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Unit 4
Everyday economics
Review: Attributive Clauses
Learning objectives
1. To know more about the usage of attributive clauses.
2. To review attributive clause, so that you can better understand the form, meaning and pragmatic function, and use them in specific and real contexts.
Relative Pronouns Song
1 What does “where” refer to in sentence (a)
“Where” in sentence (a) refers to “a place”.
2 What does “which” refer to in sentence (b)
“Which” in sentence (b) refers to “to persuade people to work for me”.
1
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a This is a place where roses grow wild.
b The biggest challenge at the initial phase was to persuade people to work for me, which was totally outside my experience.
a This is a place where roses grow wild.
b The biggest challenge at the initial phase was to persuade people to work for me, which was totally outside my experience.
3 Which sentence contains a clause with essential information about the subject
4 Which sentence contains a clause with extra information about the subject
Sentence (a).
Sentence (b).
Now look for more sentences with attributive clauses in the reading passage.
She couldn’t, however, hide the line of sweat running down her forehead, which was caused partly by the heat of the television studio, but more by fear of the four people seated in front of her.
Zhang therefore decided to return to her home town and grow roses, which surprised many people.
As someone who grow up in the country, Zhang already knew about growing plants.
However, like any entrepreneur who was just starting out, she still had a lot to learn.
Seeing her peers who also dream of success and independence, Zhang has mixed feelings.
For young people who have little life experience, that can be a challenge.
要点诠释
(1) 在复合句中作定语，修饰名词、代词或整个句子等的从句叫定语从句。
(2) 在复合句中，被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等，叫做先行词。
先行词一般出现在定语从句之前。有时先行词是整个句子。
(3) 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。
(4) 关系词分为关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose, as),它们起连接作用，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语。还有关系副词（when, where, why),它们起连接左右，并在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1）关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 先行词 在从句中的成分
who 人 主语、宾语(可省略）
whom 人 宾语(可省略）
which 物 主语、宾语(可省略）
that 人、物 主语、宾语(可省略）、表语
whose 人、物 定语
as 人、物 主语、宾语、表语（在限定性定语从句中，先行词被the same/such/as/so等修饰。在非限定性从句中，代表整个主句）
1.The contest __________is scheduled to be held in our school hall on January 18th will focus on the traditional Chinese culture.
2. He is the writer ______________ you are looking forward to visiting.
3. They live in a house _______windows face north.
4. I still remember people and things _____I met during my stay in the countryside.
5. This is our form teacher _______ classes are interesting.
6. The building _________the workers are building is our lab.
7. I like the same book ____ you describe.
8. He is such a person _____ is always complaining about something.
9. He is no longer the person _____he used to be.
10. Our village is no longer the one _____it used to be 10 years ago.
which/that
who/that/whom
whose
that
whose
which/that
as
as
as
that
2) that/which/who的用法区别
宜用that不用which的常见情况 1. 先行词是all, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing,one等不定代词或被不定代词all, no, any等修饰
2. 先行词被the only, the very, the right等修饰
3. 先行词被比较级或最高级修饰
4. 先行词是人和物时
5. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语
宜用which不用that的常见情况 1. 引导非限制性定语从句时。
2. 介词前置，关系代词作介词的宾语
宜用who不用that的常见情况 先行词是不定代词all, someone, anyone, no one, anybody, everybody等或是he或those时
注意：由who或which引导的特殊疑问句中的定语从句的关系代词用that.
1. This is the house in _______Lu Xun once lived.
2. Do you have anything _____you want to say for yourself
3. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protect for all the species ____live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
4. May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, _____was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
5. He _____doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
6. Those _____are willing to see the film please get your money ready.
7. The person I went to learn from is one ______ studies hard and works well.
9. When we talk about Hangzhou, the first ____ comes into mind is The West Lake.
10. You can take any seat _____ is free.
11. Who is the boy _____ was here just now
12. Which of the buildings _____ are being built over there is our dinning hall
which
which
that
that
who
who
who
that
that
that
that
二、关系副词
关系副词 先行词 在从句中的成分
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或抽象名词（situation, condition, point, case, point, stage, activity等） 地点状语
why reason 原因状语
注意：
1. 关系副词=介词+关系代词。why=for which
2. 表示时间、地点或reason的先行词在从句中作主语和宾语，用关系代词which或that.
1. Students should involved themselves in community activities ____________ they can gain experience for growth.
2. Do you know the reason _____________he didn’t attend the meeting yesterday
3. The days are gone ________________________physical strengthen was all you needed to make a living.
4. Some pre-school children go to a day centre, _______________they learn simple game and songs.
5. I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
6. I will never forget the days __________ I spent together with my friends in the countryside.
7. Last summer, I visited the Great Wall, ______ is the symbol of China.
8. The boss didn’t want to hear any reason _____you might give.
where/in which
why/for which
when/in which/during which
where/in which
where
which/that
which
that
三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1）“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，介词的宾语只能用which或whom,而且不能省略。
2） “名词/不定代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级+of +which/whom”引导定语从句，表示部分与整体关系。
3） “the +名词+of +which/whom”或 “of which/whom +the +名词”引导定语时，可换成whose引导的定语从句。
1. The colorless gas _______ which we can not live is called oxygen.
2. The committee consists of 20 members, five ____whom are women.
3. I’d like a room ______window looks out over the sea. =
I’d like a room ___ _______ ___ ______/ ___ ______ ___ _______ looks out over the sea.
4. I made friends with Susan and Alice in that special school, both of ______were interested in astronomy.
without
of
whose
whom
the window of which
of which the window
四、非限定性定语从句
1)形式：由于非限定性从句仅对先行词或主句起补充说明作用，因此，需要逗号隔开。
2）没有关系代词that，另外，关系代词作宾语也不能省略。
3）翻译为两个并列分句即可。
4）as和which可以引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句整个内容。其区别如下表：
as as引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句前、中、后，常表示“关于这一点”，从句谓语动词多为see, know, expect, mention, report, hope等。另外，常用于句型：as is often the case等。
which which引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句的后面，另外，主从句往往有一种因果关系。
1. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _______meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.
2. ___ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the 2 countries are making progress.
3. He is late for class today, _____is often the case.
（一下两题改错）
3. last weekend, I visited the Red Farm with Li Hua, I often go to school with.
4. Yesterday, an accident happened in the street corner, that frightened me a lot.
which
as
As
在I often 前加上who/whom
that改成which
1. That is the only one of the books that __________(require) for study at school.
2. He is one of the students in our class who _____(come) from Xi’an.
3. Our chemistry teacher is a man who always ______(make) his classes interesting and lovely.
4. I have many personal affairs that ____________(be solve) this weekend.
5. I, who ____(be) your close friend, will on your side forever.
五、定语从句谓语的数
点拨：关系代词作定语从句的主语，谓语的数应和先行词的人称及数保持一致；先行词部分为one of +可数名词复数，则中心词为可数名词复数，
先行词部分为the only one of +可数名词复数，则中心词为one。
is required
come
makes
are solved
am
2
Read the passage and rewrite the underlined sentences using attributive clauses.
Good Deal is a local movement in some countries. It works to help farmers and workers in less developed areas receive a better deal for their produce. Good Deal products may be a little more expensive than regular products, but up to one-third of the sale price will be given back to the producers. This is more than they could get under the conventional trading system.
Practice
The movement has proven popular among young people, and they want to help producers get the payment they deserve. They have no problem spending a bit more on Good Deal products, believing that their purchasing of these products will help improve local people’s welfare.
However, some people are less optimistic, and argue that it discriminates against producers not part of the Good Deal movement.
1. Good Deal is a local movement in some countries(,) which works to help farmers and workers in less developed areas receive a better deal for their produce.
2. The movement has proven popular among young people who want to help producers get the payment they deserve.
3. However, some people who are less optimistic argue that it discriminates against producers who are not part of the Good Deal movement.
Answers:
3
Read the profile and write an introduction to a Good Deal product using attributive clauses where appropriate.
Price:
$ 25 per kg
Origin:
grown on the Green Equator Estate
Special features:
100% organic
superior, smooth blend, with mild flavour
less than one calorie per cup
Good Deal guarantee:
one-third of the sale price returned to local producers
Green Equator Coffee is a Good Deal product, which sells at...
Sample:
Green Equator Coffee is a Good Deal product, which sells at the price of $25 per kg. It is grown on the Green Equator Estate, whose coffee is 100% organic. It is a superior, smooth blend with a mild flavour, which has less than one calorie per cup. The product is sold under the Good Deal guarantee, which promises that one-third of the sale price will be returned to local producers.
一、单句语法填空
1. The downturn hit the real estate(房地产) firm _______ she had worked for ten years as an office manager.
2. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspective from ______ to study how people manage their lives.
3. The App WeChat provides a networking platform _______communication is faster and easier.
4. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _____ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B. C, influenced the development of chopsticks.
Consolidation
where
which
where
who
5. There are a lot of students in the reading room, most of _______ bend their heads down over their books.
6. The Beatles, _______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
7. I’m very grateful to Mr. Zhang, without _______ encouragement I couldn’t have been admitted to a key university.
8. Such people ____were recommended by him were very reliable.
9. My grandmother's house, ________I grew up in, is very small.
10. I refused to accept the blame for something ______was someone else’s fault.
whom
as
whose
as
that
which
11. On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ____ lost his eyesight at the age of 8 in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and countries in 3 months.
12. The reason _____he was happy was_____ he had been owned by the teacher.
13. But what if we are actually getting closer to a world _______ AI is capable of thinking and feeling
14. Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics who _____(be) cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
15. We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computer.
who
why that
where
are
when
二、语篇连语法
This weekend, I plan to show my penfriend around my town. At the beginning of the tour, we will start with the most important place in my town, 1. ______ is the Plaza Leon. The Plaza Leon, 2. _______is more than 100 years old, is a gathering place for young people 3. ________ have a passion for outdoor activites, and for parents and children at the weekend 4. ______ they have more free time. Four streets lead to the Plaza Leon 5. __________ has white sidewalks and a tree line. Hernandes Street is named after a famous writer born in the city, and all of the food stores, fish markets and vegetable stands are there. Fernando Street, 6. _______ all of the government offices are located, was named after an educator. Via del Mar Street 7. ______ roads are made of stones is the only street 8. _____ still has its old surface. Finally, we will come to Horatio Street, 9. ______ there are two universities. One of them is the most famous university in my country. That’s the reason 10. ____ it is my favorite street of all.
which
which
who/that
when
which/that
where
whose
that
where
why

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