资源简介

(共37张PPT)
Unit 6
Nature in words
Developing ideas—Writing
To get some knowledge about poems and appreciate three poems
To learn to write your own poem
Learning objectives
What is a poem
A poem is a composition with rhythmic balance expressing ideas or experiences or feelings.
A poem is a literary work that is not in verse but deals with emotional or descriptive themes in a rhythmic form.
A poem is a piece of writing in which the words are arranged in separate lines, often ending in rhyme, and are chosen for their sound and for the images and ideas they suggest.
Warming up
A Grain of Sand
William Blake
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
Have you read the poem
Do you remember any poems you have read, either in Chinese or in English
How long will the bright moon appear Wine-cup in hand, I ask the sky.
I do not know what time of year,
It would be tonight in the palace on high.
水调歌头 苏轼
明月几时有？把酒问青天。
不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年。
There are many reasons why people write poems. Make a list of these reasons.
People write poems to…
tell a story
express feelings
recall an enjoyable or unpleasant incident
tell the life, friendship, or romance
delight the kids
describe the seasons or scenes
for entertainment
as the lyric of a song
…
Read the poems and tick the correct box(es) for each question.
“A Leaf Falls with Loneliness” by E.E. Cummings
排版既强化了它要传达的信息，又会加强读者的情感回应。loneliness孤独，寂寞， loneliness 被单独放在括号外，强调了词的本身含义。a leaf falls中的字母被括了起来，分隔在不同的诗行之中。有的诗行放了一个字母， 有的诗行放了两个字母，表达一片树叶独自飘落。字母的位置也映现出树叶摇摇摆摆落到地面之前的轨迹。
Poem a
From “The Star” by Jane Taylor
Poem b
She wore her yellow sun-bonnet,
She wore her greenest gown;
She turned to the south wind
And curtsied up and down.
She turned to the sunlight
And shook her yellow head,
And whispered to her neighbor:
“Winter is dead.”
“Daffodowndilly” by A. A. Milne
Poem c
Rhyme is a typical feature of English poetry. A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (or the same sound) in two or more words. Children’s poems, called “nursery rhymes”, usually contain strong rhymes so they are easy to be remembered. In modern poetry, however, features other than rhyme are more important. Lines of modern poetry can be of variable length, the shape of the words on the page is more important, and rhyme is not often used.
Rhyme, also spelled rime, the correspondence of two or more words with similar-sounding final syllables placed so as to echo one another. Rhyme is used by poets and occasionally by prose writers to produce sounds appealing to the reader’s senses and to unify and establish a poem’s stanza (节，段) form.
押韵体现诗歌之美
韵脚（rhyme）是指诗、词、歌、赋等韵文句末押韵的词。因其位置一般都出现在一句的末尾，故称“韵脚”。无论是英文诗歌还是中文诗歌，押韵是常见的特征，它们赋予诗歌节奏和音乐之美。
押韵的常见方式有随韵，如Poem b，“Twinkle, twinkle, little star”是一首英文童谣（nursery rhyme），相邻两句拥有相同的韵脚star — are，high — sky。这类诗歌朗读起来节奏感强，朗朗上口，易于吟唱与识记，符合儿童语言发展以及心理认知特征。
Poem c使用了隔行押韵的方式，第二句与第四句尾gown —
down拥有相同韵脚，第六句与第八句尾head — dead拥有相同韵脚。这种押韵方式一般是奇句不押韵，偶句押韵。与古代诗歌相比，现代诗歌形式多样，长短不一，也不严格遵循音律特征。例如Poem a的呈现形式酷似一片翩翩落地的树叶，将飘零与孤寂之感融入诗歌外在表现形式。
Metaphor
A metaphor is one of the most common figures of speech that is used to describe an object, person, situation, or action in a creative way that helps a reader understand it better. The comparison is usually not literal and the two things might be vastly different.
rhetorical devices
暗喻是将两个不相关但具有某些共同特征的事物进行含蓄的、暗示的或隐含的比较。
That test was a total breeze.
那次考试真是易如反掌。
breeze微风；轻而易举的事。
Simile
A simile is a comparison between two unlike things that uses the words “like” or “as”. A poet uses this kind of figurative language to say that one thing is similar to another, not like metaphor, that it “is” another.
The biggest difference between metaphor and simile is that similes say that something is “like” something else, or “as” something else, rather than actually being that thing.
诗歌中常用明喻、暗喻和拟人修辞手法。
明喻是将两个不同的事物做比较，展示二者的相同之处。一般借助like或as这样的词来描绘相似之处。
The mountains were like enormous shadows on the horizon. 群山像地平线上巨大的阴影。
Her cheeks are red like a rose.
她的脸颊像玫瑰一样红。
Personification
Personification is a literary device that entails the projection of human characteristics onto inanimate (无生命的) objects in order to create powerful imagery. But, not only objects, other less physical things such as forces of nature (love and death) as well as animals can be transformed through personification.
拟人是指把人类的情感、欲望、感觉、手势和语言等赋予人类以外的事物。这些人类以外的事物可以是物体、事件、动植物等。
The branches waved in the wind.
树枝在风中摇曳。
The sun was smiling. 太阳在微笑。
Which poem… a b c
…uses its shape to help convey message
… has rhyming words at the end of lines
…uses metaphor
… uses simile
... uses personification
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Think about words and expressions related to nature and add them to the mind map.
lots of fish
NATURE
sea
birds
rainforest
mountains
what your poem will be about
what kind of poem you are going to write
what figures of speech you will use
what words you can use for that rhyme (if using rhyme)
Plan a poem. Consider the following:
诗歌是高度概括、反映社会生活的文学体裁，也是最富有激情和感彩的体裁。诗歌往往用高度凝练的语言来表达诗人的喜怒哀乐，诗人把自己对生活和客观世界的理解和感悟融入诗中。诗歌可以以其特有的节奏与方式影响人们的精神世界，饱含着作者丰富的思想感情。
如何写英文诗歌
1. 目的明确。人们写诗歌出于各种各样的目的，有的是为了讲述一个故事，有的是为了表达感情，有的是为了描述事物等等。
2. 内容充实。诗歌要言之有物，传达出作者对外在世界的独特感受，所表现的题材要有深刻丰富的内心体验。
3. 形式适当。在写诗歌时要注意选择一种既能实现写作目的又能驾驭的形式。
五行诗。第一行：一个名词（主题）；第二行：两个形容词（描写主题）；第三行：三个动词-ing形式（与主题相关的动作）；第四行：四个词（作者感受）；第五行：一个词（回归主题）。
Kitty
Naughty, sleepy
Chasing, tearing, licking
Day in, night out
Meow
清单诗。可长可短，可以重复一些短语，形成固定句型和诗的节奏。可以有韵脚，也可以没有。
What moves me
It moves me ...
When my family around the table have holiday feasts.
When my father mends my bicycle with oil-covered hands.
When my mother waits a long time for me at the school gate.
When my grandpa holds Grandma’s hands while crossing the street.
When my sister sings a sweet lullaby (摇篮曲) to her baby.
When my pet cat licks her kittens softly.
4. 语言得当。诗歌的语言不同于我们的日常用语，也不同于一般的小说和散文的语言。诗人只有对实用语言加以“破坏、改造”，如英国著名诗人艾略特所说的那样“扭断语法的脖子”，才能使之成为诗歌的语言。
5. 有节奏感。在语言的外观上，诗歌通常是以分行排列的方式呈现，且要有和谐的音韵，鲜明的节奏。诗歌的押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定的音韵效果，一首诗歌的押韵具有一定的规律，尤其是在诗句的末尾，即尾韵。
Spring, the sweet Spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing,
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
(Spring by Thomas Nash)
Now write your poem.
Work in pairs. Make improvements to each other’s poems and share them with the class.
There once was a boy who thought,
He could eat all the sweets he had bought.
He gobbled them down,
Then started to frown,
Cause he’d eaten more than he ought.
中文格律诗较英文格律诗的优势
1) 中文格律诗的格式、字数更整齐，兼具音韵美和形体美，还可以用对仗等其他语言格律诗很难做到的技巧格式。
2) 同音字多，同韵字多，更方便押韵。
3) 依托悠久深邃的文化，可以用很多典故，有利于言简易意深的含蓄表达。
4) 句法更灵活，成分可以省略，倒装也十分灵活。
Discuss the similarities and differences between Chinese and English poems.
英文格律诗较中文格律诗的优势
1) 以英语为依托，在世界范围内更易懂，受众群体更广泛。
2) 更容易表现和吸收其他文化元素。
3) 押韵方式更灵活，有abab，abba以及其他隔句押韵的方式。
诗歌相关语块
The Book of Songs is the earliest existing collection of Chinese poems and songs.
《诗经》是现存最早的中国诗歌总集。
More than any other form of literature, poetry plays with sounds, words and grammar.
诗歌比其它任何一种文学形式都更讲究发声、词汇和语法的运用。
Poetry often follows special patterns of rhythm and rhyme.
诗歌常常遵循专门的节奏和押韵格式。
Chinese readers admire his works because of his use of surprising images that reminds them of the works of poets such as ....
中国读者欣赏他的作品，是因为他使用令人惊奇的意象，使人想起……等诗人的作品。
The style and atmosphere in their poems often led to comparison with poets such as ....
他们的诗作的风格和氛围常常使人把他们与……等诗人相提并论。
Poetry calls up all the colors, feelings, experiences and curious images of a dream world.
诗歌能唤起梦幻世界的一切色彩、感情、经历和各种奇特的意象。
Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves.
—Tagore
使生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美。
—泰戈尔
用英语写一首五行诗。
第一行：一个名词（主题）；第二行：两个形容词（描写主题）；第三行：三个动词-ing形式（与主题相关的动作）；第四行：四个词（作者感受）；第五行：一个词（回归主题）。
Kitty
Naughty, sleepy
Chasing, tearing, licking
Day in, night out
Meow
Homework

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