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(共120张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Lesson 1
INNOVATION
UNIT 12
内容索引
Part 1　课文深度理解
Part 2　长句难句分析
Part 3　语言知识梳理
Part 4　语法项目精讲
训练2
课文深度理解
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A.Scientific discoveries in our daily life.
B.Commitment made by great inventors.
C.Changes happen in our everyday life.
D.Pioneers of the 20th century in science.
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Read the passage quickly and summarize the main idea of each part.
Part 1(Para.1)：1._____________________ to scientific breakthroughs in the 20th century.
Part 2(Paras.2－6)：Some great 2.__________ of science and their 3.________________________.
Part 3(Para.7)：The 4._____________ of these breakthroughs.
A brief introduction
pioneers
inventions or discoveries
significance
1.What can we infer from the first sentence in paragraph 1
A.There were few great discoveries in the 20th century.
B.Someone who will choose the discovery will be in trouble.
C.There were a number of important discoveries in the 20th century.
D.It is easy to choose the most important discovery of the 20th century.
√
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
2.How did Einstein think of the equation “E＝mc2”？
A.When he was at work.
B.His assistant helped him.
C.His dream inspired him.
D.When he was rocking his one-year-old baby.
√
3.What did Einstein and Fleming share in common
A.They were both physicists.
B.They were both outspoken.
C.Their findings were both found by accident.
D.They were both proud of their discoveries.
√
4.What’s the original purpose of designing the first computer
A.To do some difficult experiments.
B.To improve the accuracy of the missiles.
C.To help people make mathematical calculations.
D.To replace the missiles and become a new weapon.
√
5.What is the author’s attitude to the pioneers and their achievements
A.Objective. B.Skeptical.
C.Indifferent. D.Admirable.
√
If you had to choose the single 1.________________(important) discovery of the 20th century，you would have a real problem on your hands.In just 100 years，the world 2.______________(change) completely.
Amazing discoveries were made in different areas.Here 3._____(be) some great pioneers in science of the 20th century.
One of the 20th century’s premier 4.___________(scientist) was Albert Einstein.He found the equation “E＝mc2”.He also proposed the “theory of relativity”.In 1928，another important finding—penicillin was discovered by biologist Alexander Fleming.5.__________，
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
most important
has changed
are
scientists
However
he was humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery.What’s more，Eckert,6.____ engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist，in a joint effort，invented the world’s first computer.With the development of computers，people expected 7._______(get) more things done efficiently.During the Cold War，a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists.But in 1990，Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web,8.____________(enable) computers all over the world to communicate with each other.
an
to get
enabling
With these pioneers of the 20th century 9.___________(dedicate) to improving the quality of human life on Earth，human life has been transformed 10._______ a “global village”.
dedicated
into
返 回
长句难句分析
1.Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to ___________(stage) operations to replace diseased organs ______ donated ones.(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是______句。句中to replace...作_________；过去分词diseased和donated均作__________。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。
staging
with
简单
目的状语
前置定语
2.Communications changed with the _____________(introduce) of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages.(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是__________句。第二个分句中we correspond为省略了______________的定语从句，修饰_________。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
随着移动电话的引入，通信方式发生了变化，我们的通信方式也从写信变成发电子邮件和发送即时消息。
introduction
并列复合
that/in which
the way
3.We started flying around the world，launching satellites _______ orbit and，at _____ same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.
(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是______句。主语分别是_____和__________；第二个分句中的谓语动词是____________，how to split the atom是______；previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe是过去分词短语作_________，修饰_________。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
into
the
并列
We
scientists
figured out
宾语
后置定语
the atom
4.Although it is impossible to choose the most important _____________
(discover)，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of _____ 20th century.(P52，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是 句。although引导______________；从句和主句中都含有“It is＋adj.＋to do”结构，该结构中it是_________，真正的主语分别是to choose...和to single out...。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。
discovery
the
让步状语从句
形式主语
复合
5.Einstein then showed in _____(he) “theory of relativity” that not even time，mass or _______(long) are constant—they change according _____ our experience of them.(P52，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是_______句。that引导_______从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的——它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
his
length
to
复合
宾语
6.He double-checked and _______(see) a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria _____________________(destroy).(P52－53，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是______句。around which引导______从句，修饰a blue mould。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。
saw
had been destroyed
复合
定语
7.With 18,000 tubes，thousands ______ circuits and 6,000 switches，it used so much energy that when it was turned on，the lights in the local town went _____！(P53，Para.5)
结构分析：此句是______句。句中so...that引导__________从句，从句中when引导__________从句。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
它有18 000个显像管，数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！
of
out
复合
结果状语
时间状语
8.Human life on this planet has been transformed _______ a “global village”，with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests.(P53，Para.7)
结构分析：此句是_______句。句中with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests是with复合结构，此处的构成是“__________________”，在句中作______。
汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。
返 回
into
简单
with＋名词＋done
状语
语言知识梳理
vi.& vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献[donation n.捐款；赠送；捐赠(物) donor n.捐赠者]
1
donate
·donate sth to sb/sth向……捐赠某物
·make a donation to...向……捐赠
(1)The retired man withdrew all his savings and donated them _____ the people suffering from the earthquake.
(2)She is one of the _______ who believe _________ blood is good for people both physically and spiritually.
to
donors
donating
(3)If you have more money，it makes sense to make a _________(donate) to nonprofit organizations that help poor people.
donation
(4)我们学校呼吁我们把零用钱捐给被洪水破坏的学校，让那里的学生们能够回到教室。(应用文写作之报道)
Our school _____________________________________________
damaged by the flood，enabling the students there to return to their classrooms.
写作佳句
called on us to donate our pocket money to the school
vi.通信；符合，相一致；相当于(correspondence n.一致，相似；通信；来往信件)
2
correspond
·correspond with...与……通信
　correspond to...相当于……，类似于……
　correspond to/with...与……相一致，符合
·in correspondence with与……相一致；与……通信
(1)I used to correspond _______ my friends，while now the Internet is more convenient.
with
(2)As a matter of fact，the American Congress corresponds _____ the British Parliament.
(3)They haven’t been in _______________(correspond) with each other since the departure.
to
correspondence
(4)只有当你言行一致时，你才能和其他人建立更好的关系。(话题写作之人际关系)
Only __________________________________________________
_________ better relationships with others.
写作佳句
when what you do corresponds with/to what you say can
you build
adj.立刻的，马上的n.瞬间；片刻；某一时刻(instantly adv.立即，即刻 conj.一……就……)
3
instant
·in an instant 立刻
　for an instant刹那间，一瞬间
　the instant(＝instantly)一……就……
(1)I couldn’t answer your question ____ an instant；please leave me some time.
(2)It was so strange that the pain disappeared ___________(instant) I saw the doctor.
in
instantly
(3)_______ an instant，he took off his coat and jumped into the freezing water to save the drowning child.
For
(4)妈妈一看到早餐，就觉得很幸福。
_______________________________________，the mother felt a wave of happiness welling up within her.
写作佳句
The instant/Instantly she saw the breakfast
v.提出(某观点、方法等)；提议；打算；计划；求婚(proposal n.建议；提议)
4
propose
·propose doing...提议/建议做……；计划做……
　propose to do...计划做……
　propose that sb (should) do sth建议某人做某事
　It is proposed that...有人建议……
　propose to sb向某人求婚
·put forward/make a proposal that...(should) do...提出建议……做……
(1)The representatives proposed ____________(extend) the motorways but their proposal was turned down.
(2)Having earned a lot of money，he proposed ______________(buy) a more desirable property.
(3)We were excited to witness that he finally ________________________
(向他女朋友求婚).
extending
buying/to buy
proposed to his girlfriend
(4)他们建议成立一个委员会来调查这次暴力事件。
①They ________________________________ to investigate this violent incident.(propose)
②They _______________________________________________
to investigate this violent incident.(proposal)
写作佳句
proposed setting up a committee
made a proposal that a committee (should) be set up
5
without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句
Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place.(P53，Para.7)
如果没有这些科技先驱取得的突破，不管这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
结构分析：此句是复合句。without引导含蓄虚拟条件句，表示对过去、现在或将来的虚拟；whether lucky or planned是状语从句的省略结构，省略了the breakthroughs are；as we know it today是定语从句，修饰先行词the world。
有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中没有条件句，其内容暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫含蓄条件句。常见的介词短语有without...“如果没有……”；but for...“要不是……”；常用连词有or/otherwise“否则(要不然)”等。
(1)她告诉我如果没有我的帮助，她考试就不及格了。
She told me without my help，____________________________
____________.
(2)要不是这些伟大的科学创新，我们现在的生活就不会这么便利。
But for these great scientific innovations，__________________
_____________________.
写作佳句
she would have failed in the
examination
we couldn’t live such
a convenient life now
(3)我们不知道他的电话号码，要不然我们就给他打电话了。
We didn’t know his telephone number，____________________
_______________.
(4)If it hadn’t been for their help，we couldn’t have finished the program as scheduled.
→________________ their help，we couldn’t have finished the program as scheduled.
or/otherwise we would
have called him
But for/Without
(5)If you don’t spend time with happy people，your health could suffer.
→Spend time with happy people，______________ your health could suffer.
返 回
otherwise/or
语法项目精讲
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成文后的练习
(1)Mary，a beautiful and smart girl，had lived in China for five years before she came here.(2)I planned to visit China the next year.So I requested her to tell me the best time to go there.(3)Mary said to me，“The most comfortable time to visit China is either between March and May or between September and early November.(4)During these months，the weather is particularly pleasant throughout the country，neither too hot nor too cold.”
情境导读
I’m interested in tasting all kinds of food all over the world.I asked her to tell me something about the Chinese food.“Well，Chinese food is delicious and reasonably priced.(5)What is even better is that restaurants do not ask for or accept tips，” she said in a patient voice.She advised me to learn some basic Chinese words and phrases.(6)Moreover，she told me that Chinese people are open-minded as well.
以上加颜色单词都是形容词，都修饰_____。句(1)中的beautiful和smart是多个形容词修饰同一个名词。有的形容词是简单形容词；有的形容词是复合形容词，如句(6)中的_____________；有的形容词前面可以有_____修饰，如句(4)中的___________________。形容词有原级、比较级和最高级；形容词的比较级通常是在其后加____，最高级是在其后加____，但是多音节形容词的比较级和最高级通常是在原级前加more和the most，如句(3)中的_____________________。
名词
open-minded
副词
pleasant，hot，cold
er
est
the most comfortable
形容词
形容词是描述事物的特征、性质、类别、状态等内容的一类词，主要用于修饰、丰富、限定名词和部分代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。
语法精讲
一、形容词的分类
本课时我们重点讲解性质形容词、类别形容词和复合形容词。
1.性质形容词
性质形容词有级的变化，能用程度副词修饰，在句子中充当定语(最多)、表语、宾语补足语、状语(很少)。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
我们老师的个子比我们高。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
今天的天气比昨天暖和。
Practice proves that this idea is completely correct.实践证明，这个想法是完全正确的。
2.类别形容词
类别形容词通常没有级的变化，也不能用程度副词修饰。有些类别形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，还有一些作定语和表语都可以。
Tokyo and New York are major financial centres.
东京和纽约是主要的金融中心。
Two of the candidates must be female.
候选人中必须有两名是女性。
3.复合形容词
复合形容词是指由两个或两个以上的词共同组成并起形容词作用的词，复合形容词主要作定语，一般不作表语，常见的复合形容词主要有以下几种类型：
类型 例词
数词＋名词 5-year,3-week,2-year-old，one-child，two-hour
形容词＋名词＋-ed形式 cold-blooded，warm-hearted，middle-aged，blue-eyed
类型 例词
形容词/副词＋动词 -ing形式 hard-working，good-looking，far-reaching
名词＋动词-ed形式 man-made，snow-capped，hand-picked，heart-broken
形容词/副词＋动词 -ed形式 newly-built，well-known，new-born，so-called
其他 out-of-date，out-of-work，child-like
二、形容词的排序规则
形容词的一般排序规则如下：
形容词的排序 例词
Quantity or number数量或数字 sixteen，two，twenty-five，one hundred and ten
Quality or opinion性质或评述 attractive，amazing，striking，beautiful，handsome，brilliant，delicious
Size大小 enormous，tiny，tall，short
Age年龄 nineteen-year-old，twenty-year-old
形容词的排序 例词
Shape形状 round，oval
Colour颜色 red，blue，violet，magenta
Origin产地 French，Chinese，Italian，British，American
Material材料 platinum，diamond
也可以用口诀概括：
限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。
a small Swiss watch一块瑞士小手表
a large square table一张大方桌
his new Japanese timing device
他的新式日本计时装置
a beautiful short new red Chinese woollen coat
一件漂亮的新的中式红羊毛短外套
a pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk
一张很漂亮的旧的日式黑色方形木制小写字桌
三、形容词的句法功能
形容词在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
1.作定语
形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前；但是当形容词所修饰的是something，anything，nothing，somebody，nobody等不定代词时，形容词必须放在其所修饰的词之后；还有些形容词作定语时一般要放在所修饰的词后，如absent，alike，alive，available，present，concerned等。
British English and American English are different in many ways.
英式英语与美式英语在很多方面都有所不同。
Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a serious problem.
大量的研究表明，全球气候变暖已经成了一个严重的问题。
Now that you have nothing special to do，why not join us in discussing
既然你没什么特别的事情要做，为什么不加入我们一起讨论呢？
He made full use of English reference books available and learned a lot.他充分利用了现有的英语参考书籍，学到了不少知识。
2.作表语
形容词可以放在系动词后作表语，解释说明主语的情况。 有些形容词一般只能作表语，如某些以a开头的形容词afraid，alone，alike，ashamed，asleep等，以及表示健康状况的ill，well，unwell等，若语境需要，它们也可用于名词后作后置定语或宾语补足语。
Whenever I think of the old days，I always feel very happy.
每当想起过去的时光，我总是感到很开心。
I am more than glad to hear your grandpa is still alive and well.
听说你的爷爷还健在，我非常高兴。
3.作宾语补足语
形容词作宾语补足语时，用来说明宾语所处的状态、性质或特点。
During the freezing winter，I like my house warm and comfortable.
在寒冷的冬天，我想要我的房子既温暖又舒适。
They found Professor Wang’s speech both interesting and instructive.
他们发现王教授的演讲既有趣又有启发性。
4.作状语
形容词或形容词短语作状语表示伴随、原因或结果，可放于句首或句末，常用逗号与句子隔开。
The survivor lay on the beach，exhausted and shocked.生还者躺在海滩上，疲惫不堪，心有余悸。
He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry.他又冷又饿，在风雪中过了七天。
四、形容词的比较级和最高级
1.形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则
情况 规则 原级 比较级 最高级
一般情况 加-er和-est high higher highest
以不发音字母e结尾的单音节词 加-r和-st brave wide braver wider bravest
widest
以辅音字母＋y结尾的双音节词 变y为i加-er和-est happy lucky happier luckier happiest
luckiest
情况 规则 原级 比较级 最高级
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的单词 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加 -er和-est hot big thin hotter bigger thinner hottest
biggest
thinnest
部分双音节词，多音节词 在原级前加more和most interesting popular more interesting more popular most interesting
most popular
注意：如下不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化：
good/well的比较级是better和best
ill/bad的比较级和最高级是worse和worst
many/much的比较级和最高级是more和most
little的比较级和最高级是less和least
2.形容词的比较级用法
形容词的比较级常用于两者之间的比较，表示“和……一样……”“比……更……”等。原级常用于“(not) as＋原级＋as”；比较级常用于“比较级＋than”结构，than有时可省略。
It’s as tough and strong as any other car running on the street.
它和街上跑的其他汽车一样牢固结实。
I do hope so，because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.
我的确希望这样，因为我想要你像我一样活得健康长寿。
Your mother knows best：nothing is more important than health.
你母亲最清楚：没有什么比健康更重要。
Many people have donated that type of blood；however，the blood bank needs more.
许多人都献了那种血型的血，但是血库还需要更多。
注意：形容词的比较级前可以加any，no，much，a lot，a little，a bit，even，still等程度副词修饰。
The film is far more interesting than any one that I have ever seen.
这部电影比我所看过的任何一部电影都有趣得多。
3.形容词的最高级用法
形容词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构是“the＋最高级＋比较范围”。
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.
加利福尼亚州是美国的第三大州，但却是人口最多的州。
This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
这是我参观过的最美的城市。
注意：有些形容词本身就有比较含义，所以没有比较级，如senior，junior，superior，minor等；还有些形容词本身就含有“最……”的含义，所以没有最高级，如unique，perfect，whole，favorite等。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.The more we enjoy what we have，the _________(happy) we are.
2.They’ve torn down _______(wood) fences and broken branches off trees.
3.The exercise is too difficult.I think I should have made it _________ (simple).
4.I am awfully tired，but I know I will never fall _______(sleep) until midnight.
达标检测
happier
wooden
simpler
asleep
5.My son is content with his new toy，saying that it is the _______(good) one he has ever got.
6.As his best friend，I can make __________(accuracy) guesses about what he will do or think.
best
accurate
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.The amazing thing about the spring is that ________________________
____________________________.
温泉的神奇之处在于，温度越低，温泉就越热。
2.________________________________ to attend your birthday party.
被邀请参加你的生日聚会，我感到非常荣幸。
3.At last，we arrived home，__________________.
终于，我们到家了，又累又饿。
the colder the temperature
gets，the hotter the spring is
I felt greatly honored to be invited
tired and hungry
4._______________________，which can help reduce stress.
唱歌使人放松，可以帮助减轻压力。
5.The tour to Beijing was fantastic.I _______________________________
____________________________.
去北京的这次旅行真是妙极了。我从来没有经历过比这更有趣、更令人兴奋的旅行。
返 回
Singing songs is relaxing
had never experienced a more
interesting and exciting one
训练2
1.The rain stopped in _____ instant and then the sky cleared up.
2._____ instant the truck stopped，I jumped out and ran forward，fearing the worst.
3.Some propose _______(store) the CO2 in coal mines or liquid storage in the ocean，an innovation that could help combat climate change.
4.The charity organization received __________(donate) after posting a heartfelt request for aid on social media.
5.Poor though she is，the woman still donates money ____ the Red Cross every year to fund medical missions in remote areas.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
an
The
storing
donations
to
6._________ Thomas Edison，many of the things we now benefit from would not be around.
7.In African languages，there is a close ________________(correspond) between sounds and letters.
8.It’s proposed that research __________________(do) on nationalities，ways of production，styles of life and so on.
9.Goethe conducted a number of experiments trying to figure out which colors corresponded ________ which emotions.
10.He suggested that a new stadium should be built in the city and they would vote on his __________(propose) in the following week.
Without
correspondence
(should) be done
to/with
proposal
1.上周末我们学校发起了一次劳动周活动，旨在提高学生对劳动意义的认识，激发我们对劳动的热情。(launch)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.我们一到附近的农场，老师就带我们进行了参观并分配了不同的任务。(the instant/instantly)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——劳动周活动)
Last weekend our school launched a Labor Week activity，aiming to raise the students’ awareness of the significance of labor and arouse our passion for labor.
The instant/Instantly we arrived at the nearby farm，our teacher showed us around and assigned us different tasks.
3.老师建议我们尝试不同的任务来真正体验劳动人民的艰辛。(propose)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.毫无疑问，我们都从这次有意义的活动中受益很大。(benefit)
_______________________________________________________________5.通过这次活动，我们都意识到没有劳动人民的辛勤劳动，我们就吃不到那么多美味的食物。(without引导虚拟从句)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
The teacher proposed us to try different tasks and authentically experience the hardship of the laboring people.
There is no doubt that we benefited a lot from the meaningful activity.
Through the activity we realized that without the hard work of the laboring people，we couldn’t have enjoyed so much delicious food.
参考范文
Last weekend our school launched a Labor Week activity，aiming to raise the students’ awareness of the significance of labor and arouse our passion for labor.
The activity lasted for one week.Firstly，our school organized us students to work on the nearby farm.The instant we arrived there，our teacher showed us around and assigned us different tasks.The tasks involved planting trees，weeding and watering vegetables.
The teacher proposed us to try different tasks and authentically experience the hardship of the laboring people.What’s more，we were asked to participate in some voluntary work after class，such as helping the elder do the cleaning.Finally，we were told to share housework with our parents，relieving their burden.
There is no doubt that we benefited a lot from the meaningful activity.Especially through the visit to the farm we realized that without the hard work of the laboring people，we couldn’t have enjoyed so much delicious food.Not only did we learn to respect all laborers，but we also had our physical health greatly improved.
A
Made of thin cotton and sewed together in only 20 minutes，an experimental pair of gloves isn’t particularly fashionable or useful for keeping anyone’s hands warm.Instead，they use sensors woven into its fabric to serve an entirely different purpose：teaching piano.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院的研究团队开发的一款智能手套通过震动教授钢琴演奏，成功帮助学习者构建肌肉记忆，提高演奏精度。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
In a study，Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate student Yiyue Luo and her colleagues created these “smart gloves” using advanced technology，which incorporates physical sensations such as vibrations(震动) or force to help with learning activities.Researchers used the gloves to record one pianist’s hand movements while playing a song.They then relayed those movements to a student through fingertip vibrations，helping the learner build muscle memory and perform the piece with greater precision.
“Hand-based movements like piano playing are normally really subjective and difficult to record and transfer，” Luo says.“But with these gloves we are actually able to track a piano teacher’s touch experience and share it with another person to improve their tactile learning process.”
Using a computerized embroidery(刺绣) machine，the team wove small wires linked to a pressure-sensing material into the gloves to detect hand motions.When a piano teacher wearing the gloves repeatedly performed a tune，a machine-learning algorithm processed their movement on the keys and translated it into instructional vibrations.Students wearing their own gloves then attempted to play the same tune，with the fingertip vibrations guiding them through proper movements.By the trials’ end，students who had practiced with the gloves could play more accurately than those who had not.
Playing the piano or video games is often just for fun，but Rice University mechanical engineer O’Malley adds that with an improved algorithm，coded to identify and capture finer hand movements，the new glove technology could someday help to teach crucial practices such as surgeries.“Instructional haptics remove a step in the learning process that auditory and visual learning can’t，” she says.“When vibration is actually felt directly at the point of action，we can act and learn quicker and with that，there’s so much potential.”
1.What is presented in paragraph 2
A.Learning activities.
B.Statistical methods.
C.Theoretical models.
D.Working principles.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段可知，麻省理工学院的研究生Yiyue Luo和她的同事们创造了“智能手套”，这种手套融合震动等物理感知以辅助学习活动。研究人员用这种手套记录了一位钢琴家弹奏歌曲时的手部动作，然后通过指尖震动将这些动作传递给学生，帮助学习者建立肌肉记忆，更精确地演奏乐曲，即第二段讨论了“智能手套”的工作原理。故选D项。
解析
2.What do we know about the experimental pair of gloves
A.Gloves are used to help perform surgeries.
B.Wires are employed to guide hand movements.
C.Gloves accelerate the students’ learning slightly.
D.Smart technology is applied to process the movements.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段的“When a piano teacher wearing the gloves repeatedly performed a tune，a machine-learning algorithm processed their movement on the keys and translated it into instructional vibrations.”可知，实验手套运用了智能技术即机器学习算法来处理手部动作。故选D项。
解析
3.What is the last paragraph intended to do
A.Introduce a global trend.
B.Raise a reasonable doubt.
C.Make some further predictions.
D.Add some background information.
√
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的“with an improved algorithm，coded to identify and capture finer hand movements，the new glove technology could someday help to teach crucial practices such as surgeries.”以及“When vibration is actually felt directly at the point of action，we can act and learn quicker and with that，there’s so much potential.”可推知，最后一段旨在对智能手套的用途做出进一步预测。故选C项。
解析
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.“Smart Gloves” Make Teaching Easier
B.Crucial Practices Are Taught by “Smart Gloves”
C.“Smart Gloves” Teach Piano Playing Through Touch
D.Learners Can Act and Learn Quicker via “Smart Gloves”
√
标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第二段内容可知，本文主要介绍了麻省理工学院的研究团队开发的一款智能手套，通过震动教授钢琴演奏，帮助学习者构建肌肉记忆，提高演奏精度，故C项“‘智能手套’通过触摸教授钢琴演奏”适合作为文章的标题。故选C项。
解析
B
If you’ve ever emerged from the shower or returned from your walk with a clever idea or a solution to a problem you had been struggling with，it may not be a surprise.Rather than constantly concentrating on a problem，research from the last 15 years suggests that people may be more likely to have creative breakthroughs when they’re doing a habitual task that doesn’t require much thought.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了创意经常会在放松状态下出现的心理机制。
“People always get surprised when they realize they get interesting，novel ideas at unexpected times，” says Kalina Christoff，a scientist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver，“because our culture tells us that we should do it through hard work.”
Now researchers begin to understand why these clever thoughts occur during more passive activities and what’s happening in the brain.They have found that the key is a series of brain activities—within what’s called the default mode(DM) network—that occur while an individual is resting or performing habitual tasks that don’t require much attention.
“Simply put，it is a state that your brain returns to when you’re relaxed，” explains Christoff.“By contrast，when you’re working on a demanding task，the brain’s executive control(EC) systems keep your thinking focused，analytical，and logical.”
Researchers find that the DM network is also involved in the early stages of idea generation，drawing from past experiences and knowledge about the world.When your mind wanders，you’re allowing thoughts to playfully cross your mind，which helps you combine information and ideas in new ways and something clicks.
“A cautionary note：While the DM network plays a key role in the creative process，it is the EC systems that help you to evaluate and apply the creative ideas effectively to your problems in the real world，” Christoff says.“So it’s unwise to place blind faith in the discovery that creative ideas can be generated in the shower or during any other kinds of mind wandering.Instead，you have to do the work to set the groundwork for creative ideas to emerge in the first place.”
5.What is the most unlikely function of the EC systems
A.To start your thinking process.
B.To help you analyze.
C.To let you get novel ideas.
D.To keep you focused.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段中“By contrast，...analytical，and logical.”可知，EC系统主导的是有意识的思维活动而不是无意识的创意思维活动，让你开始思维过程，帮助你分析，使你保持精力集中。故选C。
解析
6.What do the underlined words “something clicks” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A.A clever idea occurs.
B.Something drops down.
C.A memory disappears.
D.A funny thought happens.
√
词义猜测题。根据第五段中“When your mind...and something clicks”可推断，即当走神时，想法在我们的脑海中嬉戏，有助于我们以新的方式将信息和想法结合起来，这样一个聪明的想法就产生了。故画线部分与A项“一个聪明的想法产生”意思相符。故选A。
解析
7.What is Kalina Christoff’s attitude to the culture of hard work
A.Disapproving. B.Positive.
C.Doubtful. D.Unconcerned.
√
观点态度题。根据最后一段中“So it’s unwise...in the first place.”可知，Kalina Christoff认为不能盲目相信在冲澡时或在走神过程中会产生有创意的想法，还是先要努力为有创意的想法的出现打好基础，因此推断他对努力工作这一文化持积极态度。故选B。
解析
8.Which statement might the author agree with
A.Practice makes perfect.
B.Where there is a will，there is a way.
C.Everything comes to him who waits.
D.All work and no break makes Jack a dull boy.
√
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据第一段“If you’ve ever...require much thought.” 可知，大脑机制决定了只有劳逸结合才能富有创意。由此推知，作者可能会同意D项“只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻”的说法。故选D。
解析
Technology is around us everywhere，from simple devices like our smartphones，laptops and TV to background technology we don’t even notice.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了科技给人们带来的好处。
Ⅳ.七选五
1 From connecting with people across the globe at your comfortable home to running a business without a physical space，technology has impacted our lives positively.So，read on below：
A.Technology makes online shopping possible.
B.Technology has changed the world for the better.
C.We need to use technology in a healthier and more careful way.
D.Now，education is easier for everyone，no matter where you live.
E.The way we use technology can help or harm ourselves and others.
F.Besides，technology has also had a positive influence on household items.
G.Because companies want to improve their products and services for profit.
√
根据下文“From connecting with people across the globe at your comfortable home to running a business without a physical space，technology has impacted our lives positively.”可知，科技积极地影响了我们的生活。故B选项“科技让世界变得更好”切题，引出下文。故选B项。
解析
Technology boosts business.Many new tech advancements and innovations are made by and for businesses.Why？ 2 New technology continues to come out faster than we can keep up with.The purpose is to boost business and make the daily management of enterprises(企业) more systematic，structured and successful.
A.Technology makes online shopping possible.
B.Technology has changed the world for the better.
C.We need to use technology in a healthier and more careful way.
D.Now，education is easier for everyone，no matter where you live.
E.The way we use technology can help or harm ourselves and others.
F.Besides，technology has also had a positive influence on household items.
G.Because companies want to improve their products and services for profit.
√
根据上文“Many new tech advancements and innovations are made by and for businesses.Why？”可知，空处要回答为什么很多科技进步是由企业实现的并服务于企业。故G选项“因为公司希望改进产品和服务以获取利润”切题。故选G项。
解析
3 Advancements in technology have made it easier for more people to access the Internet，resulting in online shopping being more popular now than ever.
A.Technology makes online shopping possible.
B.Technology has changed the world for the better.
C.We need to use technology in a healthier and more careful way.
D.Now，education is easier for everyone，no matter where you live.
E.The way we use technology can help or harm ourselves and others.
F.Besides，technology has also had a positive influence on household items.
G.Because companies want to improve their products and services for profit.
√
根据下文“Advancements in technology have made it easier for more people to access the Internet，resulting in online shopping being more popular now than ever...”可知，科技使得更多人更有条件网购。故A选项“科技使得网购成为可能”引领本段下文，适合作主题句。故选A项。
解析
Currently，most people prefer to shop online without leaving the house because of its great convenience.Instead of wasting hours in the shopping mall，technology makes shopping simple.
Technology has advanced education.Some examples include the availability of online courses and unlimited online resources for research.Before technology，you’d have to physically go to class or go to the library to do research. 4
A.Technology makes online shopping possible.
B.Technology has changed the world for the better.
C.We need to use technology in a healthier and more careful way.
D.Now，education is easier for everyone，no matter where you live.
E.The way we use technology can help or harm ourselves and others.
F.Besides，technology has also had a positive influence on household items.
G.Because companies want to improve their products and services for profit.
√
根据主题句“Technology has advanced education.”以及上文“Before technology，you’d have to physically go to class or go to the library to do research.”可知，空处承接上文对比现在教育的情况。故D选项“现在，教育对每个人来说都更容易了，无论你住在哪里”切题。故选D项。
解析
Technology makes everyday life better.Think about the introduction of self-driving cars：they were unheard of a few years ago，and now they’re a reality.
5 For example，smart homes are now common.Smart hubs(智能集线器) allow households to connect their devices and appliances(电器)，making life a lot easier.
A.Technology makes online shopping possible.
B.Technology has changed the world for the better.
C.We need to use technology in a healthier and more careful way.
D.Now，education is easier for everyone，no matter where you live.
E.The way we use technology can help or harm ourselves and others.
F.Besides，technology has also had a positive influence on household items.
G.Because companies want to improve their products and services for profit.
√
上文以自动驾驶汽车的例子说明科技使日常生活更美好，根据下文“For example，smart homes are now common.Smart hubs(智能集线器)allow households to connect their devices and appliances(电器)，making life a lot easier.”可知，科技还推动了智能家居的发展。故F选项“此外，科技也对家居用品产生了积极影响”切题。故选F项。
解析
Career training comes in all forms.As 1. important part of career training，online training has helped raise the skill levels of employees and make them better prepared for the job market.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是职业培训的好处和形式以及国家为了鼓励人们参加在线培训所作的努力。
Ⅴ.语法填空
an
考查冠词。part是可数名词，在此表泛指，前面需加不定冠词，important是元音音素开头，因此不定冠词用an。
解析
Government departments have made a series of policies to inspire workers to 2.___________(active) take part in online career training.
考查副词。空格处用副词作状语，修饰动词短语take part in。故填actively。
解析
actively
Before April 18,2020,31 provinces 3._________(set) up websites for online training companies.
考查动词时态。根据Before April 18,2020可知，句子时态用过去完成时，表示一个在过去的过去完成的动作。故填had set。
解析
had set
Besides，the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security intended to work with some network companies and introduce digital courses covering 4. (many) than 100 jobs.
考查比较级。由than可知，空格处用比较级more。
解析
more
In order to encourage people 5. (take) online training，the ministry will provide subsidies(补助金) for the workers 6. receive online training.
5.考查非谓语动词。encourage sb to do sth意为“鼓励某人做某事”。
6.考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词workers是人，因此空格处用关系代词who/that。
解析
to take
who/that
Some provinces have come up 7. a series of new measures so as to ensure the quality of online career training.
考查介词。come up with是固定短语，意为“提出”。
解析
with
8. is important that interactive platforms for online training should be built，such as filming courses in the workshop，so that people can gain access to more 9.__________(practice) skills.
8.考查代词。分析句子可知，此处为固定句型it is＋adj.＋to do sth，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式；且空格处位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填It。
9.考查形容词。分析句子可知，空格处应用形容词作定语，修饰后面的skills。故填practical。
解析
It
practical
What’s more，it’s also necessary to strengthen the 10.__________(guide) of online training companies and set standards related to the content and duration of the courses.
考查名词。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词作动词strengthen的宾语。故填guidance。
解析
guidance
返 回
本课结束Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Scientific discoveries in our daily life.
B．Commitment made by great inventors.
C．Changes happen in our everyday life.
D．Pioneers of the 20th century in science.
答案　D
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Read the passage quickly and summarize the main idea of each part.
Part 1(Para.1)：1.A brief introduction to scientific breakthroughs in the 20th century.
Part 2(Paras.2－6)：Some great 2.pioneers of science and their 3.inventions or discoveries.
Part 3(Para.7)：The 4.significance of these breakthroughs.
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．What can we infer from the first sentence in paragraph 1
A．There were few great discoveries in the 20th century.
B．Someone who will choose the discovery will be in trouble.
C．There were a number of important discoveries in the 20th century.
D．It is easy to choose the most important discovery of the 20th century.
答案　C
2．How did Einstein think of the equation “E＝mc2”？
A．When he was at work.
B．His assistant helped him.
C．His dream inspired him.
D．When he was rocking his one-year-old baby.
答案　D
3．What did Einstein and Fleming share in common
A．They were both physicists.
B．They were both outspoken.
C．Their findings were both found by accident.
D．They were both proud of their discoveries.
答案　C
4．What’s the original purpose of designing the first computer
A．To do some difficult experiments.
B．To improve the accuracy of the missiles.
C．To help people make mathematical calculations.
D．To replace the missiles and become a new weapon.
答案　B
5．What is the author’s attitude to the pioneers and their achievements
A．Objective. B．Skeptical.
C．Indifferent. D．Admirable.
答案　D
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
If you had to choose the single 1.most important(important) discovery of the 20th century，you would have a real problem on your hands.In just 100 years，the world 2.has changed(change) completely.Amazing discoveries were made in different areas.Here 3.are(be) some great pioneers in science of the 20th century.
One of the 20th century’s premier 4.scientists(scientist) was Albert Einstein.He found the equation “E＝mc2”．He also proposed the “theory of relativity”．In 1928，another important finding—penicillin was discovered by biologist Alexander Fleming.5.However，he was humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery.What’s more，Eckert,6.an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist，in a joint effort，invented the world’s first computer.With the development of computers，people expected 7.to get(get) more things done efficiently.During the Cold War，a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists.But in 1990，Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web,8.enabling(enable) computers all over the world to communicate with each other.
With these pioneers of the 20th century 9.dedicated(dedicate) to improving the quality of human life on Earth，human life has been transformed 10.into a “global village”．
1．Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging (stage) operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones.(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是简单句。句中to replace...作目的状语；过去分词diseased和donated均作前置定语。
汉语翻译：医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。
2．Communications changed with the introduction (introduce) of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages.(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是并列复合句。第二个分句中we correspond为省略了that/in which的定语从句，修饰the way。
汉语翻译：随着移动电话的引入，通信方式发生了变化，我们的通信方式也从写信变成发电子邮件和发送即时消息。
3．We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and，at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.(P52，Para.1)
结构分析：此句是并列句。主语分别是We和scientists；第二个分句中的谓语动词是figured out，how to split the atom是宾语；previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the atom。
汉语翻译：我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
4．Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery(discover)，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century.(P52，Para.2)
结构分析：此句是复合句。although引导让步状语从句；从句和主句中都含有“It is＋adj.＋to do”结构，该结构中it是形式主语，真正的主语分别是to choose...和to single out...。
汉语翻译：尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。
5．Einstein then showed in his(he) “theory of relativity” that not even time，mass or length(long) are constant—they change according to our experience of them.(P52，Para.3)
结构分析：此句是复合句。that引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的——它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
6．He double-checked and saw(see) a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed(destroy)．(P52－53，Para.4)
结构分析：此句是复合句。around which引导定语从句，修饰a blue mould。
汉语翻译：经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。
7．With 18,000 tubes，thousands of circuits and 6,000 switches，it used so much energy that when it was turned on，the lights in the local town went out！(P53，Para.5)
结构分析：此句是复合句。句中so...that引导结果状语从句，从句中when引导时间状语从句。
汉语翻译：它有18 000个显像管，数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！
8．Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”，with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests.(P53，Para.7)
结构分析：此句是简单句。句中with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests是with复合结构，此处的构成是“with＋名词＋done”，在句中作状语。
汉语翻译：不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。
donate vi.& vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献[donation n．捐款；赠送；捐赠(物) donor n．捐赠者]
·donate sth to sb/sth向……捐赠某物
·make a donation to...向……捐赠
(1)The retired man withdrew all his savings and donated them to the people suffering from the earthquake.
(2)She is one of the donors who believe donating blood is good for people both physically and spiritually.
(3)If you have more money，it makes sense to make a donation(donate) to nonprofit organizations that help poor people.
[写作佳句]
(4)我们学校呼吁我们把零用钱捐给被洪水破坏的学校，让那里的学生们能够回到教室。(应用文写作之报道)
Our school called on us to donate our pocket money to the school damaged by the flood，enabling the students there to return to their classrooms.
correspond vi.通信；符合，相一致；相当于(correspondence n．一致，相似；通信；来往信件)
·correspond with...与……通信
correspond to...相当于……，类似于……
correspond to/with...与……相一致，符合
·in correspondence with与……相一致；与……通信
(1)I used to correspond with my friends，while now the Internet is more convenient.
(2)As a matter of fact，the American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament.
(3)They haven’t been in correspondence (correspond) with each other since the departure.
[写作佳句]
(4)只有当你言行一致时，你才能和其他人建立更好的关系。(话题写作之人际关系)
Only when what you do corresponds with/to what you say can you build better relationships with others.
instant adj.立刻的，马上的n.瞬间；片刻；某一时刻(instantly adv.立即，即刻 conj.一……就……)
·in an instant 立刻
for an instant刹那间，一瞬间
the instant(＝instantly)一……就……
(1)I couldn’t answer your question in an instant；please leave me some time.
(2)It was so strange that the pain disappeared instantly(instant) I saw the doctor.
(3)For an instant，he took off his coat and jumped into the freezing water to save the drowning child.
[写作佳句]
(4)妈妈一看到早餐，就觉得很幸福。
The instant/Instantly she saw the breakfast，the mother felt a wave of happiness welling up within her.
propose v．提出(某观点、方法等)；提议；打算；计划；求婚(proposal n．建议；提议)
·propose doing...提议/建议做……；计划做……
propose to do...计划做……
propose that sb (should) do sth建议某人做某事
It is proposed that...有人建议……
propose to sb向某人求婚
·put forward/make a proposal that...(should) do...提出建议……做……
(1)The representatives proposed extending(extend) the motorways but their proposal was turned down.
(2)Having earned a lot of money，he proposed buying/to buy(buy) a more desirable property.
(3)We were excited to witness that he finally proposed to his girlfriend(向他女朋友求婚)．
[写作佳句]
(4)他们建议成立一个委员会来调查这次暴力事件。
①They proposed setting up a committee to investigate this violent incident.(propose)
②They made a proposal that a committee (should) be set up to investigate this violent incident.(proposal)
without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句
Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place.(P53，Para.7)
如果没有这些科技先驱取得的突破，不管这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
结构分析：此句是复合句。without引导含蓄虚拟条件句，表示对过去、现在或将来的虚拟；whether lucky or planned是状语从句的省略结构，省略了the breakthroughs are；as we know it today是定语从句，修饰先行词the world。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中没有条件句，其内容暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫含蓄条件句。常见的介词短语有without...“如果没有……”；but for...“要不是……”；常用连词有or/otherwise“否则(要不然)”等。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
[写作佳句]
(1)她告诉我如果没有我的帮助，她考试就不及格了。
She told me without my help，she would have failed in the examination.
(2)要不是这些伟大的科学创新，我们现在的生活就不会这么便利。
But for these great scientific innovations，we couldn’t live such a convenient life now.
(3)我们不知道他的电话号码，要不然我们就给他打电话了。
We didn’t know his telephone number，or/otherwise we would have called him.
(4)If it hadn’t been for their help，we couldn’t have finished the program as scheduled.
→But for/Without their help，we couldn’t have finished the program as scheduled.
(5)If you don’t spend time with happy people，your health could suffer.
→Spend time with happy people，otherwise/or your health could suffer.
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成文后的练习
(1)Mary，a beautiful and smart girl，had lived in China for five years before she came here.(2)I planned to visit China the next year.So I requested her to tell me the best time to go there.(3)Mary said to me，“The most comfortable time to visit China is either between March and May or between September and early November.(4)During these months，the weather is particularly pleasant throughout the country，neither too hot nor too cold.”
I’m interested in tasting all kinds of food all over the world.I asked her to tell me something about the Chinese food.“Well，Chinese food is delicious and reasonably priced.(5)What is even better is that restaurants do not ask for or accept tips，” she said in a patient voice.She advised me to learn some basic Chinese words and phrases.(6)Moreover，she told me that Chinese people are open-minded as well.
以上黑体单词都是形容词，都修饰名词。句(1)中的beautiful和smart是多个形容词修饰同一个名词。有的形容词是简单形容词；有的形容词是复合形容词，如句(6)中的open-minded；有的形容词前面可以有副词修饰，如句(4)中的pleasant，hot，cold。形容词有原级、比较级和最高级；形容词的比较级通常是在其后加er，最高级是在其后加est，但是多音节形容词的比较级和最高级通常是在原级前加more和the most，如句(3)中的the most comfortable。
形容词
形容词是描述事物的特征、性质、类别、状态等内容的一类词，主要用于修饰、丰富、限定名词和部分代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。
一、形容词的分类
本课时我们重点讲解性质形容词、类别形容词和复合形容词。
1．性质形容词
性质形容词有级的变化，能用程度副词修饰，在句子中充当定语(最多)、表语、宾语补足语、状语(很少)。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
我们老师的个子比我们高。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
今天的天气比昨天暖和。
Practice proves that this idea is completely correct.实践证明，这个想法是完全正确的。
2．类别形容词
类别形容词通常没有级的变化，也不能用程度副词修饰。有些类别形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，还有一些作定语和表语都可以。
Tokyo and New York are major financial centres.
东京和纽约是主要的金融中心。
Two of the candidates must be female.
候选人中必须有两名是女性。
3．复合形容词
复合形容词是指由两个或两个以上的词共同组成并起形容词作用的词，复合形容词主要作定语，一般不作表语，常见的复合形容词主要有以下几种类型：
类型 例词
数词＋名词 5-year,3-week,2-year-old，one-child，two-hour
形容词＋名词＋-ed形式 cold-blooded，warm-hearted，middle-aged，blue-eyed
形容词/副词＋动词-ing形式 hard-working，good-looking，far-reaching
名词＋动词-ed形式 man-made，snow-capped，hand-picked，heart-broken
形容词/副词＋动词-ed形式 newly-built，well-known，new-born，so-called
其他 out-of-date，out-of-work，child-like
二、形容词的排序规则
形容词的一般排序规则如下：
形容词的排序 例词
Quantity or number数量或数字 sixteen，two，twenty-five，one hundred and ten
Quality or opinion性质或评述 attractive，amazing，striking，beautiful，handsome，brilliant，delicious
Size大小 enormous，tiny，tall，short
Age年龄 nineteen-year-old，twenty-year-old
Shape形状 round，oval
Colour颜色 red，blue，violet，magenta
Origin产地 French，Chinese，Italian，British，American
Material材料 platinum，diamond
也可以用口诀概括：
a small Swiss watch一块瑞士小手表
a large square table一张大方桌
his new Japanese timing device
他的新式日本计时装置
a beautiful short new red Chinese woollen coat
一件漂亮的新的中式红羊毛短外套
a pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk
一张很漂亮的旧的日式黑色方形木制小写字桌
三、形容词的句法功能
形容词在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
1．作定语
形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前；但是当形容词所修饰的是something，anything，nothing，somebody，nobody等不定代词时，形容词必须放在其所修饰的词之后；还有些形容词作定语时一般要放在所修饰的词后，如absent，alike，alive，available，present，concerned等。
British English and American English are different in many ways.
英式英语与美式英语在很多方面都有所不同。
Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a serious problem.
大量的研究表明，全球气候变暖已经成了一个严重的问题。
Now that you have nothing special to do，why not join us in discussing
既然你没什么特别的事情要做，为什么不加入我们一起讨论呢？
He made full use of English reference books available and learned a lot.他充分利用了现有的英语参考书籍，学到了不少知识。
2．作表语
形容词可以放在系动词后作表语，解释说明主语的情况。 有些形容词一般只能作表语，如某些以a开头的形容词afraid，alone，alike，ashamed，asleep等，以及表示健康状况的ill，well，unwell等，若语境需要，它们也可用于名词后作后置定语或宾语补足语。
Whenever I think of the old days，I always feel very happy.
每当想起过去的时光，我总是感到很开心。
I am more than glad to hear your grandpa is still alive and well.
听说你的爷爷还健在，我非常高兴。
3．作宾语补足语
形容词作宾语补足语时，用来说明宾语所处的状态、性质或特点。
During the freezing winter，I like my house warm and comfortable.
在寒冷的冬天，我想要我的房子既温暖又舒适。
They found Professor Wang’s speech both interesting and instructive.
他们发现王教授的演讲既有趣又有启发性。
4．作状语
形容词或形容词短语作状语表示伴随、原因或结果，可放于句首或句末，常用逗号与句子隔开。
The survivor lay on the beach，exhausted and shocked.生还者躺在海滩上，疲惫不堪，心有余悸。
He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry.他又冷又饿，在风雪中过了七天。
四、形容词的比较级和最高级
1．形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则
情况 规则 原级 比较级 最高级
一般情况 加-er和-est high higher highest
以不发音字母e结尾的单音节词 加-r和-st brave wide braver wider bravest widest
以辅音字母＋y结尾的双音节词 变y为i加-er和-est happy lucky happier luckier happiest luckiest
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的单词 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-er和-est hot big thin hotter bigger thinner hottest biggest thinnest
部分双音节词，多音节词 在原级前加more和most interesting popular more interesting more popular most interesting most popular
注意：如下不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化：
good/well的比较级是better和best
ill/bad的比较级和最高级是worse和worst
many/much的比较级和最高级是more和most
little的比较级和最高级是less和least
2．形容词的比较级用法
形容词的比较级常用于两者之间的比较，表示“和……一样……”“比……更……”等。原级常用于“(not) as＋原级＋as”；比较级常用于“比较级＋than”结构，than有时可省略。
It’s as tough and strong as any other car running on the street.
它和街上跑的其他汽车一样牢固结实。
I do hope so，because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.
我的确希望这样，因为我想要你像我一样活得健康长寿。
Your mother knows best：nothing is more important than health.
你母亲最清楚：没有什么比健康更重要。
Many people have donated that type of blood；however，the blood bank needs more.
许多人都献了那种血型的血，但是血库还需要更多。
注意：形容词的比较级前可以加any，no，much，a lot，a little，a bit，even，still等程度副词修饰。
The film is far more interesting than any one that I have ever seen.
这部电影比我所看过的任何一部电影都有趣得多。
3．形容词的最高级用法
形容词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构是“the＋最高级＋比较范围”。
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.
加利福尼亚州是美国的第三大州，但却是人口最多的州。
This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
这是我参观过的最美的城市。
注意：有些形容词本身就有比较含义，所以没有比较级，如senior，junior，superior，minor等；还有些形容词本身就含有“最……”的含义，所以没有最高级，如unique，perfect，whole，favorite等。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The more we enjoy what we have，the happier(happy) we are.
2．They’ve torn down wooden(wood) fences and broken branches off trees.
3．The exercise is too difficult.I think I should have made it simpler(simple)．
4．I am awfully tired，but I know I will never fall asleep(sleep) until midnight.
5．My son is content with his new toy，saying that it is the best(good) one he has ever got.
6．As his best friend，I can make accurate(accuracy) guesses about what he will do or think.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets，the hotter the spring is.
温泉的神奇之处在于，温度越低，温泉就越热。
2．I felt greatly honored to be invited to attend your birthday party.
被邀请参加你的生日聚会，我感到非常荣幸。
3．At last，we arrived home，tired and hungry.
终于，我们到家了，又累又饿。
4．Singing songs is relaxing，which can help reduce stress.
唱歌使人放松，可以帮助减轻压力。
5．The tour to Beijing was fantastic.I had never experienced a more interesting and exciting one.
去北京的这次旅行真是妙极了。我从来没有经历过比这更有趣、更令人兴奋的旅行。
训练2　Lesson 1
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1．The rain stopped in an instant and then the sky cleared up.
2．The instant the truck stopped，I jumped out and ran forward，fearing the worst.
3．Some propose storing(store) the CO2 in coal mines or liquid storage in the ocean，an innovation that could help combat climate change.
4．The charity organization received donations(donate) after posting a heartfelt request for aid on social media.
5．Poor though she is，the woman still donates money to the Red Cross every year to fund medical missions in remote areas.
6．Without Thomas Edison，many of the things we now benefit from would not be around.
7．In African languages，there is a close correspondence (correspond) between sounds and letters.
8．It’s proposed that research (should) be done(do) on nationalities，ways of production，styles of life and so on.
9．Goethe conducted a number of experiments trying to figure out which colors corresponded to/with which emotions.
10．He suggested that a new stadium should be built in the city and they would vote on his proposal (propose) in the following week.
Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——劳动周活动)(满分15分)
1．上周末我们学校发起了一次劳动周活动，旨在提高学生对劳动意义的认识，激发我们对劳动的热情。(launch)
Last weekend our school launched a Labor Week activity，aiming to raise the students’ awareness of the significance of labor and arouse our passion for labor.
2．我们一到附近的农场，老师就带我们进行了参观并分配了不同的任务。(the instant/instantly)
The instant/Instantly we arrived at the nearby farm，our teacher showed us around and assigned us different tasks.
3．老师建议我们尝试不同的任务来真正体验劳动人民的艰辛。(propose)
The teacher proposed us to try different tasks and authentically experience the hardship of the laboring people.
4．毫无疑问，我们都从这次有意义的活动中受益很大。(benefit)
There is no doubt that we benefited a lot from the meaningful activity.
5．通过这次活动，我们都意识到没有劳动人民的辛勤劳动，我们就吃不到那么多美味的食物。(without引导虚拟从句)
Through the activity we realized that without the hard work of the laboring people，we couldn’t have enjoyed so much delicious food.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
参考范文
Last weekend our school launched a Labor Week activity，aiming to raise the students’ awareness of the significance of labor and arouse our passion for labor.
The activity lasted for one week.Firstly，our school organized us students to work on the nearby farm.The instant we arrived there，our teacher showed us around and assigned us different tasks.The tasks involved planting trees，weeding and watering vegetables.The teacher proposed us to try different tasks and authentically experience the hardship of the laboring people.What’s more，we were asked to participate in some voluntary work after class，such as helping the elder do the cleaning.Finally，we were told to share housework with our parents，relieving their burden.
There is no doubt that we benefited a lot from the meaningful activity.Especially through the visit to the farm we realized that without the hard work of the laboring people，we couldn’t have enjoyed so much delicious food.Not only did we learn to respect all laborers，but we also had our physical health greatly improved.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Made of thin cotton and sewed together in only 20 minutes，an experimental pair of gloves isn’t particularly fashionable or useful for keeping anyone’s hands warm.Instead，they use sensors woven into its fabric to serve an entirely different purpose：teaching piano.
In a study，Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate student Yiyue Luo and her colleagues created these “smart gloves” using advanced technology，which incorporates physical sensations such as vibrations(震动) or force to help with learning activities.Researchers used the gloves to record one pianist’s hand movements while playing a song.They then relayed those movements to a student through fingertip vibrations，helping the learner build muscle memory and perform the piece with greater precision.
“Hand-based movements like piano playing are normally really subjective and difficult to record and transfer，” Luo says.“But with these gloves we are actually able to track a piano teacher’s touch experience and share it with another person to improve their tactile learning process.”
Using a computerized embroidery(刺绣) machine，the team wove small wires linked to a pressure-sensing material into the gloves to detect hand motions.When a piano teacher wearing the gloves repeatedly performed a tune，a machine-learning algorithm processed their movement on the keys and translated it into instructional vibrations.Students wearing their own gloves then attempted to play the same tune，with the fingertip vibrations guiding them through proper movements.By the trials’ end，students who had practiced with the gloves could play more accurately than those who had not.
Playing the piano or video games is often just for fun，but Rice University mechanical engineer O’Malley adds that with an improved algorithm，coded to identify and capture finer hand movements，the new glove technology could someday help to teach crucial practices such as surgeries.“Instructional haptics remove a step in the learning process that auditory and visual learning can’t，” she says.“When vibration is actually felt directly at the point of action，we can act and learn quicker and with that，there’s so much potential.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院的研究团队开发的一款智能手套通过震动教授钢琴演奏，成功帮助学习者构建肌肉记忆，提高演奏精度。
1．What is presented in paragraph 2
A．Learning activities.
B．Statistical methods.
C．Theoretical models.
D．Working principles.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，麻省理工学院的研究生Yiyue Luo和她的同事们创造了“智能手套”，这种手套融合震动等物理感知以辅助学习活动。研究人员用这种手套记录了一位钢琴家弹奏歌曲时的手部动作，然后通过指尖震动将这些动作传递给学生，帮助学习者建立肌肉记忆，更精确地演奏乐曲，即第二段讨论了“智能手套”的工作原理。故选D项。
2．What do we know about the experimental pair of gloves
A．Gloves are used to help perform surgeries.
B．Wires are employed to guide hand movements.
C．Gloves accelerate the students’ learning slightly.
D．Smart technology is applied to process the movements.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段的“When a piano teacher wearing the gloves repeatedly performed a tune，a machine-learning algorithm processed their movement on the keys and translated it into instructional vibrations.”可知，实验手套运用了智能技术即机器学习算法来处理手部动作。故选D项。
3．What is the last paragraph intended to do
A．Introduce a global trend.
B．Raise a reasonable doubt.
C．Make some further predictions.
D．Add some background information.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的“with an improved algorithm，coded to identify and capture finer hand movements，the new glove technology could someday help to teach crucial practices such as surgeries.”以及“When vibration is actually felt directly at the point of action，we can act and learn quicker and with that，there’s so much potential.”可推知，最后一段旨在对智能手套的用途做出进一步预测。故选C项。
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．“Smart Gloves” Make Teaching Easier
B．Crucial Practices Are Taught by “Smart Gloves”
C．“Smart Gloves” Teach Piano Playing Through Touch
D．Learners Can Act and Learn Quicker via “Smart Gloves”
答案　C
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第二段内容可知，本文主要介绍了麻省理工学院的研究团队开发的一款智能手套，通过震动教授钢琴演奏，帮助学习者构建肌肉记忆，提高演奏精度，故C项“‘智能手套’通过触摸教授钢琴演奏”适合作为文章的标题。故选C项。
B
If you’ve ever emerged from the shower or returned from your walk with a clever idea or a solution to a problem you had been struggling with，it may not be a surprise.Rather than constantly concentrating on a problem，research from the last 15 years suggests that people may be more likely to have creative breakthroughs when they’re doing a habitual task that doesn’t require much thought.
“People always get surprised when they realize they get interesting，novel ideas at unexpected times，” says Kalina Christoff，a scientist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver，“because our culture tells us that we should do it through hard work.”
Now researchers begin to understand why these clever thoughts occur during more passive activities and what’s happening in the brain.They have found that the key is a series of brain activities—within what’s called the default mode(DM) network—that occur while an individual is resting or performing habitual tasks that don’t require much attention.
“Simply put，it is a state that your brain returns to when you’re relaxed，” explains Christoff.“By contrast，when you’re working on a demanding task，the brain’s executive control(EC) systems keep your thinking focused，analytical，and logical.”
Researchers find that the DM network is also involved in the early stages of idea generation，drawing from past experiences and knowledge about the world.When your mind wanders，you’re allowing thoughts to playfully cross your mind，which helps you combine information and ideas in new ways and something clicks.
“A cautionary note：While the DM network plays a key role in the creative process，it is the EC systems that help you to evaluate and apply the creative ideas effectively to your problems in the real world，” Christoff says.“So it’s unwise to place blind faith in the discovery that creative ideas can be generated in the shower or during any other kinds of mind wandering.Instead，you have to do the work to set the groundwork for creative ideas to emerge in the first place.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了创意经常会在放松状态下出现的心理机制。
5．What is the most unlikely function of the EC systems
A．To start your thinking process.
B．To help you analyze.
C．To let you get novel ideas.
D．To keep you focused.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“By contrast，...analytical，and logical.”可知，EC系统主导的是有意识的思维活动而不是无意识的创意思维活动，让你开始思维过程，帮助你分析，使你保持精力集中。故选C。
6．What do the underlined words “something clicks” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．A clever idea occurs.
B．Something drops down.
C．A memory disappears.
D．A funny thought happens.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据第五段中“When your mind...and something clicks”可推断，即当走神时，想法在我们的脑海中嬉戏，有助于我们以新的方式将信息和想法结合起来，这样一个聪明的想法就产生了。故画线部分与A项“一个聪明的想法产生”意思相符。故选A。
7．What is Kalina Christoff’s attitude to the culture of hard work
A．Disapproving. B．Positive.
C．Doubtful. D．Unconcerned.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中“So it’s unwise...in the first place.”可知，Kalina Christoff认为不能盲目相信在冲澡时或在走神过程中会产生有创意的想法，还是先要努力为有创意的想法的出现打好基础，因此推断他对努力工作这一文化持积极态度。故选B。
8．Which statement might the author agree with
A．Practice makes perfect.
B．Where there is a will，there is a way.
C．Everything comes to him who waits.
D．All work and no break makes Jack a dull boy.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。通读全文，再根据第一段“If you’ve ever...require much thought.” 可知，大脑机制决定了只有劳逸结合才能富有创意。由此推知，作者可能会同意D项“只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻”的说法。故选D。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Technology is around us everywhere，from simple devices like our smartphones，laptops and TV to background technology we don’t even notice. 1 From connecting with people across the globe at your comfortable home to running a business without a physical space，technology has impacted our lives positively.So，read on below：
Technology boosts business.Many new tech advancements and innovations are made by and for businesses.Why？ 2 New technology continues to come out faster than we can keep up with.The purpose is to boost business and make the daily management of enterprises(企业) more systematic，structured and successful.
3 Advancements in technology have made it easier for more people to access the Internet，resulting in online shopping being more popular now than ever.Currently，most people prefer to shop online without leaving the house because of its great convenience.Instead of wasting hours in the shopping mall，technology makes shopping simple.
Technology has advanced education.Some examples include the availability of online courses and unlimited online resources for research.Before technology，you’d have to physically go to class or go to the library to do research. 4
Technology makes everyday life better.Think about the introduction of self-driving cars：they were unheard of a few years ago，and now they’re a reality. 5 For example，smart homes are now common.Smart hubs(智能集线器) allow households to connect their devices and appliances(电器)，making life a lot easier.
A．Technology makes online shopping possible.
B．Technology has changed the world for the better.
C．We need to use technology in a healthier and more careful way.
D．Now，education is easier for everyone，no matter where you live.
E．The way we use technology can help or harm ourselves and others.
F．Besides，technology has also had a positive influence on household items.
G．Because companies want to improve their products and services for profit.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了科技给人们带来的好处。
1．答案　B
解析　根据下文“From connecting with people across the globe at your comfortable home to running a business without a physical space，technology has impacted our lives positively.”可知，科技积极地影响了我们的生活。故B选项“科技让世界变得更好”切题，引出下文。故选B项。
2．答案　G
解析　根据上文“Many new tech advancements and innovations are made by and for businesses.Why？”可知，空处要回答为什么很多科技进步是由企业实现的并服务于企业。故G选项“因为公司希望改进产品和服务以获取利润”切题。故选G项。
3．答案　A
解析　根据下文“Advancements in technology have made it easier for more people to access the Internet，resulting in online shopping being more popular now than ever...”可知，科技使得更多人更有条件网购。故A选项“科技使得网购成为可能”引领本段下文，适合作主题句。故选A项。
4．答案　D
解析　根据主题句“Technology has advanced education.”以及上文“Before technology，you’d have to physically go to class or go to the library to do research.”可知，空处承接上文对比现在教育的情况。故D选项“现在，教育对每个人来说都更容易了，无论你住在哪里”切题。故选D项。
5．答案　F
解析　上文以自动驾驶汽车的例子说明科技使日常生活更美好，根据下文“For example，smart homes are now common.Smart hubs(智能集线器)allow households to connect their devices and appliances(电器)，making life a lot easier.”可知，科技还推动了智能家居的发展。故F选项“此外，科技也对家居用品产生了积极影响”切题。故选F项。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Career training comes in all forms.As 1. important part of career training，online training has helped raise the skill levels of employees and make them better prepared for the job market.Government departments have made a series of policies to inspire workers to 2.___________(active) take part in online career training.Before April 18,2020,31 provinces 3.____________(set) up websites for online training companies.Besides，the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security intended to work with some network companies and introduce digital courses covering 4. (many) than 100 jobs.
In order to encourage people 5. (take) online training，the ministry will provide subsidies(补助金) for the workers 6. receive online training.Some provinces have come up 7. a series of new measures so as to ensure the quality of online career training.
8． is important that interactive platforms for online training should be built，such as filming courses in the workshop，so that people can gain access to more 9.______________(practice) skills.What’s more，it’s also necessary to strengthen the 10.__________(guide) of online training companies and set standards related to the content and duration of the courses.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是职业培训的好处和形式以及国家为了鼓励人们参加在线培训所作的努力。
1．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。part是可数名词，在此表泛指，前面需加不定冠词，important是元音音素开头，因此不定冠词用an。
2．答案　actively
解析　考查副词。空格处用副词作状语，修饰动词短语take part in。故填actively。
3．答案　had set
解析　考查动词时态。根据Before April 18,2020可知，句子时态用过去完成时，表示一个在过去的过去完成的动作。故填had set。
4．答案　more
解析　考查比较级。由than可知，空格处用比较级more。
5．答案　to take
解析　考查非谓语动词。encourage sb to do sth意为“鼓励某人做某事”。
6．答案　who/that
解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词workers是人，因此空格处用关系代词who/that。
7．答案　with
解析　考查介词。come up with是固定短语，意为“提出”。
8．答案　It
解析　考查代词。分析句子可知，此处为固定句型it is＋adj.＋to do sth，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式；且空格处位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填It。
9．答案　practical
解析　考查形容词。分析句子可知，空格处应用形容词作定语，修饰后面的skills。故填practical。
10．答案　guidance
解析　考查名词。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词作动词strengthen的宾语。故填guidance。

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