资源简介

(共72张PPT)
1.一般现在时结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式；
2.一般过去时结构为谓语动词用过去式形式；
3.一般将来时结构为will＋动词原形；
4.现在进行时结构为am/is/are＋现在分词；
5.过去进行时结构为was/were＋现在分词；
6.将来进行时结构为will＋be＋现在分词；
7.现在完成时结构为have/has＋过去分词；
8.过去完成时结构为had＋过去分词；
9.过去将来时结构为would＋动词原形；
10.现在完成进行时结构为have/has been＋现在分词。
考点精讲一　动词的时态
1一般现在时
(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always、 usually、 often、 sometimes、 every day等。
A decent winner always tries to beat the opponent by no more than one or two points as a gesture (姿态) of respect for the other side.(2025·全国一卷)
一个有风度的胜者总是尽量只以一分或两分的优势击败对手，以此向对方表示尊重。
(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时)。
The teacher told us the Earth moves around the Sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于go、 arrive、 leave、 start、 return、 begin、 come、 take off 等动词(短语)。
The flight takes off at 8：30 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五8：30 起飞。
(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
This movie tells a story about a young man’s journey to find his true self.
这部电影讲述了一个年轻人寻找自我的故事。
2一般过去时
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有yesterday、 last year、 three years ago、 the other day等。
She only started to exercise seven years ago after having a wake-up call.(2025·全国二卷)
七年前的一次警醒事件之后，她才开始锻炼。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
As a little girl，I wished to be a zookeeper when I grew up.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
作为一个小女孩，我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。
(3)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就会立刻把这个消息告诉她。
3一般将来时
(1)“shall/will＋动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下个月退休。
—What time is it
—I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.
——几点了
——我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
“I’m going to inspire so many people，” she said.“I’m ready to shine.”(2023·全国乙卷)
“我要激励很多人，”她说，“我已经准备好发光了。”
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云，要下雨了。
(3)“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
I am to meet Mr Brown at his workplace at 11 o’clock this morning.今天上午 11点我要去Brown先生的工作场所见他。
(4)“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。
Work is about to start on a new factory building.新厂房即将动工。
【对点练习1】
1.The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue ____________ (tell) you the story.
2.The three-day Ludlow Food Festival ___________ (be) held each September.(2025·全国二卷)
3.We ____________ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job.(2021·全国甲卷)
will tell
is
hired
4现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
Now，I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
现在，我通过帮助熊猫饲养员用英语完成他们的工作，间接地实现了那个梦想。
(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如go、 come、 leave、 arrive、 start、 move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
John和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always、 often、 constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感彩(可褒可贬)。
The girl is always talking aloud in public，which makes her parents annoyed.
这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话，这使得她的父母很烦。
5过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at 11 o’clock this morning.今天上午11点Green太太正在准备午餐。
(2)表示与另一个过去的动作同时发生，常与when或while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见的动词有go、 come、 leave、 start、 arrive等。
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
6将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作。
Don’t phone me between five and six.We’ll be having dinner then.
不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。
【对点练习2】
1.She ____________ (play) with the cellphone when her boss walked into the office.
2.Next Friday I will go to another concert.They __________________ (play) something by Mozart at that time.
3.—Hi，let’s go skating.
—Sorry，I’m busy right now.I ____________ (fill) in an application form for a new job.
was playing
will be playing
am filling
7现在完成时
(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有already、 ever、 just(刚刚)、 yet等。
As a photographer，I have spent the last two years recording everything I discovered.(2023·全国乙卷)
作为一名摄影师，在过去的两年里，我一直在记录我所发现的一切。
(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常用的时间状语有lately、 recently、 until now、 ever since、 in the last (past) few days/years、 up to now、 so far等。
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years，transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility，especially among young children.(2025·全国一卷)
虽然近年来我们的街道在安全性方面可能有所提升，但交通研究也表明，行人的出行活跃度出现了下降，尤其是对于年幼的孩子而言。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)下列句型常用现在完成时。
①This/That/It is the first/second/…time that＋现在完成时.
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次作演讲。
②This/That/It is the best/most interesting/…＋名词＋that＋现在完成时.
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的小说。
8过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间或事件之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。常见的时间状语有by＋过去时间点、 by the end of＋过去时间点、 by the time＋从句、 until/before/since＋过去时间点或从句等。
She lived with a family she had never met and everything was new to her.(2023·全国乙卷)
她和一个素未谋面的家庭住在一起，一切对她来说都是新鲜的。
(2)在hardly/scarcely…when…、 no sooner…than…等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly、 scarcely和no sooner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
His sister had scarcely heard the terrible news when she burst into tears.
=Scarcely had his sister heard the terrible news when she burst into tears.
他的妹妹一听到这个骇人听闻的消息就放声大哭起来。
(3)动词hope、 expect、 mean、 intend、 want、 suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to go home from work ahead of time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
【对点练习3】
1.Before getting into the car，I thought I ____________ (learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he ____________ (say) to me altogether.
2.For thousands of years，people ____________ (tell) fables (寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on wisdom.(2023·全国甲卷)
3.I ____________ (expect) to get first prize in the contest but the result made me disappointed.
had learned
had said
have told
had expected
9过去将来时
(1)表示在过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在主句谓语动词为过去时态的宾语从句中。过去将来时句子中有时包含时间状语the next day、 soon等。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were going to＋动词原形、 was/were to＋动词原形和was/were about to＋动词原形。
①“was/were going to＋动词原形”表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。
He told me he was going to get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。
②“was/were about to＋动词原形”表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were about to do…when…，意为“正要做某事时，这时/突然……”。
We were about to leave when a big noise came from the next room.
我们正要离开时，隔壁房间突然发出了巨大的响声。
10现在完成进行时
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直为我们的杂志撰写文章。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。
【对点练习4】
1.—Where is Peter I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and ___________________ (write) his essay there ever since.
2.Albert Einstein was born in 1879. When he was a child，few people guessed that he ____________ (be) a famous scientist whose theories ________________ (change) the world.
has been writing
would be
would change
【注意】除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：
(1)It has been/is＋时间段＋since＋从句(一般过去时).
(2)祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句(通常用一般将来时).
(3)It is (high/about) time that＋从句(谓语通常用一般过去时或should＋动词原形).
(4)…was/were doing sth when＋从句(一般过去时).
1.The twins ____________ (stew) the chicken porridge when their father marched into the kitchen.
2.It’s high time that we _________________ (take) urgent measures to protect water resources.
3.As it ____________ (be) many years since I last used one，I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house. (2024·浙江1月卷)
were stewing
took/should take
has been
4.Give up in winter，and you ____________ (miss) the hope of spring，the beauty of summer，and the harvest of autumn in your life.
5.Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on what could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they ____________ (raise).
6.Since that first morning in 1978，I ____________________ (follow) the habit to this day，not making or accepting many excuses for not writing.
7.There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven，then being outdoors ____________ (be) a habit for life.
will miss
had raised
have been following
will be
1.一般过去时的被动语态结构为was/were＋过去分词；
2.过去进行时的被动语态结构为was/were＋being＋过去分词；
3.过去完成时的被动语态结构为had been＋过去分词；
4.一般现在时的被动语态结构为is/am/are＋过去分词；
5.现在进行时的被动语态结构为is/am/are＋being＋过去分词；
6.现在完成时的被动语态结构为have/has been＋过去分词；
7.带情态动词的被动语态结构为情态动词＋be＋过去分词；
8.一般将来时的被动语态结构为will＋be＋过去分词；
9.将来完成时的被动语态结构为will＋have been＋过去分词；
10.将来进行时的被动语态结构为will＋be＋being＋过去分词。
考点精讲二　动词的语态
1被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
—The window is dirty.
—I know.It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
——窗户脏了。
——我知道。好几周没擦了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.
除了经理以外，所有的员工都被鼓励在家线上办公。
(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态，如have (有)、 cost (花费)、 lack (缺少)、 suit (适合)、 belong to (属于)、 suffer from (遭受)、 date from/back to (追溯到)、 consist of (由……组成)、 take part in (参加)等。
I bought a book from Xinhua Bookstore，which cost 15 yuan.
我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。
She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.
她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.
狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有happen/take place/occur (发生)、 remain (剩下)、 break out (爆发)、 last (持续)、 come out (出版)、 come up (被提出)、 lose heart (失去信心)、 run out (用完)。　
Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.(2025·全国一卷)
在 20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代，澳大利亚也开展了类似的运动。
A big fire broke out in the area last week.
上周那个地区发生了一场大型火灾。
(5)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2主动形式表示被动意义的结构
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read、 write、 sell、 wash、 clean、 cook、 draw等，常与well、 easily、 smoothly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
The sign reads as follows.告示如下。
The shirt doesn’t wash well.
这件衬衫不好洗。
Her new book is very interesting and sells well.
她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2)系动词如smell、 taste、 feel、 look、 sound、 prove等后接形容词作表语。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(3)open、 close、 lock、 move、 keep等动词常与won’t、 can’t和wouldn’t 连用。
No matter what he did to the door，it wouldn’t open.不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。
(4)在need、 want、 require、 deserve、 bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
The film is really worth seeing.
这部电影的确值得一看。
(5)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice、 easy、 fit、 hard、 difficult、 important、 impossible、 pleasant、 interesting等。
The math problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
这道数学题很难计算。
Do you think the water is safe to drink
你认为这水喝着安全吗
(6)be to blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
这个错误应该归咎于谁
【对点练习】
1.The city ______________________ (recognize) as the musical capital of Europe since the 16th century.
2.My washing machine ___________________ (repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
3.Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，____________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
4.We all feel it is Jack as well as his wife that is ____________ (blame) for their son’s bad performance at school.
has been recognized
is being repaired
is regarded
to blame
1.After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ____________ (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems…”(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
2.It’s a pity that few students nowadays are keen on reading classics which I think are really worth ____________ (read).
3.The medical team which ____________ (consist) of three doctors and five nurses has set off for Shanghai.
4.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had ____________ (carry) out in the past two years.
5.I remember the day during our first week of class when we ___________________ (inform) about our semester(学期) project of volunteering at a non-profit organization.
is designed
reading
consists
been carried
were informed
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
考点精讲三　主谓一致
1.语法一致原则
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：
(1)根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数；
(2)主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数；
(3)主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数；
(4)主语后面跟有with、 together with、 except、 but、 as well as、 rather than、 besides、 including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致；
(5)主语为someone、 anyone、 everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数；
(6)定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致；
(7)“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.意义一致原则
(1)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数；
(2)“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；
(3)the majority of、 the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数；
(4)“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数；
(5)family、 group、 team、 class、 government等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3.就近一致原则
(1)在there be和here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致；
(2)or、 not only…but also…、 not…but…、 either…or…、 whether…or…、 neither…nor…等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)
【注意】用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如bread and butter (黄油面包片)，knife and fork (刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2“形复意单”名词，如news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称，如physics、 mathematics和economics；国名，如the United States；报纸名，如the New Times；书名，如The Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；组织名，如the United Nations(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
3“no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有充分的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
4“all/the remaining/the part等＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的第一部分很生动，但余下部分非常枯燥。
5“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。
6people、 police、 cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
“What is your name ” is a question most frequently asked when people meet for the first time.(2025·全国二卷)
“你叫什么名字 ”是人们初次见面时最常问的一个问题。
7一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods、 stairs、 arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A number of people rushed into the supermarket when the goods were sold at a discount.
当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。
8单复数同形的名词，如means、 deer、 sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。
Every means has been tried to complete the project ahead of time.
为了提前完成这个项目，所有的方法都尝试了。
Deer，those majestic and graceful creatures，play a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of the forest.
鹿，那些雄伟而优雅的生物，在维持森林的生态平衡方面起着至关重要的作用。
9what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he said is far from the truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的教师。
10a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数；后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
11在倒装句中，谓语动词的单复数形式常与其后最接近的主语的单复数形式一致。
In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.
远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
12在疑问句中，依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。
Is either Tom or you to be sent to work there
是Tom还是你要被派去那里工作
【对点练习】
1.The teacher and poet often ____________ (give) lectures around the city.
2.I think Tim，rather than you，____________ (be) to blame for the incident；that is to say，you are innocent.
3.As far as I know，his family ____________ not very large but the family ____________ all music lovers.(be)
4.The poor ____________ (be) looked down upon in the old days.
5.Mathematics ____________ (be) my favorite subject because it trains my logical thinking.
6.There ____________ (be) an old man and two boys waiting for you in the doorway.
gives
is
is
are
were
is
is
1.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ____________ (be) previously unprotected…(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
2.Moreover，having a system in the same building where it’s eaten ____________ (mean) zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)
3.Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection ____________ (be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)
were
means
is
1.can/could的意义及用法
考点精讲四　情态动词
can 表示能力，意为“能够”；表示请求；表示许可；表示推测，can’t意为“不可能”；表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生，can’t表示客观条件不允许
could 表示委婉语气
2.may/might的意义及用法
(1)表示请求；(2)表示许可，不用might；(3)表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定；(4)may as well意为“还是……好”。
3.must的意义及用法
(1)must表示必须，肯定回答用must；(2)否定回答用needn’t；(3)must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句，意为“一定”；(4)must表示“非要；偏偏”；(5)mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推测。
4.should的意义及用法
(1)表示推测，意为“按理说应当”；(2)表示“竟然”；(3)should (not) do sth=ought (not) to do sth (不)应该做某事。
5.shall的意义及用法
(1)用于第一人称，表示将要做某事；(2)用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求；(3)用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事；(4)用于第二、三人称，表示说话人向对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6.dare/need的意义及用法
(1)dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not；
(2)dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词do/does，且其后要加 (to) do；
(3)其用法简单总结为：有助有to，无助无to。
7.will/would 的意义及用法
(1)表示意愿、意志；(2)表示事物的属性；(3)表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”；(4)would/used to表示过去的习惯。
1用于固定习语中
can’t/can never…too/enough (无论……也不为过；越……越好)
You can’t be too careful when crossing a busy street.
=You can’t be careful enough when crossing a busy street.
你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2can与be able to的区别
(1)can只有一般现在时和一般过去时；be able to则有更多的时态形式。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
今天下午我不能来。
(2)当表示经过努力才得以做成某事时应用be able to，不能用can。
He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
尽管下大雨，昨天晚上他还是去参加了聚会。
3must和have to 的区别
must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have to 则有更多的时态形式。
I really must go now.
我真的必须现在就走。
Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.(2025·全国一卷)
整片整片的街区被拆除，为新的公路网腾出空间，孩子们不得不去别的地方玩耍。
4ought to的用法
ought to意为“应该；应当”，没有人称和数的变化。ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtn’t to，其一般疑问句形式是将ought置于主语前。多数情况下，ought to可与should互换使用。
You should/ought to be listening.
你应该正在倾听。
5would与used to的区别
(1)would表示过去常常发生的动作或情况，但不强调与现在的对比。
When he worked there，he would have a walk along the river every morning.
当他在那儿工作的时候，他总是每天早晨沿着小河散步。
(2)used to表示的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。
He would sit in the park which used to be a factory reading for hours.他过去常坐在公园里读几个小时的书，这个公园曾经是一个工厂。
6“情态动词＋have done”的用法
对过去发生的事情或存在的状态进行推测 (1)must have done sth意为“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may (might) have done sth意为“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句或否定句中
(3)can (could) not have done sth意为“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句或疑问句中，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定
表示与过去
事实相反 (1)could have done sth表示“(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做”
(2)needn’t have done sth表示“(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了”
(3)ought to/should have done sth表示“(过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做”
(4)oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done sth表示“(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了”
(5)might have done sth表示“(过去)可能做了某事但实际上没做”
Since nobody gave him any help，he must have done the research on his own.
既然没有人帮助他，他一定是独自做的研究。
Could he have left the work unfinished
他有可能没完成工作吗
—The taxi driver is to blame for the serious accident.
—I can’t agree more.He shouldn’t have drunk.
——出租车司机应为这起严重的事故负责。
——我非常赞同。他本不应该喝酒的。(事实上已经喝了)
You needn’t have watered the flowers because it would rain soon.
你本不必浇花的，因为很快会下雨的。(事实上已经浇了)
I could have helped you but I was busy at that time.
我本可以帮你的，但是我当时很忙。(事实上没有帮)
【对点练习】
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)
1.—I don’t really like James.Why did you invite him
—Don’t worry.He ____________ come.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
2.I __________ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
3.He ____________ be our manager.Our manager has gone to Beijing.
4.You ____________ have done better，but you didn’t try your best.
5.I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning.She ___________ have spoken at the meeting.
6.Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman ____________ do that.
7.You ____________ play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.
8.You ____________ be punished for what you have done.
9.It ____________ have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.
10.I ____________ have taken the umbrella，for the weather is fine.
might not
can’t
can’t
could
couldn’t
should
mustn’t
shall
must
needn’t
1.I really did not know whether I ____________ continue correcting him or simply drop the matter.(2025·全国二卷)
2.You shouldn’t _________________ (scold) him for his poor performance.After all，he had done his best.
should
have scolded
1.wish/would rather/as if/if only从句中的虚拟语气
(1)对现在的虚拟：从句谓语用过去式 (be的过去式用were)；
(2)对过去的虚拟：从句谓语用had＋过去分词；
(3)对将来的虚拟：从句谓语用would/could/might/should＋动词原形，would rather从句中用一般过去时。
考点精讲五　虚拟语气
2.条件句中的虚拟语气
(1)if条件句中的虚拟语气：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were…，主语＋would/could/should/might do…
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done…，主语＋would/could/should/might have done…
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do…，主语＋would/could/should/might do…
(2)if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结构：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would/could/might have done…
(3)含蓄虚拟语气：
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有、but for要不是、otherwise/or否则、but但是等。句子结构同上面if条件句中的虚拟语气的结构。
3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形。这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)；
(2)以上动词用于“It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形；
(3)以上动词的名词形式如suggestion、 advice、 requirement等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形；
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb did/should do sth.也是常见的虚拟语气形式。
4.It is/was＋adj.＋that sb (should) do…和It is/was＋n.＋that sb (should) do…
在It is/was＋形容词(important、 essential、 necessary、 strange、 natural、 etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity、 a rule、 a shame、 a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形。
1虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
if条件句中有were、 had或should时，可以省略if，并把were、 had或should放在主语前，构成倒装结构。
If I were in your position，I would do the same.
→Were I in your position，I would do the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。
If you had come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
→Had you come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
如果你来得更早些，你就会赶上那辆公交车了。
If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
2错综时间虚拟条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
3表示“建议、坚持、要求”等动词后的宾语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should＋)动词原形”的虚拟结构。当suggest表示“暗示；表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital.
这位老人坚持说他没有病，不应该被送往医院。
【对点练习】
1.The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people.If only I ____________ (be) there before!
2.Our only request is that this __________________ (settle) as soon as possible.
3.I believe he must have had an accident； otherwise he ____________________ (arrive) on time.
4.If you ____________ (take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.
5.How I wish every student ____________ (have) a scientific and systematic study method!
had been
(should) be settled
would have arrived
had taken
had
1.If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I ____________ (not； be) where I am.(2020·江苏卷)
2.I wish my mother ____________ (stop) interfering and let me make my own decisions.
3.My father suggests that I ____________ (get) enough sleep before the final examination.
4.My husband is always talking about the economy，but I’d rather he ____________ (focus) more on our children’s education.
wouldn’t be
would stop
(should) get
focused
课时作业
语法速测1　[谓语动词]
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ
答案 见答案 见答案
答案速对
1.Jack ________________ (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
2.Jenny should ______________ (keep) her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
3.This led to the reappearance of the city that ____________ (sink) decades before without any prior investigations.
4.In the past decades，efforts ____________________ (make) by Mentougou District to preserve this signature folk dance culture.
5.During that period，the art form _________________ (bring) to Yazhou Town in today’s Pingtang County，Guizhou Province from Jiangxi Province.
6.Today，the time-honored folk art of the Jingxi Taiping Drum _________________ (take) up by the young people and is presenting its lively artistic charm on a global stage.
层级一　基础达标练
Ⅰ.考点分层演练
was working
have kept
had sunk
have been made
was brought
is being taken
7.The money ___________________ (distribute) over a four-year period and is aimed at helping approximately 1，000 homeless people in the county of Arvada.
8.In addition，Xuan paper ________________ (design) to be able to last for more than 1，000 years and still keep the freshness of the ink and color on it.
9.The action of pouring hot water over fine powdered tea is called dian，hence the name dian cha，which ______________ (list) as an intangible cultural heritage of Runzhou District，Zhenjiang City，Jiangsu Province，in 2019.
10.The shock victories have thrilled success-starved Chinese fans who named humorously the overachieving teams “the light of Asian soccer”，while topics related to the wins _______________ (become) top trending news on Chinese social media ever since.
will be distributed
is designed
was listed
have become
1.For two weeks in March，Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant ________________ (rename) wastED，and served items like fried skate cartilage…(2025·全国Ⅱ卷改编)
2.Are you looking for a way to bring your family together Hoping to find a hobby that can ____________ (share) by both the little ones and adults (2025·全国Ⅱ卷改编)
3.Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still ________________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.(2023·全国甲卷)
4.The remarkable development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world，____________ (mean) there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.(2023·全国乙卷)
5.When we slow down，we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions，which helps us identify important areas of our lives and ____________ (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.(2024·北京卷)
层级二　高考真题练
was renamed
be shared
be employed
means
gives
6.My heart went out to him，and I ____________ (jog) over to him. As I handed him the glasses，he looked at me and said，“Thanks!”(2024·北京卷)
7.Further，the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ____________ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road，by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
8.What should ____________ (do) with such a beautiful place They wondered out loud. (2024·全国甲卷)
9.On a cool，starry night in mid-September 1870，four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in what is now northwestern Wyoming. They ____________ (be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there. (2024·全国甲卷)
10. Two years later，a six-meter-tall pavilion，inspired by The Peony Pavilion，____________ (build) at the Firs Garden，just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)
jogged
walks
be done
were
was built
Passage 1　时态、语态与主谓一致篇
Like other big cities，Paris also has a traffic problem： lots of cars，traffic jams and traffic pollution. So since 2007，the city 1.____________ (start) a plan to improve the situation.
Under the project，people can take a bicycle，2.____________ (use) it as long as they want，and then leave it at the same or another bicycle station. The first half-hour 3.____________ (be) free，but if you don’t return it after 30 minutes，you have to pay. It’s only $1 or $29 a year. The bicycles are as heavy as 25 kilograms，and they’re all grey and have baskets. There 4._________ (be) a large number of them in the city，and the bicycle stations are more than the subway stations!
Paris isn’t the first city operate a project like this. One Parisian said，“These bicycles are only suitable for short journeys. If people want to travel across the city，they won’t use a bicycle—they 5.____________ (drive) their cars.”
层级三　语篇提能练
has started
use
is
are
will drive
A city spokesman said，“The bicycle project won’t solve all our traffic problems，but it might work in reducing air pollution. Traffic，together with factory fumes，6.___________ (be) a big problem. Everyone knows about global warming and dramatic climate changes—we know this is partly because rainforests are gradually disappearing. And it’s also because our Earth 7.___________________ (pollute) every day. There 8.____________ (be) not any simple answers
to traffic problems and pollution in cities，but the bicycles might help people lead to healthier
life. Unless we 9.__________ (do) something now，there’ll be more traffic jams and temperatures 10._______________ (continue) to rise，so the problems in our environment will get even worse.”
is
is being polluted
are
do
will continue
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴黎为改善交通问题实施的自行车计划，包括其运作方式、优缺点等，并对该计划在解决交通和污染问题上的作用进行了阐述。
1.has started　【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据上文中的“since 2007”可知，此处应用现在完成时；又因主语the city表达单数概念，助动词应用单数形式，故填has started。
2.use　【解析】 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，跟在情态动词can后的三个谓语动词take、 use、 leave为并列关系，应用动词原形。
3.is　【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据上下文可知，此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语The first half-hour表达单数概念，动词应用单数形式，故填is。
4.are　【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据上下文可知，此处应用一般现在时；There be句型为倒装句，真正的主语a large number of bicycles为复数，谓语应用复数形式，故填are。
5.will drive　【解析】 考查动词的时态。if引导的条件状语从句遵从“主将从现”的原则，主句内容应用一般将来时。
6.is　【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。当句子中出现together with、 along with、 with、 as well、 except等介词(短语)时，谓语动词单复数要和第一个主语的单复数保持一致，本句主语为Traffic，表达单数概念，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，故填is。
7.is being polluted　【解析】 考查动词的时态和语态及主谓一致。根据上下文可知，此处应用现在进行时；分析句子结构可知，主语Earth和谓语pollute为动宾关系，应用现在进行时的被动语态；又因主语为单数概念，动词应用单数形式，故填is being polluted。
8.are　【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据上下文可知，此处应用一般现在时；There be句型为倒装句，真正的主语simple answers为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填are。
9.do　【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。 分析句子可知，unless引导的条件状语从句遵从“主将从现”的原则，从句应用一般现在时；又因主语we为复数概念，谓语动词也应用复数形式，故填do。
10.will continue　【解析】 考查动词的时态。and连接两个并列句，前句谓语使用了一般将来时，空格处也应用一般将来时。
Passage 2　情态动词与虚拟语气篇
I 1.____________ have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2.____________ (dance) as well as her.No one 3.____________ be compared with her in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4._______________(do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5.____________ say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6._________________ (not； allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7.____________ obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student 8.______________
(not； wear) school uniform，he would be punished immediately.According to the rules，students 9.____________ get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10.____________ be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.
needn’t
danced
can
should do/did
will
(should) not allow
must
didn’t wear
shall
should
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者来新学校后的情况。
1.needn’t　【解析】 句意：因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。表示本不需要做某事，应用needn’t。
2.danced　【解析】 wish 后的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反时，应用一般过去时。
3.can　【解析】 句意：没有人能跳得和她一样好。表示能力应用can。
4.should do/did　【解析】 句型it is high time that sb should do/did sth意为“到了某人该做某事的时候了”。
5.will　【解析】 句意：每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will表示意愿。
6.(should) not allow　【解析】 recommend后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
7.must　【解析】 句意：学生必须服从校规。must 表示强制。
8.didn’t wear　【解析】 因为主句谓语用would do，表示对现在的虚拟，条件状语从句中谓语应用过去式。
9.shall　【解析】 shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应该；必须”。
10.should　【解析】 句意：我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷于《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 should在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。
1.时态的交叉使用
(2023·全国甲卷)他的学说被编纂成了一本名为《论语》的书，这本书已经被研究了几个世纪。
His teachings were compiled into a book called The Analects，which has been studied for centuries.
(2022·浙江1月卷)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴得知你在家乡过着幸福的生活。
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Though I felt a little sorry that you left China last year，I am pleased to know you are leading a happy life in your hometown.
Ⅱ.语法链接写作
2.利用“主将从现”的规律
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)如果学生和一个不好相处或沟通有困难的人在一起，他们会感到不舒服或缺乏动力。
Students will feel uncomfortable or less motivated if they are paired with someone they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
(2021·北京卷)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。
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If you are available next Sunday，I will wait for you at the school gate and I’m sure we will have a good time together.
3.被动语态的适当运用
(2023·上海6月卷)我希望通过分享我的个人故事，其他人能受到启发，在自己童年的爱好和梦想中获得快乐和成长。
I hope that by sharing my personal story，others will be inspired to find joy and growth in their own childhood hobbies and dreams.
(2022·全国乙卷)很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电影的学生的比例分别是65%和50%。
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It can easily be seen that the percentages of students who choose listening to English songs and watching English movies are respectively 65% and 50%.
4.虚拟语气巧利用
(1)if条件句的虚拟
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)如果我没有充分利用这次机会为写作比赛做准备，我就不会获得一等奖。
If I hadn’t made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest，I wouldn’t have gained first prize.
(2021·新高考Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
__________________________________________________________________________________
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Youth，I wouldn’t have made such great progress in English.
(2)利用“It’s high time that…”表虚拟
(2022·全国甲卷)总之，到我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。
__________________________________________________________________________________
(3)should的适当运用
(2021·上海6月卷)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。
I recommend that you should take the Listening and Speaking course first for the following reasons.
按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。
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In a word，it is high time that we should raise/raised our awareness of environmental protection.
It is required that anyone who wants to participate should arrive at the lecture hall on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)如果没有老师的鼓励，我是不可能获奖的。
Without my teacher’s encouragement，I couldn’t have won the prize.
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
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But for/Without her help and professional instruction，I couldn’t have made such great progress in English study.
5.利用句型，“亮”化句子
(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷)只有根据学生的语言能力和个人偏好进行配对，才能确保营造一个互助支持、成效显著的学习环境。
Only by pairing up students based on their language abilities and personal preference can such an approach ensure a supportive and productive learning environment.
(2023·全国乙卷)从学习经历中，我完全懂得了，只有通过大量练习，我们才能克服各种困难。
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From the learning experience，I fully understand that only by practicing a lot can we overcome many kinds of difficulties.

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