资源简介

(共38张PPT)
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
考点精讲一　关系代词引导的定语从句
1.关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物；
2.关系词指人作主语，可以用who或that引导。若先行词为someone、 anyone、 one等时，关系词只能用who；
3.关系词指人作宾语，可以用who、 whom、 that引导；
4.关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which或that引导。
1who、whom和whose引导的定语从句
(1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。
I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to.
我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。
(2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。
My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他满世界跑。
2that和which引导的定语从句
that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系代词要注意以下两点：
(1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况：
①先行词是all、 everything、 anything、 nothing、 something、 little、 much、 none、 few、 the one等不定代词时；
②先行词被all、 any、 few、 every、 no、 little、 much、 some等修饰时；
③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时；
④先行词被the only、 the very (正是；恰是)、 the last等修饰时；
⑤先行词既有人又有物时；
⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。
(2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况：
①引导非限制性定语从句时；
②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时；
③先行词本身是that时；
④关系代词后有插入语时。
3as引导的定语从句
as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same…as…、 such…as…和so…as…结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。
4引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别
关系代词 位置不同 表意不同
as 既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用mention、see、 know、 expect、 say、 report等
which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。
The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。
She married again，which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
5定语从句中的主谓一致
(1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。
(2)“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、 the only、 the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who has made great progress.
他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。
【对点练习】
1.BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool _______________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.(2021·浙江1月卷)
2.Dr Rowan，____________ secretary resigned two weeks ago，has had to do all his own typing.
3.The lady who ____________ (be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
4.____________ is widely accepted，in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
5.Whenever I recall my classmates and those funny things ____________ still seem to be fresh in my mind，I can’t help smiling from ear to ear.
6.Then Mr Green read some reviews of the play，____________ said it was a terrible one.
which/that
whose
is
As
that
which
1.先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when；
2.先行词表示地点或情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where；
3.先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。
1关系副词指代的先行词及其作用
考点精讲二　关系副词引导的定语从句
先行词 关系副词 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time、 day、 year等 when =at/in/on/during
which
表示场所的名词：
country、 house、 park、 place等 where =in/at/to/on which
表示原因的名词：reason　 why =for which
We live in an age when/in which more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。
The school where/at which I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.
我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有三千米远。
The reason why/for which he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.
他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。
2有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，如activity、 business、 career、 case、 job、 point、 position、 race、 stage、 situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
3先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge.
在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。
4先行词way意为“方法；方式”且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that、 in which或省略关系词。
It’s not what you say； it’s the way (that/in which) you say it.
问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。
5关系副词与关系代词的选择
选用关系副词与关系代词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。例如：
The factory 　　　　he once worked is closed now.
定语从句中的谓语work与先行词factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式：work in the factory，所以work为不及物动词。因此，此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语。
The factory 　　　　he set up last year is operating well.
定语从句中的谓语set up可以与先行词factory构成动宾结构：set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此，此处用关系代词that或which。
【对点练习】
1.In the spring，a season ____________ we are learning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world.(2021·天津6月卷)
2.They are now in a situation ____________ they need to make a practical plan.
3.That evening，____________ I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
4.One day，mentally exhausted，I wrote down all the reasons ____________ this problem could not be solved.
when
where
which
why
1.“介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom；
2.介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择。
1若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.
上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。
考点精讲三　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
2“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved.
我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。
(3)依据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
没有它我们就无法生存的无色气体叫氧气。
3whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。
The newly built café，the walls of which (=whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
特别提醒：定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别
(1)定语从句与并列句的区别
两个句子之间若有and、 but、 so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。
①She has written many novels，some of 　　　　are interesting.
which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of which”在从句中作主语。]
②She has written many novels，and some of 　　　　are interesting.
them　[此句为and连接的并列句。]
(2)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。
①She has collected many old stamps，most of 　　　　are worth thousands of dollars.
which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“most of which”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。]
②She has collected many old stamps，most of 　　　　worth thousands of dollars.
them　[逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词。]
(3)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
①We young people should go to the place 　　　　is in need of help.
which/that　[关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。]
②We young people should go 　　　　we’re most needed.
where　[where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。]
(4)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而时间状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
①I will always remember the days 　　　　I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.
when　[when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。]
②I always remember the days in the countryside 　　　　I see the photo of my grandparents.
when　[when引导时间状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词remember。]
(5)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
在the same…as…与such…as…结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so… that…引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。
①This is such an interesting work of art 　　　　all of us like.
as　[as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。]
②This is such an interesting work of art 　　　　all of us like it.
that　[such…that…引导结果状语从句。]
(6)定语从句与主语从句的区别
定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。
①　　　　 is known to everybody，the Moon travels round the Earth once every month.
As　[as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。]
②　　　　 is known to everybody that the Moon travels round the Earth once every month.
It　[it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。]
③　　　　 is known to everybody is that the Moon travels round the Earth once every month.
What　[what引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。]
(7)定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。
①It was on the morning of May 1st 　　　　I met Liang Wei at the airport.
that　[将句子改为I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。]
②It is the factory 　　　　Mr Wang works.
where　[此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换成Mr Wang works 　　　　the factory，该句缺少介词in，故填where。]
【对点练习】
1.William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from ____________ we can learn without repeating them.(2021·天津3月卷)
2.This makes the volunteers aware of the fact that there are too many extremely lonely people in his community，most of ____________ are easy targets of cheating.
3.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200，000 silver pennies，all of ____________ over 600 years old.
4.I have a new book，the cover of ____________ is very nice.
which
whom
them
which
1.I decided that if I learned of a company ____________ used a lot of plastic，I’d send it an email urging it to cut back.(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷)
2.At the Chinese art festival，there are different stands ____________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.(2021·天津3月卷)
3.Many westerners ____________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
4.As one of the smartest libraries in Shanghai，the new branch has the largest individual library building in China，____________ size is 115，000 square meters.
5.____________ was reported in the international science journal Nature Medicine last week，the research was conducted by a team led by Lin Haotian，a professor at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University.
which/that
where
who/that
whose
As
课时作业
答案速对
语法速测5　[定语从句]
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ
答案 见答案 见答案
1.On the edge of the jacket， there is a piece of cloth _____________ gives off light in the dark.
2.I will never forget the day ____________ we climbed up the Great Wall.
3.Equally impressive is Li Bai’s free expression of strong feelings， ____________ breathes vitality into the lifeless objects he describes.
4.There are many good websites ____________ you can check out the latest in the science world.
5.I bought two pens last week， neither of ____________ writes easily.
6.____________ an official document explained， tea is a fundamental cultural element to Chinese people’s daily life.
7.The reason ____________ the 12th lunar month is called la yue has a lot to do with the custom of sacrifice.
8.He was put in prison， ____________ he suffered a lot of pain physically and mentally.
层级一　基础达标练
Ⅰ.考点分层演练
that/which
when
which
where
which
As
why
where
1.The shape creates a perfect market ____________ goods could be shipped and received using the river as a highway.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷改编)
2.The headmaster asked my father to come to school， ____________ shaky faith in me brought a mix of relief and shame.(2025·北京卷改编)
3.Yet now， I live in the countryside of Zhejiang， China with my Chinese husband and his family， ____________ bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains， chickens are always free-range， and central heating doesn’t exist.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)
4.But for all its ancient buildings， Beijing is also a place _______________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.(2023·全国乙卷)
5.There was once a town in the heart of America ____________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings…(2023·全国甲卷)
层级二　高考真题练
where
whose
where
which/that
where
6.On the 1，100-kilometer journey， the man Cao Shengkang， ____________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident， crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全国甲卷)
7.The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ____________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
8.Tinniswood， ____________ doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks， credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.(2024·北京卷)
who
that
who
There was a time 1._________ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English. And this was the reason 2.____________ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club， 3.___________ I met many strangers， I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately， my guide， 4.____________ teacher was a famous figure who runs companies helping people bad at English，communicated with me face to face.He， from 5.____________ I gained some useful instructions， also showed me a good partner， and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.____________ we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide， 7.____________ encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English， into 8.____________ I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep， I recall the passages， through 9.___________ I can memorize a large number of new words.10.__________ our English teacher says， “As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance， you will conquer English sooner or later.”
层级三　语篇提能练
when
why
where
whose
whom
that/which
who
which
which
As
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。
1.when　【解析】 先行词是time，指时间，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。
2.why　【解析】 先行词是reason，指原因，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。
3.where　【解析】 先行词是club，指地点，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。
4.whose　【解析】 先行词是guide，空后的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。
5.whom　【解析】 此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空前的介词from可知填whom。
6.that/which　【解析】 此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故填that/which。
7.who　【解析】 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故填who。
8.which　【解析】 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指物，并在定语从句中作宾语，故填which。
9.which　【解析】 此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为空前的句子“I recall the passages”，故填which。
10.As　【解析】 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代空后的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance， you will conquer English sooner or later.”并位于句首，意为“正如”，故填As。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句运用于写作
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)我一手拿着奖杯，一手拿着奖状，望着老师，老师对我竖起了大拇指，眼里闪烁着喜悦和自豪。
With a trophy in one hand and an awarding paper in the other hand， I looked at my teacher， who gave me a thumbs-up， with his eyes twinkling with pleasure and pride.
(2023·全国甲卷)孔子，又名孔丘，是生活在春秋时期的中国哲学家和政治家。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ⅱ.语法链接写作
Confucius， also known as Kong Qiu，was a Chinese philosopher and politician who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)你给我的诸多鼓励激发了我写作的动力。
A great deal of encouragement which you gave me inspired my motivation for writing.
(2022·全国甲卷)6月8号的世界海洋日旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。
World Ocean Day which/that falls on June 8th is aimed at raising people’s awareness of ocean conservation.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.关系副词引导的定语从句运用于写作
(2023·全国甲卷)孔子的影响在现代中国社会仍然可以看到，他的学说仍被研究和应用于日常生活中。
Confucius’ influence can still be seen in modern Chinese society， where his teachings continue to be studied and applied in daily life.
(2021·浙江1月卷)首先，我们会带你们参观我们的学校，然后在当地的一家餐馆吃饭，在那里你们可以尝尝地道的中国菜。
First， you’ll be shown around our school and have lunch at a local restaurant， where you can have a taste of authentic Chinese food.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句运用于写作
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)那么，为什么他突然强迫我做一件我肯定会失败的事情呢
So，why did he suddenly force me to do something at which I was sure to fail
(2022·全国乙卷)对于学生们来说，使他们学习受益最大的就是读英语书，他们可以从中学习在课堂上学不到的东西。
For students， what is most beneficial to their study is reading English books， from which they can learn what they can’t in class.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.非限制性定语从句运用于写作
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)我解释了我为什么选择这个特殊的主题，甚至在舞台上表演了一个角色，扮演Revere的马，这让观众笑了出来。
I explained why I chose this special subject and even acted out one role-play as Revere’s horse on the stage， which made the audience laugh out.
(2023·北京卷)首先，我建议组织一次环城徒步旅行，探索北京的绿色空间，这将使参与者体验到城市公园的美丽。
To begin with， I suggest organizing a walking tour around the city to explore the green spaces in Beijing， which will allow participants to experience the beauty of the city’s parks.

展开更多......

收起↑