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Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries 单元测试
2026年8年级下学期英语
（沪教版五四学制2024版上海专用）
(总分：100分，考试时间：90分钟)
姓名：________ 班级：________ 学号：________ 得分：________
Part 2 Grammar and Vocabulary (第二部分 语法与词汇)
II. Grammar and Vocabulary (10 points)
Complete the passage using the correct choices. (语法填空)
When we think of great inventions, the wheel, the telephone, or the computer often come to mind. However, some of the most amazing discoveries happened ___1___ accident. Take penicillin (青霉素) for example. In 1928, a Scottish scientist, Alexander Fleming, was cleaning up his messy lab before going on holiday. He noticed that a strange mould had grown on some bacteria dishes he had left out. ___2___ his surprise, the mould had killed the bacteria around it. Fleming realized this mould could ___3___ be a powerful medicine.
Before this discovery, there were no effective treatments for many serious illnesses caused by bacteria. A simple infection could change the ___4___ of a person’s life, or even end it. Fleming’s discovery was just the beginning. Years later, other scientists took a ___5___ look at his work. They found a way to produce large quantities of the medicine, which is now known as penicillin. It was ___6___ used in hospitals to treat wounded soldiers during World War II. This discovery has since saved millions of lives. It is considered one of the greatest medical breakthroughs in history. Because of his great work, Fleming ___7___ the Nobel Prize in 1945, which he shared with two other scientists. Today, we can still see the original mould sample Fleming kept, ___8___ it is preserved in a museum in London. This story shows us that sometimes, great discoveries need not only a sharp eye, ___9___ a prepared mind. That’s ___10___ Alexander Fleming did. He saw something unexpected and took the time to understand it.
1. A. in B. by C. for
2. A. In B. At C. To
3. A. must B. might C. can
4. A. course B. cause C. cost
5. A. close B. closer C. closely
6. A. wide B. widely C. width
7. A. awards B. was awarding C. was awarded
8. A. and B. but C. or
9. A. but also B. or C. besides
10. A. what B. that C. which
III. Cloze with word bank (8 points)
(A)
Read the passage and choose the correct words from the box to fill in the blanks. (阅读短文，从方框中选择合适的词填空，每词限用一次，有一个多余选项)
A. number B. disappointed C. successful D. secretaries E. achieve
Over the past ten or twenty years, China has become the center of the world’s economy. There are all types of __1__ dustries in China. That’s why more and more people come to China to __2__ success outside their home countries’ borders.
China’s popularity as a business center has encouraged non-Chinese to learn the language. Since much of we buy today is made in China, many company bosses want __3__ and other personnel who can speak not only English but also Chinese. This shows how far China has grown. As a result, the __4__ of Chinese speakers has grown a lot over the years.
A. ancient B. consider C. purposes D. pale E. require
While many people start learning a language for business ___5___ some of them learn it get a better understanding of the country’s culture and people. China has one of the long distories in the world as well as a special culture and __6__ traditions. It’s not surprising the people are attracted to China to enjoy the rich culture it has to offer.
So, if foreigners are thinking about learning a new language, they should __7__ learning Chinese. But it’s not an easy language to learn. In many ways, it is certain to __8__ much your energy and efforts learning Chinese. You wouldn’t have too much trouble finding a job if you can speak and write Chinese!
IV. Word Formation (8 points)
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. (用所给单词的适当形式填空)
1. After years of hard work, they finally achieved their _______ (goal).
2. Tu Youyou’s _______ (discover) of artemisinin saved countless lives.
3. The wheel is one of the most important _______ (invent) in human history.
4. The scientist made his _______ (present) at the international conference.
5. She is a very _______ (create) artist who always has new ideas.
6. Alexander Fleming made his famous discovery _______ (accident).
7. This new machine can work _______ (automatic) without human control.
8. We should give them a very warm _______ (welcome).
V. Sentence Pattern Transformation (14 points)
Rewrite the sentences as required. (按要求改写句子)
1. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. (改为一般疑问句)
_______ the telephone _______ by Alexander Graham Bell
2. The invention of the Internet is a great achievement. (改为感叹句)
_______ _______ great achievement the invention of the Internet is!
3. There was nothing interesting in the museum, _______ _______ (改为反义疑问句)
4. He was so careless that he forgot to turn off the lab equipment. (改为同义句)
He was _______ careless _______ forget to turn off the lab equipment.
5. “Can you help clean up the lab after the experiment ” the teacher asked Tom. (改为宾语从句)
The teacher asked Tom _______ he _______ help clean up the lab after the experiment.
6. People widely use penicillin to treat bacterial infections. (改为被动语态)
Penicillin _______ widely _______ to treat bacterial infections.
7. (连词成句)all students, from,should, their phones, at lunch,we, ban, using, .
______________________________________________________________________________
Part 3 Reading (第三部分 阅读) (40 points)
VI. Reading Comprehension
A. Multiple Choice (12 points)
Read the passage and choose the best answer.
The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm R ntgen in 1895 was a complete accident. While experimenting with a cathode-ray tube (阴极射线管) in his lab, he noticed a faint green light coming from a screen across the room. The tube was covered with thick black cardboard, so no light should have escaped. However, something was passing through the cardboard and making the screen glow. R ntgen was deeply puzzled. He called this unknown energy "X-ray," with "X" meaning "unknown."
He spent the next several weeks working totally alone in his lab. He discovered that these rays could pass through soft materials like flesh and wood but were blocked by denser materials like bone and metal. In a famous experiment, he took a picture of his wife's hand using the X-rays. The image clearly showed her bones and the ring on her finger, which caused a huge sensation (轰动) around the world.
Doctors immediately saw the huge potential for medical diagnosis. For the first time, they could see inside a living patient's body without surgery. This made it possible to find broken bones or a swallowed coin. While X-rays are incredibly useful today, early scientists didn't know about the dangers. Long-term exposure can cause serious illness. Today, safety measures like lead aprons (铅衣) are standard. R ntgen refused to patent (申请专利) his discovery because he believed it should be available to everyone for the good of humanity. For his great work, he was awarded the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
1. What does the underlined word "faint" in paragraph 1 most probably mean
A. Strong and bright B. Weak and not clear C. Very colorful D. Extremely hot
2. Why was R ntgen surprised by the green light
A. Because the screen was not designed to glow.
B. Because the cathode-ray tube was broken.
C. Because the thick cardboard should have blocked the light.
D. Because his wife had moved the screen.
3. What did R ntgen discover about X-rays
A. They could only pass through metal.
B. They were blocked by human flesh.
C. They could pass through wood but not bone.
D. They were a form of sound wave.
4. What was the immediate benefit of X-rays for doctors
A. To take artistic pictures of patients.
B. To see inside a patient's body without cutting it open.
C. To cure serious illnesses like cancer.
D. To make patients' bones stronger.
5. Why did R ntgen decide not to patent his discovery
A. He thought it was not important enough.
B. He wanted everyone to be able to use it freely.
C. The Nobel Prize was more important.
D. He was afraid of the dangers of X-rays.
6. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. The Dangers of Modern Medicine
B. A History of the Nobel Prize
C. The Accidental Discovery of X-rays
D. How to Use a Cathode-Ray Tube
B. Cloze (14 points)
Read the passage and choose the best word for each blank.
Thomas Edison was one of the greatest inventors in history, but his path to success was not easy. He is most famous for inventing the practical light bulb. However, he did not ___1___ it on his first try. In fact, he failed thousands of times before he found the right material for the light bulb's filament (灯丝).
Many reporters asked him how he felt about his ___2___. They expected him to be sad or give up. To their surprise, Edison was not discouraged. He ___3___ that he hadn't failed. Instead, he had successfully found thousands of ways that wouldn't work. This positive attitude is what ___4___ him different from others.
Edison believed that every "failure" was a learning experience. It brought him one step closer to the final ___5___. This was his secret. He thought that a problem was just a chance to find a better ___6___. Because of this, he never stopped ___7___. His story teaches us that we shouldn't be afraid of making mistakes. Instead, we should learn from them and keep moving forward.
1. A. find B. succeed C. discover D. meet
2. A. failures B. stories C. jobs D. answers
3. A. lied B. shouted C. replied D. doubted
4. A. took B. set C. made D. let
5. A. question B. solution C. problem D. test
6. A. way B. road C. street D. path
7. A. tried B. try C. trying D. to try
C. Sentence Re-ordering (10 points)
Read the conversation. Choose five sentences from the box to complete the conversation.
Topic: Using AI (Artificial Intelligence) to reduce food waste in the school cafeteria.
Lily: Hey, Mike. Did you see how much food was thrown away in the cafeteria today It’s such a waste.
Mike: I know. It’s terrible. (1) _________
Lily: That’s a great idea! How could it work, though
Mike: Well, a smart camera system could be used. (2) _________
Lily: So it learns how much of each dish students usually take and eat
Mike: Exactly! Then, the AI can predict how much food to prepare for the next day. (3) _________
Lily: I see. So it helps the kitchen staff order just the right amount of ingredients.
Mike: Right. (4) _________
Lily: That’s much better than just punishing students for not finishing their food.
Mike: True. AI is just a tool. (5) _________ We also need to educate students about why wasting food is bad for the environment.
Lily: I couldn’t agree more.
A. It could take pictures of the plates before and after students eat.
B. We should ban all students from using their phones at lunch.
C. What if we could use AI to solve this problem
D. The cafeteria can use less food, save money, and reduce waste.
E. It’s not a magic solution that works by itself, though.
F. The AI would then suggest making a smaller amount of the less popular dishes.
G. The most important thing is to make the food taste better.
D. Short Answer Questions (4 points)
Read the passage and answer the following questions briefly.
Did you know that a 14-year-old boy invented a new type of water heater Benjamin “Benny” Kato from Utah was tired of waiting a long time for hot water to come out of his family’s shower. He noticed that every morning, he would run the shower for over two minutes while the water warmed up. This wasted a lot of water.
Benny decided to solve this problem for a school science project. He created a system using a small tank, a pump, and a temperature sensor. The system connects to the existing water pipes under the bathroom sink. When you turn on the shower, the pump sends the cold water sitting in the hot water pipe back into the water heater through the cold water pipe. A computer chip uses the temperature sensor to check the water. Once the water in the pipe reaches the right temperature, the system turns off and hot water flows from the shower immediately. Benny’s invention can save a family thousands of liters of water a year. He is now working on improving his design to bring it to the market.
1. What problem was Benny trying to solve
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. How did Benny’s invention save water
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. What does the temperature sensor do in Benny’s system
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is Benny’s future plan for his invention
_______________________________________________________________________________
Part 4 Writing (第四部分 写作) (20 points)
VII. Translation (10 points)
Translate the following sentences into English. (中译英)
1. 为了发现重要的东西，科学家们经常自愿在实验室里度过他们的空闲时间。
______________________________________________________________________________
2. 令她惊讶的是，这种低热方法成功地从植物中提取了关键的化学物质。
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 我们应该仔细观察周围的自然世界，因为伟大的想法有时会意外地点亮。
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. 发明使人们有可能治疗严重疾病并拯救数百万人的生命。
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. 在阅读了大量古代医书后，她决定在自己身上测试这种新药。
_______________________________________________________________________________
VIII. Writing (10 points)
Write a short passage of at least 80 words on the following topic.
Topic: Great inventions and discoveries have changed our world a lot. Write a letter of about 80 words to the editor of your school newspaper to express your opinion on whether middle school students should be allowed to bring smartphones to school. Give at least two reasons to support your view.
（题目：伟大的发明和发现极大地改变了我们的世界。给学校校报的编辑写一封大约80词的信，表达你关于“是否应允许初中生带手机入校”的观点。给出至少两个理由支持你的看法。）
(Your writing should be in the format of a letter and include your opinion and supporting reasons.)
Dear Editor,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
A Concerned Student
参考答案
Part 2
II. 语法填空: 1-5 BCBAB 6-10 BCAAA
III. 选词填空
1-4 CEDA 5-8 DABE
IV. 词性转换
1. goals
2. discovery
3. inventions
4. presentation
5. creative
6. by accident / accidentally
7. automatically
8. welcome
V. 句型转换
1. Was; invented
2. What a
3. was there
4. too; to
5. if/whether; could
6. is; used
7. We should ban all students from using their phones at lunch.
Part 3
VI. 阅读理解
A篇
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. C
B篇
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. C
C篇
1. C
2. A
3. F
4. D
5. E
D篇
1. He was trying to solve the problem of wasting water while waiting for the shower to get hot. / The problem of waiting a long time for hot water, which wasted a lot of water.
2. His invention sent the cold water back to the water heater instead of letting it flow down the drain.
3. It checks the temperature of the water in the pipe to know when it’s hot enough.
4. His future plan is to improve his design and bring it to the market.
Part 4
VII. 中译英 (参考答案)
1. To discover something important, scientists often volunteer to spend their spare time in the lab.
2. To her surprise, the low-heat method successfully extracted the key chemical from the plant.
3. We should take a closer look at the natural world around us, because great ideas sometimes light up by accident.
4. Inventions make it possible for people to treat serious illnesses and save millions of lives.
5. After reading a large number of ancient medical books, she decided to test the new medicine on herself.
VIII. 写作 (Sample Answer for Reference)
Dear Editor,
I am writing to express my opinion on whether middle school students should be allowed to bring smartphones to school. In my view, it should not be allowed.
Firstly, smartphones can be a huge distraction. Students might be tempted to play games or check social media during class, which would take their focus away from their studies. Secondly, not all students can control themselves. Having a phone in their pocket makes it too easy to break school rules about phone use. Although smartphones are great inventions, school is a place for learning and socializing face-to-face.
Therefore, I strongly suggest that the school bans smartphones from the campus to create a better learning environment for everyone.
Yours sincerely,
A Concerned Student

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