资源简介

(共21张PPT)
1.可数名词变复数
(1)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s；
(2)以-th结尾的名词加-s；
(3)以-s、 -x、 -ch、 -sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)；
(4)以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s；
(5)以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es；但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)；
(6)大部分可数名词直接加-s。
2.名词的所有格
(1)有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’；
(2)无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示；
(3)双重所有格的构成形式为“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
考点精讲一　可数名词
1不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。
foot—feet脚　goose—geese鹅
tooth—teeth牙齿　mouse—mice老鼠
man—men男人　woman—women女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。
sheep—sheep绵羊　deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法　series—series系列
species—species物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。
child—children 孩子　ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man或woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man或woman的变化形式相同。
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
policeman—policemen男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠；手艺人
【注意】一些特殊单词，如German、 human的复数形式为Germans、 humans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。
analysis—analyses分析　basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机　thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena现象
2复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。
birthday—birthdays生日
blackboard—blackboards黑板
bookshelf—bookshelves书架
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。
book worm—book worms书虫
son-in-law—sons-in-law女婿
looker-on—lookers-on旁观者
passer-by—passers-by路人
story-teller—story-tellers讲故事的人
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。
grown-up—grown-ups大人
standby—standbys后备人员
(4)“man/woman＋名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman和名词均变为复数。
women singers女歌手　men servants 男仆人
(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有congratulations、 greetings、 wishes、 thanks、 shoes、 trousers、 works (著作；工厂)、 manners (礼貌)、 instructions (指导；用法说明)、 times (时代)等。
(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth、 in high spirits、 make friends with、 shake hands with、 make (both) ends meet、 make preparations for、 take pains to do等。
3名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。
Kate’s and Mary’s rooms
Kate和Mary各自的房间
Kate and Mary’s room
Kate和Mary共有的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop、 house、 home等常省去。
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所
at the barber’s (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house)在Green先生家
【对点练习】
1.The team who won the three world __________________ (championship) would always get this cup.
2.As the summer ______________ (month) roll in，our Georgian country estate makes the perfect setting for an outdoor fitness session.
3.These plants included modern Western ______________ (favourite) such as rosemary，lavender and fennel.
4.Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on ______________ (passer-by).
5.We usually expect Hollywood ______________ (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6.He goes to the ______________ (barber) to have his hair cut every month.
championships
months
favourites
passers-by
heroes
barber’s
1不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式。
考点精讲二　不可数名词
fun乐趣 homework
作业 bread面包 wealth
财富
progress
进步 equipment
设备 room空间 weather天气
work工作 music音乐 news新闻 meat肉
word消息 traffic
交通 luck运气 housework
家务
milk牛奶 advice建议 man人类 orange橙汁
knowledge
知识 furniture
家具 baggage/
luggage
行李 information
信息
2抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
读这种小说就是浪费时间。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
3有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。
some coffee一些咖啡、 a coffee一杯咖啡、 three coffees三杯咖啡； some drink一些饮料、 a drink一杯饮料、 three drinks三杯饮料； his hair他的头发、 a few grey hairs几根白发； glass玻璃、 a glass一个玻璃杯。
【对点练习】
1.______________ came that he would start yet another trade war against other countries as he wouldn’t keep his ______________ on that matter.(word)
2.As a war reporter，Jenny went through a lot of adventurous ______________，which contributed to her rich ______________ in her job.(experience)
3.I don’t think I am ______________ failure； it is said that ______________ failure is the mother of success.(冠词)
Word
word
experiences
experience
a
/
1动词变名词的后缀
考点精讲三　名词的构词法
后缀 例词
-al approve赞成→approval 赞成
survive 幸存→survival 幸存
arrive到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝
propose提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/
-ence appear出现→appearance 出现；外貌
perform 表演→performance 表演
guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导
exist 存在→existence 存在
prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱
refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅
depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
后缀 例词
-ion/
-tion/
-ation direct指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导
expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望
invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬
solve 解决→solution 解决
compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争
describe 描述→description 描写
repeat 重复→repetition 重复
explain 解释→explanation 解释
pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
后缀 例词
-s(s)ion discuss讨论→discussion 讨论
admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入
decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing hear听→hearing 听力；听觉
listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment achieve达到；完成→achievement 成就
develop 发展→development 发展
argue争论→argument 争论；论据
punish惩罚→punishment 惩罚
后缀 例词
-ure/
-ture fail失败→failure 失败
press 压；挤→pressure 压力
mix 混合→mixture 混合物
expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y recover恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈
discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or teach教→teacher 老师
announce播报→announcer 播音员
conduct指导；指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常
见变化 choose选择→choice 选择
vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种
tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势
grow 生长→growth 生长
marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻
pack 收拾(行李)→package包；盒
2形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利；流畅
accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性)
private 私有的→privacy 隐私
efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom free自由的→freedom 自由
wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗
weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱
kind 友好的→kindness 善良
cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠
aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
后缀 例词
-th warm温暖的→warmth 温暖
true 真的→truth 真相
deep 深的→depth 深(度)
strong 强壮的→strength 力量
long 长的→length 长度
wide 宽的→width 宽度
-y/-ty/
-ity difficult困难的→difficulty 困难
honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实
safe 安全的→safety 安全
cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍
responsible 负责的→responsibility责任
后缀 例词
-ce different不同的→difference 不同(之处)
silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静
patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心
absent 缺席的→absence 缺席
present 出席的→presence 出席
confident 自信的→confidence 信心
convenient 方便的→convenience 便利
important 重要的→importance 重要(性)
significant重要的；意义重大的→significance重要性；重大意义
【对点练习】
1.Since June 2017，right before the ______________ (arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
2.When the answer，was no，she declined the ______________ (invite).(2022·浙江1月卷)
3.China has a ______________ (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.(2022·全国乙卷)
4.In 1844，they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their ______________ (marry) ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6月卷)
5.Apparently，respect for the elders is the ______________ (found) of the Chinese moral system.
arrival
invitation
responsibility
marriage
foundation
1.Also，technological know-how has become a ______________ (require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world，as the computer has become a common tool in most ______________ (profession).
2.This switch has decreased ______________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3.These ______________ (condition) provide a favorable environment for the blue sandalwood (檀香) tree and rice growing，offering the materials needed to make the best Xuan paper.
4.The whole scroll describes the local conditions and customs in the southern ______________ (region) of the Yangtze River，including the landscape of lakes and hills，city wall and its gates，ancient ferries and rowing boats，towns along the river，folk customs，and shops of all trades，all of which reflect the prosperity (繁华) of Suzhou in the mid-18th century.
requirement
professions
pollution
conditions
regions

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