资源简介

(共101张PPT)
Section Ⅱ　
Lesson 1
CONNECTIONS
UNIT 10
内容索引
Part 1　课文深度理解
Part 2　长句难句分析
Part 3　语言知识梳理
Part 4　语法项目精讲
训练2
课文深度理解
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A.How people in the world are connected.
B.How people in the world communicate with each other.
C.Why the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is put forward.
D.What the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is and how it develops.
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
connected
mathematically
test
recreate
Columbia
Small- world Project
relationship
regularly
1.What’s the purpose of the first paragraph
A.To give suggestions.
B.To introduce the topic.
C.To add background information.
D.To offer scientific data.
√
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
2.How was the result of the attempt of the two scientists in the 1950s
A.Satisfying. B.Disappointing.
C.Inspiring. D.Fruitless.
√
3.What do the two experiments in 2001 and in 2011 have in common
A.They were targeted at university students.
B.They were both carried out on the Internet.
C.They were carried out in the same university.
D.They were referred to as “Columbia Small-world Project”.
√
4.How does the author develop the article
A.By listing figures.
B.By comparing different opinions.
C.By providing examples.
D.By conducting a survey.
√
“Six Degrees of Separation” refers 1. the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.It was first talked about in a book 2. (call) Everything Is Different in 1929，in which Frigyes Karinthy introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early 3. (impress) of social networks.In 1967，an American sociologist 4. (choose) some people randomly in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people 5. (get) the parcels delivered.It was this research 6._____ inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.In the last few decades，
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
to
called
impressions
chose
to get
that
the name of the theory 7. (use) as the title of a play and then a film.Then，more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast，among 8. the Oscar-winning film Babel and the television series Lost were 9. (particular) famous.In 2001，Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’s experiment on the Internet.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain 10. (be) six.The most recent experiment was conducted in 2011，which also confirmed the theory.
返 回
has been used
which
particularly
was
长句难句分析
1.Research shows the average person only has regular communication with seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are (close) to us.(P8，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是______句。Research shows后是省略了_____的______从句，第二个and后是并列的第二个______从句；第二个从句中含有一个who引导的______从句，修饰________。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
between
closest
复合
that
宾语
宾语
定语
people
研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个最亲近的人身上。
2.The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published ____ book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early ____________(impression) of social networks.(P8，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是______句。in which引导______________从句；过去分词短语called Everything Is Different作____________，修饰a book。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
a
impressions
复合
非限制性定语
后置定语
匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
3.In 1967，an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried ______ (use) a new method to test the theory，which he called the“small-world problem”.(P8－9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是______句。which引导_____________从句，修饰the theory；过去分词短语called Stanley Milgram作___________，修饰an American sociologist。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
using
复合
非限制性定语
后置定语
1967年，美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆尝试用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。
4.Milgram told them to send the package _____ a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger.(P9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是_____句。they knew personally是省略了that/who的_____从句；who引导_____从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
to
复合
定语
定语
米尔格拉姆告诉这些人先把包裹给他们认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。
5.Once the parcel had been received _____ this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to _____ correct person.(P9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是_____句。Once引导__________从句，until引导__________从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
the
by
复合
时间状语
时间状语
一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到包裹被送到目标收件人手中。
6.___________(amazing)，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released，the results ______________ (publish) in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.(P9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是and连接的_________句。前一个分句中it是__________，to get parcels delivered是真正的_____；后一个分句中once released是_____从句的省略。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Amazingly
were published
并列复合
形式主语
主语
状语
令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发布在双月刊《今日心理学》上。
7.The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”，as almost all the characters had __________(random) met each other，or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in ______ same plane crash.(P9，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是______句。as引导________________；the other characters knew是省略了引导词______的定语从句，修饰someone；before引导____________从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
返 回
randomly
the
复合
原因状语从句
that
时间状语
电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。
语言知识梳理
vt. & n.发表，发布；释放
1
release
·release...from...从……释放/放出/放走……
·on release发行，上映
(1)上映后，这部动画电影给观众留下了深刻的印象，凭借其精彩的动画和感人的故事打破了多项票房纪录。
___________，this animated film left a lasting impression on viewers，breaking multiple box-office records with its spectacular animation and heartwarming story.
(2)此外，经常锻炼同样重要，它可以帮助我们保持健康和释放压力。
Additionally，taking exercise regularly is of equal importance， ___________________________________________.
写作佳句
On release
which can help us to keep fit and release stress
(referred，referred，referring)参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是(reference n.提及；涉及；参考)
2
refer to
·refer to...as...把……当作……
·for reference 便于查阅/参考
　in/with reference to关于；根据……而论
(1)[写出下列句子中加颜色词汇的汉语意思]
①If you meet with the new words about Latin，you can refer to a dictionary or turn to others for help.
②We have reached an agreement that we will not refer to the dedication again.
③People who work in offices are usually referred to as “white collar workers”.
④As the passage was stunning，he referred it to the editor.
(2)You can get a chain of information on the network for (refer) when preparing for your paper.
_______
_______
__________________
__________________
查阅
提及
把……称作……
把……提交给……
reference
(3)我写信是想寻求你的建议，关于如何处理和同学之间的摩擦和冲突。(应用文写作之求助信)
I am writing to ask for your advice _________________________
_______________________________________________.
(4)尽管这只是一本双月刊，你也可以把它当作有用的参考资料。
Though it is only a bimonthly version，_____________________
____________________________.
写作佳句
返 回
in/with reference to how to
deal with frictions and conflicts with my classmates
you can also refer to it
as a useful reference material
语法项目精讲
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成文后的练习
On 28 July 1976，Tangshan (1)was struck by an earthquake.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end.The ground (2)was covered by the bricks，and the wells (3)were filled with sand instead of water.A large city (4)was completely ruined.Volunteers from other areas (5)were sent to rescue the victims.When they arrived，many people (6)had been buried under the ruins，and many houses (7)had been destroyed.
情境导读
With the help of the government，reporters saw that the old people and children (8)were being delivered to a safer place by soldiers who were there to dig out the trapped and bury the dead.Although food，water and electricity were hard to get，hope was not lost.Reports also said that people (9)were being well taken care of and waiting for shelters built for survivors.Meanwhile，a new Tangshan (10)was being built upon the earthquake ruins.
以上加颜色部分都是_________。其中(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)是_______________的被动语态，构成是________________；(6)、(7)是______________的被动语态，构成是______________；(8)、(9)、(10)是____________的被动语态，构成是____________________。
被动语态
一般过去时
was/were done
过去完成时
had been done
过去进行时
was/were being done
语法总览
过去时中的被动语态
英语中动词的语态可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。
语法精讲
一、结构
被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态形式。下面主要讲解三种表示过去的被动语态。
时态 构成
一般过去时 was/were＋及物动词的过去分词
过去进行时 was/were being＋及物动词的过去分词
过去完成时 had been＋及物动词的过去分词
To our shock，some new computers were stolen last night.
令我们震惊的是，昨晚一些新电脑被盗了。
We couldn’t use the reading room，because it was being repaired.
我们不能使用阅览室，因为它正在被修缮。
When we got to the cinema，all the tickets had been sold out.
我们到达电影院时，票已经被售完了。
二、如何变被动语态
主动语态在变为被动语态时，通常都是将原来的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语若为人称代词，要将其变为主格；原来的谓语变为“be＋过去分词”形式；原来的主语在被动句中由by引出，主语若为人称代词，要变为宾格，有时by短语可以省略。
Someone broke the window.
→The window was broken by someone.
有人打破了窗户。
Julia was drawing a picture.
→A picture was being drawn by Julia.
朱莉娅正在画一幅画。
Tom had finished his homework before his mother came back home.
→Tom’s homework had been finished before his mother came back home.
在妈妈回家前汤姆就已经把作业写完了。
三、使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题
1.“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语形式不变，但相应地成为主语补足语。在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。如：
I saw her pass by the window.
→She was seen to pass by the window.
我看见她从窗前经过。
The boss made Jim work overtime.
→Jim was made to work overtime(by the boss).
老板让吉姆加班加点干活。
2.“主语＋谓语＋双宾语”结构变为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语。直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，句子有两种：一种可以转化为带介词to的结构(bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/
show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sth to sb)，一种可以转化为带介词for的结构(buy/make sth for sb)。如：
She gave me a nice gift.
→A nice gift was given to me by her./I was given a nice gift by her.
她给了我一件漂亮的礼物。
My mother made me a nice cake.
→A nice cake was made for me by my mother.
妈妈给我做了一个漂亮的蛋糕。
3.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We laughed at him for his funny hat.
→He was laughed at by us for his funny hat.
因为他的帽子很滑稽，我们嘲笑了他。
[注意]　不能使用被动语态的几种情况
1.不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，disappear，die，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。如：
Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently.
由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。
To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last.
令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。
2.有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：have，cost，lack，own，suit，hold(容纳)，fit，wish，belong to，suffer from，take part in，date back to，consist of等。如：
The delicate vase on show dates back to Tang Dynasty.
展出的这个精美花瓶可追溯到唐代。
Our previous stadium could only hold no more than 200 audience.
我们原来的体育馆只能容纳不到200名观众。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.He told me that the novel ___________________(translate) into several languages.
2.Our money ______________(run) out，so we could predict the endless trouble the next month.
3.After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it _____________________(decorate).
4.Since childhood，Linda has been made _______(work) on the farm from day to night.
达标检测
had been translated
was running
was being decorated
to work
5.She __________________(examine) by a doctor when I went to visit her.
6.It was the first time that he ________________(praise) by his teacher in front of so many people.
7.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but __________
(hold) back thankfully by the shop window.
8.Professor Williams kept telling his students that the future __________ (belong) to the well-educated.
9.It was reported that the goods __________________(ship) to the island before the police arrived.
10.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _________________(carry) out in the past years.
was being examined
had been praised
was held
belonged
had been shipped
had been carried
Ⅱ.根据本单元语法项目完成下面语段
Once I would like to live in a house which 1. _________________(surround) by green trees.I held the belief that if the walls 2. ______________(paint) yellow and green，the decorated rooms would seem larger.Therefore，I would be able to conduct experiments with music created by myself in a special room with delight.However，one day I dreamed that I managed to live in such a house in the deep forest but unfortunately I 3. __________________(trap) for three days after a heavy storm before my friend finally came to my rescue.I was scared and woke up，only to find that my neighbor’s house 4. _____________________ (decorate)，with noise going on.
was surrounded
were painted
had been trapped
was being decorated
Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子
1.She was taken to the nearby hospital and ____________________________(立即实施了手术).
2.It really benefited me a lot to preview lessons，get actively involved in class，and review ______________________(被教的内容) after class.
3.The documents _____________________(正在被准备) for the meeting when the power went out.
4.We can see past occurrences of climate change ______________________________
_________________(过去几百年里发生的).
5. ___________________________________________________(上周举办了英语演讲比赛)，with the intention of promoting our passion for English.
返 回
was operated on immediately
what had been taught
were being prepared
that took place over just a few
hundred years
An English speaking competition was held last week
训练2
1.It was your encouragement and support _______ carried me through these hardships.
2.The sociologist ___________(random) selected 200 participants from different social backgrounds to conduct his study.
3.With __________(refer) to the broken window，I sincerely apologise for my carelessness and will take full responsibility.
4.While it sounds fine _____ theory，there is still some doubt whether it will work.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
that
randomly
reference
in
5.Although very _______(tire)，he still stayed up late to prepare for the coming test.
6.They gave me the ____________(impress) that they were doing exactly what they wanted in life.
7.It took the firefighters two hours to release driver _______ the wreckage.
tired
impression
from
1.我写信为我昨天的行为向你道歉。(apologise)
_______________________________________________________________
2.我真的非常后悔因为这种小事跟你发生冲突。(come into conflict with)
_______________________________________________________________
3.我一到家，就意识到我当时那样做完全是出于忌妒。
_______________________________________________________________
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——道歉信)
I am writing to apologise to you for what I did yesterday.
I really regret coming into conflict with you over such a small matter.
The moment I arrived home，I realized that I did it totally out of envy.
4.也是我的固执导致了我们之间的冲突，并且伤害你如此之深。(强调句型)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.如果有可能，请接受我诚挚的道歉，我承诺以后再也不会发生这种事情了。(省略句)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
It was also my being stubborn that caused the conflict between us and hurt you so much.
If possible，please accept my sincere apology and I promise it won’t happen any more.
参考范文
Dear Mike，
I am writing to apologise to you for what I did yesterday.Thinking back，I realize how foolish and impulsive I was.
I really regret coming into conflict with you over such a small matter.The moment I arrived home，I realized that I did it totally out of envy to you.My jealousy clouded my judgment，causing me to react in a way that hurt you.Moreover，it was also my being stubborn that caused the conflict between us and hurt you so much.I deeply regret not being more understanding and considerate of your feelings.
If possible，please accept my sincere apology and I promise it won’t happen any more.I sincerely hope we can move past this and continue to build our friendship.
Yours，
Li Hua
A
I recently ran into a woman I knew from work years ago.She had performed random acts of kindness but sometimes sounded too shallow.Now here she was again.“Hi，” she said，smiling.“How are you？” Like a fool，I rushed to tell her everything I had been doing.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过个人经历引出主题，即识别“友敌”，并引用了心理学家和人类行为学家的专业观点来分析不同类型的“友敌”。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
The woman interrupted me.“That’s great.I’m so happy to hear you’ve finally sorted your life out.” And off she went，leaving me speechless.I tossed and turned that night，thinking about what she had meant.She didn’t know anything about my life，so why had she said that
I finally recognised psychologist Adam Grant’s idea about frenemies—those “supposed friends who sometimes help you and sometimes hurt you.” Not for nothing did Grant write：“The most toxic relationships aren’t the purely negative ones.They’re the ones that are a mix of positive and negative.”
Avoiding these connections whenever possible is probably a good idea，but how do we distinguish frenemies from other friends？Human behaviorist Vanessa Van Edwards has identified three different types of frenemy.
The first is the easiest to detect—the jealous(嫉妒的) frenemy.“On the surface，they want you to succeed but they will gossip about you behind your back and are jealous of your accomplishments and successes，” Vanessa says.
The second type of frenemy is what she calls the undermining(暗中破坏的) frenemy.You think they’re on your side and then they start making indirect，unkind comments in front of the boss.The undermining frenemy operates outside the office，too.For example，you tell a friend that you want to lose weight.Are they going to cheer you on or invite you to a bad brunch and bring you a cupcake
The third type is the hardest to detect，labelled by Van Edwards as the unsure frenemy.She believes that this type of connection has become increasingly common thanks to social media.“Particularly when you have a lot of interactions online with wider social groups，it can be really difficult to know where a person fits in your life.We like each other’s posts online with each other.But I’m not sure I like you，” Van Edwards explains.
1.Why did the author rush to tell the woman everything
A.They are close friends.
B.She needed the woman’s help.
C.The woman was good at comforting friends.
D.She misjudged the woman’s behavior and purpose.
√
推理判断题。由第一段最后三句“‘Hi，’ she said...I had been doing.”和第二段中“She didn’t know anything about my life，so why had she said that？”可知，这位女士只是随意问候以表示善意，而作者误以为这位女士真的对自己表示关心，所以急于分享自己的近况，可推知作者错误地判断了那位女士的行为和目的。故选D。
解析
2.What does the underlined word “toxic” in the third paragraph most probably mean
A.Privileged. B.Poisonous.
C.Superior. D.Innocent.
√
词义猜测题。由画线词后的“...aren’t the purely negative ones.They’re the ones that are a mix of positive and negative”和第四段开头的“Avoiding these connections whenever possible is probably a good idea”可知，最toxic的关系并不是那些纯粹消极的关系，而是那些好坏参半的，尽可能地避免这种关系是对的，可推知toxic是个贬义词。所以toxic在此处最有可能的意思是“有害的”。privileged享有特权的；poisonous有毒的；superior优越的；innocent无辜的。故选B。
解析
3.What type is it if a friend keeps inviting and paying for you to play computer games when he knows you want to start studying hard
A.The purely negative type.
B.The jealous type.
C.The undermining type.
D.The unsure type.
√
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The second type of frenemy is what she calls the undermining(暗中破坏的) frenemy...For example，you tell a friend that you want to lose weight.Are they going to cheer you on or invite you to a bad brunch and bring you a cupcake？”可知，这种人会阻碍你做正确的事。因此，如果一个朋友在知道你想开始努力学习时还不断引诱你玩游戏，这属于暗中破坏的类型。故选C。
解析
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.How to Justify Frenemies
B.Why So Many Frenemies
C.Be Careful of Frenemies!
D.The Meaning of Frenemy
√
标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第三、四段内容可知，文章通过作者的个人经历引入了frenemy“友敌”的概念，并引用心理学家和人类行为学家的观点分析了三种不同类型的“友敌”，提醒读者警惕这类关系。因此，最适合的标题是“Be Careful of Frenemies！(小心友敌！)”。故选C。
解析
B
What if your next job is just a weak tie away？A recent study，conducted by a team from Stanford University and LinkedIn，revealed that weaker social connections have a greater beneficial effect on job mobility(流动性) than stronger ties.Stanford Professor Erik Bryson suggests a practical outcome of this study is to encourage job seekers to expand their reach beyond immediate friends and colleagues.Weak ties，he explains，often provide more unique，beneficial information and connections.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。研究表明较弱的社会关系比较强的社会关系对工作流动性有更大的有利影响，鼓励求职者将自己的联系范围扩大到直接的朋友和同事之外。
The advantage of weak ties theory is based on the idea that weak ties allow distant group of people to access novel information that can lead to new opportunities and innovation.Weak ties are more likely to introduce new job information to a wider social network.
The research team conducted a five-year experimental study with LinkedIn，involving 20 million global participants and 600,000 new jobs created.Using LinkedIn’s “People You May Know”(PYMK) algorithm(算法)，the researchers tested the weak tie theory’s impact on the job market.The team randomly assigned LinkedIn users to receive either more weak or strong tie recommendations from the PYMK algorithm，then tracked the labor mobility of these groups over five years.
Their findings confirm that weaker ties enhance job mobility.Besides，the researchers looked at differences across industries and found that adding weak ties creates significantly more job opportunities in digital and high-tech industries.“This may reflect the fact that there is more rapid change and need for novel information and connections in those industries，” Bryson said.
He points out that the traditional methods used by policymakers to analyze labor markets are quickly becoming outdated.“They need to recognize that the labor market，like all aspects of the economy，is being digitized，” Bryson said.“It is important that we understand how the algorithms used by digital platforms like LinkedIn impact the labor market.”
5.According to paragraph 1，what should job seekers do
A.Expand network to include weak ties.
B.Limit the search to their current industry.
C.Strengthen connections with close friends.
D.Rely on strong connections for opportunities.
√
细节理解题。由第一段最后两句可知，斯坦福大学教授Erik Bryson鼓励求职者将自己的联系范围扩大到直接的朋友和同事之外，弱关系通常能提供更独特、更有益的信息和联系。因此，求职者应该扩大关系网，包括弱关系。故选A。
解析
6.How did the researchers test the weak tie theory
A.By carrying out online surveys.
B.By interviewing LinkedIn employers.
C.By tracking user data and job mobility.
D.By conducting a large-scale job fair.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中“The team randomly assigned...of these groups over five years.”可知，该团队随机分配领英用户，让他们接受PYMK算法给出的更多的弱联系或强联系推荐，然后在五年内追踪这些群体的劳动力流动性。故可知，研究人员通过跟踪用户数据和工作流动性检验弱联系理论。故选C。
解析
7.What can we learn about digital and high-tech industries
A.They are fast-paced and value novelty.
B.They cause weak ties among employees.
C.Strong ties are the main source of mobility.
D.Weak ties do not contribute to job mobility.
√
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“This may reflect the fact that there is more rapid change and need for novel information and connections in those industries(这可能反映了这样一个事实，即那些行业的变化更快，对新信息和联系的需求也更大)”可知，数字和高科技产业节奏快，重视新信息。故选A。
解析
8.What might Bryson advise policymakers to do
A.Prioritize traditional methods only.
B.Ignore the impact of digital platforms.
C.Recognize the influence of digitization.
D.Understand the rules on digital platforms.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“They need to...being digitized”和“It is important that we understand how the algorithms used by digital platforms like LinkedIn impact the labor market(重要的是，我们要了解像领英这样的数字平台使用的算法是如何影响劳动力市场的).”可推知，Bryson建议政策制定者认识到数字化的影响。故选C。
解析
We all desire to belong，whether at our place of work or in our community.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何克服缺乏归属感的问题。
Ⅳ.七选五
1 Here are some tips on how to overcome a lack of belongingness to help you make a fresh start and become a better you.
A.Evaluate how you see yourself.
B.Acknowledge what you are feeling.
C.That is something you just have to accept.
D.Surely，you can also gain a sense of belonging.
E.It’s easy to think that others’ social life is perfect.
F.Body expression plays a huge role in how others relate to us.
G.Unfortunately，we all go through periods of loneliness or feel like we
　don’t fit in.
√
根据上文“We all desire to belong，whether at our place of work or in our community.”以及后文“Here are some tips on how to overcome a lack of belongingness”可知，本空应与上文构成转折，指出存在不适应的情况，以引出后文的方法。故G选项“不幸的是，我们都经历过孤独的时期，或者觉得自己不适应”符合语境，故选G。
解析
* 2
A.Evaluate how you see yourself.
B.Acknowledge what you are feeling.
C.That is something you just have to accept.
D.Surely，you can also gain a sense of belonging.
E.It’s easy to think that others’ social life is perfect.
F.Body expression plays a huge role in how others relate to us.
G.Unfortunately，we all go through periods of loneliness or feel like we
　don’t fit in.
√
根据本段内容“You might feel hurt when...Taking time to acknowledge these feelings can help reduce social anxiety.Avoid trying to shut them out...”可知，本段的建议是承认自己的感受，故B选项“承认你的感受”概括段意，适合作主旨句，故选B。
解析
You might feel hurt when your close friend doesn’t invite you to her party，or when your colleagues never ask you to join in on coffee talks.No matter what the case，you’ll finally feel numbers of emotions.Taking time to acknowledge these feelings can help reduce social anxiety.Avoid trying to shut them out because this is more likely to cause many mental health issues.
* Consider that you’re not as alone as you feel.
3 However，for whatever reason，you have no way of gaining what everyone else has.
A.Evaluate how you see yourself.
B.Acknowledge what you are feeling.
C.That is something you just have to accept.
D.Surely，you can also gain a sense of belonging.
E.It’s easy to think that others’ social life is perfect.
F.Body expression plays a huge role in how others relate to us.
G.Unfortunately，we all go through periods of loneliness or feel like we
　don’t fit in.
√
根据后文“However，for whatever reason，you have no way of gaining what everyone else has.The truth is that everyone is struggling with psychological issues；they just don’t let it show.”可知，后文提到实际上每个人都有自己的痛苦挣扎，与本空构成转折，说明本空是对他人生活的错误想象。故E选项“我们很容易认为别人的社交生活是完美的”符合语境，故选E。
解析
The truth is that everyone is struggling with psychological issues；they just don’t let it show.Remember it’s easier to post about a trip one took on Facebook than to talk about how hard it has been to make ends meet.So，don’t feel the pressure to compare yourself to others.
* Get to establish new relationships.
If you feel like your existing relationships don’t offer the emotional support，it may be time to join a new friendship group.People change over time，and new interests and friendships often accompany such changes.
4 And the sooner you accept the fact，the happier you’ll be.
A.Evaluate how you see yourself.
B.Acknowledge what you are feeling.
C.That is something you just have to accept.
D.Surely，you can also gain a sense of belonging.
E.It’s easy to think that others’ social life is perfect.
F.Body expression plays a huge role in how others relate to us.
G.Unfortunately，we all go through periods of loneliness or feel like we
　don’t fit in.
√
根据上文“People change over time，and new interests and friendships often accompany such changes.”以及后文“And the sooner you accept the fact，the happier you’ll be.”可知，本空与后文为顺承关系，建议接受上文提到的事实，故C选项“这是你必须接受的”符合语境，选项中的That指代上文内容，故选C。
解析
* Focus on something that isn’t YOU.
When you’re wrapped in your shortcomings，it might help to emphasize things that exist outside of yourself.Volunteer at a nursing home，pet the dogs at an animal shelter or offer free guitar lessons at your music school.
Actively engaged in these activities，you can offer others help. 5
A.Evaluate how you see yourself.
B.Acknowledge what you are feeling.
C.That is something you just have to accept.
D.Surely，you can also gain a sense of belonging.
E.It’s easy to think that others’ social life is perfect.
F.Body expression plays a huge role in how others relate to us.
G.Unfortunately，we all go through periods of loneliness or feel like we
　don’t fit in.
√
根据上文“When you’re wrapped in your shortcomings，it might help to emphasize things...Actively engaged in these activities，you can offer others help.”可知，本空作为本段最后一句，应承接上文，继续说明参加活动的好处。故D选项“当然，你也可以获得一种归属感”符合语境，且与本文主题一致，故选D。
解析
December 5th is the International Volunteer Day.It 1._____________
(establish) by the UN in 1985.It has two aims：first，to thank volunteers around the world for 2. (give) their time to help others；second，to encourage other people to do voluntary work.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了国际志愿者日。
Ⅴ.语法填空
was established
giving
1.考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in 1985可知，此处应该用一般过去时；句子主语It与动词establish之间是被动关系，因此应该用被动语态；主语It为第三人称单数，be动词应用was。故填was established。
2.考查动名词。介词for后的动词应该用动名词形式，作宾语。故填giving。
解析
Without volunteers，many people around the world would be much 3._______(badly) off.In fact，the whole world would be 4. darker place.
3.考查形容词比较级。根据语境和空前的much可知，此处表示“更穷困”，故用比较级。故填worse。
4.考查冠词。根据句意，此处泛指“一个更黑暗的地方”，故用不定冠词。darker的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。故填a。
解析
worse
a
Volunteers help other people and help animals，the countryside，the environment and many more things 5. are important to us.
that/which
考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导限制性语从句。先行词为things，指物，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，故此处用that/which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
解析
The UN urges governments around the world 6. (take) measures to heighten 7. (aware) of the important contribution of volunteering.
to take
6.考查动词不定式。固定搭配urge sb to do sth意为“敦促某人做某事”。故填to take。
7.考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空格处应用aware的名词形式作heighten的宾语。awareness意为“认识，意识”，不可数。故填awareness。
解析
awareness
There are thousands of volunteer organizations around the world.A search 8._____ the Internet will give you a volunteer group on anything or anyone you want to help.
on
考查介词。固定搭配on the Internet意为“在互联网上”。故填on。
解析
You don’t need to join a worldwide group to be a volunteer.Most voluntary work that takes place around the globe is done by 9.__________
(individual) helping their neighbors.
individuals
考查名词复数。根据句意可知，此处表泛指，应该用individual的复数形式。故填individuals。
解析
We have probably all gone out of our way to help someone less fortunate.Most 10. (important)，volunteering makes you feel like a useful person.So，on this International Volunteer Day，think about how you can help，and offer your services.
importantly
考查副词。空格处应填入副词，修饰后面句子，作状语。故填importantly。
解析
返 回
本课结束Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．How people in the world are connected.
B．How people in the world communicate with each other.
C．Why the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is put forward.
D．What the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is and how it develops.
答案　D
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．What’s the purpose of the first paragraph
A．To give suggestions.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To add background information.
D．To offer scientific data.
答案　B
2．How was the result of the attempt of the two scientists in the 1950s
A．Satisfying. B．Disappointing.
C．Inspiring. D．Fruitless.
答案　D
3．What do the two experiments in 2001 and in 2011 have in common
A．They were targeted at university students.
B．They were both carried out on the Internet.
C．They were carried out in the same university.
D．They were referred to as “Columbia Small-world Project”．
答案　B
4．How does the author develop the article
A．By listing figures.
B．By comparing different opinions.
C．By providing examples.
D．By conducting a survey.
答案　C
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
“Six Degrees of Separation” refers 1.to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.It was first talked about in a book 2.called(call) Everything Is Different in 1929，in which Frigyes Karinthy introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early 3.impressions(impress) of social networks.In 1967，an American sociologist 4.chose(choose) some people randomly in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people 5.to get(get) the parcels delivered.It was this research 6.that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”．In the last few decades，the name of the theory 7.has been used(use) as the title of a play and then a film.Then，more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast，among 8.which the Oscar-winning film Babel and the television series Lost were 9.particularly(particular) famous.In 2001，Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’s experiment on the Internet.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain 10.was(be) six.The most recent experiment was conducted in 2011，which also confirmed the theory.
1．Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest(close) to us.(P8，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是复合句。Research shows后是省略了that的宾语从句，第二个and后是并列的第二个宾语从句；第二个从句中含有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰people。
汉语翻译：研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个最亲近的人身上。
2．The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions(impression) of social networks.(P8，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是复合句。in which引导非限制性定语从句；过去分词短语called Everything Is Different作后置定语，修饰a book。
汉语翻译：匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
3．In 1967，an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried using(use) a new method to test the theory，which he called the“small-world problem”．(P8－9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰the theory；过去分词短语called Stanley Milgram作后置定语，修饰an American sociologist。
汉语翻译：1967年，美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆尝试用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。
4．Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger.(P9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是复合句。they knew personally是省略了that/who的定语从句；who引导定语从句。
汉语翻译：米尔格拉姆告诉这些人先把包裹给他们认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。
5．Once the parcel had been received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.(P9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是复合句。Once引导时间状语从句，until引导时间状语从句。
汉语翻译：一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到包裹被送到目标收件人手中。
6．Amazingly(amazing)，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released，the results were published(publish) in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.(P9，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是and连接的并列复合句。前一个分句中it是形式主语，to get parcels delivered是真正的主语；后一个分句中once released是状语从句的省略。
汉语翻译：令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发布在双月刊《今日心理学》上。
7．The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”，as almost all the characters had randomly(random) met each other，or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in the same plane crash.(P9，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是复合句。as引导原因状语从句；the other characters knew是省略了引导词that的定语从句，修饰someone；before引导时间状语从句。
汉语翻译：电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。
release vt. & n．发表，发布；释放
·release...from...从……释放/放出/放走……
·on release发行，上映
[写作佳句]
(1)上映后，这部动画电影给观众留下了深刻的印象，凭借其精彩的动画和感人的故事打破了多项票房纪录。
On release，this animated film left a lasting impression on viewers，breaking multiple box-office records with its spectacular animation and heartwarming story.
(2)此外，经常锻炼同样重要，它可以帮助我们保持健康和释放压力。
Additionally，taking exercise regularly is of equal importance，which can help us to keep fit and release stress.
refer to (referred，referred，referring)参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是(reference n．提及；涉及；参考)
·refer to...as...把……当作……
·for reference 便于查阅/参考
in/with reference to关于；根据……而论
(1)[写出下列句子中黑体词汇的汉语意思]
①If you meet with the new words about Latin，you can refer to a dictionary or turn to others for help.查阅
②We have reached an agreement that we will not refer to the dedication again.提及
③People who work in offices are usually referred to as “white collar workers”．把……称作……
④As the passage was stunning，he referred it to the editor.把……提交给……
(2)You can get a chain of information on the network for reference(refer) when preparing for your paper.
[写作佳句]
(3)我写信是想寻求你的建议，关于如何处理和同学之间的摩擦和冲突。(应用文写作之求助信)
I am writing to ask for your advice in/with reference to how to deal with frictions and conflicts with my classmates.
(4)尽管这只是一本双月刊，你也可以把它当作有用的参考资料。
Though it is only a bimonthly version，you can also refer to it as a useful reference material.
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成文后的练习
On 28 July 1976，Tangshan (1)was struck by an earthquake.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end.The ground (2)was covered by the bricks，and the wells (3)were filled with sand instead of water.A large city (4)was completely ruined.Volunteers from other areas (5)were sent to rescue the victims.When they arrived，many people (6)had been buried under the ruins，and many houses (7)had been destroyed.With the help of the government，reporters saw that the old people and children (8)were being delivered to a safer place by soldiers who were there to dig out the trapped and bury the dead.Although food，water and electricity were hard to get，hope was not lost.Reports also said that people (9)were being well taken care of and waiting for shelters built for survivors.Meanwhile，a new Tangshan (10)was being built upon the earthquake ruins.
以上黑体部分都是被动语态。其中(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)是一般过去时的被动语态，构成是was/were done；(6)、(7)是过去完成时的被动语态，构成是had been done；(8)、(9)、(10)是过去进行时的被动语态，构成是was/were being done。
过去时中的被动语态
英语中动词的语态可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。
一、结构
被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态形式。下面主要讲解三种表示过去的被动语态。
时态 构成
一般过去时 was/were＋及物动词的过去分词
过去进行时 was/were being＋及物动词的过去分词
过去完成时 had been＋及物动词的过去分词
To our shock，some new computers were stolen last night.
令我们震惊的是，昨晚一些新电脑被盗了。
We couldn’t use the reading room，because it was being repaired.
我们不能使用阅览室，因为它正在被修缮。
When we got to the cinema，all the tickets had been sold out.
我们到达电影院时，票已经被售完了。
二、如何变被动语态
主动语态在变为被动语态时，通常都是将原来的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语若为人称代词，要将其变为主格；原来的谓语变为“be＋过去分词”形式；原来的主语在被动句中由by引出，主语若为人称代词，要变为宾格，有时by短语可以省略。
Someone broke the window.
→The window was broken by someone.
有人打破了窗户。
Julia was drawing a picture.
→A picture was being drawn by Julia.
朱莉娅正在画一幅画。
Tom had finished his homework before his mother came back home.
→Tom’s homework had been finished before his mother came back home.
在妈妈回家前汤姆就已经把作业写完了。
三、使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题
1．“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语形式不变，但相应地成为主语补足语。在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。如：
I saw her pass by the window.
→She was seen to pass by the window.
我看见她从窗前经过。
The boss made Jim work overtime.
→Jim was made to work overtime(by the boss)．
老板让吉姆加班加点干活。
2．“主语＋谓语＋双宾语”结构变为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语。直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，句子有两种：一种可以转化为带介词to的结构(bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sth to sb)，一种可以转化为带介词for的结构(buy/make sth for sb)。如：
She gave me a nice gift.
→A nice gift was given to me by her./I was given a nice gift by her.
她给了我一件漂亮的礼物。
My mother made me a nice cake.
→A nice cake was made for me by my mother.
妈妈给我做了一个漂亮的蛋糕。
3．一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We laughed at him for his funny hat.
→He was laughed at by us for his funny hat.
因为他的帽子很滑稽，我们嘲笑了他。
[注意]　不能使用被动语态的几种情况
1．不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，disappear，die，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。如：
Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently.
由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。
To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last.
令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。
2．有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：have，cost，lack，own，suit，hold(容纳)，fit，wish，belong to，suffer from，take part in，date back to，consist of等。如：
The delicate vase on show dates back to Tang Dynasty.
展出的这个精美花瓶可追溯到唐代。
Our previous stadium could only hold no more than 200 audience.
我们原来的体育馆只能容纳不到200名观众。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He told me that the novel had been translated(translate) into several languages.
2．Our money was running(run) out，so we could predict the endless trouble the next month.
3．After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it was being decorated(decorate)．
4．Since childhood，Linda has been made to work(work) on the farm from day to night.
5．She was being examined(examine) by a doctor when I went to visit her.
6．It was the first time that he had been praised(praise) by his teacher in front of so many people.
7．I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but was held(hold) back thankfully by the shop window.
8．Professor Williams kept telling his students that the future belonged(belong) to the well-educated.
9．It was reported that the goods had been shipped(ship) to the island before the police arrived.
10．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past years.
Ⅱ.根据本单元语法项目完成下面语段
Once I would like to live in a house which 1.was surrounded(surround) by green trees.I held the belief that if the walls 2.were painted(paint) yellow and green，the decorated rooms would seem larger.Therefore，I would be able to conduct experiments with music created by myself in a special room with delight.However，one day I dreamed that I managed to live in such a house in the deep forest but unfortunately I 3.had been trapped(trap) for three days after a heavy storm before my friend finally came to my rescue.I was scared and woke up，only to find that my neighbor’s house 4.was being decorated(decorate)，with noise going on.
Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子
1．She was taken to the nearby hospital and was operated on immediately(立即实施了手术)．
2．It really benefited me a lot to preview lessons，get actively involved in class，and review what had been taught(被教的内容) after class.
3．The documents were being prepared(正在被准备) for the meeting when the power went out.
4．We can see past occurrences of climate change that took place over just a few hundred years(过去几百年里发生的)．
5．An English speaking competition was held last week(上周举办了英语演讲比赛)，with the intention of promoting our passion for English.
训练2　Lesson 1
[分值：73分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共7小题；每小题1.5分，满分10.5分)
1．It was your encouragement and support that carried me through these hardships.
2．The sociologist randomly(random) selected 200 participants from different social backgrounds to conduct his study.
3．With reference(refer) to the broken window，I sincerely apologise for my carelessness and will take full responsibility.
4．While it sounds fine in theory，there is still some doubt whether it will work.
5．Although very tired(tire)，he still stayed up late to prepare for the coming test.
6．They gave me the impression(impress) that they were doing exactly what they wanted in life.
7．It took the firefighters two hours to release driver from the wreckage.
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——道歉信)(满分15分)
1．我写信为我昨天的行为向你道歉。(apologise)
I am writing to apologise to you for what I did yesterday.
2．我真的非常后悔因为这种小事跟你发生冲突。(come into conflict with)
I really regret coming into conflict with you over such a small matter.
3．我一到家，就意识到我当时那样做完全是出于忌妒。
The moment I arrived home，I realized that I did it totally out of envy.
4．也是我的固执导致了我们之间的冲突，并且伤害你如此之深。(强调句型)
It was also my being stubborn that caused the conflict between us and hurt you so much.
5．如果有可能，请接受我诚挚的道歉，我承诺以后再也不会发生这种事情了。(省略句)
If possible，please accept my sincere apology and I promise it won’t happen any more.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
参考范文
Dear Mike，
I am writing to apologise to you for what I did yesterday.Thinking back，I realize how foolish and impulsive I was.
I really regret coming into conflict with you over such a small matter.The moment I arrived home，I realized that I did it totally out of envy to you.My jealousy clouded my judgment，causing me to react in a way that hurt you.Moreover，it was also my being stubborn that caused the conflict between us and hurt you so much.I deeply regret not being more understanding and considerate of your feelings.
If possible，please accept my sincere apology and I promise it won’t happen any more.I sincerely hope we can move past this and continue to build our friendship.
Yours，
Li Hua
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
I recently ran into a woman I knew from work years ago.She had performed random acts of kindness but sometimes sounded too shallow.Now here she was again.“Hi，” she said，smiling.“How are you？” Like a fool，I rushed to tell her everything I had been doing.
The woman interrupted me.“That’s great.I’m so happy to hear you’ve finally sorted your life out.” And off she went，leaving me speechless.I tossed and turned that night，thinking about what she had meant.She didn’t know anything about my life，so why had she said that
I finally recognised psychologist Adam Grant’s idea about frenemies—those “supposed friends who sometimes help you and sometimes hurt you.” Not for nothing did Grant write：“The most toxic relationships aren’t the purely negative ones.They’re the ones that are a mix of positive and negative.”
Avoiding these connections whenever possible is probably a good idea，but how do we distinguish frenemies from other friends？Human behaviorist Vanessa Van Edwards has identified three different types of frenemy.
The first is the easiest to detect—the jealous(嫉妒的) frenemy.“On the surface，they want you to succeed but they will gossip about you behind your back and are jealous of your accomplishments and successes，” Vanessa says.
The second type of frenemy is what she calls the undermining(暗中破坏的) frenemy.You think they’re on your side and then they start making indirect，unkind comments in front of the boss.The undermining frenemy operates outside the office，too.For example，you tell a friend that you want to lose weight.Are they going to cheer you on or invite you to a bad brunch and bring you a cupcake
The third type is the hardest to detect，labelled by Van Edwards as the unsure frenemy.She believes that this type of connection has become increasingly common thanks to social media.“Particularly when you have a lot of interactions online with wider social groups，it can be really difficult to know where a person fits in your life.We like each other’s posts online with each other.But I’m not sure I like you，” Van Edwards explains.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过个人经历引出主题，即识别“友敌”，并引用了心理学家和人类行为学家的专业观点来分析不同类型的“友敌”。
1．Why did the author rush to tell the woman everything
A．They are close friends.
B．She needed the woman’s help.
C．The woman was good at comforting friends.
D．She misjudged the woman’s behavior and purpose.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。由第一段最后三句“‘Hi，’ she said...I had been doing.”和第二段中“She didn’t know anything about my life，so why had she said that？”可知，这位女士只是随意问候以表示善意，而作者误以为这位女士真的对自己表示关心，所以急于分享自己的近况，可推知作者错误地判断了那位女士的行为和目的。故选D。
2．What does the underlined word “toxic” in the third paragraph most probably mean
A．Privileged. B．Poisonous.
C．Superior. D．Innocent.
答案　B
解析　词义猜测题。由画线词后的“...aren’t the purely negative ones.They’re the ones that are a mix of positive and negative”和第四段开头的“Avoiding these connections whenever possible is probably a good idea”可知，最toxic的关系并不是那些纯粹消极的关系，而是那些好坏参半的，尽可能地避免这种关系是对的，可推知toxic是个贬义词。所以toxic在此处最有可能的意思是“有害的”。 privileged享有特权的；poisonous有毒的；superior优越的；innocent无辜的。故选B。
3．What type is it if a friend keeps inviting and paying for you to play computer games when he knows you want to start studying hard
A．The purely negative type.
B．The jealous type.
C．The undermining type.
D．The unsure type.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The second type of frenemy is what she calls the undermining(暗中破坏的) frenemy...For example，you tell a friend that you want to lose weight.Are they going to cheer you on or invite you to a bad brunch and bring you a cupcake？”可知，这种人会阻碍你做正确的事。因此，如果一个朋友在知道你想开始努力学习时还不断引诱你玩游戏，这属于暗中破坏的类型。故选C。
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．How to Justify Frenemies
B．Why So Many Frenemies
C．Be Careful of Frenemies!
D．The Meaning of Frenemy
答案　C
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第三、四段内容可知，文章通过作者的个人经历引入了frenemy“友敌”的概念，并引用心理学家和人类行为学家的观点分析了三种不同类型的“友敌”，提醒读者警惕这类关系。因此，最适合的标题是“Be Careful of Frenemies！(小心友敌！)”。故选C。
B
What if your next job is just a weak tie away？A recent study，conducted by a team from Stanford University and LinkedIn，revealed that weaker social connections have a greater beneficial effect on job mobility(流动性) than stronger ties.Stanford Professor Erik Bryson suggests a practical outcome of this study is to encourage job seekers to expand their reach beyond immediate friends and colleagues.Weak ties，he explains，often provide more unique，beneficial information and connections.
The advantage of weak ties theory is based on the idea that weak ties allow distant group of people to access novel information that can lead to new opportunities and innovation.Weak ties are more likely to introduce new job information to a wider social network.
The research team conducted a five-year experimental study with LinkedIn，involving 20 million global participants and 600,000 new jobs created.Using LinkedIn’s “People You May Know”(PYMK) algorithm(算法)，the researchers tested the weak tie theory’s impact on the job market.The team randomly assigned LinkedIn users to receive either more weak or strong tie recommendations from the PYMK algorithm，then tracked the labor mobility of these groups over five years.
Their findings confirm that weaker ties enhance job mobility.Besides，the researchers looked at differences across industries and found that adding weak ties creates significantly more job opportunities in digital and high-tech industries.“This may reflect the fact that there is more rapid change and need for novel information and connections in those industries，” Bryson said.
He points out that the traditional methods used by policymakers to analyze labor markets are quickly becoming outdated.“They need to recognize that the labor market，like all aspects of the economy，is being digitized，” Bryson said.“It is important that we understand how the algorithms used by digital platforms like LinkedIn impact the labor market.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。研究表明较弱的社会关系比较强的社会关系对工作流动性有更大的有利影响，鼓励求职者将自己的联系范围扩大到直接的朋友和同事之外。
5．According to paragraph 1，what should job seekers do
A．Expand network to include weak ties.
B．Limit the search to their current industry.
C．Strengthen connections with close friends.
D．Rely on strong connections for opportunities.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由第一段最后两句可知，斯坦福大学教授Erik Bryson鼓励求职者将自己的联系范围扩大到直接的朋友和同事之外，弱关系通常能提供更独特、更有益的信息和联系。因此，求职者应该扩大关系网，包括弱关系。故选A。
6．How did the researchers test the weak tie theory
A．By carrying out online surveys.
B．By interviewing LinkedIn employers.
C．By tracking user data and job mobility.
D．By conducting a large-scale job fair.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“The team randomly assigned...of these groups over five years.”可知，该团队随机分配领英用户，让他们接受PYMK算法给出的更多的弱联系或强联系推荐，然后在五年内追踪这些群体的劳动力流动性。故可知，研究人员通过跟踪用户数据和工作流动性检验弱联系理论。故选C。
7．What can we learn about digital and high-tech industries
A．They are fast-paced and value novelty.
B．They cause weak ties among employees.
C．Strong ties are the main source of mobility.
D．Weak ties do not contribute to job mobility.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“This may reflect the fact that there is more rapid change and need for novel information and connections in those industries(这可能反映了这样一个事实，即那些行业的变化更快，对新信息和联系的需求也更大)”可知，数字和高科技产业节奏快，重视新信息。故选A。
8．What might Bryson advise policymakers to do
A．Prioritize traditional methods only.
B．Ignore the impact of digital platforms.
C．Recognize the influence of digitization.
D．Understand the rules on digital platforms.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“They need to...being digitized”和“It is important that we understand how the algorithms used by digital platforms like LinkedIn impact the labor market(重要的是，我们要了解像领英这样的数字平台使用的算法是如何影响劳动力市场的)．”可推知，Bryson建议政策制定者认识到数字化的影响。故选C。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
We all desire to belong，whether at our place of work or in our community. 1 Here are some tips on how to overcome a lack of belongingness to help you make a fresh start and become a better you.
* 2
You might feel hurt when your close friend doesn’t invite you to her party，or when your colleagues never ask you to join in on coffee talks.No matter what the case，you’ll finally feel numbers of emotions.Taking time to acknowledge these feelings can help reduce social anxiety.Avoid trying to shut them out because this is more likely to cause many mental health issues.
* Consider that you’re not as alone as you feel.
3 However，for whatever reason，you have no way of gaining what everyone else has.The truth is that everyone is struggling with psychological issues；they just don’t let it show.Remember it’s easier to post about a trip one took on Facebook than to talk about how hard it has been to make ends meet.So，don’t feel the pressure to compare yourself to others.
* Get to establish new relationships.
If you feel like your existing relationships don’t offer the emotional support，it may be time to join a new friendship group.People change over time，and new interests and friendships often accompany such changes. 4 And the sooner you accept the fact，the happier you’ll be.
* Focus on something that isn’t YOU.
When you’re wrapped in your shortcomings，it might help to emphasize things that exist outside of yourself.Volunteer at a nursing home，pet the dogs at an animal shelter or offer free guitar lessons at your music school.Actively engaged in these activities，you can offer others help. 5
A．Evaluate how you see yourself.
B．Acknowledge what you are feeling.
C．That is something you just have to accept.
D．Surely，you can also gain a sense of belonging.
E．It’s easy to think that others’ social life is perfect.
F．Body expression plays a huge role in how others relate to us.
G．Unfortunately，we all go through periods of loneliness or feel like we don’t fit in.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何克服缺乏归属感的问题。
1．答案　G
解析　根据上文“We all desire to belong，whether at our place of work or in our community.”以及后文“Here are some tips on how to overcome a lack of belongingness”可知，本空应与上文构成转折，指出存在不适应的情况，以引出后文的方法。故G选项“不幸的是，我们都经历过孤独的时期，或者觉得自己不适应”符合语境，故选G。
2．答案　B
解析　根据本段内容“You might feel hurt when...Taking time to acknowledge these feelings can help reduce social anxiety.Avoid trying to shut them out...”可知，本段的建议是承认自己的感受，故B选项“承认你的感受”概括段意，适合作主旨句，故选B。
3．答案　E
解析　根据后文“However，for whatever reason，you have no way of gaining what everyone else has.The truth is that everyone is struggling with psychological issues；they just don’t let it show.”可知，后文提到实际上每个人都有自己的痛苦挣扎，与本空构成转折，说明本空是对他人生活的错误想象。故E选项“我们很容易认为别人的社交生活是完美的”符合语境，故选E。
4．答案　C
解析　根据上文“People change over time，and new interests and friendships often accompany such changes.”以及后文“And the sooner you accept the fact，the happier you’ll be.”可知，本空与后文为顺承关系，建议接受上文提到的事实，故C选项“这是你必须接受的”符合语境，选项中的That指代上文内容，故选C。
5．答案　D
解析　根据上文“When you’re wrapped in your shortcomings，it might help to emphasize things...Actively engaged in these activities，you can offer others help.”可知，本空作为本段最后一句，应承接上文，继续说明参加活动的好处。故D选项“当然，你也可以获得一种归属感”符合语境，且与本文主题一致，故选D。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
December 5th is the International Volunteer Day.It 1. (establish) by the UN in 1985.It has two aims：first，to thank volunteers around the world for 2. (give) their time to help others；second，to encourage other people to do voluntary work.Without volunteers，many people around the world would be much 3. (badly) off.In fact，the whole world would be 4. darker place.Volunteers help other people and help animals，the countryside，the environment and many more things 5. are important to us.The UN urges governments around the world 6. (take) measures to heighten 7. (aware) of the important contribution of volunteering.
There are thousands of volunteer organizations around the world.A search 8._________ the Internet will give you a volunteer group on anything or anyone you want to help.You don’t need to join a worldwide group to be a volunteer.Most voluntary work that takes place around the globe is done by 9. (individual) helping their neighbors.We have probably all gone out of our way to help someone less fortunate.Most 10. (important)，volunteering makes you feel like a useful person.So，on this International Volunteer Day，think about how you can help，and offer your services.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了国际志愿者日。
1．答案　was established
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in 1985可知，此处应该用一般过去时；句子主语It与动词establish之间是被动关系，因此应该用被动语态；主语It为第三人称单数，be动词应用was。故填was established。
2．答案　giving
解析　考查动名词。介词for后的动词应该用动名词形式，作宾语。故填giving。
3．答案　worse
解析　考查形容词比较级。根据语境和空前的much可知，此处表示“更穷困”，故用比较级。故填worse。
4．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。根据句意，此处泛指“一个更黑暗的地方”，故用不定冠词。darker的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。故填a。
5．答案　that/which
解析　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导限制性语从句。先行词为things，指物，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，故此处用that/which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
6．答案　to take
解析　考查动词不定式。固定搭配urge sb to do sth意为“敦促某人做某事”。故填to take。
7．答案　awareness
解析　考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空格处应用aware的名词形式作heighten的宾语。awareness意为“认识，意识”，不可数。故填awareness。
8．答案　on
解析　考查介词。固定搭配on the Internet意为“在互联网上”。故填on。
9．答案　individuals
解析　考查名词复数。根据句意可知，此处表泛指，应该用individual的复数形式。故填individuals。
10．答案　importantly
解析　考查副词。空格处应填入副词，修饰后面句子，作状语。故填importantly。

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