资源简介

(共117张PPT)
HUMAN BIOLOGY
UNIT 9
Section Ⅳ
Lesson 3
9
内容索引
Part 1　课文深度理解
Part 2　长句难句分析
训练4
Part 3　语言知识梳理
Part 4　语法项目精讲
课文深度理解
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What does the passage mainly tell us
A.The history of epidemics.
B.The explanation of an epidemic.
C.The reasons why an epidemic happens.
D.The causes，influence and prevention of epidemics.
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
definition
classification
50%
returned
18
lung
8,000
higher
systematic
teamwork
1.What can we know about an epidemic
A.A common cold isn’t usually seen as an epidemic.
B.A large number of people must have died from it.
C.A rare disease which caused only a few deaths can’t be called an epidemic.
D.Whether a disease can be classified as an epidemic depends on its
spreading speed.
√
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
2.Why do people fear bird flu could be the next global epidemic
A.Because bird flu has caused thousands of deaths.
B.Because bird flu has influenced countries all over the world.
C.Because scientists have proved it after studying tissue samples.
D.Because people have found the links between bird flu and the 1918
Spanish Flu.
√
3.What is the similarity between “The Black Death” and the Great Flu Epidemic
A.They had similar visible symptoms.
B.They both had a terrible effect on Europe.
C.They both lasted about one year and a half.
D.They both caused more than 50 million deaths.
√
4.What is the author’s attitude towards man’s struggle against epidemics
A.Positive. B.Doubtful.
C.Critical. D.Uninterested.
√
5.Where are you most likely to find this passage
A.In a history report.
B.In a fashion magazine.
C.In a biology textbook.
D.On a science website.
√
An epidemic is the rapid spread of an 1. (infect) disease over a short period of time，causing a large number of deaths，the number of which 2. (differ) for different diseases.
Professor Jim Smith studied the history of epidemics 3.____________
(create) a more positive future.One of the earliest epidemics on record took place in Rome as early as 500 to 550 CE,4. killed half of the population in that particular area.The same epidemic called “The Black Death” returned in 5. 1330s in Asia and spread quickly to Europe.
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
infectious
differs
to create
which
the
Some hundred years later，the Great Flu Epidemic broke 6. in 1918，also known as the Spanish Flu,7. (kill) 50 million people.This was considered the most severe epidemic in human history.The 1997 bird flu which claimed over 100 lives was an 8. (adapt) of the Great Flu of 1918.
At the start of the 21st century there were two major epidemics—SARS and EVD.The more recently 9. (discover) SARS disease infected about 8,000 people.According to official records EVD has killed more than 11,310 people in West Africa alone.
out
killing
adaptation
discovered
10. (global)，researchers are coming together to try to identify the causes and help to find effective treatments for epidemics.
返 回
Globally
长句难句分析
1.An epidemic is the name given to an infectious disease that (rapid) spreads to a large number of people a short period of time—usually two weeks or less.(P58，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是 句。given to an infectious disease是过去分词短语作 ；that引导 从句，修饰 ，在从句中作 。
rapidly
within
复合
后置定语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
流行病是指在短时间内(通常两周或更短)迅速在大量人群中传播的传染性疾病。
定语
disease
主语
2.They can (cause) by several different factors，such as a virus being carried into an area，or changes in the way people live，like more people living an area，which increases the chances of them coming into contact a virus or bacteria.(P58，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是 句。being carried into an area作 语，修饰 ；people live为省略了that或in which的 从句，修饰
；which引导 从句。
be caused
in
with
复合
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
它们可能由不同因素引起，例如病毒被带入某个地区，或者人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一个地区居住的人群增多，从而增加了人们接触细菌或病毒的概率。
后置定
a virus
定语
the way
非限制性定语
3.Each disease can only officially be classified an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease.(P58，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是 句。once引导 从句。
as
复合
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
只有致死病例达到一定数量，某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。
条件状语
4.The common cold is a widespread virus that affects millions people，but it is not seen as (be) a serious enough condition to deserve the classification of an epidemic.(P58，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是but连接的 句。前一个分句中that引导_____
从句，修饰virus。
being
of
并列复合
定语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
普通感冒是一种广泛传播的病毒性疾病，可感染数百万人，但它并没严重到可以被称为流行病。
5.Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic， (especial) as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples from the bodies of people who died the 1918 Spanish Flu have proved that bird flu is a modern (adapt) of that virus.(P58，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是 句。Many people fear后是省略了that的 从句；as引导 状语从句；两个who引导的都是 从句，分别修饰scientists和people；第一个that引导 从句。
especially
of
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
科学家们仔细研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本，证明禽流感是该疾病的现代变异版本，许多人担心它可能是下一场全球流行病。
adaptation
复合
宾语
时间
定语
宾语
6. (century) later，the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918，also called the Spanish Flu， (strike) near the end of World War Ⅰ.(P59，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是 句。过去分词短语also called the Spanish Flu作
，修饰the Great Flu Epidemic。
Centuries
struck
简单
后置定语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
几个世纪后，第一次世界大战快结束时爆发了1918 年大流感，又称西班牙流感。
7.Families who had only just got the war now had to bury their loved ones who had died the disease.(P59，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是 句。句中两个who均引导 从句，分别修饰families和their loved ones。
through
of
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们死于疾病的亲人。
复合
定语
8. (initial)，many people believed that such epidemics no longer posed a threat until very recently SARS became a cause for concern.(P59，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是 句。that在句中引导 从句。
Initially
when
复合
宾语
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
最初，人们以为这种大规模流行病不会再对人类构成威胁，直至非典出现，再次让全球陷入担忧。
9.Since the end of the SARS epidemic，scientists have been doing trials
treatments to prevent any future outbreaks.(P59，Para.7)
结构分析：此句是 句。句中have been doing为 时；to prevent any future outbreaks作 。
on
简单
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
非典疫情结束后，科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再爆发。
现在完成进行
目的状语
10.The virus was (extreme) infectious and the survival rate was as low 30% in some areas，indicating that very few people got
it.(P59，Para.8)
结构分析：此句是and连接的 句。现在分词短语indicating...作
语，其中that引导宾语从句。
extremely
as
over
并列复合
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
该病毒传染性极强，一些地区的存活率低至30%，也就是说很少有人能康复。
伴随状
11.Despite，or perhaps because of，the epidemics the world has faced in recent years，governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and (system) medical research on epidemics _______
(get) at the causes and come up cures as soon as possible.(P59，Para.9)
结构分析：此句是 句。Despite，or perhaps...in recent years作 ，其中the world has faced in recent years是 从句，修饰the epidemics；the fact之后的that引导 从句。
systematic
to get
汉语翻译： ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
尽管(或者是因为)近年来全球爆发了流行病，世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究，以便尽快找出原因并找到治疗方法。
with
返 回
复合
状语
定语
同位语
语言知识梳理
n.变化物，变体；差异，变动 (vary vi.变化；不同 various adj.各种各样的 variety n.种类；多样性)
1
variation
·vary from...to...在……到……之间变化；从……到……不等
vary in sth在某方面不同
vary with...随……而变化
·a variety of＝varieties of＝various多种多样的
(1)There is，however，a definite (vary) between the male and female brains.
(2)During the kite festival，you will see large of kites of ________
patterns， from common diamond patterns to extraordinary dragon designs.(vary)
variation
varieties
various
varying
(3)(应用文写作之自荐信)如果我被选为篮球协会主席，我将组织各种各样的活动，从篮球比赛到各种娱乐活动。
If chosen as president of the Basketball Association，I will organize ，ranging from basketball matches to different entertainments.
写作佳句
a variety of/varieties of/various activities
vt.将……分类；把……归入一类(classified adj.分类的；机密的 classification n.归类，分类，分级)
2
classify
classify...into...把……分类为……
classify...by/according to...根据……将……分类
classify sth as...把某事物归类为……
(1)Evidently，The Three-body Problem should be classified science fiction.
(2)Doing garbage (classify) in a right way can turn waste into wealth，which will benefit us a lot.
as
classification
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)有人建议我们在背诵单词时把它们分成不同的类别。例如，有些词可以被归类为与体育有关的词。
It is suggested that words _________________________________
when we learn them by heart.For instance，some words sports-related words.
写作佳句
(should) be classified into different
categories
can be classified as
adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物(oppose vt.反对；抵制 opposite prep.在……对面 adj.对面的；相反的 opposition n.反对)
3
opposed
·be opposed to (doing) sth反对(做)某事
as opposed to(表示对比)而，相对于
·oppose (doing) sth反对(做)某事
oppose sb/sb’s doing sth反对某人做某事
(1)He waved to his friend on the (oppose) side of the street with strength.
opposite
(2)(2023·新课标Ⅰ，应用文写作)对于即将到来的口语练习课的分组，大多数学生反对随机分组。
As for the grouping for the upcoming oral practice sessions，a majority of students _____________________________________
.
写作佳句
oppose/are opposed to randomly assigning them into pairs
(3)(2024·上海6月，应用文写作)得知你的父母反对你烹饪，我写信给你一些关于如何消除他们的反对的建议。
Learning that your parents ，I am writing to offer you some proposals on ______________________
.
oppose your/you cooking
how to get rid of/remove their opposition
vt.埋葬；埋藏；掩藏
4
bury
bury one’s face/head in one’s hands用手捂住脸/头
bury oneself in＝be buried in埋头于/专心于……
(1)(2022·天津6月，书面表达)英语口语社的成员们每天花半个小时专心练习说英语，渐渐地，他们说英语越来越流利了。
①Spoken English club members __________________________
and they gradually speak English more and more fluently.
②____________________________________________________
，Spoken English club members gradually speak English more and more fluently.(分词短语作状语)
写作佳句
Burying themselves in/Buried in practising speaking English for half an hour on a daily basis
bury themselves in/are buried in practising speaking English for half an hour on a daily basis
(2)(读后续写之情绪描写)小女孩声嘶力竭地尖叫着，然后双手捂着脸，无法控制地啜泣着。
The little girl screamed at the top of her lungs and then she
，sobbing uncontrollably.
buried her face in her hands
5
with复合结构
With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past，Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics.(P58，Para.3)
随着近期的媒体报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比，吉姆·史密斯在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找如何创造一个远离流行病的美好未来的线索。
结构分析：此句是复合句。with的复合结构作状语，其中宾语press reports 和宾补drawing parallels...构成主动关系；how we can create...为宾语从句。
with复合结构：“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”在句中可以作状语，也可以作定语，其结构如下：
with＋宾语＋
to do(表示将要发生的动作)
doing(与宾语存在主谓关系)
done(与宾语存在动宾关系
介词短语
形容词/副词
(1)Finally，with just two minutes (spare)，we rolled into the bus station.
to spare
(2)(2023·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)这段经历根植于我的脑海中，我逐渐认识到，每个人都有自己的闪光点。
，I came to realize that everyone has his own flash point.
写作佳句
With this experience rooted in my mind
(3)(话题写作之节日介绍)随着新年的到来，人们穿上盛装走出去拜访亲戚朋友们并相互拜年。到处洋溢着欢乐。
_______________________________________________________
，people dress up and go out to visit friends and relatives to pay New Year’s call to each other.Everywhere is filled with joy.
With the New Year’s Day approaching/drawing near/around the corner
6
非谓语动词的完成式
Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months，the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history.(P59，Para.6)
西班牙流感在18个月内造成5 000万人死亡，被认为是历史上最严重的流行病。
结构分析：此句是简单句。having killed...在句中作状语，说明其动作在谓语动词is believed之前发生；to have been表示动作在谓语动词is believed之前发生。
·having done为doing的完成式，表示非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词
之前，可以和after doing 或者含有过去完成时的句子互相转换。其否
定形式为not having done。
·to have done为动词不定式的完成式，也表示非谓语动词的动作发生在
谓语动词之前。
(1) (wait) aboard for half an hour，the sailor felt impatient.
(2)Thomas Edison is considered (invent) the bulb，which benefits people greatly.
Having waited
to have invented
(3)(话题写作之人物介绍)陆游被认为一生写了3万多首诗，其中大部分都失传了。
____________________________________________________ in his life，most of which are lost.
写作佳句
返 回
Lu You is believed to have written more than 30,000 poems
语法项目精讲
认真阅读下面短文，分析其短语类型
①Last week，our hiking club got through a truly challenging trail.②As we went up the mountain，the scenery was breathtaking，with lush green forests and spectacular views.③We did trails to the summit，where we came up with a brilliant plan to plant trees to help restore the local ecosystem.④Our team was wholly devoted to protecting nature，and this hike not only allowed us to bond as a group but also contributed to a worthwhile cause.It was a rewarding experience that we will cherish forever.
情境导读
以上加颜色部分均为短语 ，其中：
句①的短语构成为__________
句②的短语构成为_________
句③的短语构成为______________和________________
句④的短语构成为____________________和___________
动词
vi.＋prep.
vi.＋adv.
vt.＋n.＋prep.
vi.＋adv.＋prep.
be＋adj./vt.-ed＋prep.
vi.＋prep.
语法总览
短语动词(2)
一、定义
由两个或三个单词组成的动词叫短语动词(phrasal verbs)。短语动词又叫多词动词(multiple-word verbs)。
语法精讲
二、短语动词的类型
1.vt./vi.＋prep.(及物动词/不及物动词＋介词)
listen to 听，look at看，look after 照顾，look for 寻找，hear of 听说，ask for 要求，请求，think of/about 考虑，思考
I shook my head，looking at the paper in disbelief.我摇了摇头，难以置信地看着那张纸。
I do hope you can think about my suggestions carefully.
我真的希望你能仔细考虑我的建议。
I am writing to ask for your valuable advice about my drama performance.
我写信征求你对我的戏剧表演的宝贵建议。
2.vt./vi.＋adv.(及物动词/不及物动词＋副词)
turn off 关掉，turn on 打开，work out 解决，put forward 提出，put off 推迟，find out 查明，give up 放弃，call off 取消
Three hours later，he still couldn’t work out the problem，so he had to give up.
3个小时后，他仍然无法解决这个问题，所以他不得不放弃。
The scholar put forward the proposal that we should put off the college entrance examination till July.
这名学者提出了一个建议，即我们应该把高考推迟到7月份。
Make sure that you have turned off the lights before leaving the lab.
在离开实验室前，确保你已经关掉了灯。
3.vt./vi.＋adv.＋prep.(及物动词/不及物动词＋副词＋介词)
get away with 做……而不受惩罚，break away from放弃，脱离，fit in with 适应，put up with 忍受，run out of 用完，look forward to盼望，get down to 开始认真对待
Must we put up with the increasingly serious pollution？Should we have some factories getting away with damaging the environment？Isn’t it time to get down to dealing with the problem？I am looking forward to seeing clearer sky，cleaner rivers and greener mountains.
我们必须忍受日益严重的污染吗？我们能坐视一些工厂破坏环境而不受惩罚吗？难道不是时候着手处理这个问题了吗？我期待看到更明朗的天，更清的河和更绿的山。
4.vt.＋n.＋prep.(及物动词＋名词＋介词)
make friends with和……交朋友，make use of利用，make fun of取笑，take part in参加，shake hands with和……握手，keep pace with 与……保持同步
In no case should we make fun of people with disabilities.
在任何情况下，我们都不应取笑残疾人。
Nowadays，we must update our skills constantly to keep pace with the developing society.
如今，我们必须不断更新我们的技能，以跟上社会发展的步伐。
5.be＋adj.(v.-ed) ＋prep.(be＋形容词/过去分词 ＋介词，相当于一个及物动词)
be afraid of 害怕，be angry with 生……的气，be aware of意识到，be busy with忙于，be certain of确信，be late for迟到，be interested in对……感兴趣，be satisfied with对……满意，be excited at对……感到兴奋，be tired of 厌烦，be worried about 担心，be bored with厌倦，be amazed at对……感到惊讶
Luckily，many of us have been aware of the importance of environmental protection.
幸运的是，我们很多人已经意识到了环境保护的重要性。
I am not satisfied with the purchase，so I want my money back.
我对这次购物不满意，所以我想退款。
My father is interested in poetry and these days he is busy with a poetry recitation competition.
我爸爸对诗歌很感兴趣，这些天他忙于一场诗歌朗诵比赛。
三、常见的短语动词
go短语
go about着手做；继续做
go against反对；不利于；违背
go ahead走在前面；进行
go by遵循；过去；流逝
go in for喜欢；参加(考试)
go over温习；仔细检查；反复研究
go through审查；通过；经历；忍受；完成(艰难的事)
go up上升，上涨；被建造
go without没有……也行
get短语
get on/along (well) with进展/相处/身体状况(良好)
get across把……讲清楚；(使)被理解
get away离开；休假
get down记下，写下；使沮丧
get over克服；从……中恢复
get down to (doing) sth开始认真做/对待某事
get at不断指责；到达；了解；查明
come短语
come about发生
come across偶然发现，遇到；被理解；给人以……的印象
come down降落；崩塌；降低；流传下来
come to恢复常态；共计；达到
come up走近；上来；发芽；发生
come up with提出；想出
come out出版；出现；开花
break短语
break away from脱离；逃离；甩掉
break down消除，瓦解；出故障；垮掉；(谈判等)失败
break into闯入；强行进入；突然开始(哭、笑、跑)
break out爆发，突然发生
break through突破，冲破
break up解散；结束
bring短语
bring about导致，引起
bring back送回；使回忆起；使恢复
bring down使下降，降低；击败
bring out使显现；出版；生产
bring up抚养，培养；提出；呕吐
bring in挣；引入；让……参与
give短语
give away赠送；错失(优势)；泄露
give back归还；使恢复
give in屈服，让步，投降；上交
give off发出(光、热、气味等)
give out分发；公布；发出；停止运转；用完
give up放弃；停止
give way to让步，退却；屈服于
look短语
look around东张西望，环视；参观；搜寻
look back on/upon回顾
look down on/upon俯视；轻视，看不起
look forward to盼望；期待
look into调查，审查
look on/upon...as...把……看作……
look out向外看；注意；当心，提防
look through透过……看去；浏览，快速查看
look up查阅；抬头看；好转；拜访
look up to仰慕；尊敬
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.It’d be much better to put the meeting till next week.
2.The government calls everyone to protect our environment.
3.Kids are usually easily taken so we should take good care them.
4.Though brought in the countryside，he adapted the city life quickly.
5.Just a little patience and we will look the problem you put
soon.
达标检测
off
on
in
of
up
to
into
forward
6.George is going a hard time.He always goes in E-sports，which goes his parents’ will.His parents are more glad to see him going his lessons.
7.Yesterday I came an old friend in the hospital.I asked him how it came that he fell ill.He said he had been staying late to write a book.Finally the book came ，but his health broke .
8.Tom couldn’t get on well his lessons when he first came to the school. What the teacher said didn’t get to him.His father told him to get
what the teacher said and he got the difficulties at last.
through
for
against
over
across
about
up
out
down
with
across
down
over
Ⅱ.用合适的介词或副词完成短文
It was raining.I went 1. a cafe and asked 2. a coffee.While I was waiting 3. my drink，I realised there were other people in the place，but I sensed loneliness.I saw their bodies，but I couldn’t feel their souls because their souls belonged 4. the Net.I stood 5. and walked between the tables，and when I came 6. the biggest computer，I saw a thin，small man sitting in front of it.“I’m Steve，” he finally replied 7. me after I asked him a couple of times what his name was.“I can’t talk 8.______ you.I’m busy，” he said.He was chatting online and，at the same time，
into
for
for
up
to
to
to
with
he was playing a computer game—a war game.I was surprised.I tried to talk 9. him again，he shouted 10. me，“I can’t put up 11.______
you. Leave me alone.”
That night，I thought everything 12. ，but was at a loss.Are they wrong or I am
to
at
with
over
Ⅲ.完成句子
1.我昨天参加了英语演讲比赛。
I yesterday.
2.直到现在，我已经真正意识到保持均衡饮食的重要性。
Up to now，____________________________________________________
.
3.由于这次意外事件，会议最终被取消了。
because of the unexpected incident.
took part in the English speech contest
I have really been aware of the significance of keeping a balanced diet
The conference was ultimately called off
4.我什么也不能买了，因为我的钱已经用完了。
I can’t buy anything，because .
5.一般来说，学生尊敬博学、耐心的老师。
Generally speaking，students who are knowledgeable and patient.
返 回
my money has run out already
look up to the teachers
训练4
1.Tom’s face turned red，with his voice (tremble) with excitement.
2. (bury) in reading books，he didn’t notice his father entering his room.
3. (rare) does the clerk go to work late，for which he is praised by the manager.
4.The kingdom (consist) of more than 10 parts is at the edge of falling apart.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
trembling
Buried
Rarely
consisting
5.It is (estimate) that total cost for treatment will go from $9,000 to $12,500.
6.I owe you an apology for the fact I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
7.Human beings are cutting down trees to grow crops， (pose) a threat to creatures in the forest.
8.Mr Green is strongly (oppose) to cloning，but his wife holds the opposite opinion.
estimated
that
posing
opposed
9.Some people are not so fond of pizza.They classify it junk food，along with French fries，potato chips，and hamburgers.
10.They are (official) identified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
as
officially
1.自古以来，流感一直对世界人民的健康构成威胁。(have been doing)
Since ancient times，____________________________________________
.
2.人们通过吸入病毒而被感染，导致病毒迅速传播。(doing作结果状语)
People get infected by means of breathing in the virus，_______________
.
3.据报道，这一疾病造成的伤害比任何其他疾病都要大。(to have done)
more harms than any other disease did.
Ⅱ.单句写作
the flu has been posing a threat to people’s health in the world
resulting in it spreading fast
This disease is reported to have caused
4.意识到形势有多严重，各国政府正在采取行动控制这种疾病。(having done作状语)
，governments around the world are taking action to control the disease.
5.由于采取了许多有效的措施，这种疾病的危害逐渐减轻了。(with的复合结构)
，the harm of the disease has gradually reduced.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
Having realized how serious the situation is
With many effective measures taken
Since ancient times，the flu has been posing a threat to people’s health in the world.People get infected by means of breathing in the virus，resulting in it spreading fast.This disease is reported to have caused more harms than any other disease did.Having realized how serious the situation is，governments around the world are taking action to control the disease.After many years’ efforts，with many effective measures taken，the harm of the disease has gradually reduced.
参考范文
A
The industrial solvent(溶剂) trichloroethylene(TCE) was once an ingredient in the process of removing caffeine from coffee.However，it was banned by the food industry in the 1970s.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，一种常用于清洁产品的化学物质TCE会增加人们患帕金森病的风险。
Despite that，it is still a necessary element in some household products，such as cleaning wipes，tool cleaners，paint removers，carpet cleaners and spot removers.In the United Kingdom，dry cleaners stopped using it in the mid-1950s，but according to Public Health England，it still plays a necessary part in metal cleaning.
A global study in 2021 found TCE increased the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease，a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and the parts of the body controlled by the nerves.It is said that the harmful chemical was fueling rising numbers of cases of Parkinson’s disease across the world.
About one million people in the US currently suffer from the condition.Doctors diagnose(诊断) 60,000 Americans each year.Brian Grant，who played for 12 years in the NBA，was diagnosed at the age of 36.The study authors say he was exposed to TCE when he was just three years old.He lived with his father，a US Marine at Camp Lejeune where TCE has been found polluting the military base.Amy Lindberg was similarly exposed there while serving as a US Navy captain.She was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease 40 years later.The study also details others whose condition was the result of living close to a polluted site or working with the chemical directly.
The US alone is home to thousands of polluted sites.Researchers say the country needs to speed up cleaning and controlling efforts.They argue that TCE should be further limited in use and be replaced by other chemicals as soon as possible.Besides，TCE levels in groundwater，drinking water，soil，and outdoor and indoor air require closer monitoring，and the information needs to be shared with those who live and work near polluted sites.
1.What makes TCE a necessary element in household products
A.Its environment-friendly property.
B.Its easy availability in daily life.
C.Its outstanding cleaning ability.
D.Its power of ensuring product safety.
√
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“...，it is still a necessary element in some household products，such as cleaning wipes，tool cleaners，paint removers，carpet cleaners and spot removers...，but according to Public Health England，it still plays a necessary part in metal cleaning.”可推知，TCE有不错的清洁能力，这使它成为家用产品中必不可少的元素。故选C。
解析
2.What did the global study in 2021 show
A.The young tended to develop Parkinson’s disease.
B.TCE and Parkinson’s disease were closely related.
C.Parkinson’s disease was caused by complex factors.
D.Parkinson’s disease proved more deadly than before.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段可知，2021年的一项全球性研究发现，TCE会增加人们患帕金森病的风险，换言之，TCE和帕金森病密切相关。故选B。
解析
3.What can be known about Brian Grant and Amy Lindberg mentioned in paragraph 4
A.They fell sick shortly after joining the US Navy.
B.They worked with the chemical of TCE directly.
C.They suffered because of their exposure to TCE.
D.They were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease early.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，布莱恩·格兰特在NBA打了12年球，36岁时被诊断出患有帕金森病。该研究的作者说，他三岁时就接触过TCE。艾米·林德伯格也接触过TCE,40年后她被诊断出患有帕金森病。第四段提到的这两个人都因为曾经接触TCE而被诊断患有帕金森病。故选C。
解析
4.Which of the following shows the researchers’ opinion
A.TCE levels in the air are impossible to monitor.
B.Measures of handling TCE should be stricter.
C.The use of chemicals requires more freedom.
D.Efforts to replace TCE have proven very simple.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，研究人员们建议采取多种措施限制并摆脱使用TCE和检测生活中的TCE含量。由此可推断，研究人员会赞同“处理TCE的措施应该更严格”这一观点。故选B。
解析
B
Over the past decade or so，camera technology has become more and more integrated into our everyday lives.We use our phone camera to store memories and important information，and cameras help keep people safe while driving.Parallel parking is so much easier now that cars come with rearview cameras.
语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。研究人员从自然界中寻找灵感，研究并开发了一款新相机，可以用来提高相机的整体性能。
However，up until now，cameras have also been limited.Wide field of vision cameras have been around since 2013，but these cameras only have a 180 degree field of vision，and can be clumsy.They work by essentially merging images coming from two or more cameras.This can lead to distortions(失真).In addition，using the cameras underwater also leads to distortion as light refracts differently underwater.
According to Fast Company，the researchers turned to nature for inspiration.They began by studying the fiddler crab and its compound eye.Unlike humans，fiddler crabs can look in many directions at the same time，giving them a full 360 degree field of vision.In addition，fiddler crabs need to be able to see well both on land and in water.
Dr Fredo Durand，a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory，told Laser Focus World：“Amphibian creatures are particularly exciting because they need to operate in two environments with vastly different optical characteristics.It’s humbling to learn from nature how to address these challenges.”
The result is a little black round ball of a camera that interprets and understands light in various ways.The scientists tested the camera’s capabilities by projecting a group of images onto the camera at different angles.They also immersed the camera halfway in a tub to test its underwater capabilities.It passed with flying colors.
Though the camera is still in the early stages of its development and is not ready for commercial use，the hope is that it will eventually be used to help make cars safer by improving camera quality in general and improving camera capabilities in the rain.
5.Which is a limitation of the wide field of vision cameras
A.They can only be used underwater.
B.They occupy too much space.
C.They consist of only two cameras.
D.They cover a limited field of vision.
√
细节理解题。根据文章第二段关键句“Wide field of vision cameras have been around since 2013，but these cameras only have a 180 degree field of vision，and can be clumsy.”可知，宽视野相机早在2013年就已出现，但这些相机只有180度的视野。故选D项。
解析
6.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.The surprising adaptability of the fiddler crab.
B.The advantages of the fiddler crab’s compound eye.
C.The way of carrying out research into creatures.
D.The possibility of having a 360 degree field of vision.
√
段落大意题。根据第三段的内容“研究人员从大自然中寻找灵感。他们开始研究招潮蟹和它的复眼。与人类不同的是，招潮蟹可以同时看向多个方向，这让它们拥有360度的视野。此外，招潮蟹需要在陆地和水中都有很好的视力”可知，该段主要描述了招潮蟹复眼的优点。故选B项。
解析
7.Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “immersed” in paragraph 5
A.Designed. B.Repaired.
C.Drowned. D.Abandoned.
√
词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段画线词所在句“They also immersed the camera halfway in a tub to test its underwater capabilities.”可知，为了测试相机的水下能力，要将相机浸泡在水中，immerse与drown意思最接近。故选C项。
解析
8.What is the author’s attitude towards the camera
A.Positive. B.Doubtful.
C.Unclear. D.Carefree.
√
观点态度题。根据文章最后一段“虽然这款相机仍处于开发的早期阶段，还没有准备好投入商业使用，但人们希望它最终能通过提高相机的整体质量和提高雨天的相机性能，来帮助提高汽车的安全性”可知，作者对这款相机持赞同的态度。故选A项。
解析
Picture this：you’re baking cookies.As you lift the pan out of the oven，your bare arm accidentally touches it.Ouch！Why did you feel pain？And how is your brain involved in sensing pain？
语篇解读　本文体裁为说明文。文章通过日常生活中的例子解释了痛觉机制、疼痛对人类生存的重要作用及其有时与实际伤害无关的现象，旨在向读者普及关于疼痛的生物学知识及其对身体健康的意义。
Ⅳ.七选五
A.Pain is not fun to feel.
B.Pain is a response to a stimulus.
C.Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel.
D.Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling，it is necessary for human survival.
E.All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive.
F.It is an important function of our brains，telling our bodies when something
is wrong.
G.However，the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there
was cause for alarm.
√
We may not like pain，but our bodies need it as a warning system. 1
由上文“We may not like pain，but our bodies need it as a warning system.”可知，接下来的句子会进一步阐述疼痛作为一种预警系统的功能，选项F指出疼痛能令我们的身体发现异常，承接上文，符合题意。故选F。
解析
There are special receptor cells in our skin and bodies that are sensitive to certain stimuli(刺激).These cells are called “nociceptors”. When a nociceptor gets exposed to a painful stimulus，it sends a message into the brain.The brain processes that information，and then pain is felt.
A.Pain is not fun to feel.
B.Pain is a response to a stimulus.
C.Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel.
D.Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling，it is necessary for human survival.
E.All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive.
F.It is an important function of our brains，telling our bodies when something
is wrong.
G.However，the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there
was cause for alarm.
√
2 Think about a time when you’ve stubbed your toe.There doesn’t seem to be a delay between hitting your toe and then feeling pain：it feels like it happens at the same time.
上文描述了疼痛信号从皮肤的受体细胞发送到大脑并被处理即疼痛被感知的过程，下文则举例说明从受伤到感觉痛似乎没有延迟，选项E解释了为什么疼痛感知似乎是即时发生的，能承上启下，符合题意。故选E。
解析
A.Pain is not fun to feel.
B.Pain is a response to a stimulus.
C.Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel.
D.Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling，it is necessary for human survival.
E.All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive.
F.It is an important function of our brains，telling our bodies when something
is wrong.
G.However，the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there
was cause for alarm.
√
3 If we have an injury，pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal.If we stand too close to a fire，pain tells us to move away.
由下文“If we have an injury，pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal...”可知，本空之后的内容讲述的是疼痛的实际作用，包括提醒我们休息和避免进一步伤害。因此，这里需要一个过渡句来引出疼痛的正面意义。选项D既承认了疼痛的负面特性，又引出了其必要性，能引起下文，符合题意。故选D。
解析
Not being able to feel pain can be dangerous.Some people can feel sensations like touch，but they cannot feel pain.Without feeling pain，they cannot listen to their bodies when they need to rest or heal.
On the other hand，the brain sometimes processes pain where there isn’t any actual injury to the body.Here’s a famous story：a man stepped on a nail.It went through the bottom of his shoe，and he felt like he was in horrible pain.When the doctors removed his shoe，they found that the nail was between his toes！It hadn’t gone into his foot at all.
A.Pain is not fun to feel.
B.Pain is a response to a stimulus.
C.Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel.
D.Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling，it is necessary for human survival.
E.All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive.
F.It is an important function of our brains，telling our bodies when something
is wrong.
G.However，the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there
was cause for alarm.
√
4 So his brain perceived pain to match the experience.
由上文“It hadn’t gone into his foot at all.”可知，这个例子说明了即使没有实际受伤，大脑也可能感知到疼痛。因此，空处需要解释这种现象。选项G指出是因为视觉信息误导了大脑，承接上文，符合题意。故选G。
解析
A.Pain is not fun to feel.
B.Pain is a response to a stimulus.
C.Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel.
D.Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling，it is necessary for human survival.
E.All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive.
F.It is an important function of our brains，telling our bodies when something
is wrong.
G.However，the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there
was cause for alarm.
√
Without pain，we might not know when we could need to rest.We might not know if we were in danger of hurting ourselves. 5 However，it is an important part of human life and survival!
由下文“However，it is an important part of human life and survival！”可知，本空需要一个总结性的句子，重申疼痛虽不愉快，但对于人类生存很重要。选项A与下文构成转折，符合题意。故选A。
解析
If you were told to stop from breathing through your nose，could you do it？Journalist Nestor made it for about 10 days,1.__________(plug) up his nose and breathing only through his mouth as part of an experiment at Stanford University.The effects were systemic—sleeping troubles，high blood pressure and，of course，discomfort.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了呼吸对健康的影响。
Ⅳ.语法填空
plugging
考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，Journalist Nestor与plug之间为主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填plugging。
解析
Breathing is so automatic an activity that most of 2._____(we) never think about doing it.But as Nestor shows through his own experiences and conversations with dozens of 3._________(expert)，the way we breathe makes 4.____ difference to the body’s overall health.
us
experts
2.考查代词。of后接代词宾格作宾语。故填us。
3.考查名词的数。dozens of后接可数名词复数。故填experts。
4.考查冠词。make a difference“产生影响”为固定短语，且符合句意。故填a。
解析
a
5.________(base) on the results of the experiment，his book Breath：The New Science of a Lost Art was published，where he explores everything from the role nose breathing plays in hormone regulation(激素调节) and digestion，
Based
考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，his book与base之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。base sth on“将……建立在……的基础上”。置于句首，首字母大写。故填Based。
解析
to 6._____ some athletes build up the lung capacity(肺活量) to run marathons in extreme conditions or dive into icy water for more than an hour at a time. The topic is 7.____________(seeming) simple—an entire book about breathing.
how
6.考查连接词。to后接宾语从句，从句缺少表示“方式”的连接词，在从句中作状语，所以用how。故填how。
7.考查副词。副词seemingly作状语修饰形容词simple。故填seemingly。
解析
seemingly
But actually every chapter 8._______(reveal) new details about how body and breath work together at the same time.
reveals
考查时态和主谓一致。陈述事实，用一般现在时，主语为单数，谓语用单数。故填reveals。
解析
Nestor’s daring attitude and curiosity were infectious：I not only noticed myself paying attention to my own breathing every time I sat down to read,9.______ my new-found comfort with my own lungs even 10.__________(inspire) me to go for my first jog in years.
9.考查连词。not only...but(also)...“不但……而且……”为固定结构。故填but。
10.考查时态。根据上文“noticed”可知，本句在陈述过去事实，为一般过去时。故填inspired。
解析
but
inspired
返 回
本课结束Section Ⅳ　Lesson 3
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What does the passage mainly tell us
A．The history of epidemics.
B．The explanation of an epidemic.
C．The reasons why an epidemic happens.
D．The causes，influence and prevention of epidemics.
答案　D
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．What can we know about an epidemic
A．A common cold isn’t usually seen as an epidemic.
B．A large number of people must have died from it.
C．A rare disease which caused only a few deaths can’t be called an epidemic.
D．Whether a disease can be classified as an epidemic depends on its spreading speed.
答案　A
2．Why do people fear bird flu could be the next global epidemic
A．Because bird flu has caused thousands of deaths.
B．Because bird flu has influenced countries all over the world.
C．Because scientists have proved it after studying tissue samples.
D．Because people have found the links between bird flu and the 1918 Spanish Flu.
答案　D
3．What is the similarity between “The Black Death” and the Great Flu Epidemic
A．They had similar visible symptoms.
B．They both had a terrible effect on Europe.
C．They both lasted about one year and a half.
D．They both caused more than 50 million deaths.
答案　B
4．What is the author’s attitude towards man’s struggle against epidemics
A．Positive. B．Doubtful.
C．Critical. D．Uninterested.
答案　A
5．Where are you most likely to find this passage
A．In a history report.
B．In a fashion magazine.
C．In a biology textbook.
D．On a science website.
答案　D
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
An epidemic is the rapid spread of an 1.infectious(infect) disease over a short period of time，causing a large number of deaths，the number of which 2.differs(differ) for different diseases.
Professor Jim Smith studied the history of epidemics 3.to create(create) a more positive future.One of the earliest epidemics on record took place in Rome as early as 500 to 550 CE,4.which killed half of the population in that particular area.The same epidemic called “The Black Death” returned in 5.the 1330s in Asia and spread quickly to Europe.Some hundred years later，the Great Flu Epidemic broke 6.out in 1918，also known as the Spanish Flu,7.killing(kill) 50 million people.This was considered the most severe epidemic in human history.The 1997 bird flu which claimed over 100 lives was an 8.adaptation(adapt) of the Great Flu of 1918.
At the start of the 21st century there were two major epidemics—SARS and EVD.The more recently 9.discovered(discover) SARS disease infected about 8,000 people.According to official records EVD has killed more than 11,310 people in West Africa alone.
10．Globally(global)，researchers are coming together to try to identify the causes and help to find effective treatments for epidemics.
1．An epidemic is the name given to an infectious disease that rapidly(rapid) spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time—usually two weeks or less.(P58，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是复合句。given to an infectious disease是过去分词短语作后置定语；that引导定语从句，修饰disease，在从句中作主语。
汉语翻译：流行病是指在短时间内(通常两周或更短)迅速在大量人群中传播的传染性疾病。
2．They can be caused(cause) by several different factors，such as a virus being carried into an area，or changes in the way people live，like more people living in an area，which increases the chances of them coming into contact with a virus or bacteria.(P58，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是复合句。being carried into an area作后置定语，修饰a virus；people live为省略了that或in which的定语从句，修饰the way；which引导非限制性定语从句。
汉语翻译：它们可能由不同因素引起，例如病毒被带入某个地区，或者人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一个地区居住的人群增多，从而增加了人们接触细菌或病毒的概率。
3．Each disease can only officially be classified as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease.(P58，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是复合句。once引导条件状语从句。
汉语翻译：只有致死病例达到一定数量，某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。
4．The common cold is a widespread virus that affects millions of people，but it is not seen as being (be) a serious enough condition to deserve the classification of an epidemic.(P58，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是but连接的并列复合句。前一个分句中that引导定语从句，修饰virus。
汉语翻译：普通感冒是一种广泛传播的病毒性疾病，可感染数百万人，但它并没严重到可以被称为流行病。
5．Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic，especially(especial) as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu have proved that bird flu is a modern adaptation(adapt) of that virus.(P58，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是复合句。Many people fear后是省略了that的宾语从句；as引导时间状语从句；两个who引导的都是定语从句，分别修饰scientists和people；第一个that引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：科学家们仔细研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本，证明禽流感是该疾病的现代变异版本，许多人担心它可能是下一场全球流行病。
6．Centuries(century) later，the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918，also called the Spanish Flu，struck(strike) near the end of World War Ⅰ.(P59，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是简单句。过去分词短语also called the Spanish Flu作后置定语，修饰the Great Flu Epidemic。
汉语翻译：几个世纪后，第一次世界大战快结束时爆发了1918 年大流感，又称西班牙流感。
7．Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones who had died of the disease.(P59，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是复合句。句中两个who均引导定语从句，分别修饰families和their loved ones。
汉语翻译：刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们死于疾病的亲人。
8．Initially(initial)，many people believed that such epidemics no longer posed a threat until very recently when SARS became a cause for concern.(P59，Para.6)
结构分析：此句是复合句。that在句中引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：最初，人们以为这种大规模流行病不会再对人类构成威胁，直至非典出现，再次让全球陷入担忧。
9．Since the end of the SARS epidemic，scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks.(P59，Para.7)
结构分析：此句是简单句。句中have been doing为现在完成进行时；to prevent any future outbreaks作目的状语。
汉语翻译：非典疫情结束后，科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再爆发。
10．The virus was extremely(extreme) infectious and the survival rate was as low as 30% in some areas，indicating that very few people got over it.(P59，Para.8)
结构分析：此句是and连接的并列复合句。现在分词短语indicating...作伴随状语，其中that引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：该病毒传染性极强，一些地区的存活率低至30%，也就是说很少有人能康复。
11．Despite，or perhaps because of，the epidemics the world has faced in recent years，governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic(system) medical research on epidemics to get(get) at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible.(P59，Para.9)
结构分析：此句是复合句。Despite，or perhaps...in recent years作状语，其中the world has faced in recent years是定语从句，修饰the epidemics；the fact之后的that引导同位语从句。
汉语翻译：尽管(或者是因为)近年来全球爆发了流行病，世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究，以便尽快找出原因并找到治疗方法。
variation n．变化物，变体；差异，变动 (vary vi.变化；不同 various adj.各种各样的 variety n．种类；多样性)
·vary from...to...在……到……之间变化；从……到……不等
vary in sth在某方面不同
vary with...随……而变化
·a variety of＝varieties of＝various多种多样的
(1)There is，however，a definite variation(vary) between the male and female brains.
(2)During the kite festival，you will see large varieties of kites of various patterns，varying from common diamond patterns to extraordinary dragon designs.(vary)
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之自荐信)如果我被选为篮球协会主席，我将组织各种各样的活动，从篮球比赛到各种娱乐活动。
If chosen as president of the Basketball Association，I will organize a variety of/varieties of/various activities，ranging from basketball matches to different entertainments.
classify vt.将……分类；把……归入一类(classified adj.分类的；机密的 classification n．归类，分类，分级)
classify...into...把……分类为……
classify...by/according to...根据……将……分类
classify sth as...把某事物归类为……
(1)Evidently，The Three-body Problem should be classified as science fiction.
(2)Doing garbage classification(classify) in a right way can turn waste into wealth，which will benefit us a lot.
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之建议信)有人建议我们在背诵单词时把它们分成不同的类别。例如，有些词可以被归类为与体育有关的词。
It is suggested that words (should) be classified into different categories when we learn them by heart.For instance，some words can be classified as sports-related words.
opposed adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物(oppose vt.反对；抵制 opposite prep.在……对面 adj.对面的；相反的 opposition n．反对)
·be opposed to (doing) sth反对(做)某事
as opposed to(表示对比)而，相对于
·oppose (doing) sth反对(做)某事
oppose sb/sb’s doing sth反对某人做某事
(1)He waved to his friend on the opposite(oppose) side of the street with strength.
[写作佳句]
(2)(2023·新课标Ⅰ，应用文写作)对于即将到来的口语练习课的分组，大多数学生反对随机分组。
As for the grouping for the upcoming oral practice sessions，a majority of students oppose/are opposed to randomly assigning them into pairs.
(3)(2024·上海6月，应用文写作)得知你的父母反对你烹饪，我写信给你一些关于如何消除他们的反对的建议。
Learning that your parents oppose your/you cooking，I am writing to offer you some proposals on how to get rid of/remove their opposition.
bury vt.埋葬；埋藏；掩藏
bury one’s face/head in one’s hands用手捂住脸/头
bury oneself in＝be buried in埋头于/专心于……
[写作佳句]
(1)(2022·天津6月，书面表达)英语口语社的成员们每天花半个小时专心练习说英语，渐渐地，他们说英语越来越流利了。
①Spoken English club members bury themselves in/are buried in practising speaking English for half an hour on a daily basis and they gradually speak English more and more fluently.
②Burying themselves in/Buried in practising speaking English for half an hour on a daily basis，Spoken English club members gradually speak English more and more fluently.(分词短语作状语)
(2)(读后续写之情绪描写)小女孩声嘶力竭地尖叫着，然后双手捂着脸，无法控制地啜泣着。
The little girl screamed at the top of her lungs and then she buried her face in her hands，sobbing uncontrollably.
with复合结构
With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past，Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics.(P58，Para.3)
随着近期的媒体报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比，吉姆·史密斯在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找如何创造一个远离流行病的美好未来的线索。
结构分析：此句是复合句。with的复合结构作状语，其中宾语press reports 和宾补drawing parallels...构成主动关系；how we can create...为宾语从句。
with复合结构：“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”在句中可以作状语，也可以作定语，其结构如下：
with＋宾语＋
(1)Finally，with just two minutes to spare(spare)，we rolled into the bus station.
[写作佳句]
(2)(2023·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)这段经历根植于我的脑海中，我逐渐认识到，每个人都有自己的闪光点。
With this experience rooted in my mind，I came to realize that everyone has his own flash point.
(3)(话题写作之节日介绍)随着新年的到来，人们穿上盛装走出去拜访亲戚朋友们并相互拜年。到处洋溢着欢乐。
With the New Year’s Day approaching/drawing near/around the corner，people dress up and go out to visit friends and relatives to pay New Year’s call to each other.Everywhere is filled with joy.
非谓语动词的完成式
Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months，the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history.(P59，Para.6)
西班牙流感在18个月内造成5 000万人死亡，被认为是历史上最严重的流行病。
结构分析：此句是简单句。having killed...在句中作状语，说明其动作在谓语动词is believed之前发生；to have been表示动作在谓语动词is believed之前发生。
·having done为doing的完成式，表示非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，可以和after doing 或者含有过去完成时的句子互相转换。其否定形式为not having done。
·to have done为动词不定式的完成式，也表示非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
(1)Having waited(wait) aboard for half an hour，the sailor felt impatient.
(2)Thomas Edison is considered to have invented(invent) the bulb，which benefits people greatly.
[写作佳句]
(3)(话题写作之人物介绍)陆游被认为一生写了3万多首诗，其中大部分都失传了。
Lu You is believed to have written more than 30,000 poems in his life，most of which are lost.
认真阅读下面短文，分析其短语类型
①Last week，our hiking club got through a truly challenging trail.②As we went up the mountain，the scenery was breathtaking，with lush green forests and spectacular views.③We did trails to the summit，where we came up with a brilliant plan to plant trees to help restore the local ecosystem.④Our team was wholly devoted to protecting nature，and this hike not only allowed us to bond as a group but also contributed to a worthwhile cause.It was a rewarding experience that we will cherish forever.
以上黑体部分均为短语动词，其中：
句①的短语构成为vi.＋prep.
句②的短语构成为vi.＋ adv.
句③的短语构成为 vt.＋n.＋prep.和vi.＋ adv.＋prep.
句④的短语构成为be＋ adj./vt.-ed＋prep.和vi.＋prep.
短语动词(2)
一、定义
由两个或三个单词组成的动词叫短语动词(phrasal verbs)。短语动词又叫多词动词(multiple-word verbs)。
二、短语动词的类型
1．vt./vi.＋prep.(及物动词/不及物动词＋介词)
listen to 听，look at看，look after 照顾，look for 寻找，hear of 听说，ask for 要求，请求，think of/about 考虑，思考
I shook my head，looking at the paper in disbelief.我摇了摇头，难以置信地看着那张纸。
I do hope you can think about my suggestions carefully.
我真的希望你能仔细考虑我的建议。
I am writing to ask for your valuable advice about my drama performance.
我写信征求你对我的戏剧表演的宝贵建议。
2．vt./vi.＋adv.(及物动词/不及物动词＋副词)
turn off 关掉，turn on 打开，work out 解决，put forward 提出，put off 推迟，find out 查明，give up 放弃，call off 取消
Three hours later，he still couldn’t work out the problem，so he had to give up.
3个小时后，他仍然无法解决这个问题，所以他不得不放弃。
The scholar put forward the proposal that we should put off the college entrance examination till July.
这名学者提出了一个建议，即我们应该把高考推迟到7月份。
Make sure that you have turned off the lights before leaving the lab.
在离开实验室前，确保你已经关掉了灯。
3．vt./vi.＋adv.＋prep.(及物动词/不及物动词＋副词＋介词)
get away with 做……而不受惩罚，break away from放弃，脱离，fit in with 适应，put up with 忍受，run out of 用完，look forward to盼望，get down to 开始认真对待
Must we put up with the increasingly serious pollution？Should we have some factories getting away with damaging the environment？Isn’t it time to get down to dealing with the problem？I am looking forward to seeing clearer sky，cleaner rivers and greener mountains.
我们必须忍受日益严重的污染吗？我们能坐视一些工厂破坏环境而不受惩罚吗？难道不是时候着手处理这个问题了吗？我期待看到更明朗的天，更清的河和更绿的山。
4．vt.＋n.＋prep.(及物动词＋名词＋介词)
make friends with和……交朋友，make use of利用，make fun of取笑，take part in参加，shake hands with和……握手，keep pace with 与……保持同步
In no case should we make fun of people with disabilities.
在任何情况下，我们都不应取笑残疾人。
Nowadays，we must update our skills constantly to keep pace with the developing society.
如今，我们必须不断更新我们的技能，以跟上社会发展的步伐。
5．be＋adj.(v.-ed) ＋prep.(be＋形容词/过去分词 ＋介词，相当于一个及物动词)
be afraid of 害怕，be angry with 生……的气，be aware of意识到，be busy with忙于，be certain of确信，be late for迟到，be interested in对……感兴趣，be satisfied with对……满意，be excited at对……感到兴奋，be tired of 厌烦，be worried about 担心，be bored with厌倦，be amazed at对……感到惊讶
Luckily，many of us have been aware of the importance of environmental protection.
幸运的是，我们很多人已经意识到了环境保护的重要性。
I am not satisfied with the purchase，so I want my money back.
我对这次购物不满意，所以我想退款。
My father is interested in poetry and these days he is busy with a poetry recitation competition.
我爸爸对诗歌很感兴趣，这些天他忙于一场诗歌朗诵比赛。
三、常见的短语动词
go短语
go about着手做；继续做
go against反对；不利于；违背
go ahead走在前面；进行
go by遵循；过去；流逝
go in for喜欢；参加(考试)
go over温习；仔细检查；反复研究
go through审查；通过；经历；忍受；完成(艰难的事)
go up上升，上涨；被建造
go without没有……也行
get短语
get on/along (well) with进展/相处/身体状况(良好)
get across把……讲清楚；(使)被理解
get away离开；休假
get down记下，写下；使沮丧
get over克服；从……中恢复
get down to (doing) sth开始认真做/对待某事
get at不断指责；到达；了解；查明
come短语
come about发生
come across偶然发现，遇到；被理解；给人以……的印象
come down降落；崩塌；降低；流传下来
come to恢复常态；共计；达到
come up走近；上来；发芽；发生
come up with提出；想出
come out出版；出现；开花
break短语
break away from脱离；逃离；甩掉
break down消除，瓦解；出故障；垮掉；(谈判等)失败
break into闯入；强行进入；突然开始(哭、笑、跑)
break out爆发，突然发生
break through突破，冲破
break up解散；结束
bring短语
bring about导致，引起
bring back送回；使回忆起；使恢复
bring down使下降，降低；击败
bring out使显现；出版；生产
bring up抚养，培养；提出；呕吐
bring in挣；引入；让……参与
give短语
give away赠送；错失(优势)；泄露
give back归还；使恢复
give in屈服，让步，投降；上交
give off发出(光、热、气味等)
give out分发；公布；发出；停止运转；用完
give up放弃；停止
give way to让步，退却；屈服于
look短语
look around东张西望，环视；参观；搜寻
look back on/upon回顾
look down on/upon俯视；轻视，看不起
look forward to盼望；期待
look into调查，审查
look on/upon...as...把……看作……
look out向外看；注意；当心，提防
look through透过……看去；浏览，快速查看
look up查阅；抬头看；好转；拜访
look up to仰慕；尊敬
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It’d be much better to put off the meeting till next week.
2．The government calls on everyone to protect our environment.
3．Kids are usually easily taken in so we should take good care of them.
4．Though brought up in the countryside，he adapted to the city life quickly.
5．Just a little patience and we will look into the problem you put forward soon.
6．George is going through a hard time.He always goes in for E-sports，which goes against his parents’ will.His parents are more glad to see him going over his lessons.
7．Yesterday I came across an old friend in the hospital.I asked him how it came about that he fell ill.He said he had been staying up late to write a book.Finally the book came out，but his health broke down.
8．Tom couldn’t get on well with his lessons when he first came to the school.What the teacher said didn’t get across to him.His father told him to get down what the teacher said and he got over the difficulties at last.
Ⅱ.用合适的介词或副词完成短文
It was raining.I went 1.into a cafe and asked 2.for a coffee.While I was waiting 3.for my drink，I realised there were other people in the place，but I sensed loneliness.I saw their bodies，but I couldn’t feel their souls because their souls belonged 4.to the Net.I stood 5.up and walked between the tables，and when I came 6.to the biggest computer，I saw a thin，small man sitting in front of it.“I’m Steve，” he finally replied 7.to me after I asked him a couple of times what his name was.“I can’t talk 8.with you.I’m busy，” he said.He was chatting online and，at the same time，he was playing a computer game—a war game.I was surprised.I tried to talk 9.to him again，he shouted 10.at me，“I can’t put up 11.with you.Leave me alone.”
That night，I thought everything 12.over，but was at a loss.Are they wrong or I am
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．我昨天参加了英语演讲比赛。
I took part in the English speech contest yesterday.
2．直到现在，我已经真正意识到保持均衡饮食的重要性。
Up to now，I have really been aware of the significance of keeping a balanced diet.
3．由于这次意外事件，会议最终被取消了。
The conference was ultimately called off because of the unexpected incident.
4．我什么也不能买了，因为我的钱已经用完了。
I can’t buy anything，because my money has run out already.
5．一般来说，学生尊敬博学、耐心的老师。
Generally speaking，students look up to the teachers who are knowledgeable and patient.
训练4　Lesson 3
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．Tom’s face turned red，with his voice trembling(tremble) with excitement.
2．Buried(bury) in reading books，he didn’t notice his father entering his room.
3．Rarely(rare) does the clerk go to work late，for which he is praised by the manager.
4．The kingdom consisting(consist) of more than 10 parts is at the edge of falling apart.
5．It is estimated(estimate) that total cost for treatment will go from $9,000 to $12,500.
6．I owe you an apology for the fact that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
7．Human beings are cutting down trees to grow crops，posing(pose) a threat to creatures in the forest.
8．Mr Green is strongly opposed(oppose) to cloning，but his wife holds the opposite opinion.
9．Some people are not so fond of pizza.They classify it as junk food，along with French fries，potato chips，and hamburgers.
10．They are officially(official) identified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Ⅱ.单句写作(满分15分)
1．自古以来，流感一直对世界人民的健康构成威胁。(have been doing)
Since ancient times，the flu has been posing a threat to people’s health in the world.
2．人们通过吸入病毒而被感染，导致病毒迅速传播。(doing作结果状语)
People get infected by means of breathing in the virus，resulting in it spreading fast.
3．据报道，这一疾病造成的伤害比任何其他疾病都要大。(to have done)
This disease is reported to have caused more harms than any other disease did.
4．意识到形势有多严重，各国政府正在采取行动控制这种疾病。(having done作状语)
Having realized how serious the situation is，governments around the world are taking action to control the disease.
5．由于采取了许多有效的措施，这种疾病的危害逐渐减轻了。(with的复合结构)
With many effective measures taken，the harm of the disease has gradually reduced.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
Since ancient times，the flu has been posing a threat to people’s health in the world.People get infected by means of breathing in the virus，resulting in it spreading fast.This disease is reported to have caused more harms than any other disease did.Having realized how serious the situation is，governments around the world are taking action to control the disease.After many years’ efforts，with many effective measures taken，the harm of the disease has gradually reduced.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
The industrial solvent(溶剂) trichloroethylene(TCE) was once an ingredient in the process of removing caffeine from coffee.However，it was banned by the food industry in the 1970s.
Despite that，it is still a necessary element in some household products，such as cleaning wipes，tool cleaners，paint removers，carpet cleaners and spot removers.In the United Kingdom，dry cleaners stopped using it in the mid-1950s，but according to Public Health England，it still plays a necessary part in metal cleaning.
A global study in 2021 found TCE increased the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease，a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and the parts of the body controlled by the nerves.It is said that the harmful chemical was fueling rising numbers of cases of Parkinson’s disease across the world.
About one million people in the US currently suffer from the condition.Doctors diagnose(诊断) 60,000 Americans each year.Brian Grant，who played for 12 years in the NBA，was diagnosed at the age of 36.The study authors say he was exposed to TCE when he was just three years old.He lived with his father，a US Marine at Camp Lejeune where TCE has been found polluting the military base.Amy Lindberg was similarly exposed there while serving as a US Navy captain.She was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease 40 years later.The study also details others whose condition was the result of living close to a polluted site or working with the chemical directly.
The US alone is home to thousands of polluted sites.Researchers say the country needs to speed up cleaning and controlling efforts.They argue that TCE should be further limited in use and be replaced by other chemicals as soon as possible.Besides，TCE levels in groundwater，drinking water，soil，and outdoor and indoor air require closer monitoring，and the information needs to be shared with those who live and work near polluted sites.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，一种常用于清洁产品的化学物质TCE会增加人们患帕金森病的风险。
1．What makes TCE a necessary element in household products
A．Its environment-friendly property.
B．Its easy availability in daily life.
C．Its outstanding cleaning ability.
D．Its power of ensuring product safety.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“...，it is still a necessary element in some household products，such as cleaning wipes，tool cleaners，paint removers，carpet cleaners and spot removers...，but according to Public Health England，it still plays a necessary part in metal cleaning.”可推知，TCE有不错的清洁能力，这使它成为家用产品中必不可少的元素。故选C。
2．What did the global study in 2021 show
A．The young tended to develop Parkinson’s disease.
B．TCE and Parkinson’s disease were closely related.
C．Parkinson’s disease was caused by complex factors.
D．Parkinson’s disease proved more deadly than before.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，2021年的一项全球性研究发现，TCE会增加人们患帕金森病的风险，换言之，TCE和帕金森病密切相关。故选B。
3．What can be known about Brian Grant and Amy Lindberg mentioned in paragraph 4
A．They fell sick shortly after joining the US Navy.
B．They worked with the chemical of TCE directly.
C．They suffered because of their exposure to TCE.
D．They were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease early.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，布莱恩·格兰特在NBA打了12年球，36岁时被诊断出患有帕金森病。该研究的作者说，他三岁时就接触过TCE。艾米·林德伯格也接触过TCE,40年后她被诊断出患有帕金森病。第四段提到的这两个人都因为曾经接触TCE而被诊断患有帕金森病。故选C。
4．Which of the following shows the researchers’ opinion
A．TCE levels in the air are impossible to monitor.
B．Measures of handling TCE should be stricter.
C．The use of chemicals requires more freedom.
D．Efforts to replace TCE have proven very simple.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，研究人员们建议采取多种措施限制并摆脱使用TCE和检测生活中的TCE含量。由此可推断，研究人员会赞同“处理TCE的措施应该更严格”这一观点。故选B。
B
Over the past decade or so，camera technology has become more and more integrated into our everyday lives.We use our phone camera to store memories and important information，and cameras help keep people safe while driving.Parallel parking is so much easier now that cars come with rearview cameras.
However，up until now，cameras have also been limited.Wide field of vision cameras have been around since 2013，but these cameras only have a 180 degree field of vision，and can be clumsy.They work by essentially merging images coming from two or more cameras.This can lead to distortions(失真)．In addition，using the cameras underwater also leads to distortion as light refracts differently underwater.
According to Fast Company，the researchers turned to nature for inspiration.They began by studying the fiddler crab and its compound eye.Unlike humans，fiddler crabs can look in many directions at the same time，giving them a full 360 degree field of vision.In addition，fiddler crabs need to be able to see well both on land and in water.
Dr Fredo Durand，a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory，told Laser Focus World：“Amphibian creatures are particularly exciting because they need to operate in two environments with vastly different optical characteristics.It’s humbling to learn from nature how to address these challenges.”
The result is a little black round ball of a camera that interprets and understands light in various ways.The scientists tested the camera’s capabilities by projecting a group of images onto the camera at different angles.They also immersed the camera halfway in a tub to test its underwater capabilities.It passed with flying colors.
Though the camera is still in the early stages of its development and is not ready for commercial use，the hope is that it will eventually be used to help make cars safer by improving camera quality in general and improving camera capabilities in the rain.
语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。研究人员从自然界中寻找灵感，研究并开发了一款新相机，可以用来提高相机的整体性能。
5．Which is a limitation of the wide field of vision cameras
A．They can only be used underwater.
B．They occupy too much space.
C．They consist of only two cameras.
D．They cover a limited field of vision.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段关键句“Wide field of vision cameras have been around since 2013，but these cameras only have a 180 degree field of vision，and can be clumsy.”可知，宽视野相机早在2013年就已出现，但这些相机只有180度的视野。故选D项。
6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The surprising adaptability of the fiddler crab.
B．The advantages of the fiddler crab’s compound eye.
C．The way of carrying out research into creatures.
D．The possibility of having a 360 degree field of vision.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。根据第三段的内容“研究人员从大自然中寻找灵感。他们开始研究招潮蟹和它的复眼。与人类不同的是，招潮蟹可以同时看向多个方向，这让它们拥有360度的视野。此外，招潮蟹需要在陆地和水中都有很好的视力”可知，该段主要描述了招潮蟹复眼的优点。故选B项。
7．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “immersed” in paragraph 5
A．Designed. B．Repaired.
C．Drowned. D．Abandoned.
答案　C
解析　词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段画线词所在句“They also immersed the camera halfway in a tub to test its underwater capabilities.”可知，为了测试相机的水下能力，要将相机浸泡在水中，immerse与drown意思最接近。故选C项。
8．What is the author’s attitude towards the camera
A．Positive. B．Doubtful.
C．Unclear. D．Carefree.
答案　A
解析　观点态度题。根据文章最后一段“虽然这款相机仍处于开发的早期阶段，还没有准备好投入商业使用，但人们希望它最终能通过提高相机的整体质量和提高雨天的相机性能，来帮助提高汽车的安全性”可知，作者对这款相机持赞同的态度。故选A项。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Picture this：you’re baking cookies.As you lift the pan out of the oven，your bare arm accidentally touches it.Ouch！Why did you feel pain？And how is your brain involved in sensing pain？We may not like pain，but our bodies need it as a warning system. 1
There are special receptor cells in our skin and bodies that are sensitive to certain stimuli(刺激)．These cells are called “nociceptors”．When a nociceptor gets exposed to a painful stimulus，it sends a message into the brain.The brain processes that information，and then pain is felt. 2 Think about a time when you’ve stubbed your toe.There doesn’t seem to be a delay between hitting your toe and then feeling pain：it feels like it happens at the same time.
3 If we have an injury，pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal.If we stand too close to a fire，pain tells us to move away.Not being able to feel pain can be dangerous.Some people can feel sensations like touch，but they cannot feel pain.Without feeling pain，they cannot listen to their bodies when they need to rest or heal.
On the other hand，the brain sometimes processes pain where there isn’t any actual injury to the body.Here’s a famous story：a man stepped on a nail.It went through the bottom of his shoe，and he felt like he was in horrible pain.When the doctors removed his shoe，they found that the nail was between his toes！It hadn’t gone into his foot at all. 4 So his brain perceived pain to match the experience.
Without pain，we might not know when we could need to rest.We might not know if we were in danger of hurting ourselves. 5 However，it is an important part of human life and survival!
A．Pain is not fun to feel.
B．Pain is a response to a stimulus.
C．Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel.
D．Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling，it is necessary for human survival.
E．All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive.
F．It is an important function of our brains，telling our bodies when something is wrong.
G．However，the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there was cause for alarm.
语篇解读　本文体裁为说明文。文章通过日常生活中的例子解释了痛觉机制、疼痛对人类生存的重要作用及其有时与实际伤害无关的现象，旨在向读者普及关于疼痛的生物学知识及其对身体健康的意义。
1．答案　F
解析　由上文“We may not like pain，but our bodies need it as a warning system.”可知，接下来的句子会进一步阐述疼痛作为一种预警系统的功能，选项F指出疼痛能令我们的身体发现异常，承接上文，符合题意。故选F。
2．答案　E
解析　上文描述了疼痛信号从皮肤的受体细胞发送到大脑并被处理即疼痛被感知的过程，下文则举例说明从受伤到感觉痛似乎没有延迟，选项E解释了为什么疼痛感知似乎是即时发生的，能承上启下，符合题意。故选E。
3．答案　D
解析　由下文“If we have an injury，pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal...”可知，本空之后的内容讲述的是疼痛的实际作用，包括提醒我们休息和避免进一步伤害。因此，这里需要一个过渡句来引出疼痛的正面意义。选项D既承认了疼痛的负面特性，又引出了其必要性，能引起下文，符合题意。故选D。
4．答案　G
解析　由上文“It hadn’t gone into his foot at all.”可知，这个例子说明了即使没有实际受伤，大脑也可能感知到疼痛。因此，空处需要解释这种现象。选项G指出是因为视觉信息误导了大脑，承接上文，符合题意。故选G。
5．答案　A
解析　由下文“However，it is an important part of human life and survival！”可知，本空需要一个总结性的句子，重申疼痛虽不愉快，但对于人类生存很重要。选项A与下文构成转折，符合题意。故选A。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
If you were told to stop from breathing through your nose，could you do it？Journalist Nestor made it for about 10 days,1.____________(plug) up his nose and breathing only through his mouth as part of an experiment at Stanford University.The effects were systemic—sleeping troubles，high blood pressure and，of course，discomfort.
Breathing is so automatic an activity that most of 2.____________(we) never think about doing it.But as Nestor shows through his own experiences and conversations with dozens of 3.____________(expert)，the way we breathe makes 4.____________ difference to the body’s overall health.5.____________(base) on the results of the experiment，his book Breath：The New Science of a Lost Art was published，where he explores everything from the role nose breathing plays in hormone regulation(激素调节) and digestion，to 6.____________ some athletes build up the lung capacity(肺活量) to run marathons in extreme conditions or dive into icy water for more than an hour at a time.The topic is 7.____________(seeming) simple—an entire book about breathing.But actually every chapter 8.____________(reveal) new details about how body and breath work together at the same time.
Nestor’s daring attitude and curiosity were infectious：I not only noticed myself paying attention to my own breathing every time I sat down to read,9.____________ my new-found comfort with my own lungs even 10.____________(inspire) me to go for my first jog in years.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了呼吸对健康的影响。
1．答案　plugging
解析　考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，Journalist Nestor与plug之间为主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填plugging。
2．答案　us
解析　考查代词。of后接代词宾格作宾语。故填us。
3．答案　experts
解析　考查名词的数。dozens of后接可数名词复数。故填experts。
4．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。make a difference“产生影响”为固定短语，且符合句意。故填a。
5．答案　Based
解析　考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，his book与base之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。base sth on“将……建立在……的基础上”。置于句首，首字母大写。故填Based。
6．答案　how
解析　考查连接词。to后接宾语从句，从句缺少表示“方式”的连接词，在从句中作状语，所以用how。故填how。
7．答案　seemingly
解析　考查副词。副词seemingly作状语修饰形容词simple。故填seemingly。
8．答案　reveals
解析　考查时态和主谓一致。陈述事实，用一般现在时，主语为单数，谓语用单数。故填reveals。
9．答案　but
解析　考查连词。not only...but(also)．..“不但……而且……”为固定结构。故填but。
10．答案　inspired
解析　考查时态。根据上文“noticed”可知，本句在陈述过去事实，为一般过去时。故填inspired。

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