资源简介

(共109张PPT)
HUMAN BIOLOGY
UNIT 9
Section Ⅱ
Lesson 1
内容索引
Part 1　课文深度理解
Part 2　长句难句分析
Part 3　语言知识梳理
Part 4　语法项目精讲
训练2
课文深度理解
Ⅰ.明文章大意
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
What is the passage mainly about
A.The classification and use of cloning.
B.The features and examples of cloning.
C.The development and future of cloning.
D.The benefit and disadvantage of cloning.
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
definition
examples
natural
illness
praise
monkeys
medical
Different
moral
explored
1.What can be inferred from the passage about a cloned animal
A.It usually lives as long as the original one.
B.It usually lives longer than the original one.
C.It usually lives shorter than the original one.
D.It is usually as healthy as the original one.
√
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
2.What can we know about Dolly
A.Dolly died early.
B.Dolly grew normally later.
C.Dolly grew abnormally at first.
D.The cloning of Dolly was natural cloning.
√
3.Why did Chinese scientists try to clone monkeys
A.To solve technical difficulties.
B.To help find effective treatments.
C.To get edited genes for further use.
D.To help medical research and people’s health.
√
4.What’s the writer’s attitude towards cloning
A.Subjective. B.Objective.
C.Indifferent. D.Interested.
√
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially.1. example of natural cloning is identical twins.A sheep 2. (call) Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned 3. (success) in 1996.Since Dolly，more than 20 mammal species have been cloned，including camels and goats.In 2018，China announced that two monkeys 4. (clone).In comparison 5. other species，scientists have had to work harder to break the technical barrier to get primates with edited genes.
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
An
called
successfully
had been cloned
with
Scientists say that this major breakthrough offers the potential 6.__________
(create) monkeys with identical genes to give more accurate research results and perhaps lead to more 7. (effect) treatments for various diseases.While some scientists insist 8. is crucial to continue research，others raise moral concerns and worry that the technology might be abused by some 9. (organize).So far，it is still unknown
10. will happen to the monkeys，Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua，as they grow up.Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.
返 回
to create
effective
it
organizations
what
长句难句分析
1.Another example of natural cloning (be) identical twins，who are produced from same egg.(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是 句。who引导 从句，修饰identical twins。
is
the
复合
定语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
自然克隆的另一个例子是同卵双胞胎，他们是由同一个卵子产生的。
2.The first (successful) cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996.(P52，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是 句。句中过去分词cloned作 ，修饰animal；过去分词短语named Dolly作 ，修饰a sheep。
successfully
简单
前置定语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。
后置定语
3.She lived for six and a half years，only half the life of the sheep from which she (clone).(P52，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是 句。only half the life of the sheep...为six and a half years的 ；from which引导 从句，修饰先行词 。
was cloned
复合
同位语
定语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
多莉活了六年半，寿命只有母体绵羊的一半。
the sheep
4.Dr.Sun Qiang，director of the research team，said they had been ________
(whole) devoted to the research and (take) care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day,7 days a week for more than 5 years. (P52，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是 句。句中director of the research team是Dr.Sun Qiang的 语；said后是省略了that的 从句。
wholly
had been taking
复合
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
研究小组的负责人孙强博士说，他们全身心地投入到研究中，5 年多来每周 7天，每天 24 小时照看1 000多只猴子。
同位
宾语
5.The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are _________
(help) for medical research and human health.(P52－53，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是 句。主句是 结构。句中they worked... barrier为省略了关系副词 的定语从句，修饰The reason；介词短语with edited gene为 ，修饰animals；that引导 从句，修饰animal models。
helpful
复合
主系表
why
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
他们之所以如此努力地要突破这一技术壁垒，是为了获得经过基因编辑的动物，研制动物模型，为医学研究和人类健康发展做贡献。
定语
后置定语
6.The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures various diseases and may also offer clues on how (prevent) the aging process.(P53，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是 句。that引导 从句，修饰a huge breakthrough，that在从句中作 。
for
to prevent
复合
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
灵长类动物的成功克隆获得了全世界的赞誉，被认为是一项巨大的突破，可能会带来多种疾病的治疗方法，也可能为如何阻止衰老过程提供线索。
定语
主语
7.With this technology，we have the potential to raise a large number of
(monkey) with identical genes a short amount of time，and we can even change their genes to suit research needs.(P53，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是and连接的 句。第一个分句中不定式短语to raise...作 ，修饰potential；第二个分句中不定式短语to suit...作 。
monkeys
in
并列
后置定语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
有了这项技术，我们就有可能在短时间内培育大量基因相同的猴子，甚至可以改变它们的基因，以适应研究需要。
目的状语
8.They believe it is bound (lead) to cloning of other species，and they worry about the ethical questions this raises.(P53，Para.5)
结构分析：此句是and连接的 句。第一个分句中believe后是省略了
的 从句；第二个分句中this raises是省略了 的
从句，修饰questions。
to lead
并列
that
宾语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
他们认为这项技术必将导致其他物种的克隆，担心由此会引发伦理问题。
that/which
定语
9.So far，it is still (know) what will happen Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua as they grow .(P53，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是 句。it为 ，what引导 从句，并在从句中作 ；as引导 从句。
unknown
to
up
复合
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
到目前为止，我们仍不清楚中中和华华长大后会发生什么。
形式主语
主语
时间状语
主语
10.Researchers insist that science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.(P53，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是 句。that引导 从句，从句中should be further explored and advanced用了 的被动形式。
the
复合
宾语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
研究人员认为，克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。
返 回
虚拟语气
语言知识梳理
n.比较；相比(compare v.比较；把……比作)
1
comparison
·in comparison with...与……相比
by comparison比较起来
·compare A with/and/to B　比较A和B
compare A to B　把A比作B
(1)In (compare) with other students，Mike is more diligent，so he is more brilliant.
(2) (compare) with modern communication，writing letters has still more advantages.
comparison
Compared
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)不要总是把自己和别人比较，因为每个人都有自己的优势。
，because everyone has their advantages.
写作佳句
Don’t always compare yourself with/and/to others
·be accurate in/at 在……方面准确
to be accurate准确地说
·with accuracy 准确无误地
adj.准确的，正确的[accurately adv.准确地 accuracy n.精确(程度)，准确(性)]
2
accurate
(1)(应用文写作之感谢信)由于您的帮助，我流利且准确的英语口语使我能够自由地与外国学生交流。
Because of your help，___________________________________
foreign students freely.
(2)(应用文写作之新闻报道)准确地说，有198名来自不同学校的选手前来参加诗歌朗诵比赛。
，there are 198 participants from different schools coming for the poetry reciting contest.
写作佳句
my fluent and accurate oral English enables me to communicate with
To be accurate
(3)我向那只熊扔了一块石头，石头非常准确地击中了它的头部。
I tossed a stone at the bear，which ________________________
.
hit it on the head with great accuracy/quite accurately
·under treatment在治疗中
·treat sb as...把某人看作……
treat sb to sth用……招待某人
treat sb with...以……对待某人
·My treat.我请客。
(1)Aspirin is a simple but highly effective (treat).
(2)He said he would treat me a stimulating drama，but I decided to treat his remark a joke.
n.诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式(treat vt.款待；对待；治疗 n.乐事；款待)
3
treatment
treatment
to
as
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)只有你有礼貌地对待别人，别人才会尊重你。
show respect for you.
(4)(2022·浙江6月，读后续写)通过社区服务，我完全意识到，我们不仅要以尊重的方式对待无家可归的人，而且应该把他们看作平等的人。
Through the community service，I wholly realized that not only
but we also
.
写作佳句
Only if you treat others with good manners will others
should we treat the homeless people with respect
should treat them as equal souls
be bound to do一定做……
be bound for 开往；准备去
(1)几个小时后，他们终于登上了飞往中国的飞机。
Several hours later，they finally managed to board a plane ____________
.
bound for
adj.很有可能，肯定会；一定的；(车、船等)开往……的vi.跳跃
4
bound
China
(2)(话题写作之语言学习)听和说对于语言学习来说很重要，通过听和说你肯定会取得巨大进步。
Listening and speaking are of great significance for language learning，by which you .
写作佳句
are bound to make great progress
5
a number of



a great/large/small number of
a great/good many
quite a few
＋可数名词复数
a great deal of
a great/large amount of
＋不可数名词
a lot of/lots of
a great/large quantity of
masses of
plenty of
＋可数名词复数或不可数名词
许多；一些
·many a＋可数名词单数(谓语动词用单数)
注意：(1)“a number of＋名词”作主语，表示“许多……；大量……”，
谓语动词用复数。
(2)“the number of＋名词”作主语，表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数。
(3)“large quantities of＋名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数。
(4)“large amounts of＋不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数。
(1)Large amounts of water (be) polluted by the factory，so it was fined a great deal of money.
(2)(话题写作之人物描写)The great poet wrote great number of poems all his life.It is calculated that number of his poems reaches up to more than 30,000，a great many of which (be) quite familiar to us.
were
a
the
are
(3)(话题写作之节约粮食)由于许多学生点的餐远多于他们的实际所需，大量的食物被浪费掉了。
because lots of students order much more food than they actually need.
写作佳句
A large quantity of food is wasted
They were the first-ever primates(the order of mammals which include apes，monkeys，and humans) to have been cloned！(P52，Para.3)
它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物(哺乳动物的一个类别，包括猿、猴子和人类在内)!
结构分析：此句为主系表结构的简单句。句中to have been cloned为动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the first-ever primates；括号中的内容为同位语，解释说明primates，且含有一个which引导的定语从句。
6
不定式短语作后置定语
·不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰词之后，常表示未发生的动作。
·中心词是序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被这类词修饰
时，其后多用动词不定式作定语。
·promise，plan，offer，decision，ability，chance等抽象名词后常用动
词不定式作定语。
(1)The airport (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
to be completed
(2)(应用文写作之申请信)我写这封信是希望得到成为我们学校英语协会的志愿者的机会。
I’m writing this letter in the hope of getting the chance ________
of our school’s English Association.
(3)(2022·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)虽然大卫是最后一个越过终点线的参与者，但他并不沮丧，相反，他的脸上绽放出胜利的光芒。
Though David ，he was not depressed and instead，his face lit up with victory.
写作佳句
to be a
volunteer
was the last participant to cross the finishing line
While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement，others raise moral concerns.(P53，Para.5)
尽管有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
结构分析：此句为复合句。while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”；it is crucial for scientific advancement为省略了that的宾语从句。
7
while引导让步状语从句
·while引导让步状语从句时，意为“虽然，尽管”，不和连词but连用。
·作从属连词时还可引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……时”。
·作并列连词时，意为“然而，而”，表示前后意义的对比和转折。
(1)The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as reference books _______
the magazines serve as reading materials.
while
(2)(应用文写作之新闻报道)参观艺术展时，我们讨论了伟大艺术家的作品，从中我们开阔了视野。
，we discussed the great artists’ works，from which we broadened our horizons.
(3)(话题写作之网购)尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但它的影响并非都是积极的。
，not all of its effects have been positive.
写作佳句
返 回
While visiting the art exhibition
While online shopping has changed our life
语法项目精讲
认真阅读下面短文，完成下面题目
Over the past few weeks，I ①have been studying hard for the exam，devoting countless hours to making preparations for it.Before the review started，I ②had already finished reading the textbook and ③had been practicing problems regularly to enhance my understanding.This consistent effort ④has enabled me to learn a great deal and feel confident about the test.Looking back，I remember the times when I used to struggle with the subject，but I’m glad I ⑤have been persevering with my studies.My hard work will definitely pay off.
情境导读
1.①和⑤使用的时态是 时，结构为 。
2.②使用的时态是 时，结构为 。
3.③使用的时态是 时，结构为 。
4.④使用的时态是 时，结构为 。
现在完成进行
have/has been doing
过去完成
had done
过去完成进行
had been doing
现在完成
have/has done
语法总览
完成时态
一、现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成为have/has＋done，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now，so far，already，just，yet，recently，in the past/last few years，since，ever since等表示时间的词连用。
In the past few years，great changes have taken place in this district.
在过去的几年里，这片地区发生了巨大的变化。
It has been twenty years since I worked as a journalist.
自从我当记者已经有二十年了。
语法精讲
2.下列句型常用现在完成时：
(1)This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that we have seen a drama in the theatre.
这是我们第一次在剧院看戏剧。
(2)It/This is the best/worst/most＋adj.＋名词＋定语从句(现在完成时)
This is the most absorbing novel he has ever written.
这是他写的最引人入胜的一部小说。
二、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的构成为have/has＋been＋doing，表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，可以表示重复性动作或某种感彩。与之连用的时间状语有up to now，so far，recently，in the past/last few years，since，ever since，for＋一段时间等。
The young man has been wandering on the beach of the bay for 3 hours.
这个年轻人已经在海湾的海滩上徘徊3个小时了。
(应用文写作之申请信)I have been practicing oral English in the last 3 months with the purpose of communicating with foreigners freely.
我在过去的3个月里一直在练习英语口语，目的是与外国人自由交流。
注意：现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时表示动作发生过。现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Someone has phoned you.有人给你打电话了。
Someone has been phoning you.有人一直在给你打电话。
三、过去完成时
1.过去完成时的构成为had＋done，表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before，by，up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
The scholar and I became friends in 2000，although we had met several years before.
这位学者和我在2000年成了朋友，尽管在几年前我们就见过面。
2.动词hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，suppose，plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had intended to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。
3.在“hardly(scarcely)...when...”，“no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the specialist finished his lecture when the audience began asking him questions.
专家刚一结束他的讲座，观众就开始向他提问。
4.by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句时，主句用过去完成时。
By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
5.表示“第几次做某事”时，若主句用过去时，则从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen the vale full of golden daffodils.
那是她第二次看到这座长满金色水仙花的山谷。
四、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时的构成为had＋been＋doing，主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作，或表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间，这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
When Alice came to herself，she did not know how long she had been lying there.
当艾丽丝醒过来的时候，她不知道自己已在那儿躺了多久。(表示lie这一动作先于came to herself发生，且lie这一动作还在进行)
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.
她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。
五、将来完成时
将来完成时的构成为will＋have＋done，用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before＋将来时间”或“by＋将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
Pick me up at 8 am，and I will have had breakfast by then.
早上8点钟来接我，到时我已经吃完早饭了。
The train will have left before you arrive at the station if you get up at
6：00 am.
如果你早上6点起床，你到达车站之前火车就已经离开了。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Already this year,115 measles cases (report) in the USA，compared with 189 for all of last year.
2.Languages (come) and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.
3.When Washington wrote that，Englishmen (refer) to insects as bugs for more than a century.
4.The chief engineer together with his colleagues (look) for new scientific methods of farming since five years ago.
达标检测
have been reported
have been coming
had been referring
has been looking
5.It was really annoying；I couldn’t get access to the data bank you ____
(recommend).
6.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________________
(trap) in the mountains for two days.
had
recommended
had been trapped
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示补全下面短文
I was reading today when I found it was snowing.Looking outside of the window，the shiny white snow on our lawn 1.______________________
(已经被我父亲清理了).I closed the book that I 2._______________
(从当地图书馆借的) and went downstairs for breakfast，which 3. (已经被准备好了) on the kitchen table. Then my little brother came to tell me that he 4._________________________
(一直在写作业) this morning and he had a very nice dream the night before. We talked about his dream and the stories of my book.During the breakfast，
had been cleaned by my
father
had borrowed
the local library
had been prepared well
had been doing his homework
one of my best friends came to visit my family.She said that she would go to Australia for further study.I know she 5._______________________________
(一直期待这个机会) for a long time.During her study，she will learn the culture and professional knowledge in her field.I was so proud of her that we talked all day long.
has been longing for the opportunity
Ⅲ.单句写作
1.到目前为止，医生们已经发现了几种这种病毒的变体。
So far， .
2.我喜欢跳舞，多年来我一直在业余时间上舞蹈课。
I like dancing and _______________________________________________
.
3.事实上，在你道歉之前，你的父母已经原谅了你的错误。
In fact，your parents ____________________________________________
.
doctors have discovered several variations of the virus
I have been taking dancing lessons in my spare time for many years
had forgiven you for your mistakes before you apologized
4.在我回来之前，我的父母一直在激动地争论着什么。
My parents before I came back.
5.到这学期结束时，我们将学会大约3 000个英语单词。
By the end of this term， .
返 回
had been arguing about something emotionally
we will have learned about 3,000 English words
训练2
1.Walking is the simplest way (keep) healthy for us.
2.My attitude is identical yours in cloning human beings.
3.A large amount of money (be) spent on advertisements every year.
4.By (compare)，a cloned animal is likely to have a much shorter lifespan than the one from which it is cloned.
5.Convinced of the (accurate) of the data，the physicists stuck to their opinion.
6.My uncle bought a fake antique which was (artificial) made like an old one.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
to keep
to/with
is
comparison
accuracy
artificially
7.Many Americans treat lunch just another task to squeeze into an already over-booked day.
8.At that time,132 passengers and crew were aboard the plane which was bound San Francisco.
9.Qian Xuesen was devoted China’s aerospace industry，for which he will be remembered forever.
10. many people are opposed to clone technology，others believe that it can be an effective way of protecting endangered species.
as
for
to
While/Although/Though
1.最近，我们班就是否应该克隆人类进行了激烈的讨论。(whether...or...)
Recently our class have a heated discussion about ____________________
.
2.虽然有些学生认为它有利于医学研究，但另一些人认为它是不道德的。(while引导的让步状语从句)
，others think it immoral.
Ⅱ.单句写作
whether we should clone humans or not
While some students believe it is beneficial to medical research
3.那些支持它的人认为，人们长期以来一直使用克隆技术来繁殖植物和其他动物，这对人类有好处。(have been doing...)
Those who are in favor of it argue that _____________________________
，which does good to human beings.
4.其他学生坚持认为，如果克隆体仅仅被视为母体的副本，我们就不应该克隆人类。(insist that...)
if the cloned ones are seen as mere copies of originals.
people have been using cloning technology for long to reproduce plants and other animals
Other students insist that we shouldn’t clone human beings
5.在我看来，我们人类有能力利用好克隆技术来为我们服务。(不定式作后置定语)
In my opinion，we human beings _________________________________
.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
have the capability to make good use of cloning technology to serve us
Recently our class have a heated discussion about whether we should clone humans or not.While some students believe it is beneficial to medical research，others think it immoral.Those who are in favor of it argue that people have been using cloning technology for long to reproduce plants and other animals，which does good to human beings. Other students insist that we shouldn’t clone human beings if the cloned ones are seen as mere copies of originals.In my opinion，we human beings have the capability to make good use of cloning technology to serve us.
参考范文
A
In 2022，in San Antonio，Dr.Pascal Badiou carefully implanted an outer ear on a woman born without right ear.For Badiou，a recognized expert in the field，such a procedure would normally be routine.But this case had a unique aspect：For the first time，the ear he was implanting was the product of a 3D bioprinter using the woman’s own cartilage(软骨) cells.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了3D生物打印技术的原理、优势和应用前景。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
The ability to 3D print human organs is astonishing.Nearly 106,000 Americans are currently on waiting lists for organ donations，and 17 die each day while waiting，according to the federal Health Resources and Services Administration.A 3D bioprinting process that uses the patient’s own cells to grow organs would potentially curb that waiting list.
In 3D bioprinting，the name of the game is cells.The process begins by generating the cells that researchers want to bioprint，which are then instructed to become organ specific cell types.The cells are then turned into a printable bio-ink，which involves mixing them with extra materials to give them a toothpaste-like consistency(黏稠度).The bio-ink is loaded into syringes(注射器) and squeezed out of a nozzle(喷嘴).Once it is finished，the printed tissue is sometimes connected to a pump that drives oxygen and nutrients through it.Given time，the tissue develops on its own and increases in both maturity and function.
“The 3D bioprinter gives you several advantages，” says Atala，director of Wake Forest Institute.“Instead of making these tissues and organs by hand one at a time，you can automate the printer to do it.What’s more，we can more precisely locate the cells where they’re needed，and lower overall cost for the increased scale.And in terms of organ transplant，a new organ made of a patient’s own cells makes rejection far less likely.”
It sounds science fiction，but it’s already happening.“I think that in 10 years we will have organs for transplantation，” says Atala.“We will start with simple organs like skin and cartilage，but then we’ll move on to more complicated tissues—eventually the heart，liver，kidney.”
1.What made the implant operation special
A.Humans first successfully implanted an outer ear.
B.It made Dr.Badiou a recognized expert of his field.
C.The 3D bioprinted product was used in implanting.
D.The implant procedure was designed by 3D technology.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段的“But this case had a unique aspect：For the first time，the ear he was implanting was the product of a 3D bioprinter using the woman’s own cartilage(软骨) cells.”可知，使用3D生物打印产品使本次移植手术与众不同。故选C。
解析
2.What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A.The advantages of 3D bioprinting.
B.The urgent need of 3D bioprinting.
C.The potential market of organ donations.
D.The increasing number of organ donations.
√
段落大意题。第二段提到了大量的美国人等待器官捐赠，还有很多人在等待过程中死亡，强调了使用患者自身细胞进行3D生物打印来生成器官可能会有效缓解这种局面，因此第二段主要讨论的是对3D生物打印技术的迫切需要。故选B。
解析
3.What can we learn about the process
A.The cells are mixed to increase consistency.
B.The printed tissue can develop itself by time.
C.3D bioprinter generates organ specific cell types.
D.The tissue drives oxygen and nutrients through a pump.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Given time，the tissue develops on its own and increases in both maturity and function.”可知，打印出来的组织随着时间的推移可以自行生长。故选B。
解析
4.What can we infer from what Atala says
A.Lowering overall cost leads to the increased scale.
B.3D bioprinted organs minimize the risk of rejection.
C.More complicated tissues will replace simple organs.
D.3D bioprinter precisely locates the organs that are needed.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段的“And in terms of organ transplant，a new organ made of a patient’s own cells makes rejection far less likely.”可推知，源自病人自己细胞的3D生物打印的器官可以最大限度地减少排斥的风险。故选B。
解析
B
Beth Shapiro will lead the scientific efforts to resurrect(复活) the dodo at Colossal Biosciences，founded by tech entrepreneur Ben Lamm.Scientists hope to recover the dodo if they gather enough DNA to create a clone to implant in the eggs of closely related modern pigeon.
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Colossal Biosciences公司将进行让渡渡鸟复活的科学工作。
Dodo，an odd-looking flightless bird，lived on the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean until the late 17th century.The arrival of sailors brought with them invasive species like rats and practices like hunting.They doomed the dodo，which showed no fear of humans，to extinction in the space of just a few decades.
Now，a team of scientists wants to bring back the dodo.They hope the project will open up new techniques for bird conservation.
“It’s our responsibility to bring stories and to bring excitement to people in the way that motivates them to think about the extinction crisis that’s going on right now，” said Beth Shapiro.
Shapiro said that she had already completed a key first step in the project based on genetic material taken out from dodo remains in Denmark.The next step was to compare the genetic information with the dodo’s closest bird relatives in the pigeon family.
The following work that’s needed to resurrect the animal—programming cells from a living relative of the dodo with the lost bird’s DNA—will be significantly more difficult.Shapiro said she hopes to adapt an existing technique that has already been used to create a chicken fathered by a duck.
However，Shapiro said that perfecting these synthetic(合成的) biology tools will have wider implications for bird conservation.The techniques could allow scientists to move specific genetic traits between bird species to help protect them as habitats shrink and the climate warms.Shapiro thought the technology which works in chickens would be amazing to get this to work in lots of different birds across the bird tree of life because that will be hugely impactful for bird conservation.
Whether or not Colossal and its team of scientists are ultimately successful in their quest to bring back the dodo and the technological breakthroughs they may generate，they have investors excited.Colossal also announced that it has raised an additional US$150 million，bringing the total amount of funding raised since the company launched in 2021 to US$225 million.
5.What does the underlined word “doomed” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Destroyed. B.Rescued.
C.Hunted. D.Fed.
√
词义猜测题。根据画线单词下文“to extinction in the space of just a few decades”可知，和水手一起到来的老鼠以及人们的狩猎活动造成了渡渡鸟的灭绝，故推测画线词意为“毁灭”。故选A。
解析
6.Which is the most challenging in resurrecting the dodo
A.Taking out genetic material from dodo remains.
B.Adapting an existing technique to create a chicken.
C.Comparing genetic information with the dodo’s relatives.
D.Programming its living relative’s cells with dodo’s DNA.
√
细节理解题。根据第六段的“The following work that’s needed to resurrect the animal—programming cells from a living relative of the dodo with the lost bird’s DNA—will be significantly more difficult.”可知，复活渡渡鸟最困难的一个步骤就是用渡渡鸟的DNA对其现存亲缘物种的细胞进行编程。故选D。
解析
7.What can we learn from the passage
A.The project will bring back the dodo soon.
B.Scientists can change a duck into a chicken.
C.Synthetic biology tools will shrink bird habitats.
D.Protection of birds will benefit from the technology.
√
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“However，Shapiro said that perfecting these synthetic(合成的) biology tools will have wider implications for bird conservation.”可推知，这项技术将有利于鸟类保护。故选D。
解析
8.Why are the numbers mentioned in the last paragraph
A.To show the project is promising.
B.To imply the funding is insufficient.
C.To prove the breakthrough is admirable.
D.To evidence the technology is predictable.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其最后一句可知，本段提到具体的数据是为了说明让渡渡鸟回归这一项目是极有发展前景的。故选A。
解析
Improved technology has enabled many corporations to operate internationally.These companies have entered foreign markets.
语篇解读　本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了文化智商(CQ)的概念、评估方式、与IQ的区别、提升方法及其在国际企业运营中的重要性。
Ⅳ.七选五
A.Like IQ，CQ is also important.
B.In contrast，CQ is quite different.
C.Thus，their workers need cultural sensitivity.
D.He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.
E.CQ testing can improve one’s cultural intelligence.
F.Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.
G.CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.
√
1 This has driven many businesses to include cultural intelligence as a qualification for promotion and employment.Psychologists have developed ways to measure and improve an employee’s cultural intelligence quotient(商)(CQ).
上文提到一些公司已进入外国市场，后文提到一些公司将文化智慧纳入晋升和雇用标准，C选项承上启下，符合逻辑，因为进入国际市场的公司其员工必须理解并尊重不同的文化习俗，这又促使公司看重员工的文化智慧。故选C。
解析
A.Like IQ，CQ is also important.
B.In contrast，CQ is quite different.
C.Thus，their workers need cultural sensitivity.
D.He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.
E.CQ testing can improve one’s cultural intelligence.
F.Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.
G.CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.
√
CQ is generally evaluated using written assessments similar to intelligence quotient(IQ) tests. 2 And it also checks personal knowledge of situations where extra care is required.Besides，it assesses the effectiveness of an employee’s plans for dealing with sensitive situations and the ability to put strategies to practical use.
由上文“CQ is generally evaluated...”和下文“And it also checks personal knowledge of situations...”可知，空处与下文构成并列关系，应该描述CQ测试的内容或方式。G选项“CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.”能承上启下，进一步阐述了CQ测试的具体内容。故选G。
解析
A.Like IQ，CQ is also important.
B.In contrast，CQ is quite different.
C.Thus，their workers need cultural sensitivity.
D.He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.
E.CQ testing can improve one’s cultural intelligence.
F.Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.
G.CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.
√
As we all know，IQ is largely unchangeable. 3 Generally，CQ can be improved by training.People going through the training could score higher in CQ tests than those who don’t receive such training.These individuals generally accept belief systems other than their own.
由上文“As we all know，IQ is largely unchangeable.”和下文“Generally，CQ can be improved by training.”可知，本空为一个转折，B选项“In contrast，CQ is quite different.”引出CQ“是可以改变的”这一特性，承上启下，符合题意。故选B。
解析
A.Like IQ，CQ is also important.
B.In contrast，CQ is quite different.
C.Thus，their workers need cultural sensitivity.
D.He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.
E.CQ testing can improve one’s cultural intelligence.
F.Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.
G.CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.
√
4 For those with only occasional contact with members of a certain group，one night of reading may be enough to learn the basics of polite/impolite behavior of that culture.Those who make frequent trips may need to do more in-depth research.Online reading and conversations with foreign people are good approaches to enhancing cultural intelligence.
空处为本段主旨句。由下文的“one night of reading may be enough to learn the basics of polite/impolite behavior of that culture.”可知，可以通过学习知识来提高文化智商，F选项“Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.”概括了这段的主旨，即提高CQ的一个有效途径是提高文化知识。故选F。
解析
A.Like IQ，CQ is also important.
B.In contrast，CQ is quite different.
C.Thus，their workers need cultural sensitivity.
D.He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.
E.CQ testing can improve one’s cultural intelligence.
F.Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.
G.CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.
√
After learning about cultural differences，those with high CQ often develop plans to apply that knowledge to social interactions.Often，they examine their typical behaviors and compare them to the normal behaviors of another culture.For example，a person usually greeting business associates with a hug would attempt to predict the effects of that behavior on members of a society that’s more protective of personal space. 5
由上文可知，上文举例说明了一个有高CQ的人可以预测自己行为对不同文化环境中人的影响，接下来应该描述对于这种预测的应用，D选项“He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.”说明了具体的应对行为，承接上文，符合题意。故选D。
解析
Acupuncture(针灸) is 1.___ ancient Chinese medicine-based approach to 2._________(treat) a variety of diseases by triggering specific points on the skin with needles.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了古代中医疗法——针灸。
an
Ⅴ.语法填空
1.考查冠词。approach是可数名词，此处表示一种基于古老中医学的方法，应用不定冠词表示泛指，且ancient的发音以元音音素开头，前面应加不定冠词an。故填an。
2.考查非谓语动词。approach to doing sth意为“做某事的方法”，to为介词，后面接动名词形式。故填treating。
解析
treating
Since the Qin Dynasty，the Chinese 3.________________(alleviate) pain and treated illnesses through acupuncture.This practice originates from the discovery 4._____ pricking specific points on the body with stone needles could ease pain and symptoms，
have alleviated
3.考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语Since the Qin Dynasty可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语the Chinese指代“中国人”，视为复数，助动词应用have。故填have alleviated。
4.考查同位语从句。空处引导同位语从句，解释说明名词discovery的具体内容，从句成分和意义都完整，应用that引导。故填that。
解析
that
which is in line 5._____ the philosophy that facilitates the 6.____________ (harmony) coexistence of humans with nature.
with
5.考查介词。in line with为固定短语，意为“与……一致”。故填with。
6.考查形容词。空处修饰名词coexistence，应用形容词harmonious作定语，表示“和谐的”。故填harmonious。
解析
harmonious
According to Records of the Grand Historian，authored by Sima Qian about 2,100 years ago，Bian Que，a 7._________(high) skilled doctor during the Warring States Period，was famous for having saved a prince from death by using needles to stimulate the Baihui acupoint(穴位) on the head of the unconscious man.
highly
考查副词。修饰形容词skilled“有技能的”，应用副词highly，表示“很，非常”。故填highly。
解析
Bian Que’s cure was so effective that the prince and the whole royal family became his 8._________(regular).
regulars
考查名词复数。句中regular表示“常客”，是可数名词，根据句中the prince and the whole royal family可知，此处名词应用复数形式，作从句表语。故填regulars。
解析
Ancient Chinese believed that the human body 9.____________(fill) with an invisible life-giving force which they called qi and when the qi was flowing well and going to all the right places inside a person’s body，he would experience good mental and physical health.
was filled
考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知空处应用一般过去时，body与fill之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为单数。故填was filled。
解析
Today，many people volunteer 10.____________(become) a licensed practitioner(从业人员) for acupuncture，an effective therapy to help address a variety of health concerns.
to become
考查非谓语动词。固定搭配volunteer to do sth意为“自愿做某事”。故填to become。
解析
返 回
本课结束Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the passage mainly about
A．The classification and use of cloning.
B．The features and examples of cloning.
C．The development and future of cloning.
D．The benefit and disadvantage of cloning.
答案　C
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．What can be inferred from the passage about a cloned animal
A．It usually lives as long as the original one.
B．It usually lives longer than the original one.
C．It usually lives shorter than the original one.
D．It is usually as healthy as the original one.
答案　C
2．What can we know about Dolly
A．Dolly died early.
B．Dolly grew normally later.
C．Dolly grew abnormally at first.
D．The cloning of Dolly was natural cloning.
答案　A
3．Why did Chinese scientists try to clone monkeys
A．To solve technical difficulties.
B．To help find effective treatments.
C．To get edited genes for further use.
D．To help medical research and people’s health.
答案　D
4．What’s the writer’s attitude towards cloning
A．Subjective. B．Objective.
C．Indifferent. D．Interested.
答案　B
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially.1.An example of natural cloning is identical twins.A sheep 2.called(call) Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned 3.successfully(success) in 1996.Since Dolly，more than 20 mammal species have been cloned，including camels and goats.In 2018，China announced that two monkeys 4.had been cloned(clone)．In comparison 5.with other species，scientists have had to work harder to break the technical barrier to get primates with edited genes.Scientists say that this major breakthrough offers the potential 6.to create(create) monkeys with identical genes to give more accurate research results and perhaps lead to more 7.effective(effect) treatments for various diseases.While some scientists insist 8.it is crucial to continue research，others raise moral concerns and worry that the technology might be abused by some 9.organizations(organize)．So far，it is still unknown 10.what will happen to the monkeys，Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua，as they grow up.Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.
1．Another example of natural cloning is(be) identical twins，who are produced from the same egg.(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是复合句。who引导定语从句，修饰identical twins。
汉语翻译：自然克隆的另一个例子是同卵双胞胎，他们是由同一个卵子产生的。
2．The first successfully(successful) cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996.(P52，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是简单句。句中过去分词cloned作前置定语，修饰animal；过去分词短语named Dolly作后置定语，修饰a sheep。
汉语翻译：第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。
3．She lived for six and a half years，only half the life of the sheep from which she was cloned (clone)．(P52，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是复合句。only half the life of the sheep...为six and a half years的同位语；from which引导定语从句，修饰先行词the sheep。
汉语翻译：多莉活了六年半，寿命只有母体绵羊的一半。
4．Dr.Sun Qiang，director of the research team，said they had been wholly(whole) devoted to the research and had been taking (take) care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day,7 days a week for more than 5 years.(P52，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是复合句。句中director of the research team是Dr.Sun Qiang的同位语；said后是省略了that的宾语从句。
汉语翻译：研究小组的负责人孙强博士说，他们全身心地投入到研究中，5 年多来每周 7天，每天 24 小时照看1 000多只猴子。
5．The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful(help) for medical research and human health.(P52－53，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是复合句。主句是主系表结构。句中they worked...barrier为省略了关系副词why的定语从句，修饰The reason；介词短语with edited gene为后置定语，修饰animals；that引导定语从句，修饰animal models。
汉语翻译：他们之所以如此努力地要突破这一技术壁垒，是为了获得经过基因编辑的动物，研制动物模型，为医学研究和人类健康发展做贡献。
6．The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures for various diseases and may also offer clues on how to prevent(prevent) the aging process.(P53，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是复合句。that引导定语从句，修饰a huge breakthrough，that在从句中作主语。
汉语翻译：灵长类动物的成功克隆获得了全世界的赞誉，被认为是一项巨大的突破，可能会带来多种疾病的治疗方法，也可能为如何阻止衰老过程提供线索。
7．With this technology，we have the potential to raise a large number of monkeys(monkey) with identical genes in a short amount of time，and we can even change their genes to suit research needs.(P53，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是and连接的并列句。第一个分句中不定式短语to raise...作后置定语，修饰potential；第二个分句中不定式短语to suit...作目的状语。
汉语翻译：有了这项技术，我们就有可能在短时间内培育大量基因相同的猴子，甚至可以改变它们的基因，以适应研究需要。
8．They believe it is bound to lead (lead) to cloning of other species，and they worry about the ethical questions this raises.(P53，Para.5)
结构分析：此句是and连接的并列句。第一个分句中believe后是省略了that的宾语从句；第二个分句中this raises是省略了that/which的定语从句，修饰questions。
汉语翻译：他们认为这项技术必将导致其他物种的克隆，担心由此会引发伦理问题。
9．So far，it is still unknown(know) what will happen to Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua as they grow up.(P53，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是复合句。it为形式主语，what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；as引导时间状语从句。
汉语翻译：到目前为止，我们仍不清楚中中和华华长大后会发生什么。
10．Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.(P53，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是复合句。that引导宾语从句，从句中should be further explored and advanced用了虚拟语气的被动形式。
汉语翻译：研究人员认为，克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。
comparison n．比较；相比(compare v．比较；把……比作)
·in comparison with...与……相比
by comparison比较起来
·compare A with/and/to B　比较A和B
compare A to B　把A比作B
(1)In comparison(compare) with other students，Mike is more diligent，so he is more brilliant.
(2)Compared(compare) with modern communication，writing letters has still more advantages.
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)不要总是把自己和别人比较，因为每个人都有自己的优势。
Don’t always compare yourself with/and/to others，because everyone has their advantages.
accurate adj.准确的，正确的[accurately adv.准确地 accuracy n．精确(程度)，准确(性)]
·be accurate in/at 在……方面准确
to be accurate准确地说
·with accuracy 准确无误地
[写作佳句]
(1)(应用文写作之感谢信)由于您的帮助，我流利且准确的英语口语使我能够自由地与外国学生交流。
Because of your help，my fluent and accurate oral English enables me to communicate with foreign students freely.
(2)(应用文写作之新闻报道)准确地说，有198名来自不同学校的选手前来参加诗歌朗诵比赛。
To be accurate，there are 198 participants from different schools coming for the poetry reciting contest.
(3)我向那只熊扔了一块石头，石头非常准确地击中了它的头部。
I tossed a stone at the bear，which hit it on the head with great accuracy/quite accurately.
treatment n．诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式(treat vt.款待；对待；治疗 n．乐事；款待)
·under treatment在治疗中
·treat sb as...把某人看作……
treat sb to sth用……招待某人
treat sb with...以……对待某人
·My treat.我请客。
(1)Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment(treat)．
(2)He said he would treat me to a stimulating drama，but I decided to treat his remark as a joke.
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)只有你有礼貌地对待别人，别人才会尊重你。
Only if you treat others with good manners will others show respect for you.
(4)(2022·浙江6月，读后续写)通过社区服务，我完全意识到，我们不仅要以尊重的方式对待无家可归的人，而且应该把他们看作平等的人。
Through the community service，I wholly realized that not only should we treat the homeless people with respect but we also should treat them as equal souls.
bound adj.很有可能，肯定会；一定的；(车、船等)开往……的vi.跳跃
be bound to do一定做……
be bound for 开往；准备去
(1)几个小时后，他们终于登上了飞往中国的飞机。
Several hours later，they finally managed to board a plane bound for China.
[写作佳句]
(2)(话题写作之语言学习)听和说对于语言学习来说很重要，通过听和说你肯定会取得巨大进步。
Listening and speaking are of great significance for language learning，by which you are bound to make great progress.
a number of 许多；一些
·＋可数名词复数
·＋不可数名词
·＋可数名词复数或不可数名词
·many a＋可数名词单数(谓语动词用单数)
注意：(1)“a number of＋名词”作主语，表示“许多……；大量……”，谓语动词用复数。
(2)“the number of＋名词”作主语，表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数。
(3)“large quantities of＋名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数。
(4)“large amounts of＋不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数。
(1)Large amounts of water were(be) polluted by the factory，so it was fined a great deal of money.
(2)(话题写作之人物描写)The great poet wrote a great number of poems all his life.It is calculated that the number of his poems reaches up to more than 30,000，a great many of which are(be) quite familiar to us.
[写作佳句]
(3)(话题写作之节约粮食)由于许多学生点的餐远多于他们的实际所需，大量的食物被浪费掉了。
A large quantity of food is wasted because lots of students order much more food than they actually need.
不定式短语作后置定语
They were the first-ever primates(the order of mammals which include apes，monkeys，and humans) to have been cloned！(P52，Para.3)
它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物(哺乳动物的一个类别，包括猿、猴子和人类在内)!
结构分析：此句为主系表结构的简单句。句中to have been cloned为动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the first-ever primates；括号中的内容为同位语，解释说明primates，且含有一个which引导的定语从句。
·不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰词之后，常表示未发生的动作。
·中心词是序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时，其后多用动词不定式作定语。
·promise，plan，offer，decision，ability，chance等抽象名词后常用动词不定式作定语。
(1)The airport to be completed(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
[写作佳句]
(2)(应用文写作之申请信)我写这封信是希望得到成为我们学校英语协会的志愿者的机会。
I’m writing this letter in the hope of getting the chance to be a volunteer of our school’s English Association.
(3)(2022·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)虽然大卫是最后一个越过终点线的参与者，但他并不沮丧，相反，他的脸上绽放出胜利的光芒。
Though David was the last participant to cross the finishing line，he was not depressed and instead，his face lit up with victory.
while引导让步状语从句
While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement，others raise moral concerns.(P53，Para.5)
尽管有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
结构分析：此句为复合句。while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”；it is crucial for scientific advancement为省略了that的宾语从句。
·while引导让步状语从句时，意为“虽然，尽管”，不和连词but连用。
·作从属连词时还可引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……时”。
·作并列连词时，意为“然而，而”，表示前后意义的对比和转折。
(1)The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as reference books while the magazines serve as reading materials.
[写作佳句]
(2)(应用文写作之新闻报道)参观艺术展时，我们讨论了伟大艺术家的作品，从中我们开阔了视野。
While visiting the art exhibition，we discussed the great artists’ works，from which we broadened our horizons.
(3)(话题写作之网购)尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但它的影响并非都是积极的。
While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive.
认真阅读下面短文，完成下面题目
Over the past few weeks，I ①have been studying hard for the exam，devoting countless hours to making preparations for it.Before the review started，I ②had already finished reading the textbook and ③had been practicing problems regularly to enhance my understanding.This consistent effort ④has enabled me to learn a great deal and feel confident about the test.Looking back，I remember the times when I used to struggle with the subject，but I’m glad I ⑤have been persevering with my studies.My hard work will definitely pay off.
1．①和⑤使用的时态是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been doing。
2．②使用的时态是过去完成时，结构为had done。
3．③使用的时态是过去完成进行时，结构为had been doing。
4．④使用的时态是现在完成时，结构为have/has done。
完成时态
一、现在完成时
1．现在完成时的构成为have/has＋done，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now，so far，already，just，yet，recently，in the past/last few years，since，ever since等表示时间的词连用。
In the past few years，great changes have taken place in this district.
在过去的几年里，这片地区发生了巨大的变化。
It has been twenty years since I worked as a journalist.
自从我当记者已经有二十年了。
2．下列句型常用现在完成时：
(1)This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that we have seen a drama in the theatre.
这是我们第一次在剧院看戏剧。
(2)It/This is the best/worst/most＋adj.＋名词＋定语从句(现在完成时)
This is the most absorbing novel he has ever written.
这是他写的最引人入胜的一部小说。
二、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的构成为have/has＋been＋doing，表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，可以表示重复性动作或某种感彩。与之连用的时间状语有up to now，so far，recently，in the past/last few years，since，ever since，for＋一段时间等。
The young man has been wandering on the beach of the bay for 3 hours.
这个年轻人已经在海湾的海滩上徘徊3个小时了。
(应用文写作之申请信)I have been practicing oral English in the last 3 months with the purpose of communicating with foreigners freely.
我在过去的3个月里一直在练习英语口语，目的是与外国人自由交流。
注意：现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时表示动作发生过。现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Someone has phoned you.有人给你打电话了。
Someone has been phoning you.有人一直在给你打电话。
三、过去完成时
1．过去完成时的构成为had＋done，表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before，by，up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
The scholar and I became friends in 2000，although we had met several years before.
这位学者和我在2000年成了朋友，尽管在几年前我们就见过面。
2．动词hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，suppose，plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had intended to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。
3．在“hardly(scarcely)．..when...”，“no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the specialist finished his lecture when the audience began asking him questions.
专家刚一结束他的讲座，观众就开始向他提问。
4．by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句时，主句用过去完成时。
By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
5．表示“第几次做某事”时，若主句用过去时，则从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen the vale full of golden daffodils.
那是她第二次看到这座长满金色水仙花的山谷。
四、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时的构成为had＋been＋doing，主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作，或表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间，这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
When Alice came to herself，she did not know how long she had been lying there.
当艾丽丝醒过来的时候，她不知道自己已在那儿躺了多久。(表示lie这一动作先于came to herself发生，且lie这一动作还在进行)
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.
她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。
五、将来完成时
将来完成时的构成为will＋have＋done，用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before＋将来时间”或“by＋将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
Pick me up at 8 am，and I will have had breakfast by then.
早上8点钟来接我，到时我已经吃完早饭了。
The train will have left before you arrive at the station if you get up at 6：00 am.
如果你早上6点起床，你到达车站之前火车就已经离开了。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Already this year,115 measles cases have been reported(report) in the USA，compared with 189 for all of last year.
2．Languages have been coming(come) and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.
3．When Washington wrote that，Englishmen had been referring(refer) to insects as bugs for more than a century.
4．The chief engineer together with his colleagues has been looking(look) for new scientific methods of farming since five years ago.
5．It was really annoying；I couldn’t get access to the data bank you had recommended (recommend)．
6．A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped (trap) in the mountains for two days.
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示补全下面短文
I was reading today when I found it was snowing.Looking outside of the window，the shiny white snow on our lawn 1.had been cleaned by my father (已经被我父亲清理了)．I closed the book that I 2.had borrowed from the local library (从当地图书馆借的) and went downstairs for breakfast，which 3.had been prepared well (已经被准备好了) on the kitchen table.Then my little brother came to tell me that he 4.had been doing his homework (一直在写作业) this morning and he had a very nice dream the night before.We talked about his dream and the stories of my book.During the breakfast，one of my best friends came to visit my family.She said that she would go to Australia for further study.I know she 5.has been longing for the opportunity(一直期待这个机会) for a long time.During her study，she will learn the culture and professional knowledge in her field.I was so proud of her that we talked all day long.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．到目前为止，医生们已经发现了几种这种病毒的变体。
So far，doctors have discovered several variations of the virus.
2．我喜欢跳舞，多年来我一直在业余时间上舞蹈课。
I like dancing and I have been taking dancing lessons in my spare time for many years.
3．事实上，在你道歉之前，你的父母已经原谅了你的错误。
In fact，your parents had forgiven you for your mistakes before you apologized.
4．在我回来之前，我的父母一直在激动地争论着什么。
My parents had been arguing about something emotionally before I came back.
5．到这学期结束时，我们将学会大约3 000个英语单词。
By the end of this term，we will have learned about 3,000 English words.
训练2　Lesson 1
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．Walking is the simplest way to keep(keep) healthy for us.
2．My attitude is identical to/with yours in cloning human beings.
3．A large amount of money is(be) spent on advertisements every year.
4．By comparison(compare)，a cloned animal is likely to have a much shorter lifespan than the one from which it is cloned.
5．Convinced of the accuracy(accurate) of the data，the physicists stuck to their opinion.
6．My uncle bought a fake antique which was artificially(artificial) made like an old one.
7．Many Americans treat lunch as just another task to squeeze into an already over-booked day.
8．At that time,132 passengers and crew were aboard the plane which was bound for San Francisco.
9．Qian Xuesen was devoted to China’s aerospace industry，for which he will be remembered forever.
10．While/Although/Though many people are opposed to clone technology，others believe that it can be an effective way of protecting endangered species.
Ⅱ.单句写作(满分15分)
1．最近，我们班就是否应该克隆人类进行了激烈的讨论。(whether...or...)
Recently our class have a heated discussion about whether we should clone humans or not.
2．虽然有些学生认为它有利于医学研究，但另一些人认为它是不道德的。(while引导的让步状语从句)
While some students believe it is beneficial to medical research，others think it immoral.
3．那些支持它的人认为，人们长期以来一直使用克隆技术来繁殖植物和其他动物，这对人类有好处。(have been doing...)
Those who are in favor of it argue that people have been using cloning technology for long to reproduce plants and other animals，which does good to human beings.
4．其他学生坚持认为，如果克隆体仅仅被视为母体的副本，我们就不应该克隆人类。(insist that...)
Other students insist that we shouldn’t clone human beings if the cloned ones are seen as mere copies of originals.
5．在我看来，我们人类有能力利用好克隆技术来为我们服务。(不定式作后置定语)
In my opinion，we human beings have the capability to make good use of cloning technology to serve us.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
Recently our class have a heated discussion about whether we should clone humans or not.While some students believe it is beneficial to medical research，others think it immoral.Those who are in favor of it argue that people have been using cloning technology for long to reproduce plants and other animals，which does good to human beings.Other students insist that we shouldn’t clone human beings if the cloned ones are seen as mere copies of originals.In my opinion，we human beings have the capability to make good use of cloning technology to serve us.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
In 2022，in San Antonio，Dr.Pascal Badiou carefully implanted an outer ear on a woman born without right ear.For Badiou，a recognized expert in the field，such a procedure would normally be routine.But this case had a unique aspect：For the first time，the ear he was implanting was the product of a 3D bioprinter using the woman’s own cartilage(软骨) cells.
The ability to 3D print human organs is astonishing.Nearly 106,000 Americans are currently on waiting lists for organ donations，and 17 die each day while waiting，according to the federal Health Resources and Services Administration.A 3D bioprinting process that uses the patient’s own cells to grow organs would potentially curb that waiting list.
In 3D bioprinting，the name of the game is cells.The process begins by generating the cells that researchers want to bioprint，which are then instructed to become organ specific cell types.The cells are then turned into a printable bio-ink，which involves mixing them with extra materials to give them a toothpaste-like consistency(黏稠度)．The bio-ink is loaded into syringes(注射器) and squeezed out of a nozzle(喷嘴)．Once it is finished，the printed tissue is sometimes connected to a pump that drives oxygen and nutrients through it.Given time，the tissue develops on its own and increases in both maturity and function.
“The 3D bioprinter gives you several advantages，” says Atala，director of Wake Forest Institute.“Instead of making these tissues and organs by hand one at a time，you can automate the printer to do it.What’s more，we can more precisely locate the cells where they’re needed，and lower overall cost for the increased scale.And in terms of organ transplant，a new organ made of a patient’s own cells makes rejection far less likely.”
It sounds science fiction，but it’s already happening.“I think that in 10 years we will have organs for transplantation，” says Atala.“We will start with simple organs like skin and cartilage，but then we’ll move on to more complicated tissues—eventually the heart，liver，kidney.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了3D生物打印技术的原理、优势和应用前景。
1．What made the implant operation special
A．Humans first successfully implanted an outer ear.
B．It made Dr.Badiou a recognized expert of his field.
C．The 3D bioprinted product was used in implanting.
D．The implant procedure was designed by 3D technology.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的“But this case had a unique aspect：For the first time，the ear he was implanting was the product of a 3D bioprinter using the woman’s own cartilage(软骨) cells.”可知，使用3D生物打印产品使本次移植手术与众不同。故选C。
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．The advantages of 3D bioprinting.
B．The urgent need of 3D bioprinting.
C．The potential market of organ donations.
D．The increasing number of organ donations.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。第二段提到了大量的美国人等待器官捐赠，还有很多人在等待过程中死亡，强调了使用患者自身细胞进行3D生物打印来生成器官可能会有效缓解这种局面，因此第二段主要讨论的是对3D生物打印技术的迫切需要。故选B。
3．What can we learn about the process
A．The cells are mixed to increase consistency.
B．The printed tissue can develop itself by time.
C．3D bioprinter generates organ specific cell types.
D．The tissue drives oxygen and nutrients through a pump.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“Given time，the tissue develops on its own and increases in both maturity and function.”可知，打印出来的组织随着时间的推移可以自行生长。故选B。
4．What can we infer from what Atala says
A．Lowering overall cost leads to the increased scale.
B．3D bioprinted organs minimize the risk of rejection.
C．More complicated tissues will replace simple organs.
D．3D bioprinter precisely locates the organs that are needed.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段的“And in terms of organ transplant，a new organ made of a patient’s own cells makes rejection far less likely.”可推知，源自病人自己细胞的3D生物打印的器官可以最大限度地减少排斥的风险。故选B。
B
Beth Shapiro will lead the scientific efforts to resurrect(复活) the dodo at Colossal Biosciences，founded by tech entrepreneur Ben Lamm.Scientists hope to recover the dodo if they gather enough DNA to create a clone to implant in the eggs of closely related modern pigeon.
Dodo，an odd-looking flightless bird，lived on the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean until the late 17th century.The arrival of sailors brought with them invasive species like rats and practices like hunting.They doomed the dodo，which showed no fear of humans，to extinction in the space of just a few decades.
Now，a team of scientists wants to bring back the dodo.They hope the project will open up new techniques for bird conservation.
“It’s our responsibility to bring stories and to bring excitement to people in the way that motivates them to think about the extinction crisis that’s going on right now，” said Beth Shapiro.
Shapiro said that she had already completed a key first step in the project based on genetic material taken out from dodo remains in Denmark.The next step was to compare the genetic information with the dodo’s closest bird relatives in the pigeon family.
The following work that’s needed to resurrect the animal—programming cells from a living relative of the dodo with the lost bird’s DNA—will be significantly more difficult.Shapiro said she hopes to adapt an existing technique that has already been used to create a chicken fathered by a duck.
However，Shapiro said that perfecting these synthetic(合成的) biology tools will have wider implications for bird conservation.The techniques could allow scientists to move specific genetic traits between bird species to help protect them as habitats shrink and the climate warms.Shapiro thought the technology which works in chickens would be amazing to get this to work in lots of different birds across the bird tree of life because that will be hugely impactful for bird conservation.
Whether or not Colossal and its team of scientists are ultimately successful in their quest to bring back the dodo and the technological breakthroughs they may generate，they have investors excited.Colossal also announced that it has raised an additional US$150 million，bringing the total amount of funding raised since the company launched in 2021 to US$225 million.
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Colossal Biosciences公司将进行让渡渡鸟复活的科学工作。
5．What does the underlined word “doomed” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Destroyed. B．Rescued.
C．Hunted. D．Fed.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线单词下文“to extinction in the space of just a few decades”可知，和水手一起到来的老鼠以及人们的狩猎活动造成了渡渡鸟的灭绝，故推测画线词意为“毁灭”。故选A。
6．Which is the most challenging in resurrecting the dodo
A．Taking out genetic material from dodo remains.
B．Adapting an existing technique to create a chicken.
C．Comparing genetic information with the dodo’s relatives.
D．Programming its living relative’s cells with dodo’s DNA.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第六段的“The following work that’s needed to resurrect the animal—programming cells from a living relative of the dodo with the lost bird’s DNA—will be significantly more difficult.”可知，复活渡渡鸟最困难的一个步骤就是用渡渡鸟的DNA对其现存亲缘物种的细胞进行编程。故选D。
7．What can we learn from the passage
A．The project will bring back the dodo soon.
B．Scientists can change a duck into a chicken.
C．Synthetic biology tools will shrink bird habitats.
D．Protection of birds will benefit from the technology.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“However，Shapiro said that perfecting these synthetic(合成的) biology tools will have wider implications for bird conservation.”可推知，这项技术将有利于鸟类保护。故选D。
8．Why are the numbers mentioned in the last paragraph
A．To show the project is promising.
B．To imply the funding is insufficient.
C．To prove the breakthrough is admirable.
D．To evidence the technology is predictable.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其最后一句可知，本段提到具体的数据是为了说明让渡渡鸟回归这一项目是极有发展前景的。故选A。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Improved technology has enabled many corporations to operate internationally.These companies have entered foreign markets. 1 This has driven many businesses to include cultural intelligence as a qualification for promotion and employment.Psychologists have developed ways to measure and improve an employee’s cultural intelligence quotient(商)(CQ)．
CQ is generally evaluated using written assessments similar to intelligence quotient(IQ) tests. 2 And it also checks personal knowledge of situations where extra care is required.Besides，it assesses the effectiveness of an employee’s plans for dealing with sensitive situations and the ability to put strategies to practical use.
As we all know，IQ is largely unchangeable. 3 Generally，CQ can be improved by training.People going through the training could score higher in CQ tests than those who don’t receive such training.These individuals generally accept belief systems other than their own.
4 For those with only occasional contact with members of a certain group，one night of reading may be enough to learn the basics of polite/impolite behavior of that culture.Those who make frequent trips may need to do more in-depth research.Online reading and conversations with foreign people are good approaches to enhancing cultural intelligence.
After learning about cultural differences，those with high CQ often develop plans to apply that knowledge to social interactions.Often，they examine their typical behaviors and compare them to the normal behaviors of another culture.For example，a person usually greeting business associates with a hug would attempt to predict the effects of that behavior on members of a society that’s more protective of personal space. 5
A．Like IQ，CQ is also important.
B．In contrast，CQ is quite different.
C．Thus，their workers need cultural sensitivity.
D．He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.
E．CQ testing can improve one’s cultural intelligence.
F．Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.
G．CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.
语篇解读　本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了文化智商 CQ 的概念、评估方式、与IQ的区别、提升方法及其在国际企业运营中的重要性。
1．答案　C
解析　上文提到一些公司已进入外国市场，后文提到一些公司将文化智慧纳入晋升和雇用标准，C选项承上启下，符合逻辑，因为进入国际市场的公司其员工必须理解并尊重不同的文化习俗，这又促使公司看重员工的文化智慧。故选C。
2．答案　G
解析　由上文“CQ is generally evaluated...”和下文“And it also checks personal knowledge of situations...”可知，空处与下文构成并列关系，应该描述CQ测试的内容或方式。G选项“CQ testing measures one’s desire to be culturally sensitive.”能承上启下，进一步阐述了CQ测试的具体内容。故选G。
3．答案　B
解析　由上文“As we all know，IQ is largely unchangeable.”和下文“Generally，CQ can be improved by training.”可知，本空为一个转折，B选项“In contrast，CQ is quite different.”引出CQ“是可以改变的”这一特性，承上启下，符合题意。故选B。
4．答案　F
解析　空处为本段主旨句。由下文的“one night of reading may be enough to learn the basics of polite/impolite behavior of that culture.”可知，可以通过学习知识来提高文化智商，F选项“Improving cultural knowledge can easily increase CQ.”概括了这段的主旨，即提高CQ的一个有效途径是提高文化知识。故选F。
5．答案　D
解析　由上文可知，上文举例说明了一个有高CQ的人可以预测自己行为对不同文化环境中人的影响，接下来应该描述对于这种预测的应用，D选项“He would then adjust his behavior accordingly.”说明了具体的应对行为，承接上文，符合题意。故选D。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Acupuncture(针灸) is 1.____________ ancient Chinese medicine-based approach to 2.____________(treat) a variety of diseases by triggering specific points on the skin with needles.Since the Qin Dynasty，the Chinese 3.____________(alleviate) pain and treated illnesses through acupuncture.This practice originates from the discovery 4.____________ pricking specific points on the body with stone needles could ease pain and symptoms，which is in line 5.____________ the philosophy that facilitates the 6.____________(harmony) coexistence of humans with nature.
According to Records of the Grand Historian，authored by Sima Qian about 2,100 years ago，Bian Que，a 7.____________(high) skilled doctor during the Warring States Period，was famous for having saved a prince from death by using needles to stimulate the Baihui acupoint(穴位) on the head of the unconscious man.Bian Que’s cure was so effective that the prince and the whole royal family became his 8.____________(regular)．
Ancient Chinese believed that the human body 9.____________(fill) with an invisible life-giving force which they called qi and when the qi was flowing well and going to all the right places inside a person’s body，he would experience good mental and physical health.Today，many people volunteer 10.____________(become) a licensed practitioner(从业人员) for acupuncture，an effective therapy to help address a variety of health concerns.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了古代中医疗法——针灸。
1．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。approach是可数名词，此处表示一种基于古老中医学的方法，应用不定冠词表示泛指，且ancient的发音以元音音素开头，前面应加不定冠词an。故填an。
2．答案　treating
解析　考查非谓语动词。approach to doing sth意为“做某事的方法”，to为介词，后面接动名词形式。故填treating。
3．答案　have alleviated
解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语Since the Qin Dynasty可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语the Chinese指代“中国人”，视为复数，助动词应用have。故填have alleviated。
4．答案　that
解析　考查同位语从句。空处引导同位语从句，解释说明名词discovery的具体内容，从句成分和意义都完整，应用that引导。故填that。
5．答案　with
解析　考查介词。in line with为固定短语，意为“与……一致”。故填with。
6．答案　harmonious
解析　考查形容词。空处修饰名词coexistence，应用形容词harmonious作定语，表示“和谐的”。故填harmonious。
7．答案　highly
解析　考查副词。修饰形容词skilled“有技能的”，应用副词highly，表示“很，非常”。故填highly。
8．答案　regulars
解析　考查名词复数。句中regular表示“常客”，是可数名词，根据句中the prince and the whole royal family可知，此处名词应用复数形式，作从句表语。故填regulars。
9．答案　was filled
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知空处应用一般过去时，body与fill之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为单数。故填was filled。
10．答案　to become
解析　考查非谓语动词。固定搭配volunteer to do sth意为“自愿做某事”。故填to become。

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