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(共64张PPT)
Section Ⅲ　Using language
必 备 知 识 自 测
[核心单词·练通]
1.____________ /d kla n/ v.减少
2.____________ /ble m/ v.责怪,指责;把……归咎于
3.____________ / pr mIt v/ adj.原始的,低等的
4.____________ / w ld wa d/ adv.遍及全世界
decline
blame
primitive
worldwide
[拓展单词·用活]
____________ / k rIkt r st k/ n.特征,特性→character n.性格;特性;角色
characteristic
[阅读单词·识记]
1.tortoise / t t s/ n. ________________
2.giant / d a nt/ adj. ________________
3.mangrove / m ɡr v/ n. ________________
4.iguana /I ɡw n / n. ________________
5.comb-like / k mla k/ adj.________________
6.spine /spaIn/ n. ________________
陆龟
巨大的,特大的
红树
鬣蜥
梳状的
(动植物的)刺,刺毛
[重点短语·再现]
1.________________特别,尤其
2.________________是……的栖息地/家乡
3.________________相比之下;与之相比
4.________________到目前为止
5.________________完成(任务);执行;实施
in particular
be home to
by contrast
so far
carry out
6.be native to _____________________
7.in the 1960s _____________________
8.be blamed on _____________________
9.in isolation _____________________
10.fight off _____________________
源于……的,原产于……
在二十世纪六十年代
归咎于
单独地;孤立地
击退,抵挡
核 心 考 点 突 破
1.decline v.减少;拒绝;衰退 n.下降;衰落
教材原文　After goats in particular had been brought to the island,the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.　特别是山羊被引进这个岛后,平塔岛龟的数量减少了。
感知　语言先输入
①When asked if I could pay him for his help,he shook his head instantly and politely declined my offer.(动作描写)
②Her application for a position in the company was declined,which made her very upset.(心理描写)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)decline to do sth　 拒绝做某事
decline by... 下降了……(后常接分数或百分数)
decline to... 下降到……(后常接具体数字)
(2)in decline/on the decline 在下降,正在衰退,走下坡路
运用　单句语法填空/完成句子
①The popularity of traditional newspapers has been ____________the decline in recent years due to the rise of digital media.
②As fewer people send letters to one another,the number of people collecting stamps has been steadily ____________decline.
③The sales of the products declined ________10% last year,so we must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure success in a growing market.
on
in
by
④She politely _______________________________________________ to the party, citing previous engagements.
她以之前的约会为由,礼貌地拒绝了参加聚会的邀请。
declined to accept the invitation
2.blame v.责怪,指责;把……归咎于 n.责任,责备
教材原文　The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans. 平塔岛龟的灭绝归咎于人类。
感知　语言先输入
①I can’t help but blame myself for the mistake,feeling a deep sense of guilt and regret.(心理描写)
②Instead of blaming others,I’ve learned to reflect on my own actions and how they contribute to the situation.(主旨升华)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)blame sth/sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而责怪某物/某人
blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某物
be to blame (for sth) (对坏事)负有责任
(2)take/bear the blame for sth 承担某事的责任
lay/put the blame (for sth) on... (把某事)归咎于……
运用　单句语法填空/完成句子
①I can’t help but blame myself ____________not being there for you when you needed me most.
②They blamed the failure of the business ____________the economic downturn.
③I hate to ________________________________________, but it was his fault that caused such a great loss.
我不想把责任推到他人身上,但正是他的失误造成了这么大的损失。
for
on
put the blame on others
④“I will _______________________________________ this mistake, and I should have done it differently,” he said to himself.
他自言自语道:“这个错误我来承担,我本应该采取不同的做法。”
⑤They realized that the team’s poor performance was not the coach’s fault;everyone _____________________________________ not putting in enough effort.
他们意识到球队表现不佳并不是教练的错;每个人都因没有付出足够的努力而要承担责任。
bear the blame for
was to blame for
语 法 知 识 过 关
Grammar—Past perfect
过
去
完
成
时 过去完成时的意义和构成
过去完成时的基本用法
过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用 用于宾语从句
用于no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when句型
用于it was the first/second/...time that...句型
用于虚拟语气
过去完成时与一般过去时、现在完成时的区别
一、过去完成时的意义和构成
[先感知]
①The team that Lang Ping had built was falling apart.
②Every Saturday night Mama would sit down by the kitchen table and count out the money Papa had brought home.
[会发现]　句①和句②中加黑部分均为________时,其构成分别为____________________和________________,分别表示在was falling和would sit down...and count out前已经完成的动作。
[明规则]　过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态(亦可以说是“过去的过去”)。过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。
过去完成
had built
had brought
(1)单句语法填空
①Johnson was unhappy because his animals ________________(die) before.
②He insisted that he ________________(do) nothing wrong.
③After the hurricane,Mary saw that the roof of her house ____________________(disappear).
had died
had done
had disappeared
(2)完成句子
①He said he _____________________________________________.
他说他已经把书给老师了。
②She didn’t go to Qingdao because she ____________________ before.
她没有去青岛,因为她以前去过那里。
③The artist said that he _____________________________________
when he was young.
这位艺术家说他年轻时开始画画。
had already given the book to the teacher
had been there
had started painting
二、过去完成时的基本用法
1.[先感知]
①By the Shang Dynasty (around 1600-1046 BCE),these symbols had become a well-developed writing system.
②Before I knew it,the ceremony was over and the curtain had come down on my university life.
③By the time he was a teenager,he had already enjoyed a reputation as a wonderful young musician.
[会发现]　句①、句②和句③加黑部分均使用了过去完成时,句中分别出现了________________:By the Shang Dynasty、Before I knew it和By the time he was a teenager,表示___________________________。
[明规则]　表示在过去某个动作前已经完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。常见的时间状语包括由by,before等构成的短语以及when,by the time 等引导的时间状语从句。
时间状语(从句)
在此前已经完成的动作
2.[先感知]
①The school was much smaller than he had expected,with only three classrooms.
②Although he had only intended to stay for one year,he now feels ready to stay for another year.
[会发现]　句①和句②加黑部分使用过去完成时,表示“____________________”,即过去本来有做某事的打算或意图,但实际上没有实现。
[明规则]　表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算和意图,常用expect、hope、intend、mean、suppose、think、want等动词。
本打算做某事
单句语法填空
①Before Graham came into my class,I ________________(hear) stories about his kind behavior.
②It was by the end of the day that we ________________(sell) over 2,000 tickets.
③Over a million people ________________(apply) for being volunteers for the game before last week.
had heard
had sold
had applied
④By the time the group got up to leave,it ________________(be) pouring outside.
⑤I ________________(plan) to help him with the project,but our boss assigned me to another job.
had been
had planned
三、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用
1.用于宾语从句
[先感知]
①A classmate told me she had seen my friend chatting with another girl in a café on Saturday afternoon.
②I knew I had chosen a job with a lot of stress but I love what I do.
[会发现]　句①中had seen先于__________发生,句②中had chosen先于_____________发生,故均使用了过去完成时。
[明规则]　过去完成时表示一个过去的动作先于另一个过去动作发生,多见于宾语从句。一般说来,当主句中用了know、realize、think、suppose、guess、find、discover、decide、remember、forget等动词的一般过去时,如果宾语从句中的动作先于主句的动作发生,从句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时。
told
knew
2.用于no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when句型
[先感知]
①I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang.
②No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.
[会发现]　句①中主句谓语________________先于when引导的从句谓语rang发生,句②中主句谓语____________________先于than引导的从句谓语fell down发生,故均使用了过去完成时。
[明规则]　在no sooner...than...、hardly/scarcely...when...句型中,主句用过去完成时,意为“一……就……;刚……就……”。
had stepped
had rushed out
3.用于it was the first/second/...time that...句型
[先感知]
①It was the first time that she had left China.
②It was the first time Helen had understood such a complex word—a word for something she couldn’t touch.
[会发现]　句①和句②中从句谓语使用了________________时。
[明规则]　在it was the first/second/...time that...句型中,that从句常用过去完成时。
过去完成
4.用于虚拟语气
[先感知]
①You don’t want to look back in years to come and say,“I wish I had thought more about what I really wanted to do.”
②I felt lost and anxious,as if I had missed something of value.
[会发现]　句①中动词wish后跟____________从句,句②中as if引导____________从句,从句谓语都使用过去完成时,表示与______________事实相反。
[明规则]　在虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反的假设,if从句和wish/would rather/if only/as if等后面的从句用过去完成时。
宾语
方式状语
过去
单句语法填空
①Hardly had I ____________(get) into the room when it began to rain.
②He told us that he ________________(have) it for a very long time when he sold his guitar.
③This was the first time that the twins ________________(prepare) a breakfast for their mother,so they were excited and nervous.
got
had had
had prepared
④I stood there,shedding tears of regret in silence and I wished that I ____________(not say) such sharp words to my father.
⑤Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if it ________________(happen).
⑥No sooner ____________he arrived at the airport than he was told that his flight was canceled due to the weather.
hadn’t said
had happened
had
四、过去完成时与一般过去时、现在完成时的区别
[先感知]
①Zhang Tian graduated from university and got a teacher’s certificate last year.
②He had started working at seven in the morning and it was eight in the evening now.
[会发现]　句①中谓语graduated和got均发生在过去时间__________;句②中谓语had started发生在过去时间__________________之前。
[明规则]　
(1)一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实;而过去完成时强调动作发生在过去的过去,一定有一个表示过去的参照点。
(2)过去完成时以过去作为时间参照来谈论更远的过去;现在完成时以现在作为时间参照来谈论过去。
last year
eight in the evening
单句语法填空
①Because I ________________(take) a power nap,I was able to deliver the important speech with a lot of energy.
②Hardly ____________the police received the emergency call when they rushed to the scene.
③I’d fallen asleep when I ____________(hear) Dad’s phone ringing.
④No sooner had he arrived at the airport than he ____________(attract) people’s attention.
had taken
had
heard
attracted
课 时 测 评 作 业
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
Ⅰ.　基础填空题(每小题1分,共10分)
1.It was the second time that we ________________________(see) her.
2.He hurried to the train station,only to find that the train __________________(leave).
3.She was quite disappointed to find that they ____________________ (leave) already.
had seen
had left
had left
4.By the time we arrived,everyone _______________________ (receive) medical care.
5.Catherine came home happily,which suggested that she ___________________________ (pass) the final exam.
6.I ________________________ (intend) to make a cake,but I ran out of time.
7.By the end of last year,we _______________________(do) several experiments on the seed.
had received
had passed
had intended
had done
8.We ________________________________________(hope) that you would be able to visit us.
9.We realized we ___________________________(lose) our way.
10.No sooner had he rushed out than the house ________________(fall) down.
had hoped
had lost
fell
Ⅱ.　语法与单句写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1.__________________________________________________________when the plane took off.
他刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。
2.The old photos reminded Tom of those happy days ________________________________________.
这些旧照片让汤姆想起了他们一起度过的那些快乐的日子。
Hardly had he arrived at the airport
they had spent together
3.________________________________________, but I had to finish that tiresome paper.
我本打算要去参加那个聚会的,但是我不得不先完成那个讨厌的论文。
4._______________________________________made me decide to spread love and kindness.
这一家人为我所做的让我决心去传递爱和善意。
I had planned to go to the party
What the family had done for me
5.The little girl was anxious and began to tremble.After all, ___________________________________ she had been on the stage.
小女孩很着急,开始发抖。毕竟,这是她第一次登上舞台。
6.Mac _______________________________________ than this wolf,so he held his breath,not daring to make a movement.
马克从未见过比这只狼更可怕的动物,因此他屏住呼吸,不敢挪动一步。
it was the first time that
had never seen a more frightening creature
Ⅲ.　语法与语篇填空(每小题2分,共12分)
Mr Smith was an ordinary-looking man,but he was very humorous.He could speak Chinese fluently,which shocked us all at first.Later,he told us that he 1.____________________________(learn) Chinese for more than two years before he came to China.He always tried his best to make his lessons lively and interesting.In his lessons,he often 2.____________________(mention) Egypt.He said that he 3.____________________(be) there for many times.Mr Smith was
had learned/learnt
mentioned
had been
so kind and loved us so much.He would persuade me to work harder. If I 4.____________________(take) his advice,I would lead a better life now.One day,when Mr Smith heard that one of my classmates 5.____________________(fall) off the stairs,he was so concerned that he hurried to the spot at once.Two years later,Mr Smith had to return to his homeland.When we got to the airport,the plane carrying him 6.____________________(take) off.We were so disappointed!We will miss Mr Smith forever.
had taken
had fallen
had taken
[素能提升练]
阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共17.5分)
A
Innovation might sound like a technical and complicated process.However,some innovations have been born out of the most unbelievable and straightforward ways like nature.There have been many nature-inspired innovations,and below are several innovations that have shaped our world.
The “Velcro (尼龙粘扣)” fastener
It was invented when a Swiss man named George de Mestral went for a walk with his dog in the woods and thought the burrs (芒刺) that clung to his trousers could be turned into something useful.He came up with the idea of making the hook-and-loop fastener often called “Velcro” and patented his design in 1955.Hook-and-loop fastener is essential in medical equipment,shoes,and sports equipment.NASA’s astronauts used it in the 1960s to fasten their equipment.
Self-cleaning surfaces
In order to create surfaces that do not require human effort to keep clean,Wilhelm Barthlott drew inspiration from a lotus leaf to create self-cleaning surfaces.They discovered that the lotus leaf is considered hydrophobic (不易沾水的) because of its double-structured surface made of the cuticle and wax.The wax increases the leaves’ contact angle which gives it its self-cleaning ability.This fantastic innovation has since been applied in the mirror industry and the making of tiles (瓷砖) and windows.New high-rise buildings also use self-cleaning windows.
Bullet train that produces less noise
A Japanese team was inspired by the kingfisher to design a bullet train that produces less noise.A group of engineers realized that the kingfisher’s bill shape is like a wedge (三角木),an ideal shape to help the bird break up air and water out of its way,therefore,making no noise as it travels through the water.The team went back to work on the train’s shape to resemble that of the kingfisher’s bill,and it worked!
This innovation not only reduced the amount of noise produced but also reduced the amount of energy used in the process by 15%,and also the speed increased by 10%.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些由自然启发的创新发明。
1.What was the invention of hook-and-loop fastener inspired by
A.A kind of dog. B.A kind of plant.
C.A trip of walk. D.A kind of bird.
解析　细节理解题。根据The “Velcro (尼龙粘扣)” fastener部分中的“It was invented when a Swiss...and patented his design in 1955.”可知,尼龙粘扣的发明灵感来自粘在裤子上的芒刺,即,一种植物,故选B项。
√
2.Where may you find Wilhelm Barthlott’s invention
A.On your shoes. B.On your schoolbag.
C.On your sports equipment. D.In your bathroom.
解析　推理判断题。根据Self-cleaning surfaces部分中的“In order to create surfaces that...to create self-cleaning surfaces.”以及“This fantastic innovation has since...buildings also use self-cleaning windows.”可知,Wilhelm Barthlott的发明与清洁相关,由此可知,可以在浴室发现Wilhelm Barthlott的发明,故选D项。
√
3.What do the three inventions have in common
A.They are invented by Japanese.
B.Their inventors’ inspiration is from nature.
C.Their shapes are similar to each other.
D.They hardly have any effect on people’s life.
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第一段“There have been many nature-inspired...that have shaped our world.”可知,三个发明的共同点在于它们都是从大自然中汲取灵感,故选B项。
√
B
Growing up in Kenya,Lesein Mutunkei,together with his family,always celebrated significant occasions by planting trees,which motivated him to protect the environment.It’s what the 18-year-old soccer player treasures,especially since Kenya’s ongoing problem—deforestation.
Lesein follows in the footsteps of the late Kenyan Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai who founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977.This initiative has resulted in the planting of over 51 million trees to date.
In 2018,Lesein decided to start a movement of his own.He started by planting one tree for every goal he scored during a football match.He called it Trees 4 Goals,and when he scores a goal,he plants 11 trees—one to represent each player on his team.Through this,he wants to inspire young people,specifically his fellow athletes,to follow in his footsteps,take nature conservation seriously,and promise to plant trees every time they score.As a result,some of them have adapted this practice for respective sports.“Seeing that they’re taking that responsibility because of the project I started,I think that is the biggest achievement,” he said.
The initiative has caught the attention of Arsenal Football Club and Kenya’s Ministry of Environment,Climate Change and Forestry,which he now works with regularly and gets advice from.
Like the Green Belt Movement,Trees 4 Goals,which has planted over 5,500 trees so far,has made it.While Lesein has received some recognition for his initiative,he sets his sights on making it a worldwide phenomenon.“Football is a universal game,and climate change is a universal problem,” he explains.“It has the power to unite,educate and inspire my generation to create a safer and greener future.” This is why he wants to work with the world’s biggest football federation FIFA.
As for what others can do to fight deforestation or other environmental concerns,Lesein says it’s important to just get involved in some way,no matter how small.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了肯尼亚18岁足球运动员Lesein Mutunkei发起一项运动,旨在激励年轻人关注环保,得到多方支持。
4.What made Lesein get interested in environmental protection
A.His fellow athletes’ encouragement.
B.The demands of the football team.
C.The influence of his family.
D.Wangari Maathai’s considerable assistance.
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Growing up in Kenya,Lesein Mutunkei...to protect the environment.”可知,Lesein家庭的影响让其对环境保护感兴趣,故选C项。
√
5.Why did Lesein found Trees 4 Goals
A.To set an example for others.
B.To show his achievements.
C.To gain Kenya’s support.
D.To catch Arsenal Football Club’s attention.
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Through this,he wants to inspire...trees every time they score.”可知,Lesein发起这一运动是为了作出表率来激励他人保护环境,为他人树立榜样,故选A项。
√
6.What is Lesein’s hope for the future of Trees 4 Goals
A.Promoting football’s development.
B.Getting beyond the Green Belt Movement.
C.Beating climate change completely.
D.Going global with the help of FIFA.
解析　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中“While Lesein has received some...making it a worldwide phenomenon.”及“This is why he wants to...biggest football federation FIFA.”可知,Lesein希望在国际足联的帮助下让这一运动走向全球,故选D项。
√
7.What can we learn from Lesein’s story
A.Fame is a great thirst of the young.
B.Positive thinking and action result in success.
C.A youth is to be regarded with respect.
D.Success means getting personal desires satisfied.
√
解析　推理判断题。通读全文,尤其是根据文章第一段“Growing up in Kenya,Lesein Mutunkei...Kenya’s ongoing problem—deforestation.”和第二段“Lesein follows in the footsteps of...over 51 million trees to date.”和倒数第三段“The initiative has caught the attention...regularly and gets advice from.”可知,Lesein从小耳濡目染,很有环保意识,后来受到诺贝尔和平奖的获得者Wangari Maathai发起的“绿带运动”的启发,也发起了一项激励他人保护环境的运动,并取得了成功。他的故事说明:积极的思考和行动会带来成功,故选B项。

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