资源简介

(共120张PPT)
Section Ⅳ
Lesson 3
CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE
UNIT 11
内容索引
Part 1　课文深度理解
Part 2　长句难句分析
Part 3　语言知识梳理
Part 4　语法项目精讲
训练4
课文深度理解
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the stories
A.Cruelty of the wars.
B.Terrible scenes of different wars.
C.Ordinary people’s desire for peace.
D.Different war memories of different people.
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
ordered
set up
unconscious
stuck up
celebrated
blown off
threw
1.What was the villagers’ feeling when they were marched into the square
A.They were afraid.
B.They were calm.
C.They were panicked.
D.They began to weep.
√
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
2.How did Do Chuc survive the shooting
A.He was spared by the American soldiers.
B.He was unconscious and was saved by other villagers.
C.He was lucky enough to be hidden by many dead bodies.
D.He fled the village before the American soldiers entered the village.
√
3.Both the British and German troops were fed up with the war，so what did they do
A.They gave up the war.
B.They made friends with each other.
C.They didn’t fire a shot any more.
D.They got together to celebrate Christmas.
√
4.Why was the nurse not enthusiastic about the award ceremony from the start
A.Because the patient started to cry.
B.Because she had to clean up the ward.
C.Because the patient had been badly wounded.
D.Because she didn’t like the chief nurse’s attitude to the VIPs.
√
5.Why did the soldier throw the watch back at the general
A.Because he didn’t like the watch.
B.Because he thought the watch was too expensive.
C.Because he thought the watch couldn’t replace his legs.
D.Because he thought other soldiers would be better worth the watch.
√
6.Why did the nurse begin sobbing
A.Because the war was cruel.
B.Because two soldiers died in the hospital.
C.Because she admired the soldier and was moved by him.
D.Because she felt sorry that she couldn’t save the soldier’s legs.
√
The whole passage is made 1._____ of three different stories，which mainly tell different war memories of different people.The first one tells a story of Do Chuc，a 48-year-old Vietnamese farmer 2._______ two daughters and aunt were killed by American soldiers.He was wounded in 3._____ leg，but fortunately he was covered by a pile of dead bodies.He survived and 4.______(flee) the village.The second story took place during Christmas.After a long time of battle，the soldiers of both sides were fed up to the neck with the war，so the officers came to an 5.______________ (understand) that they would celebrate Christmas in temporary peace until midnight.They greeted each other，
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
up
whose
the
fled
understanding
shook hands and shared some beer as if they 6.__________(be) a group of old friends.The third story happened in a hospital.A young soldier had both his legs 7._______(blow) off.Being number 20,000 to come through the hospital，he 8.____________(award) a Purple Heart and a watch，but he refused to accept the watch，which won him the admiration of the nurse.According to these stories，we are 9._______(deep) impressed with the cruelty of the war and we should cherish our 10.________(peace) life more.
返 回
had been
blown
was awarded
deeply
peaceful
长句难句分析
1.Do Chuc is a 48-year-old Vietnamese farmer whose two daughters and aunt ____________(kill) by American soldiers in My Lai that day.(P36，Story A)
结构分析：此句是______句。whose引导_____从句，修饰farmer。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
杜沙是48岁的越南农民，他的两个女儿和一位姑妈那一天在美莱村被美国士兵杀害。
were killed
复合
定语
2.He and his family were eating breakfast when the American soldiers entered the village and __________(order) all civilians out of their homes.(P36，Story A)
结构分析：此句是_______句。句中含有“be doing sth when...”结构，意为“正在做某事，这时(突然)……”，when用作__________。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
杜沙和家人正在吃早餐，这时美军士兵进村了，命令所有村民从家里出来。
ordered
复合
并列连词
3.Together _______ other villagers，they were marched a few hundred metres into the village square where they were told _______(sit).(P36，Story A)
结构分析：此句是______句。句中where引导_____从句，修饰the village square。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
他们和其他村民一起，被带到几百米外的空地上，然后被要求坐下。
with
to sit
复合
定语
4.Two of our men then threw their equipment off and climbed out of the trench with their hands above their heads ____ our representatives.(P36，Story B，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是______句。threw和climbed out of为两个并列_______；with their hands above their heads为with复合结构作______。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
然后，我们的两名士兵脱下装备，爬出战壕，双手举过头顶，作为我方代表。
as
简单
谓语
状语
5.One of their men，speaking in English，said that he ______________ (work) in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over.(P37，Story B，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是______句。speaking in English是现在分词短语作__________；主句谓语动词said后并列两个that引导的_______从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
他们中的一个人用英语说，他在英国工作过几年，受够了这场战争，如果战争结束，他会很高兴。
had worked
复合
方式状语
宾语
6.The officers came to an understanding that we would celebrate Christmas in temporary peace _______ midnight.(P37，Story B，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是______句。that引导________从句，解释说明understanding的内容。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
双方军官达成共识，午夜之前我们将暂时和平地庆祝圣诞节。
until
复合
同位语
7.As the general handed him the watch，“from the army，to show our ______________(appreciate)，” the kid more or less threw the watch back ____ him.(P37，Story C)
结构分析：此句是______句。As引导_________从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
将军把那块“来自军队，象征我们的感谢”的表递给他时，那孩子几乎是把表扔了回去。
返 回
appreciation
at
复合
时间状语
语言知识梳理
n.惊恐，惶恐，惊慌 v.(panicked，panicked)(使)惊慌
1
panic
·in panic惊慌失措地
　get into a panic陷入恐慌
·panic sb into doing sth使某人惊慌地做某事
(1)麦克猛地冲进车里，砰地关上车门，惊恐地浑身发抖。(读后续写之动作链描写)
Mac violently rushed into the car，slammed the door and
_________________________.
(2)你一直都很努力学习，所以你没有必要为考试而陷入恐慌。(应用文写作之建议信)
You have been studying hard，so __________________________
____________________________.
写作佳句
trembled all over in panic
there is no need for you to get
into a panic about the exams
(3)野狼的吼叫吓得我尖叫起来，我不知道如何缓解这无法抵挡的恐惧。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The roar of the wild wolf ____________________________，and I wasn’t aware of how to ease _______________________.
panicked me into screaming
the overwhelming panic
n.代表，代理人adj.典型的，有代表性的(represent vt.代表；象征；描绘；展现)
2
representative
·a representative of ……的代表
·be representative of代表……的
·represent sb as把某人描绘成……
(1)The sort of hot and spicy food is representative_____ the food in the south of the country.
of
(2)琳达被选为我们学校的代表去参加模拟联合国会议。
Linda was voted as _________________________________ to participate in the MUN conference.
(3)这名年轻的士兵被将军描述成了最勇敢、最忠诚的人。
The young soldier _______________________________________
__________ by the general.
写作佳句
a representative of our school
was represented as the most courageous and
loyal one
(4)我非常荣幸能够代表我们学校发表题为“音乐改变我们的生活”的演讲。(应用文写作之演讲稿)
It is my great honor to deliver a speech，whose topic is “Music changes our life”，______________________.
representing our school
vt.分发，分配，分送(distribution n.分发；分配；
分布；分销distributor n.经销商)
3
distribute
distribute sth to/among把某物分配/分发给……
distribute...into...把……分成……
(1)The head of the department distributed the prizes ___________ the winners.
(2)Some victims are complaining about the unjust __________(distribute) of emergency aid.
(3)We hope that you will appoint our company as the sole ____________ (distribute) in China.
to/among
distribution
distributor
(4)为了方便，老师把学生随机分成了三组。
For convenience，_______________________________________
________________.
写作佳句
the teacher randomly distributed the pupils
into three groups
n.欣赏；感激(appreciate vt.欣赏；感激；意识到appreciative adj.欣赏的；感激的)
4
appreciation
·show/express appreciation for/of对……表示感谢
　in appreciation of为了表示对……的感谢
·appreciate (sb) doing sth感激(某人)做某事
　I would appreciate it if...如果……，我将不胜/十分感激。
(1)I really appreciated ______________(give) the chance to work in your company two years ago.
(2)The hall was full of ______________(appreciate) applause instantly she finished her performance.
being given
appreciative
(3)颁发这个奖是为了感谢她为医学领域做出的巨大贡献。
The reward was given ___________________________________
____ the medical field.
(4)我想对您在我留学期间的帮助表示感谢。(应用文写作之感谢信)
__________________________________________________ when I was studying abroad.
写作佳句
in appreciation of her great contributions
to
I would like to express my appreciation for/of your help
(5)如果你能就如何解决这些问题给我一些建议，我将非常感激。(应用文写作之建议信)
___________________________________________________ how to resolve these problems.
I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice on
5
“as＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as”结构
By the look of them，their trenches were in as bad a state as our own.(P37，Story B，Para.2)
从样子上可以看出，他们的战壕和我们的一样糟糕。
结构分析：此句是简单句。“as bad a state as our own”是“as＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as”结构作表语。
在“as...as”结构中，两个as之间通常是形容词或副词；若是名词，其结构通常是“as＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as”或“as＋adj.＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋as”。
(1)你提供的有用信息和我们所期望的一样多。
You have offered us ____________________________ we have expected.
(2)He is as hardworking as anyone else in his class though he fails the exam.
→He is _______________________ anyone else in his class though he fails the exam.
写作佳句
as much useful information as
as hardworking a boy as
6
“have sth done”结构
It was this patient’s second visit to us and this time he’d had both his legs blown off—he was all-of-about 20 years old.(P37，Story C)
这是这位病人第二次来到我们这里，而这次他的双腿都被炸没了——他也就才二十几岁。
结构分析：此句是由and连接的并列句。“had both his legs blown off”是“have sth done”结构，表示“使……被……”。
·由have构成的其他常见结构：
　have sb/sth doing sth让某人/某物一直做某事
　won’t/can’t have sb doing...不允许某人做……
　have sb do sth让某人做某事
　have sth to do有某事要做(不定式作后置定语)
(1)I apologize to you for having you ________(wait) so long on such a freezing day.
(2)Having so much housework _______(do)，the mother had to assign some tasks to her children.
waiting
to do
(3)老师让他的学生们每天早上读英语。
The teacher _______________________________________.
(4)我想知道你是否能建议一个好的方法以使我的英语写作水平在短期内得到提升。(应用文写作之求助信)
I wonder if you could suggest a good way ___________________
_________________ in a short period of time.
写作佳句
has his students read English every morning
to have my written
English improved
7
happen to do sth
The general was coming to give him the award because he happened to be number 20,000 to come through this hospital.(P37，Story C)
将军是来给他颁奖的，因为他恰好是进入这家医院的第两万个病人。
结构分析：此句是复合句。because引导原因状语从句；从句中happened to be意为“恰好，碰巧”。
sth happens/happened to sb某事发生在某人身上
sb happens/happened to＋
It happens/happened that...碰巧……
do sth某人碰巧做某事
be doing sth某人碰巧正在做某事
have done sth某人碰巧做过某事
(1)____ happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring break，for which I had no plans beyond listening to my favorite records.(2021·新课标Ⅰ)
(2)I happened to ________________(withdraw) some money from the ATM so that I could lend 200 dollars to you.
It
have withdrawn
(3)信不信由你，几个月前我第一次碰巧读《青年》报时，我有一种想一口气读完它的冲动。(2021·新课标Ⅰ，应用文写作)
Believe it or not，______________________________________
__________________ a couple of months ago，I felt an urge to finish reading it in one breath.
写作佳句
the first time I happened to read the
newspaper Youth
(4)听说不好的事情发生在你身上了，我非常难过，我写信是为了给你提供一些好的建议。(应用文写作之建议信)
I am terribly sorry to hear that ____________________________
______ and I am writing to provide you with some good suggestions.
返 回
something bad has happened to
you
语法项目精讲
语法总览
常用近义动词
动词是高考的考查重点，在完形填空和写作中，动词词义辨析尤为重要。英语中有不少动词意思相近，但是其真正的意义和用法有一定的差别，需要在平时的学习中注意区分。下面是英语中常用的近义动词的辨析。
语法精讲
1.accept，receive
(1)accept表示主动自愿“接受”
(2)receive强调“接到”或“收到”
Thanks a lot for your gift，and I will accept it with great appreciation.
非常感谢你送的礼物，我将怀着感激之情收下。
I am more than glad to receive your letter asking me about the Grown-up-ceremony.
我很高兴收到你询问我成人礼事宜的来信。
2.separate，divide
(1)separate指把连在一起或混合在一起的东西分开，常与from连用
(2)divide指把一个整体分为若干部分，常与into连用
The infected patients must be separated from other people immediately.
被感染的病人必须立刻跟其他人分开。
The whole class was divided into four groups at random.
全班被随机分成四个小组。
3.wear，dress，put on
(1)wear指穿衣服、鞋袜或戴手套等，侧重穿戴的状态。
(2)dress指给自己或他人穿衣。
(3)put on指穿衣服、鞋袜或戴帽子、手套等，侧重穿戴的动作。
Why does he always wear dark sunglasses
他为什么总是戴着墨镜？
The mother dressed her baby in a beautiful red skirt.
母亲给她的宝宝穿上了漂亮的红裙子。
Put on your heavy winter coat if you must go out now.
如果你现在非要出去就穿上你的厚冬衣。
4.look，stare，glare，glance，gaze，peek
(1)look“看，瞧”，一般用词
(2)stare侧重于因惊奇、羡慕等而睁大眼睛看
(3)glare指用愤恨、凶狠的目光盯着
(4)glance强调匆忙扫视或一瞥
(5)gaze指长时间目不转睛地看
(6)peek指窥视，偷看
Children should be taught not to stare at the disabled people.
应该教育孩子不要盯着残疾人看。
He didn’t shout but just glared at me silently.
他没有喊叫，只是默默地怒视着我。
He glanced at his watch and left the office in a hurry.他瞥了一眼手表，然后匆忙离开了办公室。
They caught him peeking through the keyhole when they came back.
他们回来时逮住他正在通过锁孔窥视。
5.carry，bring，take，fetch
(1)carry指随身携带
(2)bring意为“带来，拿来”(由远及近)
(3)take意为“带去，拿去”(由近及远)
(4)fetch意为“去取回来”(强调往返动作)
One of the advantages of this kind of sun umbrella is that it is very easy to carry.
这种遮阳伞的优点之一就是它非常便于随身携带。
You’d better bring your own bottle here in case the paper cups are not available.
你最好带自己的水杯过来以防纸杯不够用。
No one should take away whatever doesn’t belong to him or her.
任何人都不应该拿走不属于自己的东西。
Wait for a moment，and I will fetch you some icy water to ease the severe heat.
稍等一下，我去给你取些冰水来缓解酷热。
6.choose，elect，select，pick
(1)choose“选择”，一般用词，侧重于决定
(2)elect表示“选举，推选”
(3)select侧重精挑细选
(4)pick常指随意“挑选，挑拣”
When it comes to buying living necessities，men tend to choose randomly while women will select carefully.
在购买生活用品时，男人往往会随意作出选择，而女人则会精挑细选。
Whoever is elected should do what he/she can to help the people.
任何当选的人都应该尽其所能帮助人民。
While listening to the song，pick some useful words and phrases.
听歌的时候，从中挑选一些有用的单词和短语。
7.happen，occur，take place，come about，break out
(1)happen侧重“碰巧、偶然发生”
(2)occur表示“发生、想到、突然想起”
(3)take place多表示按计划或安排发生，意为“举办，发生”
(4)come about多表示事情已经发生过了，常用在否定句与疑问句中
(5)break out多指战争、争吵等不愉快事件突然爆发
No one knows exactly what will happen next.
没有人确切地知道接下来会发生什么。
It occurred to me that she has resigned from our company and couldn’t be bothered.
我突然想起她已经从我们公司辞职了，不能再麻烦她了。
Great changes have taken place in our hometown in the past 10 years.
十年来我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
I’ll never understand how it came about that you should fail the exam.
我永远也不会明白你怎么会考试不及格。
A fire broke out in the hospital at midnight，fortunately causing no death or severe injuries.
午夜医院发生了火灾，所幸没有人员伤亡。
Ⅰ.写出下列句中加颜色部分的近义词
1.Your answer is exactly right.
2.Please seat yourself at the table.
3.We should seize the precious chance.
4.Seeing the funny picture，the whole class burst into laughter.
5.They prepared to take down what he would say in shorthand.
达标检测
reply
sit down
take hold of
burst out laughing
write down
_______
__________
_____________
__________________
____________
Ⅱ.一句多译
1.我不知道怎样处理这份信息。
①I do not know _______________ the information.
②I do not know ________________ the information.
2.莉莉花了50元买这个书包。
①Lily ______________ on the schoolbag.
②The schoolbag ________________.
③Lily ________________ the schoolbag.
what to do with
how to deal with
spent 50 yuan
cost Lily 50 yuan
paid 50 yuan for
3.杰克每天花两个小时做作业。
①Jack _____________________ his homework every day.
②Jack ___________________________ his homework every day.
spends two hours on
spends two hours (in) doing
4.必须采取有效措施保护环境免受污染。
①Effective measures must be taken ________________________________
______________.(prevent)
②Effective measures must be taken ________________________________
__________.(keep)
③Effective measures must be taken ________________________________
__________.(stop)
④Effective measures must be taken ______________________________
_____________________________.(protect)
返 回
to prevent the environment from
being polluted
to keep the environment from being
polluted
to stop the environment from being
polluted
to protect the environment from
being polluted/against pollution
训练4
1.Some of the devices _____ display have very practical applications.
2.The disease _________(panic) many people into fleeing that country.
3.I was sent to Europe as the ______________(represent) of our company.
4.I would appreciate you ________(help) me during my exchanged terms.
5.Would you like to have your writing ___________(publish) in this magazine
6.When the toys were distributed _____ the orphans，they clasped the presents firmly.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
on
panicked
representative
helping
published
to
7.Here I will sincerely express my ______________(appreciate) if you could help find the lost suitcase.
8.Who will be in charge of the _____________(distribute) of food and clothing to the flood victims
9.I happened ______________(have) lunch in the school canteen when the conflict occurred suddenly.
10.The parcel was opened and a strange furry animal was released from it，making the girl scream _____ panic.
appreciation
distribution
to be having
in
1.得知我们学校将举办一年一度的“中国文化节”，我想提一些建议。(put forward)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.随着越来越多的学生喜欢中国诗歌，举办一场中国诗歌背诵比赛是一个不错的主意。(with复合结构)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——中国文化节的建议)
Learning that our school is going to hold the annual “Chinese Culture Festival”，I’d like to put forward some suggestions.
With more and more students appreciating Chinese poetry，it would be a good idea to hold a competition about Chinese poetry recitation.
3.关于中国传统节日的演讲比赛是一个和诗歌背诵比赛一样好的想法。(as...as...)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.如果你能考虑我的以上建议，我将会很感激。(appreciate)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A speech competition concerning traditional Chinese festivals is as good an idea as the poetry recitation competition.
I would appreciate it a lot if you could take my suggestions above into consideration.
5.我坚信这些活动将会让我们所有人得到一次丰富并且愉快的体验。(have sb do)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
I am firmly convinced that these activities will have all of us get a rich and joyful experience.
参考范文
Learning that our school is going to hold the annual “Chinese Culture Festival”，I’d like to put forward some suggestions.
First of all，with more and more students appreciating Chinese poetry，it would be a good idea to hold a competition about Chinese poetry recitation.What’s more，a speech competition concerning traditional Chinese festivals is as good an idea as the poetry recitation competition.Finally，you can also hold some exhibitions on traditional arts like Beijing Opera，which will impress students a lot.
I would appreciate it a lot if you could take my suggestions above into consideration.I am firmly convinced that these activities will have all of us get a rich and joyful experience.
A
Some people ran into me in the dining hall today—they were on their phone and didn’t see me.The dining hall was packed，as usual，so I couldn’t move out of the way in time.They ran into me，but I said sorry.They said nothing and kept walking.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
语篇解读　这是一篇议论文，主要讨论了我们是否应该为自己没有做错的事情而道歉，并阐明了行动比道歉更重要。
It reminded me of the theory that women are more likely to step out of the way if the sidewalk is too narrow.My friend likes to test this theory out for herself—she walks straight on her path and sees if men will move out of her way.Many of them have run into her unless she moves at the last second.She realizes that she is always the one who apologizes when that happens.I say sorry for things like that all the time.It made me think：why am I apologizing for something that isn’t my fault
From a young age，I was taught to apologize when I did something wrong.Over the years，there have been more and more sorrys in my life.I started apologizing even when I was in the right.I apologize to escape conflict.This pattern is especially prevalent in women.Women are socialized to be more passive.We aren’t expected to stand up for ourselves；we’re expected to keep our heads down and apologize.
Of course，I value a good apology.A genuine apology helps，but I think it’s only the first step in actually making amends.People can say sorry and not mean it.Or，some people give a sincere apology but never change their behavior.What’s the point of apologizing if you’re going to do the same thing again？Sorry is just a word—actions are what matters.
Apologizing can be tiring.Once you say sorry，you’re accepting responsibility.There’s no need to blame yourself for something that isn’t your fault.Conversely，it’s tiring to hear “sorry” and have that person do the same thing again.Deeds speak louder than words.So start making changes instead of saying unnecessary sorry.
1.What happened to the author in the dining hall
A.She was knocked down by the huge crowd.
B.She apologized to those who crashed into her.
C.She couldn’t find her way in the crowded place.
D.She was busy on her phone and didn’t notice others.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They ran into me，but I said sorry.They said nothing and kept walking.”可知，作者在餐厅里向撞她的人道歉。故选B。
解析
2.Which of the following is the reason for the author’s saying more sorrys in her life
A.She is always taught to behave herself in the public area.
B.She feels guilty for the trouble caused by her carelessness.
C.She believes that women should apologize to show politeness.
D.She apologizes just to avoid unnecessary argument with others.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中“I apologize to escape conflict.”可知，作者在生活中说了更多的对不起是因为她道歉只是为了避免和别人发生不必要的争吵。故选D。
解析
3.What does the underlined word “prevalent” mean in the third paragraph
A.Widespread. B.Uncommon.
C.Significant. D.Unnoticeable.
√
词义猜测题。根据第三段中“ Women are socialized...heads down and apologize.”可知，女性被社会化得更加被动。人们不期望女性为自己挺身而出，而是保持低调并道歉。由此可得出女性道歉的现象很普遍。故选A。
解析
4.What does the author suggest people do
A.Avoid saying sorry.
B.Deny taking responsibility.
C.Keep on blaming others.
D.Set about making changes.
√
细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句“So start making changes instead of saying unnecessary sorry.”可推知，作者建议人们开始做出改变。故选D。
解析
B
When discussions are getting heated，divisions on opinions potentially lead to some awkward moments.This causes many of us to struggle with how to convince people to change their minds and how to argue our side effectively.Unfortunately，we’ve already become quite divided.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。人们在面对与自己的观点相反的信息时，往往会产生“确认偏向”，即倾向于寻找能证实自己观点的信息，而避免与之相反的信息。文章建议我们秉持开放的观念，接纳不同的信息。
One study showed that when people receive information against their beliefs，their brains aren’t as active as when they receive information that confirms their beliefs.Humans have a well-documented bias(偏向) called the “confirmation bias”，which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid information that disconfirms them.
Throwing data at people isn’t at all effective in changing minds and especially hearts.Instead，people just find it super annoying.Luckily，research has provided some guidance about best practices，and，not surprisingly，they all suggest what our parents have been telling us for decades：You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.In fact，it turns out that instead of citing why you are right and someone else is wrong in a heated conversation，one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where you agree.
Another thing we can do is to be open to other perspectives(观点).We can start by acknowledging our own confirmation bias and making a conscious effort to override it.We can also try to take other people’s perspectives.And better yet—ask them for it.Ask them why they feel the way they do and what would change their mind.Be open to admitting that you could be wrong and make it easy for others to admit their own mistakes.
Finally，make new friends—friends that are different from you.Make your bias a disconfirmation bias；in other words，when you have an opinion on something，don’t just read information that confirms it.Instead，make an effort to find information that could potentially prove you wrong.If you were right all along，this exercise will only make your arguments stronger.If you were wrong，your mind will have been opened up to new ideas.Either way，this kind of open-mindedness will give you a brand-new perspective on life，and you might even make some unlikely new friends in the process.
5.Which can illustrate “confirmation bias”？
A.We tend to welcome different ideas.
B.We accept messages from the others.
C.We argue against points of disagreement.
D.We prefer information in line with our views.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Humans have a well-documented bias(偏向) called the ‘confirmation bias’，which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid information that disconfirms them.”可知，D选项“我们更喜欢符合我们观点的信息”能解释“确认偏向”。故选D。
解析
6.What does the underlined word “honey” in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Following advice.
B.Sharing common ground.
C.Admitting mistakes.
D.Blocking different ideas.
√
推理判断题。根据画线词所在句可知，honey是令你捕获更多苍蝇即取得成功的方法，结合下文“one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where you agree”可推知，“honey”指的是“找到共同点”这一策略。故选B。
解析
7.How can we benefit from our bias according to the last paragraph
A.By letting go of our own opinion.
B.By making arguments more reliable.
C.By opening up minds to new friends.
D.By securing information opposite to ours.
√
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Make your bias a disconfirmation bias；in other words，when you have an opinion...find information that could potentially prove you wrong.If you were right all along...If you were wrong，your mind will have been opened up to new ideas.”可知，有意获取与我们的观点相反的信息能让我们从偏向中受益。故选D。
解析
8.What is the best title of the text
A.How to Negotiate with Others
B.Why It’s So Hard to Change Hearts and Minds
C.How to Shift Minds in Polarized Communication
D.Why Open-mindedness Is Effective in Conversations
√
标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第三至五段可知，文章介绍了什么是“确认偏向”，并说明了如何在面对分歧时有效地说服他人。所以短文的最佳标题为“如何在两极分化的交流中转变思想”。故选C。
解析
Conflict is a normal part of any healthy relationship.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了冲突的产生原因以及应对方法。
Ⅳ.七选五
1 .The key is not to fear or try to avoid conflict but to learn how to solve it in a healthy way.
A.Since these needs are different，conflict arises
B.Conflict arises from differences，both large and small
C.Manage stress quickly while remaining alert and calm
D.conflict triggers strong emotions and can lead to hurt feeling
E.Differing needs result in broken deals，decreased profits and lost jobs
F.After all，two people can’t be expected to agree on everything all the time
G.conflict provides an opportunity to strengthen the bond between two people
√
根据上文“Conflict is a normal part of any healthy relationship.”可知，冲突是任何健康关系的正常组成部分，F选项“毕竟，不能指望两个人总是在所有事情上意见一致”承接上文，解释其原因，符合语境，故选F。
解析
When conflict is mismanaged，it can cause great harm to a relationship，but，when handled in a respectful，positive way， 2 .
A.Since these needs are different，conflict arises
B.Conflict arises from differences，both large and small
C.Manage stress quickly while remaining alert and calm
D.conflict triggers strong emotions and can lead to hurt feeling
E.Differing needs result in broken deals，decreased profits and lost jobs
F.After all，two people can’t be expected to agree on everything all the time
G.conflict provides an opportunity to strengthen the bond between two people
√
根据上文“When conflict is mismanaged，it can cause great harm to a relationship，but，when handled in a respectful，positive way”可知，如果处理不当，冲突会伤害一段关系，但如果处理得当，冲突也可以有积极的影响，故G选项“冲突就提供了一个巩固两个人之间关系的机会”符合语境，且能照应下文的“build stronger，more rewarding relationships”。故选G。
解析
Whether you’re experiencing conflict at home，work，or school，learning skills can help you resolve differences in a healthy way and build stronger，more rewarding relationships.
3 .It occurs whenever people disagree over their values，motivations，perceptions，ideas，or desires.
A.Since these needs are different，conflict arises
B.Conflict arises from differences，both large and small
C.Manage stress quickly while remaining alert and calm
D.conflict triggers strong emotions and can lead to hurt feeling
E.Differing needs result in broken deals，decreased profits and lost jobs
F.After all，two people can’t be expected to agree on everything all the time
G.conflict provides an opportunity to strengthen the bond between two people
√
根据后文“It occurs whenever people disagree over their values，motivations，perceptions，ideas，or desires.Sometimes these differences...”可知，空处会提到It指代的对象且包含differences这个词。B选项“冲突产生于大大小小的分歧”与后文衔接紧密，符合语境，It指代B项中的conflict，故选B。
解析
Sometimes these differences appear trivial，but when a conflict triggers strong feelings，a deep personal need is often at the core of the problem.These needs can range from the need to feel safe and secure or respected and valued，to the need for greater closeness and intimacy.
Think about the opposing needs of a toddler and a parent.The child’s need is to explore，so venturing to the street or the cliff edge meets that need.
But the parent’s need is to protect the child’s safety，a need that can only be met by limiting the toddler’s exploration. 4 .
A.Since these needs are different，conflict arises
B.Conflict arises from differences，both large and small
C.Manage stress quickly while remaining alert and calm
D.conflict triggers strong emotions and can lead to hurt feeling
E.Differing needs result in broken deals，decreased profits and lost jobs
F.After all，two people can’t be expected to agree on everything all the time
G.conflict provides an opportunity to strengthen the bond between two people
√
根据上文“Think about the opposing needs of a toddler and a parent...can only be met by limiting the toddler’s exploration.”可知，上文提到了学步的儿童和父母相反的需求，推测空处会说明其结果：产生冲突。故A选项“由于这些需求不同，冲突就会产生”符合语境，故选A。
解析
The ability to successfully resolve conflict depends on your ability to：
5 .By staying calm，you can accurately read and interpret verbal and non-verbal communication.
A.Since these needs are different，conflict arises
B.Conflict arises from differences，both large and small
C.Manage stress quickly while remaining alert and calm
D.conflict triggers strong emotions and can lead to hurt feeling
E.Differing needs result in broken deals，decreased profits and lost jobs
F.After all，two people can’t be expected to agree on everything all the time
G.conflict provides an opportunity to strengthen the bond between two people
√
根据后文“By staying calm，you can accurately read and interpret verbal and non-verbal communication.”并结合上下文可知，空处是本段主旨，且应为祈使句，而本段强调的能力是通过保持冷静来处理冲突，C选项中calm对应后文staying calm。故C选项“快速处理压力，同时保持警觉和冷静”符合语境，故选C。
解析
Control your emotions and behavior.When you’re in control of your emotions，you can communicate your needs without threatening，intimidating，or punishing others.
Architecture is not only a technological science，but also an art form.In ancient Chinese architecture，the combination of art and 1._________(wise) is a treasure left to us by our ancestors.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国古代建筑中的艺术和智慧的结合，并列举了故宫和长城的例子。
Ⅴ.语法填空
wisdom
考查名词。空处需要一个名词与“art”并列，“wise”的名词形式是“wisdom”，意为“智慧”，不可数。故填wisdom。
解析
Next，some typical 2. (representation) of Chinese architecture will be selected and introduced to you here.
representations
考查名词复数形式。 “some”后接可数名词复数，representation的复数形式是“representations”，意为 “代表；表现形式”。故填representations。
解析
The Imperial Palace，also known as the Palace Museum，is a magnificent landmark located in Beijing.This extraordinary complex,
3.__________(complete) in 1420 after starting construction in 1406，served as the royal palace for 24 emperors.
completed
考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰“complex”，“complex” 与“complete”之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词“completed”。故填completed。
解析
The Palace complex is known for its traditional Chinese architecture design,4. (feature) complicatedly carved wooden structures，colorful rooftops，and dedicate details.
featuring
考查非谓语动词。此处为非谓语动词作伴随状语，逻辑主语“The Palace complex”与“feature”之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词featuring，意为“以……为特色”。故填featuring。
解析
Within the Imperial Palace，there are several main palaces and halls that are the focal points of the complex.The Imperial Palace 5. (house) a vast collection of art and cultural artifacts that provide lights into the rich history of China.
houses
考查动词时态和主谓一致。此处为谓语动词，句子描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，所以“house”(收藏；贮存)用第三人称单数形式houses。故填houses。
解析
The Great Wall consists of one or more walls，fortresses (堡垒)，and beacon towers (烽火台) along the Great Wall with natural barriers，some of 6. are still standing today.
which
考查定语从句。分析句子可知，此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是“walls，fortresses (堡垒)，and beacon towers (烽火台)”，指物，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
解析
This giant defense system is 7. unique mixture of military architecture and civilian engineering.
a
考查冠词。此处泛指“一种独特的混合”，unique发音以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a。故填a。
解析
It’s a reminder of our country’s rich history and the 8. (count) efforts made to protect our land.
countless
考查形容词。此处需要一个形容词来修饰名词 “efforts”，count的形容词形式countless表示“无数的；数不清的”。故填countless。
解析
As you walk along the wall，you’ll notice that each fortress has its own design and purpose，from monitoring enemy movements 9. providing refuge for travelers.
to
考查固定短语。from...to...是固定短语，意为“从……到……”。故填to。
解析
As we can see，ancient Chinese architecture 10.__________________
_________(create) rich and colorful artistic images over the past centuries.Take action and feel the charm of our ancient Chinese architecture on your own.
has created/has been
考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据“over the past centuries”可知，此处为现在完成(进行)时，表示从过去持续到现在，并且还有可能继续下去。句子主语不可数，助动词用has。故填has created/has been creating。
解析
返 回
creating
本课结束Section Ⅳ　Lesson 3
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the stories
A．Cruelty of the wars.
B．Terrible scenes of different wars.
C．Ordinary people’s desire for peace.
D．Different war memories of different people.
答案　D
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．What was the villagers’ feeling when they were marched into the square
A．They were afraid.
B．They were calm.
C．They were panicked.
D．They began to weep.
答案　B
2．How did Do Chuc survive the shooting
A．He was spared by the American soldiers.
B．He was unconscious and was saved by other villagers.
C．He was lucky enough to be hidden by many dead bodies.
D．He fled the village before the American soldiers entered the village.
答案　C
3．Both the British and German troops were fed up with the war，so what did they do
A．They gave up the war.
B．They made friends with each other.
C．They didn’t fire a shot any more.
D．They got together to celebrate Christmas.
答案　D
4．Why was the nurse not enthusiastic about the award ceremony from the start
A．Because the patient started to cry.
B．Because she had to clean up the ward.
C．Because the patient had been badly wounded.
D．Because she didn’t like the chief nurse’s attitude to the VIPs.
答案　B
5．Why did the soldier throw the watch back at the general
A．Because he didn’t like the watch.
B．Because he thought the watch was too expensive.
C．Because he thought the watch couldn’t replace his legs.
D．Because he thought other soldiers would be better worth the watch.
答案　C
6．Why did the nurse begin sobbing
A．Because the war was cruel.
B．Because two soldiers died in the hospital.
C．Because she admired the soldier and was moved by him.
D．Because she felt sorry that she couldn’t save the soldier’s legs.
答案　C
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
The whole passage is made 1.up of three different stories，which mainly tell different war memories of different people.The first one tells a story of Do Chuc，a 48-year-old Vietnamese farmer 2.whose two daughters and aunt were killed by American soldiers.He was wounded in 3.the leg，but fortunately he was covered by a pile of dead bodies.He survived and 4.fled(flee) the village.The second story took place during Christmas.After a long time of battle，the soldiers of both sides were fed up to the neck with the war，so the officers came to an 5.understanding(understand) that they would celebrate Christmas in temporary peace until midnight.They greeted each other，shook hands and shared some beer as if they 6.had been(be) a group of old friends.The third story happened in a hospital.A young soldier had both his legs 7.blown(blow) off.Being number 20,000 to come through the hospital，he 8.was awarded(award) a Purple Heart and a watch，but he refused to accept the watch，which won him the admiration of the nurse.According to these stories，we are 9.deeply(deep) impressed with the cruelty of the war and we should cherish our 10.peaceful(peace) life more.
1．Do Chuc is a 48-year-old Vietnamese farmer whose two daughters and aunt were killed(kill) by American soldiers in My Lai that day.(P36，Story A)
结构分析：此句是复合句。whose引导定语从句，修饰farmer。
汉语翻译：杜沙是48岁的越南农民，他的两个女儿和一位姑妈那一天在美莱村被美国士兵杀害。
2．He and his family were eating breakfast when the American soldiers entered the village and ordered(order) all civilians out of their homes.(P36，Story A)
结构分析：此句是复合句。句中含有“be doing sth when...”结构，意为“正在做某事，这时(突然)……”，when用作并列连词。
汉语翻译：杜沙和家人正在吃早餐，这时美军士兵进村了，命令所有村民从家里出来。
3．Together with other villagers，they were marched a few hundred metres into the village square where they were told to sit(sit)．(P36，Story A)
结构分析：此句是复合句。句中where引导定语从句，修饰the village square。
汉语翻译：他们和其他村民一起，被带到几百米外的空地上，然后被要求坐下。
4．Two of our men then threw their equipment off and climbed out of the trench with their hands above their heads as our representatives.(P36，Story B，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是简单句。threw和climbed out of为两个并列谓语；with their hands above their heads为with复合结构作状语。
汉语翻译：然后，我们的两名士兵脱下装备，爬出战壕，双手举过头顶，作为我方代表。
5．One of their men，speaking in English，said that he had worked(work) in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over.(P37，Story B，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是复合句。speaking in English是现在分词短语作方式状语；主句谓语动词said后并列两个that引导的宾语从句。
汉语翻译：他们中的一个人用英语说，他在英国工作过几年，受够了这场战争，如果战争结束，他会很高兴。
6．The officers came to an understanding that we would celebrate Christmas in temporary peace until midnight.(P37，Story B，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是复合句。that引导同位语从句，解释说明understanding的内容。
汉语翻译：双方军官达成共识，午夜之前我们将暂时和平地庆祝圣诞节。
7．As the general handed him the watch，“from the army，to show our appreciation(appreciate)，” the kid more or less threw the watch back at him.(P37，Story C)
结构分析：此句是复合句。As引导时间状语从句。
汉语翻译：将军把那块“来自军队，象征我们的感谢”的表递给他时，那孩子几乎是把表扔了回去。
panic n．惊恐，惶恐，惊慌 v．(panicked，panicked)(使)惊慌
·in panic惊慌失措地
get into a panic陷入恐慌
·panic sb into doing sth使某人惊慌地做某事
[写作佳句]
(1)麦克猛地冲进车里，砰地关上车门，惊恐地浑身发抖。(读后续写之动作链描写)
Mac violently rushed into the car，slammed the door and trembled all over in panic.
(2)你一直都很努力学习，所以你没有必要为考试而陷入恐慌。(应用文写作之建议信)
You have been studying hard，so there is no need for you to get into a panic about the exams.
(3)野狼的吼叫吓得我尖叫起来，我不知道如何缓解这无法抵挡的恐惧。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The roar of the wild wolf panicked me into screaming，and I wasn’t aware of how to ease the overwhelming panic.
representative n．代表，代理人adj.典型的，有代表性的(represent vt.代表；象征；描绘；展现)
·a representative of ……的代表
·be representative of代表……的
·represent sb as把某人描绘成……
(1)The sort of hot and spicy food is representative of the food in the south of the country.
[写作佳句]
(2)琳达被选为我们学校的代表去参加模拟联合国会议。
Linda was voted as a representative of our school to participate in the MUN conference.
(3)这名年轻的士兵被将军描述成了最勇敢、最忠诚的人。
The young soldier was represented as the most courageous and loyal one by the general.
(4)我非常荣幸能够代表我们学校发表题为“音乐改变我们的生活”的演讲。(应用文写作之演讲稿)
It is my great honor to deliver a speech，whose topic is “Music changes our life”，representing our school.
distribute vt.分发，分配，分送(distribution n．分发；分配；分布；分销distributor n．经销商)
distribute sth to/among把某物分配/分发给……
distribute...into...把……分成……
(1)The head of the department distributed the prizes to/among the winners.
(2)Some victims are complaining about the unjust distribution(distribute) of emergency aid.
(3)We hope that you will appoint our company as the sole distributor(distribute) in China.
[写作佳句]
(4)为了方便，老师把学生随机分成了三组。
For convenience，the teacher randomly distributed the pupils into three groups.
appreciation n．欣赏；感激(appreciate vt.欣赏；感激；意识到appreciative adj.欣赏的；感激的)
·show/express appreciation for/of对……表示感谢
in appreciation of为了表示对……的感谢
·appreciate (sb) doing sth感激(某人)做某事
I would appreciate it if...如果……，我将不胜/十分感激。
(1)I really appreciated being given(give) the chance to work in your company two years ago.
(2)The hall was full of appreciative(appreciate) applause instantly she finished her performance.
[写作佳句]
(3)颁发这个奖是为了感谢她为医学领域做出的巨大贡献。
The reward was given in appreciation of her great contributions to the medical field.
(4)我想对您在我留学期间的帮助表示感谢。(应用文写作之感谢信)
I would like to express my appreciation for/of your help when I was studying abroad.
(5)如果你能就如何解决这些问题给我一些建议，我将非常感激。(应用文写作之建议信)
I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice on how to resolve these problems.
“as＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as”结构
By the look of them，their trenches were in as bad a state as our own.(P37，Story B，Para.2)
从样子上可以看出，他们的战壕和我们的一样糟糕。
结构分析：此句是简单句。“as bad a state as our own”是“as＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as”结构作表语。
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在“as...as”结构中，两个as之间通常是形容词或副词；若是名词，其结构通常是“as＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as”或“as＋adj.＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋as”。
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[写作佳句]
(1)你提供的有用信息和我们所期望的一样多。
You have offered us as much useful information as we have expected.
(2)He is as hardworking as anyone else in his class though he fails the exam.
→He is as hardworking a boy as anyone else in his class though he fails the exam.
“have sth done”结构
It was this patient’s second visit to us and this time he’d had both his legs blown off—he was all-of-about 20 years old.(P37，Story C)
这是这位病人第二次来到我们这里，而这次他的双腿都被炸没了——他也就才二十几岁。
结构分析：此句是由and连接的并列句。“had both his legs blown off”是“have sth done”结构，表示“使……被……”。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————·由have构成的其他常见结构：
have sb/sth doing sth让某人/某物一直做某事
won’t/can’t have sb doing...不允许某人做……
have sb do sth让某人做某事
have sth to do有某事要做(不定式作后置定语)
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
(1)I apologize to you for having you waiting(wait) so long on such a freezing day.
(2)Having so much housework to do(do)，the mother had to assign some tasks to her children.
[写作佳句]
(3)老师让他的学生们每天早上读英语。
The teacher has his students read English every morning.
(4)我想知道你是否能建议一个好的方法以使我的英语写作水平在短期内得到提升。(应用文写作之求助信)
I wonder if you could suggest a good way to have my written English improved in a short period of time.
happen to do sth
The general was coming to give him the award because he happened to be number 20,000 to come through this hospital.(P37，Story C)
将军是来给他颁奖的，因为他恰好是进入这家医院的第两万个病人。
结构分析：此句是复合句。because引导原因状语从句；从句中happened to be意为“恰好，碰巧”。
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sth happens/happened to sb某事发生在某人身上
sb happens/happened to＋
It happens/happened that...碰巧……
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(1)It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring break，for which I had no plans beyond listening to my favorite records.(2021·新课标Ⅰ)
(2)I happened to have withdrawn(withdraw) some money from the ATM so that I could lend 200 dollars to you.
[写作佳句]
(3)信不信由你，几个月前我第一次碰巧读《青年》报时，我有一种想一口气读完它的冲动。(2021·新课标Ⅰ，应用文写作)
Believe it or not，the first time I happened to read the newspaper Youth a couple of months ago，I felt an urge to finish reading it in one breath.
(4)听说不好的事情发生在你身上了，我非常难过，我写信是为了给你提供一些好的建议。(应用文写作之建议信)
I am terribly sorry to hear that something bad has happened to you and I am writing to provide you with some good suggestions.
常用近义动词
动词是高考的考查重点，在完形填空和写作中，动词词义辨析尤为重要。英语中有不少动词意思相近，但是其真正的意义和用法有一定的差别，需要在平时的学习中注意区分。下面是英语中常用的近义动词的辨析。
1．accept，receive
(1)accept表示主动自愿“接受”
(2)receive强调“接到”或“收到”
Thanks a lot for your gift，and I will accept it with great appreciation.
非常感谢你送的礼物，我将怀着感激之情收下。
I am more than glad to receive your letter asking me about the Grown-up-ceremony.
我很高兴收到你询问我成人礼事宜的来信。
2．separate，divide
(1)separate指把连在一起或混合在一起的东西分开，常与from连用
(2)divide指把一个整体分为若干部分，常与into连用
The infected patients must be separated from other people immediately.
被感染的病人必须立刻跟其他人分开。
The whole class was divided into four groups at random.
全班被随机分成四个小组。
3．wear，dress，put on
(1)wear指穿衣服、鞋袜或戴手套等，侧重穿戴的状态。
(2)dress指给自己或他人穿衣。
(3)put on指穿衣服、鞋袜或戴帽子、手套等，侧重穿戴的动作。
Why does he always wear dark sunglasses
他为什么总是戴着墨镜？
The mother dressed her baby in a beautiful red skirt.
母亲给她的宝宝穿上了漂亮的红裙子。
Put on your heavy winter coat if you must go out now.
如果你现在非要出去就穿上你的厚冬衣。
4．look，stare，glare，glance，gaze，peek
(1)look“看，瞧”，一般用词
(2)stare侧重于因惊奇、羡慕等而睁大眼睛看
(3)glare指用愤恨、凶狠的目光盯着
(4)glance强调匆忙扫视或一瞥
(5)gaze指长时间目不转睛地看
(6)peek指窥视，偷看
Children should be taught not to stare at the disabled people.
应该教育孩子不要盯着残疾人看。
He didn’t shout but just glared at me silently.
他没有喊叫，只是默默地怒视着我。
He glanced at his watch and left the office in a hurry.他瞥了一眼手表，然后匆忙离开了办公室。
They caught him peeking through the keyhole when they came back.
他们回来时逮住他正在通过锁孔窥视。
5．carry，bring，take，fetch
(1)carry指随身携带
(2)bring意为“带来，拿来”(由远及近)
(3)take意为“带去，拿去”(由近及远)
(4)fetch意为“去取回来”(强调往返动作)
One of the advantages of this kind of sun umbrella is that it is very easy to carry.
这种遮阳伞的优点之一就是它非常便于随身携带。
You’d better bring your own bottle here in case the paper cups are not available.
你最好带自己的水杯过来以防纸杯不够用。
No one should take away whatever doesn’t belong to him or her.
任何人都不应该拿走不属于自己的东西。
Wait for a moment，and I will fetch you some icy water to ease the severe heat.
稍等一下，我去给你取些冰水来缓解酷热。
6．choose，elect，select，pick
(1)choose“选择”，一般用词，侧重于决定
(2)elect表示“选举，推选”
(3)select侧重精挑细选
(4)pick常指随意“挑选，挑拣”
When it comes to buying living necessities，men tend to choose randomly while women will select carefully.
在购买生活用品时，男人往往会随意作出选择，而女人则会精挑细选。
Whoever is elected should do what he/she can to help the people.
任何当选的人都应该尽其所能帮助人民。
While listening to the song，pick some useful words and phrases.
听歌的时候，从中挑选一些有用的单词和短语。
7．happen，occur，take place，come about，break out
(1)happen侧重“碰巧、偶然发生”
(2)occur表示“发生、想到、突然想起”
(3)take place多表示按计划或安排发生，意为“举办，发生”
(4)come about多表示事情已经发生过了，常用在否定句与疑问句中
(5)break out多指战争、争吵等不愉快事件突然爆发
No one knows exactly what will happen next.
没有人确切地知道接下来会发生什么。
It occurred to me that she has resigned from our company and couldn’t be bothered.
我突然想起她已经从我们公司辞职了，不能再麻烦她了。
Great changes have taken place in our hometown in the past 10 years.
十年来我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
I’ll never understand how it came about that you should fail the exam.
我永远也不会明白你怎么会考试不及格。
A fire broke out in the hospital at midnight，fortunately causing no death or severe injuries.
午夜医院发生了火灾，所幸没有人员伤亡。
Ⅰ.写出下列句中加黑部分的近义词
1．Your answer is exactly right.reply
2．Please seat yourself at the table.sit down
3．We should seize the precious chance.take hold of
4．Seeing the funny picture，the whole class burst into laughter.burst out laughing
5．They prepared to take down what he would say in shorthand.write down
Ⅱ.一句多译
1．我不知道怎样处理这份信息。
①I do not know what to do with the information.
②I do not know how to deal with the information.
2．莉莉花了50元买这个书包。
①Lily spent 50 yuan on the schoolbag.
②The schoolbag cost Lily 50 yuan.
③Lily paid 50 yuan for the schoolbag.
3．杰克每天花两个小时做作业。
①Jack spends two hours on his homework every day.
②Jack spends two hours (in) doing his homework every day.
4．必须采取有效措施保护环境免受污染。
①Effective measures must be taken to prevent the environment from being polluted.(prevent)
②Effective measures must be taken to keep the environment from being polluted.(keep)
③Effective measures must be taken to stop the environment from being polluted.(stop)
④Effective measures must be taken to protect the environment from being polluted/against pollution.(protect)
训练4　Lesson 3
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．Some of the devices on display have very practical applications.
2．The disease panicked(panic) many people into fleeing that country.
3．I was sent to Europe as the representative(represent) of our company.
4．I would appreciate you helping(help) me during my exchanged terms.
5．Would you like to have your writing published(publish) in this magazine
6．When the toys were distributed to the orphans，they clasped the presents firmly.
7．Here I will sincerely express my appreciation(appreciate) if you could help find the lost suitcase.
8．Who will be in charge of the distribution(distribute) of food and clothing to the flood victims
9．I happened to be having(have) lunch in the school canteen when the conflict occurred suddenly.
10．The parcel was opened and a strange furry animal was released from it，making the girl scream in panic.
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——中国文化节的建议)(满分15分)
1．得知我们学校将举办一年一度的“中国文化节”，我想提一些建议。(put forward)
Learning that our school is going to hold the annual “Chinese Culture Festival”，I’d like to put forward some suggestions.
2．随着越来越多的学生喜欢中国诗歌，举办一场中国诗歌背诵比赛是一个不错的主意。(with复合结构)
With more and more students appreciating Chinese poetry，it would be a good idea to hold a competition about Chinese poetry recitation.
3．关于中国传统节日的演讲比赛是一个和诗歌背诵比赛一样好的想法。(as...as...)
A speech competition concerning traditional Chinese festivals is as good an idea as the poetry recitation competition.
4．如果你能考虑我的以上建议，我将会很感激。(appreciate)
I would appreciate it a lot if you could take my suggestions above into consideration.
5．我坚信这些活动将会让我们所有人得到一次丰富并且愉快的体验。(have sb do)
I am firmly convinced that these activities will have all of us get a rich and joyful experience.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
参考范文
Learning that our school is going to hold the annual “Chinese Culture Festival”，I’d like to put forward some suggestions.
First of all，with more and more students appreciating Chinese poetry，it would be a good idea to hold a competition about Chinese poetry recitation.What’s more，a speech competition concerning traditional Chinese festivals is as good an idea as the poetry recitation competition.Finally，you can also hold some exhibitions on traditional arts like Beijing Opera，which will impress students a lot.
I would appreciate it a lot if you could take my suggestions above into consideration.I am firmly convinced that these activities will have all of us get a rich and joyful experience.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Some people ran into me in the dining hall today—they were on their phone and didn’t see me.The dining hall was packed，as usual，so I couldn’t move out of the way in time.They ran into me，but I said sorry.They said nothing and kept walking.
It reminded me of the theory that women are more likely to step out of the way if the sidewalk is too narrow.My friend likes to test this theory out for herself—she walks straight on her path and sees if men will move out of her way.Many of them have run into her unless she moves at the last second.She realizes that she is always the one who apologizes when that happens.I say sorry for things like that all the time.It made me think：why am I apologizing for something that isn’t my fault
From a young age，I was taught to apologize when I did something wrong.Over the years，there have been more and more sorrys in my life.I started apologizing even when I was in the right.I apologize to escape conflict.This pattern is especially prevalent in women.Women are socialized to be more passive.We aren’t expected to stand up for ourselves；we’re expected to keep our heads down and apologize.
Of course，I value a good apology.A genuine apology helps，but I think it’s only the first step in actually making amends.People can say sorry and not mean it.Or，some people give a sincere apology but never change their behavior.What’s the point of apologizing if you’re going to do the same thing again？Sorry is just a word—actions are what matters.
Apologizing can be tiring.Once you say sorry，you’re accepting responsibility.There’s no need to blame yourself for something that isn’t your fault.Conversely，it’s tiring to hear “sorry” and have that person do the same thing again.Deeds speak louder than words.So start making changes instead of saying unnecessary sorry.
语篇解读　这是一篇议论文，主要讨论了我们是否应该为自己没有做错的事情而道歉，并阐明了行动比道歉更重要。
1．What happened to the author in the dining hall
A．She was knocked down by the huge crowd.
B．She apologized to those who crashed into her.
C．She couldn’t find her way in the crowded place.
D．She was busy on her phone and didn’t notice others.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They ran into me，but I said sorry.They said nothing and kept walking.”可知，作者在餐厅里向撞她的人道歉。故选B。
2．Which of the following is the reason for the author’s saying more sorrys in her life
A．She is always taught to behave herself in the public area.
B．She feels guilty for the trouble caused by her carelessness.
C．She believes that women should apologize to show politeness.
D．She apologizes just to avoid unnecessary argument with others.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“I apologize to escape conflict.”可知，作者在生活中说了更多的对不起是因为她道歉只是为了避免和别人发生不必要的争吵。故选D。
3．What does the underlined word “prevalent” mean in the third paragraph
A．Widespread. B．Uncommon.
C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段中“ Women are socialized...heads down and apologize.”可知，女性被社会化得更加被动。人们不期望女性为自己挺身而出，而是保持低调并道歉。由此可得出女性道歉的现象很普遍。故选A。
4．What does the author suggest people do
A．Avoid saying sorry.
B．Deny taking responsibility.
C．Keep on blaming others.
D．Set about making changes.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句“So start making changes instead of saying unnecessary sorry.”可推知，作者建议人们开始做出改变。故选D。
B
When discussions are getting heated，divisions on opinions potentially lead to some awkward moments.This causes many of us to struggle with how to convince people to change their minds and how to argue our side effectively.Unfortunately，we’ve already become quite divided.
One study showed that when people receive information against their beliefs，their brains aren’t as active as when they receive information that confirms their beliefs.Humans have a well-documented bias(偏向) called the “confirmation bias”，which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid information that disconfirms them.
Throwing data at people isn’t at all effective in changing minds and especially hearts.Instead，people just find it super annoying.Luckily，research has provided some guidance about best practices，and，not surprisingly，they all suggest what our parents have been telling us for decades：You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.In fact，it turns out that instead of citing why you are right and someone else is wrong in a heated conversation，one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where you agree.
Another thing we can do is to be open to other perspectives(观点)．We can start by acknowledging our own confirmation bias and making a conscious effort to override it.We can also try to take other people’s perspectives.And better yet—ask them for it.Ask them why they feel the way they do and what would change their mind.Be open to admitting that you could be wrong and make it easy for others to admit their own mistakes.
Finally，make new friends—friends that are different from you.Make your bias a disconfirmation bias；in other words，when you have an opinion on something，don’t just read information that confirms it.Instead，make an effort to find information that could potentially prove you wrong.If you were right all along，this exercise will only make your arguments stronger.If you were wrong，your mind will have been opened up to new ideas.Either way，this kind of open-mindedness will give you a brand-new perspective on life，and you might even make some unlikely new friends in the process.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。人们在面对与自己的观点相反的信息时，往往会产生“确认偏向”，即倾向于寻找能证实自己观点的信息，而避免与之相反的信息。文章建议我们秉持开放的观念，接纳不同的信息。
5．Which can illustrate “confirmation bias”？
A．We tend to welcome different ideas.
B．We accept messages from the others.
C．We argue against points of disagreement.
D．We prefer information in line with our views.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Humans have a well-documented bias(偏向) called the ‘confirmation bias’，which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid information that disconfirms them.”可知，D选项“我们更喜欢符合我们观点的信息”能解释“确认偏向”。故选D。
6．What does the underlined word “honey” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Following advice.
B．Sharing common ground.
C．Admitting mistakes.
D．Blocking different ideas.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据画线词所在句可知，honey是令你捕获更多苍蝇即取得成功的方法，结合下文“one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where you agree”可推知，“honey”指的是“找到共同点”这一策略。故选B。
7．How can we benefit from our bias according to the last paragraph
A．By letting go of our own opinion.
B．By making arguments more reliable.
C．By opening up minds to new friends.
D．By securing information opposite to ours.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Make your bias a disconfirmation bias；in other words，when you have an opinion...find information that could potentially prove you wrong.If you were right all along...If you were wrong，your mind will have been opened up to new ideas.”可知，有意获取与我们的观点相反的信息能让我们从偏向中受益。故选D。
8．What is the best title of the text
A．How to Negotiate with Others
B．Why It’s So Hard to Change Hearts and Minds
C．How to Shift Minds in Polarized Communication
D．Why Open-mindedness Is Effective in Conversations
答案　C
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第三至五段可知，文章介绍了什么是“确认偏向”，并说明了如何在面对分歧时有效地说服他人。所以短文的最佳标题为“如何在两极分化的交流中转变思想”。故选C。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Conflict is a normal part of any healthy relationship. 1 .The key is not to fear or try to avoid conflict but to learn how to solve it in a healthy way.
When conflict is mismanaged，it can cause great harm to a relationship，but，when handled in a respectful，positive way， 2 .Whether you’re experiencing conflict at home，work，or school，learning skills can help you resolve differences in a healthy way and build stronger，more rewarding relationships.
3 .It occurs whenever people disagree over their values，motivations，perceptions，ideas，or desires.Sometimes these differences appear trivial，but when a conflict triggers strong feelings，a deep personal need is often at the core of the problem.These needs can range from the need to feel safe and secure or respected and valued，to the need for greater closeness and intimacy.
Think about the opposing needs of a toddler and a parent.The child’s need is to explore，so venturing to the street or the cliff edge meets that need.But the parent’s need is to protect the child’s safety，a need that can only be met by limiting the toddler’s exploration. 4 .
The ability to successfully resolve conflict depends on your ability to：
5 .By staying calm，you can accurately read and interpret verbal and non-verbal communication.
Control your emotions and behavior.When you’re in control of your emotions，you can communicate your needs without threatening，intimidating，or punishing others.
A．Since these needs are different，conflict arises
B．Conflict arises from differences，both large and small
C．Manage stress quickly while remaining alert and calm
D．conflict triggers strong emotions and can lead to hurt feeling
E．Differing needs result in broken deals，decreased profits and lost jobs
F．After all，two people can’t be expected to agree on everything all the time
G．conflict provides an opportunity to strengthen the bond between two people
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了冲突的产生原因以及应对方法。
1．答案　F
解析　根据上文“Conflict is a normal part of any healthy relationship.”可知，冲突是任何健康关系的正常组成部分，F选项“毕竟，不能指望两个人总是在所有事情上意见一致”承接上文，解释其原因，符合语境，故选F。
2．答案　G
解析　根据上文“When conflict is mismanaged，it can cause great harm to a relationship，but，when handled in a respectful，positive way”可知，如果处理不当，冲突会伤害一段关系，但如果处理得当，冲突也可以有积极的影响，故G选项“冲突就提供了一个巩固两个人之间关系的机会”符合语境，且能照应下文的“build stronger，more rewarding relationships”。故选G。
3．答案　B
解析　根据后文“It occurs whenever people disagree over their values，motivations，perceptions，ideas，or desires.Sometimes these differences...”可知，空处会提到It指代的对象且包含differences这个词。B选项“冲突产生于大大小小的分歧”与后文衔接紧密，符合语境，It指代B项中的conflict，故选B。
4．答案　A
解析　根据上文“Think about the opposing needs of a toddler and a parent...can only be met by limiting the toddler’s exploration.”可知，上文提到了学步的儿童和父母相反的需求，推测空处会说明其结果：产生冲突。故A选项“由于这些需求不同，冲突就会产生”符合语境，故选A。
5．答案　C
解析　根据后文“By staying calm，you can accurately read and interpret verbal and non-verbal communication.”并结合上下文可知，空处是本段主旨，且应为祈使句，而本段强调的能力是通过保持冷静来处理冲突，C选项中calm对应后文staying calm。故C选项“快速处理压力，同时保持警觉和冷静”符合语境，故选C。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Architecture is not only a technological science，but also an art form.In ancient Chinese architecture，the combination of art and 1. (wise) is a treasure left to us by our ancestors.Next，some typical 2. (representation) of Chinese architecture will be selected and introduced to you here.
The Imperial Palace，also known as the Palace Museum，is a magnificent landmark located in Beijing.This extraordinary complex,3. (complete) in 1420 after starting construction in 1406，served as the royal palace for 24 emperors.The Palace complex is known for its traditional Chinese architecture design,4. (feature) complicatedly carved wooden structures，colorful rooftops，and dedicate details.Within the Imperial Palace，there are several main palaces and halls that are the focal points of the complex.The Imperial Palace 5. (house) a vast collection of art and cultural artifacts that provide lights into the rich history of China.
The Great Wall consists of one or more walls，fortresses (堡垒)，and beacon towers (烽火台) along the Great Wall with natural barriers，some of 6. are still standing today.This giant defense system is 7. unique mixture of military architecture and civilian engineering.It’s a reminder of our country’s rich history and the 8. (count) efforts made to protect our land.As you walk along the wall，you’ll notice that each fortress has its own design and purpose，from monitoring enemy movements 9. providing refuge for travelers.
As we can see，ancient Chinese architecture 10. (create) rich and colorful artistic images over the past centuries.Take action and feel the charm of our ancient Chinese architecture on your own.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国古代建筑中的艺术和智慧的结合，并列举了故宫和长城的例子。
1．答案　wisdom
解析　考查名词。空处需要一个名词与“art”并列，“wise”的名词形式是“wisdom”，意为“智慧”，不可数。故填wisdom。
2．答案　representations
解析　考查名词复数形式。 “some”后接可数名词复数，representation的复数形式是“representations”，意为 “代表；表现形式”。故填representations。
3．答案　completed
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰“complex”，“complex” 与“complete”之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词“completed”。故填completed。
4．答案　featuring
解析　考查非谓语动词。此处为非谓语动词作伴随状语，逻辑主语“The Palace complex”与“feature”之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词featuring，意为“以……为特色”。故填featuring。
5．答案　houses
解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。此处为谓语动词，句子描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，所以“house”(收藏；贮存)用第三人称单数形式houses。故填houses。
6．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是“walls，fortresses (堡垒)，and beacon towers (烽火台)”，指物，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
7．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。此处泛指“一种独特的混合”，unique发音以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a。故填a。
8．答案　countless
解析　考查形容词。此处需要一个形容词来修饰名词 “efforts”，count的形容词形式countless表示“无数的；数不清的”。故填countless。
9．答案　to
解析　考查固定短语。from...to...是固定短语，意为“从……到……”。故填to。
10．答案　has created/has been creating
解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据“over the past centuries”可知，此处为现在完成(进行)时，表示从过去持续到现在，并且还有可能继续下去。句子主语不可数，助动词用has。故填has created/has been creating。

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