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概要写作讲义
题型介绍
以一份不超过350个单词的文章为基础，撰写一份不超过60个单词的摘要。考查学生对篇章的结构分析和概括总结能力
（1）需要用自己的话复述文章所要表达的中心思想，切忌加入自己的观点。
（2）不超过60个单词，语言要简洁。
（3）必须包括全文的主要观点，省略与题目无关的细节。
解题方法：
(1) 通读全文，根据文体，划出要点（关键词，全文或者段落的主题句）
(2) 对要点进行词汇和句式转换
(3) 用适当的衔接词串联要点，精简句子，连贯成 60 词左右（3-4句话）的小段落。
评分标准 (内容5分+语言5分)
（1） 内容得分
A(5 分) 在满足 3 分要求的基础上，还需同时提到1-3个其他要点。（依据不同的文章）
B(4 分) 在满足 3 分要求的基础上，还能进一步表述到另外的1-2个要点（依据不同的文章）
C (3 分) 必须涵盖最重要的 3点（依据不同的文章）
D(2 分) 涵盖 3 个要点中的 2 点
E(1 分) 只涵盖 3 个要点中的任意 1 点
（2）语言得分
基本与内容挂钩，e.g. 内容3 分+语言 3 分
若语言表述特别好，语言可以酌情加分，e.g.内容3 分+语言4 分。
超过字数 3 个单词以上(3 个单词不扣分)，语言扣 1 分。
照抄原文连续 5 个单词及以上，语言扣 1 分。
文本分类，相应解题思路及写作模式
判断文体特征，文体不同，写概述的模式也不同
4.1 记叙文
主要叙述人物的经历和事件的发展变化。记叙文的 6 要素包括：事件，人物，地点，发展，经过，结果。
解题思路：记叙文常用要素串联法：1）事件起因（故事主人公、核心事件）2）事件经过（故事发展过程）3）事件结果（故事的结果） ，也就是回答 what / who / when / where / why / how这几个问题。
重点： (1) 谁做了什么？(who did what)----(2) 结果如何？(what was the result)---(3)故事的意义（what does this story tell us ）
写作模式：主题句：故事意义（1句）+支撑句：故事本身（1-2句）
4.2 议论文
对某个问题或事件进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张。议论文的3要素包括：论点、论据和论证。
解题思路：用主题概述法： 1）先找到文章的论点、论据和论证----2）用第三人称、自己的话转述文章的观点。
写作模式：主题论点opinion / idea（1 句）+ 论据argument (supporting ideas / reasons)
（2、3 句）+结论 conclusion
4.3 说明文
以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识。通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律。
解题思路：1）通读全文，分析文章的组织架构---2）寻找关键词，小结每一段的大意要点同义转换(自己的话)；---3）根据大意及作者的侧重点，重组归纳并概括成段。
写作模式：说明的对象、观点、现象（1 句）+解释、分述（2、3 句）+解决方法/建议
注意事项
一般用第三人称转述，不发表自己的议论；
不可摘抄原文句子，需用自己的语言“重组”主要内容；
只保留主要观点，不保留细节；
注意句子间的衔接，不可简单地写出一些不相干的句子；
摘要小技巧
删除细节,只保留主要事实，观点或研究结果等。
画出主题句（一般出现在段首或段尾），进一步画出能衬托主题句的一些关键词。
e.g.
a. Suddenly a sound rings out, stopping you in your tracks. Panicking, you search for where it could be coming from. It's your phone, and if you're like a quarter of 18 to 30-year-olds in a recent British study, you probably won't answer it. The same study found that 70%of the people in this age group prefer text messages to phone calls. Why do so many young people hate phone calls
--- ______________________________________________________________________
b. While previous generations grew up using landlines to talk to their friends, smartphone-equipped younger people have grown up used to using text messages for social conversations. There's less pressure with texting.
---______________________________________________________________________
删除重复内容。
为了强调某个主题，原文可能会重复论证说明。那些同义的句子和词语应该删除。
e.g.
As more people embrace these messages, society can shift toward a healthier and more positive understanding of body image.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
删除具体例子。
一般来说，为了论证某个论点的例子要删除，只保留论证的内容。但如果阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成，也要选择一两个例子简单概括。
e,g.
Evidence suggests that texting can also cause anxiety. Many times, texting anxiety comes from frustration, fear, and worry over the reactions of other people. For instance, a short response to your long message might be interpreted as a cold shrug and many people report tensions from being "left on read"—when you know someone has read your message, but they don't, or won't, reply.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
使用概括性词语代替具体词。
e.g.
a. “He bought some apples, pears and peaches yesterday.”
--- ______________________________________________________________________
b. Research has proved that hobbies help people in creative, physical, and intellectual ways.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
5) 直接引语改成间接引语叙述(只保留要点)。
e.g.
You could end the video with this - “I have a lot more to me than I could fit in this short video and I hope you give me a chance to tell you about it over an interview”.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
6）将长段落压缩为短段落，长句子压缩为短句子。
e.g. You can also focus on life experiences that have led you to cultivate skills - like taking a year off to travel abroad, volunteering at a shelter, or a hobby that you actively pursue. You can also speak about your special achievements and awards that will add value to your profile or you can get someone to speak on behalf of you as social proof.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
7) 使用词组代替整句或者从句。
e.g.
a. “I can’t finish the work if you don’t help me.”
--- ______________________________________________________________________
b. Revisiting activities we loved when young is really helpful to start with because it allows you to feel comfortable. Childhood joys can easily develop into adult hobbies.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
c. This means that new social codes are being established. Many people will now text someone to see if they're available to take a phone call.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
8) 用短的连接词代替长连接词。
e.g. although/though/while 可以取代 in spite of the fact that…
9)客观
客观转述文中的要点，不可用“ I think”和“ I believe”等主观性的词句。
e.g. One method I like to suggest, to help people find the ideal activity for them, is to start by categorizing creative pursuits as public or private and inventive or interpretive.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
10)连贯
要根据原文的层次结构，在适当的地方添加连接词，如表示顺序关系的“ firstly”¨ secondly"使所写的内容概要衔接紧密，条理清楚。
七.组句技巧 （避免连续照抄原文5个词以上）
1. 同义替换法
e.g.
Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved. It's critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings.
--- ____________________are __________, and it's__________ to __________ a positive _______.
2. 正话反说法
e.g.
a. I think wealth is less important than health.
--- I don’t think wealth is ____________________than health.
b. Asking relevant questions also helps you completely understand the other person.
--- interacting with the speaker can help _________________________________.
3. 词性转换法
a. What you have suggested are very valuable.
---____________________ are ____________________.
b. With a well-made video resumé, you can present yourself creatively and allow a hiring manager to assess your personality.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
c. Accepting guilty pleasures without guilt can actually improve our productivity and mental health.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
4. 主语变换法
e.g.
These challenges include activities like wrapping arms around one's waist, fitting knees behind an iPhone, or checking if their waistline is as thin as a piece of paper. Many young women participate in these trends to feel validated, but this often leads to harmful dieting and poor mental health.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
5．句式变化法
1）语态变换：
a. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
b. To determine downturns and recoveries, the researchers used a method called dates-as-data.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
2）简单句变复合句：
a. The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect.
---The weather turned out to be very good, _________was more than we could expect.
b. Active listening is not only hearing someone's words but also taking note of their nonverbal communication.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
3）用连词或介词词组衔接简单句，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
e.g. With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
6.词序改变法
e.g. A group of students are seated on the grass.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
7. 特殊句式法
e.g.
a. Lily wants to go shopping and her parents want to go shopping, too.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
b. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen.
--- ______________________________________________________________________
技巧总结：
1. 要点： (1) 先提炼: 删除细节；删除具体例子;避免重复 …
(2) 再整合
2. 语言：(1) 同义转换：近义词、同义词等转换
(2) 句子重组：调整词类、时态、语态等
3. 逻辑 ：衔接词
八.范文讲解
1. Summary Writing （26年松江二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Helping Helps
Our bodies age at different rates, but offering regular help can reduce the rate of brain aging by around 15 to 20 percent, according to a research team from the University of Texas and the University of Massachusetts. The findings are based on telephone survey data from 31,303 people over 50. Scores on brain tests were mapped against helping behavior, whether structured volunteering with an organization or simply giving friends, relatives and neighbors a hand as needed. The benefits were evident for both.
Researchers have tried to dig out the mechanism behind and one of their findings is that helping others regularly provides much mental stimulation. When we offer support, our brains are actively engaged in exercises that strengthen neural (神经的) connections. Much like a muscle, the brain strengthens with frequent use. Dealing with other people’s challenges and understanding their perspectives create new neural pathways. Over time, such stimulation helps maintain sharp memory and various other mental functions. Moreover, it has been found that helping reduces loneliness through shifting the helpers’ focus outward and making their connection with other people. Far from being just a feeling, loneliness acts as a biological cause of stress that can fundamentally alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. Reducing loneliness protects the brain, ultimately leading to longer-term brain function, for example, extending good logical reasoning into older age.
Accordingly, researchers suggest that people spend around two to four hours per week helping others since it is the sweet spot for benefit. It’s possible that beyond that point, the mental and physical efforts of being a helper start to have a negative impact. They also support the argument for ensuring senior adults opportunities to give back to others or their community, because it is shown that seniors’ constant helping is associated with more effective brain power.
Step one: 确定文体----___________
Step two: 寻找画出段落关键句，概括段落大意，并分析文章的组织架构
第一段：_______________________________________________________ （What）
第二段：_______________________________________________________（why）
第三段： _______________________________________________________ （how）
Step three: 用自己的话，用简短的语言概括要点，并用恰当的连接词连句成段落。
参考答案： Research shows offering help, either formal or informal, slows brain’s aging process. First, helping others creates mental stimulation that strengthens different functions of the brain including memory. Besides, helpers’ loneliness is lessened through connecting with others, which extends brain’s working length. Thus, researchers recommend suitable amount of helping hours and enduring volunteering into old age. (55 words)
2. Summary Writing （25年长宁二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Watch out for blue light!
How many digital devices do you use throughout the day If you’re like most people, you probably spend hours on your computer, cellphone or tablet. These devices are convenient and entertaining, but they all give off blue light. The question is: Should you be concerned
According to WebMD, there is no current proof that regular exposure to blue light leads to long-term damage to your eyes. Yet several other studies seem to demonstrate a connection between blue light and eye damage. Due to these different opinions, it is essential that people study more to determine if blue light is bad for one’s health.
Sunlight contains different colors of light, each with different wavelengths and energy levels. Blue wavelengths are good for people during daylight hours because they can boost one’s attention, reaction times and mood. But the concern is that blue’s wavelength is very close to that of ultraviolet (UV) (紫外线的) light.
Research has long shown that ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause eye damage. Some studies suggest a troublesome connection between eye tissue damage and blue-light wavelengths ranging between 415 and 455 nanometers (纳米). Most digital devices have wavelengths that measure between 400 and 490 nanometers so that many think that this fact, alone, establishes a cause for concern.
Blue light is also believed to affect your sleep cycle. It helps to manage your wake-and-sleep patterns by providing energy keeping you awake during the day. Nevertheless, the same energy becomes an issue at night as it misleads your body into believing it’s still daytime, leaving you incapable of attaining a restful night’s sleep.
To lessen the potential risks, several practical strategies can be employed. Simple actions like reducing the screen brightness and using blue-light-blocking applications can effectively decrease your exposure to blue light. However, the most effective approach is to avoid using digital devices for a few hours before going to bed.
Step one: 确定文体----________________
Step two: 寻找画出段落关键句，概括段落大意，并分析文章的组织架构
第一，第二段：提出讨论事实 : ____________________________________________________
第三，第四段： 蓝光危害1: ______________________________________________________
第五段： 蓝光危害2: _______________________________________________________
第六段：提出建议： _______________________________________________________
Step three: 用自己的话，用简短的语言概括要点，并用恰当的连接词连句成段落。
参考答案：Opinions vary on whether blue light from digital devices impairs health. While it can boost alertness during the day, people worry it might damage eyesight with its particular wavelength and disrupt sleep. To reduce risks, people can lower screen brightness, use relevant apps and most effectively avoid screen use before bedtime. (51 words)
九. 真题练习
一．summary writing (10分) （26年奉贤二模）
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Algorithm(算法)Fatigue
Algorithm fatigue is the tiredness from being "perfectly targeted" by every platform. On multiple e-commerce apps, the "Recommended for You" and precise targeting features once felt like magic. Now, it just seems exhausting.
When an algorithm is too accurate, it feels like a spy. The perfect content it generates fixes our eyes on screens; it's like addictive potato chips. The biggest issue is that it removes the “happy accident”. Algorithms are logical, but humans are unpredictable. When algorithms get too good, we are trapped in an information bubble that simply mirrors our own opinions.
Meanwhile, when a computer decides what we see, we are no longer the pilot of our own attention. Our choices are no longer truly ours -they are predicted, shaped, and fed back to us. At its core, algorithm fatigue signals a fundamental loss of autonomy. We lose not only the joy of discovery, but also the capacity to know what we might have chosen on our own.
Looking ahead, technology is here to stay, and algorithms do help us in many ways. But balance is needed. For developers, the challenge is to build systems that leave room for the unexpected. Future apps could include a “surprise me” button-one that pushes us beyond our usual choices, For the rest of us, the key is to spend less time on screens. Ask someone nearby for a recommendation. Walk down a street you've never explored without taking on GPS.
Algorithm fatigue reveals a limit not of technology, but of how we use it. The next trend, therefore, isn’t necessarily a better algorithm, but a wiser human. We still want recommendations just not at the cost of discovery. What we seek is not to escape technology, but to reclaim our role in using it.
Step one: 确定文体--- ________________
Step two: 寻找画出段落关键句，概括段落大意，并分析文章的组织架构
第一段：________________________________________________
第二,三段： ________________________________________________
第四，五段：________________________________________________
Step three: 用自己的话，用简短的语言概括要点，并用恰当的连接词连句成段落。
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
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二．summary writing (10分) （25年杨浦二模）
Urban Green Spaces: A Necessity, Not a Luxury
Urban green spaces play a vital role in improving the quality of life in cities. Studies have shown the various benefits brought about by green spaces. For example, research from the University of Exeter found that people living near green spaces reported higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction.
However, many cities are facing the challenge of preserving these spaces due to rapid urbanization. In some areas, parks are being replaced by commercial buildings or housing projects to meet the growing demand for space. Meanwhile, the tendency to cut funding for the maintenance of urban green spaces is becoming increasingly common. For example, in Liverpool, UK, budget cuts led to reduced maintenance in parks, with less frequent tree trimming and litter collection. These short-sighted approaches ignore the long-term benefits of green spaces, such as their ability to combat climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide and reducing urban heat. For instance, during heatwaves, urban areas with more greenery can be significantly cooler than those without, providing a natural solution to rising temperatures. Moreover, green spaces support biodiversity by providing habitats for wildlife, which are crucial for maintaining ecological balance.
Cities like New York and London have demonstrated the value of green spaces. Central Park in New York serves as a vital green lung for millions of residents, offering recreational areas, supporting biodiversity, and improving the city’s overall environment. Similarly, London’s Hyde Park is a hub for community events, jogging, and cycling, contributing to the city’s cultural and social life. These examples highlight how green spaces can enhance urban living while addressing environmental challenges.
It is high time that governments acknowledged the significance of investing in the preservation of green spaces. Only by integrating green spaces into city designs can we create truly habitable and sustainable urban environments, ensuring that every resident has access to nature.
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
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_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
三. Summary writing (10分) （26年金山二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Myth of Short-Term Memory
Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now, including what you intend to do in the next few seconds. Actually, it is doing some mental calculations. You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves.
Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted. It depends on your active attention to the items in the “next thing to do” file in your mind. You do this by thinking about them, perhaps repeating them over and over again (“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”). But any distraction—a new thought, someone asking you a question, the telephone ringing—can disrupt your short-term memory by interfering with this attentional maintenance process. Our ability to automatically restore the contents of our short-term memory declines slightly with every decade after 30.
But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors—loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams without the necessary No. 2 pencil; they forget something I had just said two minutes before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do.
The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds don’t think, “Oh, dear, this must be early-onset brain damage.” They think, “I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.” The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health. This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments are fiction. Instead, every failure of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder. In the absence of brain disease, most research findings indicate that even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90.
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_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______参考答案
1. Summary Writing （26年松江二模）
参考答案： Research shows offering help, either formal or informal, slows brain’s aging process. First, helping others creates mental stimulation that strengthens different functions of the brain including memory. Besides, helpers’ loneliness is lessened through connecting with others, which extends brain’s working length. Thus, researchers recommend suitable amount of helping hours and enduring volunteering into old age. (55 words)
2. Summary Writing （25年长宁二模）
参考答案：Opinions vary on whether blue light from digital devices impairs health. While it can boost alertness during the day, people worry it might damage eyesight with its particular wavelength and disrupt sleep. To reduce risks, people can lower screen brightness, use relevant apps and most effectively avoid screen use before bedtime. (51 words)
九. 真题练习
一．summary writing (10分) （26年奉贤二模）
参考答案：Algorithm fatigue is exhaustion from being perfectly targeted on all platforms. The endless similar content robs users of surprises and causes a loss of control. To handle these problems, balance is needed. Developers should build systems leaving space for the unexpected. Individually, we should spend less time on screens and use technology more wisely rather escape it. (57 words)
二．summary writing (10分) （25年杨浦二模）
参考答案： Urban green spaces enhance city life, but rapid urbanization threatens their preservation. Cutting maintenance funding and replacing green spaces with commercial buildings are short-sighted, which ignore their long-term benefits like combating climate change and supporting biodiversity. Some cities have shown parks’ benefits for recreation and social life. Governments should prioritize their preservation to ensure citizens’ access to nature.
三. Summary writing (10分) （26年金山二模）
参考答案： Short-term memory, is fragile and easily disrupted. While this ability declines slightly with age, age itself is not the main cause of errors, as younger people make similar mistakes. The key difference lies in perception: the young attribute lapses to lifestyle, whereas the elderly often fears brain damage. In healthy individuals, significant cognitive decline is minimal even in old age. (60 words)

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