chosen was simple.
D.Before then，many children simply walked to school.
E.Now，school buses have had many more improvements.
F.The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.
G.Before long，Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus
body with safety glass windows.
√
根据上文“The history of the school bus can date back to 1886...”可知，该句讲述了校车的出现时间；选项D“Before then，many children simply walked to school.(在此之前，许多孩子只是步行上学。)”说明了在校车出现之前孩子们是如何上学的，承接上文。故选D。
解析
In the early 1900s，the car industry was beginning to develop fast.This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages. 2 But the design remained mostly the same as that of the previous ones，with students sitting along the walls of the bus while facing inside.
A.Horses were easy to control.
B.Not all chose to paint their buses yellow.
C.The reason why the colour was chosen was simple.
D.Before then，many children simply walked to school.
E.Now，school buses have had many more improvements.
F.The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.
G.Before long，Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body
with safety glass windows.
√
根据上文可知，20世纪初汽车工业开始迅速发展，这让Wayne Works公司有机会来改进其车厢。选项F“The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.”具体描述了Wayne Works公司是如何改进校车的，承接上文；下文又指出了改进后的校车在设计上与之前相同，两句为转折关系，语意合理。故选F。
解析
A.Horses were easy to control.
B.Not all chose to paint their buses yellow.
C.The reason why the colour was chosen was simple.
D.Before then，many children simply walked to school.
E.Now，school buses have had many more improvements.
F.The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.
G.Before long，Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body
with safety glass windows.
In 1927，a man built the first bus that primarily used steel. 3 Still，parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety.This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939，when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards.
√
根据上文“In 1927，a man built the first bus that primarily used steel.”可知，在1927年，有人制造出了第一辆主要采用钢铁材料的公共汽车。选项G进一步提出在1927年采用钢铁材料的公共汽车问世后不久，Wayne Works公司就推出了第一辆全钢车身的校车，并配备了安全玻璃车窗，承接上文。故选G。
解析
A.Horses were easy to control.
B.Not all chose to paint their buses yellow.
C.The reason why the colour was chosen was simple.
D.Before then，many children simply walked to school.
E.Now，school buses have had many more improvements.
F.The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.
G.Before long，Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body
with safety glass windows.
Many new national standards were created，determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow colour that school buses still sport today. 4 Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings.The colour is easy to see in the early morning and evening light when school buses usually operate.
√
上文“Many new national standards were created，determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow colour that school buses still sport today.”提到从座椅设计到校车沿用至今的著名黄色，这些标准决定了一切。C项提到了校车使用黄色是有原因的；下一句具体说明了校车使用黄色的原因，故选项C承上启下，符合语意。故选C。
解析
A.Horses were easy to control.
B.Not all chose to paint their buses yellow.
C.The reason why the colour was chosen was simple.
D.Before then，many children simply walked to school.
E.Now，school buses have had many more improvements.
F.The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.
G.Before long，Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body
with safety glass windows.
5 For example，a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel economy，be easier to drive，etc.The most creative approach among all of these is probably a kind of stop signal arm that warns traffic of a stop in progress，which states began to require in the early 1950s.
√
空处为最后一段段落主题句。根据下一句“For example，a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel economy，be easier to drive，etc.”可知，下文举例说明了如今校车已经做出的改进，选项E“Now，school buses have had many more improvements.”概括说明了校车已有了更多改进，符合段落主题。故选E。
解析
Xu Xiake was born in 1587,1. parents were rich landowners.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国古代著名的探险家——徐霞客。
whose
考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，代替先行词在从句中作定语修饰名词parents，应用关系代词whose作引导词。故填whose。
解析
Ⅴ.语法填空
Yet he gave up a 2. (comfort) life，and decided to explore the mountains and rivers on foot.
comfortable
考查形容词。修饰名词life，表示“舒适的”需用形容词comfortable，作定语。故填comfortable。
解析
China has more famous 3. (explore).
explorers
考查名词。结合下文“Zhang Qian”可知，表示“探险家”用名词explorer，可数名词，被more修饰用其复数形式。故填explorers。
解析
There was：Zhang Qian，who traveled into Central Asia during the second century BC，opening a trade road that became 4. is known as the Silk Road.
what
考查表语从句。空处引导表语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，需用连接代词what引导。故填what。
解析
Or Zheng He，the sailor who in the 15th century sailed as far away as Africa.Yet these explorations 5. (support) by governments.
Xu was totally different.
were supported
考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。此处陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时；主语these explorations和support之间为被动关系，需用被动语态；主语为复数名词，be动词用were。故填were supported。
解析
“On the surface，Xu’s travels can neither be classified as great affairs of state 6. great adventures that changed the course of history，” writes cultural historian Cheng Pei-kai.“Xu travelled to satisfy his own curiosity.”
nor
考查固定搭配。neither...nor...既不……也不……，是固定搭配。故填nor。
解析
Scholar Julian Ward agrees，describing the lonely Chinese wanderer like the Middle Kingdom’s version of John Muir：“Deep in love 7._____
nature and eager to find freedom from worldly concerns，Xu was a man addicted to 8. (see) and describing the landscape.”
with
7.考查介词。in love with“爱上……”，是固定搭配。故填with。
8.考查非谓语动词。be addicted to“沉溺于，痴迷于”中to是介词，故空处用提示词的动名词形式作宾语。故填seeing。
解析
seeing
“The few coins 9. (slip) from a hole in my pocket while I was climbing a mountain in Yunnan.
slipped
考查时态。空处为主句的谓语动词，根据空后的时间状语从句“while I was climbing a mountain in Yunnan”可知，该句叙述的是过去发生的事，故用所给动词的过去式。故填slipped。
解析
When I finally managed to the town，I sold all my clothes，bought myself a bottle of wine and a good dinner 10. (celebrate) my survival，” the dreamy explorer wrote in his diaries，which mix details of geology，geography and botany with such personal travel experiences.
to celebrate
考查非谓语动词。空处作目的状语，需填动词不定式。故填to celebrate。
解析
返 回
本课结束Period 3　Grammar and usage—Predicative clauses
阅读以下短文，找出含有表语从句的句子，并画出连接词。
Sima Qian，one of the greatest historians in Chinese history，was born in either 145 or 135 BCE.Influenced by his father，who was also a historian，Sima Qian took an interest in history when he was a child.He learnt Chinese classics from great literary masters，and at the age of 20，he began travelling extensively across the country.He interviewed the local people to get a wide range of information.Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.After his father died，Sima Qian succeeded his father as Grand Historian，which facilitated his access to official books and files.However，his work proved difficult，because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts.His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
As he carried on with his work，something awful happened to Sima Qian.He was put in prison，where he suffered a lot of pain physically and mentally.However，he was not defeated.He never forgot about his father’s dream，in good times or bad times.After more than ten years of hard work，the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian)，his masterpiece，was completed.
答案　1.Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
2．His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.
3．His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
表语从句
一、表语从句的概述
表语从句
概念 在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。
连接词 连接代词 what(ever)，which(ever)，who(ever)，whom(ever)，whose
连接副词 when，where，why，how
从属连词 that，whether
其他 as if/though，because
语序 陈述语序：连接词＋主语＋谓语
二、表语从句的用法
(一)连接词的意义和用法
1．从属连词
(1)that本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
The trouble is that she hasn’t found enough proofs.麻烦是她还没有找到足够的证据。
(2)whether意为“是否”，但不充当句子成分；if不可引导表语从句。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题是我们能否在明晚以前完成我们的工作。
2．连接代词
连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。
What worries us most is who let out the secret.
最令我们担忧的是谁泄露了秘密。
The problem is whose work is the best among the mechanics.
问题是在这些技工中谁的工作最出色。
I read about it in some book or another，but what I don’t know is which (book) it is.
我在某本书或另一本书上看到过这件事，但我不知道是哪一本。
[点津]
what在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么，什么样子”或“所……的(人或事)”。
The question is what caused the accident.
问题是什么造成了这次事故。
Patience is a good virtue and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
耐心是一种美德，这是做好任何事情所需要的。
To my astonishment，the building is no longer what it used to be.
令我惊讶的是，这座建筑已经不是以前的样子了。
3．连接副词
连接副词when，where，why，how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。
That’s where the famous astronomer is wrong.
那就是这位著名的天文学家不对的地方。
What puzzles Lily’s friends is why she always has so many crazy ideas.
使莉莉的朋友们困惑的是她为什么总有那么多疯狂的想法。
4．其他
as if/though意为“好像”。
It looked as if/though she had forgotten how to breathe.
她看上去就好像是忘了如何呼吸。
[点津]
1．That’s why...那就是……的原因(why从句表示结果)
2．That’s because...那是因为……(because从句表示原因)
3．The reason why...is/was that...……的原因是……(主语是reason，表语从句常用that引导，而不用because)
English has many borrowed words；that’s why it is rather confusing to learners.
英语有很多外来词；那就是让学习者感到非常困惑的原因。
—I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply.
—Oh，that was probably because I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
——我今天上午10点左右给你办公室打电话，但是没有人接。
——哦，那可能是因为我正在探望一位住院的朋友。
The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。
(二)注意事项
1．表语从句采用陈述语序，即连接词＋主语＋谓语
(疑问语序)Who can we get to replace her
我们让谁代替她呢？
(表语从句中的陈述语序)The problem is who we can get to replace her.
问题是我们让谁代替她。
2．表语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)如果主语是advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order等时，表语从句中谓语动词的形式：(should＋)动词原形。
My suggestion is that you (should) take in foods high in protein.
我的建议是你应该摄入富含蛋白质的食物。
(2)as if/though引导的表语从句中虚拟语气形式如下：
①从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had done；
②从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式，be动词用were；
③从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用would/could/might＋do。
She looks as if she were ten years younger.
她看起来好像年轻了十岁。
It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the English Channel.
看来要有一场激动人心的横渡英吉利海峡的比赛了。
I felt as if I had done something wrong.
我觉得我好像做错了什么事。
完成语段
悲伤的泪水顺着我的脸颊流淌。这是因为我的英语没考及格。似乎我陷入了绝望的世界。关键问题是我完全失去了信心。我去向我的英语老师寻求帮助，我的英语老师的建议是我应该多记单词。最重要的是我如何把所学的知识应用到实践中。老师的话给了我很大的启发，我脸上又露出了笑容。
Tears of sadness poured down my cheeks.This was 1.because I failed in the English exam.It seemed 2.as if/though I were thrown into the world of hopelessness.The key problem was 3.that I completely lost confidence.I turned to my English teacher for help，and my English teacher’s suggestion was 4.that I (should) memorize more words.The most important was 5.how I could apply whatever I learned to practice.What my teacher said inspired me a lot and a smile appeared on my face again.
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值：82.5分]
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)
1．The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
2．What I want to know is whether you can accept my invitation.
3．The reason for your mistake is that you lack confidence in yourself.
4．The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list.
5．The most exciting moment in my life was when I was awarded the prize.
6．Chongqing is where my grandpa and grandma were born and brought up.
7．The tiger is what stands for strength and energy in traditional Chinese culture.
8．The difficulty we now meet with is how we can persuade him to tell us the truth.
9．However，the fact is that forests play a vital role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
10．The reason why I’m writing to apply for the job is that I have a good command of English and am easy to get along with.
Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．事实是他非常有资格担任报纸上刊登的职位。
The fact is that he is quite qualified for the position advertised in the newspaper.
2．首先，这正是英国游客所期望的。
Firstly，this is precisely what the British visitors are expecting.
3．好像他对此事故一无所知。
It seems as if/though he knew nothing about the accident.
4．我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
5．我非常高兴。这是因为我在上周日举行的演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。
I am wild with joy.This is because I have won first prize in the speech competition held last Sunday.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Perhaps one of the most famous sayings in China is，“Worry before all others worry; rejoice after all others have rejoiced.” Written by Fan Zhongyan，this 11th-century proverb provides a goal for all Chinese government officials to aspire to.
Fan Zhongyan(989－1052) himself was a good example of someone who lived by these words.When he was just one or two years old，his father died and his mother married another man，but he was always content with what he had.
From a very young age，he was very diligent in his schoolwork.In 1015，Fan passed the imperial examination(科举考试) and became a government official.While serving in Taizhou，he always had the people’s best interest at heart，and he proposed building a sea wall(海堤) to protect homes from flooding.Serving with distinction，he helped build up defenses when the country was threatened by war.Then，once the country was at peace again，he was promoted to a high-level position in the capital.
As an advisor to the emperor，Fan then tried to institute(实行) government reforms.However，many conservative officials opposed him，so the reforms were stopped and Fan was forced to go into exile(流放)．While in exile in 1046，Fan wrote an essay entitled Memorial to Yueyang Tower.In the essay，he wondered if it was possible to find government officials who would be firm in their desire to look after the needs of the common people，and not worry about their own personal welfare.
After retiring，he bought a farm and used it to provide jobs for local people.The profits from the farm were then used to pay for the education of poor children.
It is refreshing to think that there was once such a person who did not just speak wise words to live by，but also put those words into practice during his own life.
语篇解读　这是一篇人物传记。文章介绍了中国历史人物范仲淹。
1．How does the author introduce the topic of the passage
A．By using a quote.
B．By giving examples.
C．By providing data.
D．By making comparisons.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。由第一段中“Perhaps one of the most famous sayings in China is，‘Worry before all others worry; rejoice after all others have rejoiced.’”可知，作者通过引用范仲淹的名句“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”来引入文章主题。故选A项。
2．What’s the right order of the events
①Fan suggested building a sea wall in Taizhou.
②Fan wrote the essay Memorial to Yueyang Tower.　③Fan’s father passed away.　④Fan retired and bought a farm.
A．③①②④ B．①②③④
C．③①④② D．①②④③
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由第二段中“When he was just one or two years old，his father died...”，第三段中“While serving in Taizhou...he proposed building a sea wall(海堤) to protect homes from flooding.”，第四段中“While in exile in 1046，Fan wrote an essay entitled Memorial to Yueyang Tower.”和第五段中“After retiring，he bought a farm and used it to provide jobs for local people.”可知，时间发生的顺序为③①②④。故选A项。
3．What did Fan express in his famous essay
A．His concern about the needs of the common people.
B．His determination to set a good example for government officials.
C．His hope to find government officials looking after common people.
D．His desire to find government officials putting people’s needs above their own welfare.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。由第四段中“In the essay...look after the needs of the common people，and not worry about their own personal welfare.”可知，他想知道是否能找到这样的政府官员，他们会坚定地照顾老百姓的需求，而不担心自己的个人福利。由此可知，范仲淹想找到将人民的利益放在自身利益之上的政府官员。故选D项。
4．What qualities can best describe Fan Zhongyan according to the passage
A．Loving and demanding.
B．Selfless and devoted.
C．Modest and hard-working.
D．Strong-willed and tolerant.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。由第一段中“Worry before all others worry; rejoice after all others have rejoiced.”和倒数第二段“After retiring，he bought a farm...to pay for the education of poor children.”可知，文章通过对范仲淹的生平、成就及他的著作《岳阳楼记》的介绍，描述了范仲淹无私且甘于奉献的品质。故选B项。
B(此篇精读)
All the Beauty in the World，Patrick Bringley’s memoir(回忆录) about his 10 years working as a guard at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art(Met)，brings new meaning to the term “art appreciation”．
Bringley is not the only Met staffer to write about the institution.But Bringley’s “guard’s-eye view” is unique，and he presents his personal story with sincerity①.After his brother Tom’s death in 2008，Bringley gave up his job as a journalist for a job in which “I was happy to be going nowhere”．He explains，“I had lost someone.I did not wish to move on from that.In a sense，I didn’t wish to move at all.”
All the Beauty in the World offers well-chosen cases about the museum to support Bringley’s personal tale.The Met opened in 1880 and has since expanded to more than 2.5 million square feet—“the size of about 3,000 average New York apartments”．The “salmon run(鲑鱼回游) of visitors” that goes up the Grand Staircase every morning when the museum opens adds up to a crowd of nearly 7 million visitors a year.
As interesting as these facts are，it’s Bringley’s reflections on dozens of individual paintings，photographs，sculptures and ancient artifacts that turn this book into a tribute(致敬) to the power of art.I think that “sometimes we need permission to stop and adore② things，and a work of art gives us that”．In a Vermeer portrait of a dozing③ maidservant，he is moved to see that the artist captured “that feeling we sometimes have that a private setting possesses a holiness④ of its own.It was my constant feeling in Tom’s hospital room.”
As rich in moving insights as the Met is in treasures，All the Beauty in the World reminds us of the importance of learning not “about art，but from it” and attaining peace into art.This is art appreciation at a deep level.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了Patrick Bringley所著的回忆录《这世间一切的美》，这本书记录了他在纽约大都会艺术博物馆当警卫时的所见所感，为“艺术欣赏”一词带来了新的意义。
5．What sets All the Beauty in the World apart from other books written by Met staffers
A．Bringley’s writing perspective.
B．Bringley’s analysis of visitors.
C．Bringley’s focus on MET’s history.
D．Bringley’s introduction to artworks.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Bringley is not the only Met staffer to write about the institution.But Bringley’s ‘guard’s-eye view’ is unique，and he presents his personal story with sincerity.”可知，Bringley独一无二的写作视角是让这本书有别于其他大都会艺术博物馆工作人员所写的书的地方。故选A项。
6．What caused Bringley to change his job according to his words
A．His hobby from childhood.
B．His failure as a journalist.
C．Loss of his beloved brother.
D．His ambition of being great.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“After his brother Tom’s death in 2008，Bringley gave up his job as a journalist for a job in which ‘I was happy to be going nowhere’．”可知，Bringley决定换工作是因为他心爱的哥哥去世了。故选C项。
7．What is paragraph 4 mainly about regarding the book
A．An account of Met’s development.
B．An introduction to recognized artists.
C．Bringley’s interpretations of individual artworks.
D．Bringley’s review of the impact of technology on art.
答案　C
解析　段落大意题。根据第四段的“As interesting as these facts are，it’s Bringley’s reflections on dozens of individual paintings，photographs，sculptures and ancient artifacts that turn this book into a tribute(致敬) to the power of art.I think that ‘sometimes we need permission to stop and adore things，and a work of art gives us that’．”以及下面具体的例子可知，本段主要讲Bringley对个人艺术作品的解读。故选C项。
8．What can be the best title of this passage
A．Learn from Art，Find Peace
B．Appreciate Life，Know Art
C．Little-known Facts About the Met
D．Inner Worlds of the Famous Artists
答案　A
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“As rich in moving insights as the Met is in treasures，All the Beauty in the World reminds us of the importance of learning not ‘about art，but from it’ and attaining peace into art.This is art appreciation at a deep level.”由此可推测出，A项“Learn from Art，Find Peace”最适合作本文标题。故选A项。
[语境猜词]
①sincerity (派)＝sincer(e)＋ity n．真诚
②adore v．崇拜；热爱
③doze v．打盹；小睡
④holiness n．神圣
[句式分析]
The “salmon run of visitors” that goes up the Grand Staircase every morning when the museum opens adds up to a crowd of nearly 7 million visitors a year.
分析：此句为复合句。that引导定语从句，visitors作先行词，that在从句中作主语；when在定语从句中引导时间状语从句。
翻译：每天早晨博物馆开门时，如“鲑鱼回游” 般涌上大楼梯的游客，一年累计起来将近有 700 万人次。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages(四轮马车) known as “school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana. 1
In the early 1900s，the car industry was beginning to develop fast.This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages. 2 But the design remained mostly the same as that of the previous ones，with students sitting along the walls of the bus while facing inside.
In 1927，a man built the first bus that primarily used steel. 3 Still，parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety.This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939，when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards.
Many new national standards were created，determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow colour that school buses still sport today. 4 Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings.The colour is easy to see in the early morning and evening light when school buses usually operate.
5 For example，a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel economy，be easier to drive，etc.The most creative approach among all of these is probably a kind of stop signal arm that warns traffic of a stop in progress，which states began to require in the early 1950s.
A．Horses were easy to control.
B．Not all chose to paint their buses yellow.
C．The reason why the colour was chosen was simple.
D．Before then，many children simply walked to school.
E．Now，school buses have had many more improvements.
F．The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.
G．Before long，Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了校车的起源以及其发展的过程。
1．答案　D
解析　根据上文“The history of the school bus can date back to 1886...”可知，该句讲述了校车的出现时间；选项D“Before then，many children simply walked to school.(在此之前，许多孩子只是步行上学。)”说明了在校车出现之前孩子们是如何上学的，承接上文。故选D。
2．答案　F
解析　根据上文可知，20世纪初汽车工业开始迅速发展，这让Wayne Works公司有机会来改进其车厢。选项F“The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.”具体描述了Wayne Works公司是如何改进校车的，承接上文；下文又指出了改进后的校车在设计上与之前相同，两句为转折关系，语意合理。故选F。
3．答案　G
解析　根据上文“In 1927，a man built the first bus that primarily used steel.”可知，在1927年，有人制造出了第一辆主要采用钢铁材料的公共汽车。选项G进一步提出在1927年采用钢铁材料的公共汽车问世后不久，Wayne Works公司就推出了第一辆全钢车身的校车，并配备了安全玻璃车窗，承接上文。故选G。
4．答案　C
解析　上文“Many new national standards were created，determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow colour that school buses still sport today.”提到从座椅设计到校车沿用至今的著名黄色，这些标准决定了一切。C项提到了校车使用黄色是有原因的；下一句具体说明了校车使用黄色的原因，故选项C承上启下，符合语意。故选C。
5．答案　E
解析　空处为最后一段段落主题句。根据下一句“For example，a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel economy，be easier to drive，etc.”可知，下文举例说明了如今校车已经做出的改进，选项E“Now，school buses have had many more improvements.”概括说明了校车已有了更多改进，符合段落主题。故选E。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Xu Xiake was born in 1587,1. parents were rich landowners.Yet he gave up a 2. (comfort) life，and decided to explore the mountains and rivers on foot.
China has more famous 3. (explore)．There was：Zhang Qian，who traveled into Central Asia during the second century BC，opening a trade road that became 4. is known as the Silk Road.Or Zheng He，the sailor who in the 15th century sailed as far away as Africa.Yet these explorations 5. (support) by governments.Xu was totally different.
“On the surface，Xu’s travels can neither be classified as great affairs of state 6. great adventures that changed the course of history，” writes cultural historian Cheng Pei-kai.“Xu travelled to satisfy his own curiosity.”
Scholar Julian Ward agrees，describing the lonely Chinese wanderer like the Middle Kingdom’s version of John Muir：“Deep in love 7. nature and eager to find freedom from worldly concerns，Xu was a man addicted to 8. (see) and describing the landscape.”
“The few coins 9. (slip) from a hole in my pocket while I was climbing a mountain in Yunnan.When I finally managed to the town，I sold all my clothes，bought myself a bottle of wine and a good dinner 10. (celebrate) my survival，” the dreamy explorer wrote in his diaries，which mix details of geology，geography and botany with such personal travel experiences.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国古代著名的探险家——徐霞客。
1．答案　whose
解析　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，代替先行词在从句中作定语修饰名词parents，应用关系代词whose作引导词。故填whose。
2．答案　comfortable
解析　考查形容词。修饰名词life，表示“舒适的”需用形容词comfortable，作定语。故填comfortable。
3．答案　explorers
解析　考查名词。结合下文“Zhang Qian”可知，表示“探险家”用名词explorer，可数名词，被more修饰用其复数形式。故填explorers。
4．答案　what
解析　考查表语从句。空处引导表语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，需用连接代词what引导。故填what。
5．答案　were supported
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。此处陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时；主语these explorations和support之间为被动关系，需用被动语态；主语为复数名词，be动词用were。故填were supported。
6．答案　nor
解析　考查固定搭配。neither...nor...既不……也不……，是固定搭配。故填nor。
7．答案　with
解析　考查介词。in love with“爱上……”，是固定搭配。故填with。
8．答案　seeing
解析　考查非谓语动词。be addicted to“沉溺于，痴迷于”中to是介词，故空处用提示词的动名词形式作宾语。故填seeing。
9．答案　slipped
解析　考查时态。空处为主句的谓语动词，根据空后的时间状语从句“while I was climbing a mountain in Yunnan”可知，该句叙述的是过去发生的事，故用所给动词的过去式。故填slipped。
10．答案　to celebrate
解析　考查非谓语动词。空处作目的状语，需填动词不定式。故填to celebrate。

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