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Part 3　Grammar——过去时中的被动语态
语法图解
要点诠释
一、过去时中的被动语态的结构
[先感知]
①Next,the Chinese character Fu was attached upside down to our front door.(北师必一U3)
②Volleyball was often played in this playground.
③Fireworks were being let off across the city,suddenly lighting up the night sky.(北师必一U3)
④The feast was being prepared when it began to snow outside.
⑤Prior to coming to China,my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America,with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.(人教选二U3)
⑥A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend,and finally,we found it.(人教选二U3)
[会发现]　句①②是________________的被动语态;句③④是________________的被动语态;句⑤⑥是________________的被动语态。
[明规则]
(1)一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+及物动词的过去分词
(2)过去进行时的被动语态:was/were being+及物动词的过去分词
(3)过去完成时的被动语态:had been+及物动词的过去分词
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
[再运用]　单句语法填空
①She ________________(bite) by the dog on the leg when she was catching it on the road.
②As the assignment __________________(do),he went on to surf the Internet.
③I don’t know what __________________(discuss) at the meeting.
④The media reported that more than 1,000 people ____________________(kill) in the earthquake.
was bitten
had been done
was being discussed
had been killed
⑤Many trees and flowers ______________________(plant) in our school last year.
⑥The man ________________________(question) by the police at that time.
were planted
was being questioned
二、使用过去时中的被动语态应注意的问题
1.主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语
[先感知]
①We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept clean.
② She told us to follow her instructions.
→We were told to follow her instructions.
③We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
[会发现]　句①②③是含有复合宾语的句子;改为被动语态时,主动结构中的宾语改为________,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词______________;句③改为被动语态时,省略的______________要恢复。
[明规则]　“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,应将主动句中的宾语变为主语,宾语补足语形式不变,但相应地成为主语补足语。在主动语态中,如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词,这个动词前往往不带to,但在被动语态中要带to。
主语
后面
to
[再运用]　把下列句子变成被动语态
①Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
→The boy ___________________________________a cigarette.
②They painted the door green.
→The door ____________________________________.
③I heard the girl sing yesterday.
→The girl ___________________________________by me yesterday.
was caught smoking
was painted green
was heard to sing
2.主动句的谓语动词带有双宾语
[先感知]
①My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
→I was given a present on my birthday by my uncle.
→A present was given to me on my birthday by my uncle.
②My father was telling me an interesting story.
→ An interesting story was being told to me by my father.
→ I was being told an interesting story by my father.
[会发现]　句①②是含有双宾语的句子;主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为____________,另一个不动,一般变____________宾语为主语时比较多。
主语
间接
[明规则]　主动句的谓语动词带有双宾语时,可以选择将其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语,而另一个宾语则保留在句子中。
(1)如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词。
(2)一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词to(bring、give、hand、lend、offer、pass、pay、promise、sell、show、take、teach、tell等)。
(3)一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词for(build、buy、cook、cut、choose、do、fetch、find、fix、get、keep、make、order、paint、play、sing等)。
[再运用]　单句语法填空
①The cup with mixture was showed ____________the class.
②Some money has been lent ____________his brother by him.
③Some country music was played ________us.
to
to
for
3.主动句的谓语动词是短语动词
[先感知]
①We laughed at him for his funny hat.
→He was laughed at by us for his funny hat.
②His mother turned down his request.
→His request was turned down by his mother.
[会发现]　短语动词变被动语态时,要把短语动词作为一个____________看。
整体
[明规则]　由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词,变被动语态时把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。
[再运用]　把下列句子变成被动语态
①The nurse will take good care of the baby.
→The baby will ___________________________________by the nurse.
②Young people should make full use of time.
→Time _____________________________________ by young people.
③He gave up smoking.
→Smoking ____________________________________by him.
be taken good care of
should be made full use of
was given up
三、不能使用被动语态的情况
1.不及物动词(短语)无被动语态,常见的有:appear、disappear、die、rise、fail、happen、last、lie、remain、spread、stand、break out、come true、lose heart、take place、run out、come up等。
Owing to the heavy snow,the price of vegetable has risen recently.
由于这场大雪,最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。
To our satisfaction,our dream came true at last.
令我们满意的是,我们的梦想最终实现了。
2.有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态,常见的有:have、cost、lack、own、suit、hold(容纳)、fit、wish、belong to、suffer from、take part in、date back to等。
The delicate vase on show dates back to Tang Dynasty.
展出的这个精美花瓶可追溯到唐代。
Our previous stadium could hold no more than 200 hundred audience.
我们原来的体育馆只能容纳不到200人。
[再运用]　单句语法填空
①He pressed the button but nothing ____________(happen).
②These flowers ____________(smell) sweet.
③This kind of cloth ____________(wash) very well.
happened
smells
washes
课 时 精 练
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
维度一　用所给动词的适当形式填空(每小题1分,共6分)
buy;discuss;use;follow;notice;get
1.Steam engines ________________________________to pull the carriages (车厢) and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.
2.Everything ____________________________________ready by the time they arrived.
were used
had been gotten
3.The boy ____________________________________stealing a bike by the police,so he was taken to the police station.
4.This issue ____________________________________at this moment yesterday by the company’s managers.
5.A new bike ____________________________________for me by my father on my birthday.
6.The new trend in fashion ____________________________________ by many young people.
had been noticed
was being discussed
was bought
is being followed
维度二　语法与写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1.The boy was reminded that _________________________________.
有人提醒那个男孩他的家庭作业还没有交。
2.They locked the door before _______________________________.
他们在被命令离开前把门锁上了。
3.He said ___________________________________for the celebration of the company’s 60th anniversary.
他说为纪念公司成立60周年,许多活动都在筹划中。
his homework had not been handed in
they were ordered to leave
many activities were being planned
4.____________________________________ before our week-long holiday ended yesterday.
在我们为期一周的假期昨天结束之前,这个项目就已经完成了。
5.He confided to me that he felt like __________________________.
他向我诉说他觉得自己像是在受罚。
6.___________________________________ he had a one in 500 chance of survival.
他被告知有五百分之一的生存机会。
The project had been finished
he was being punished
He was told that
维度三　语法与语篇(每小题2分,共18分)
用括号内单词的正确形式完成语段
We 1.________________(give) the task of finding out whether the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory worked at our school.We 2.________________(tell) about the “Small-world” experiment in the United States,where packages 3.____________________(send) from one person to another with the aim of getting them to strangers in the end.While the idea behind this experiment 4._____________________ (discuss) in our group,it 5.____________________(suggest) to us by our teacher that we try something similar.So we did.We couldn’t send parcels,but we could send letters.
were given
were told
had been sent
was being discussed
was suggested
Ten volunteers 6.____________________(choose) to take part and they 7.____________________(ask) to write a letter of introduction to another person in the school that they didn’t know and then to choose someone who they thought 8.________________________(connect) to that person to give it to.After all the letters 9.______________________ (exchange) several times,seven out of the ten target people did receive their letters with chains of five or six people in each case! We think this means that our experiment was a success and it supports the theory.
were chosen
were asked
was connected
were exchanged
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
(2025·临沂市高二下期末)
Internal communication,also known as IC,refers to a chain of processes responsible for effective circulation of messages within an organization.These messages are information that is valuable to the organization and are supposed to be kept confidential (机密的).The means of transferring this information is often done through emails,letters,noticeboards,and even with the help of social media like Skype,Zoom,and Google Meet,in the current times.
Honest internal communication is the healthiest way to keep your organization growing.With honesty around the workplace,it is a safer environment for the employees to release their opinions which could help in the modification of a certain operation that might have been outdated.Other than changes,not opening up to your colleagues can result in frustration and give rise to “gossip culture” at the workplace.When information is not passed out with lucidity,not only does the quality of work get affected but it also gives rise to questioning the worth of the time spent in the company.
An atmosphere of honesty also encourages growth in responsibility,leadership,and self-accountability.If the CEO of a company voices the shortcomings of his team in a respectful manner,it would bring room for each employee to take them on a positive note and bring changes for the common development goal of the company that they are working for.This brings a lot of changes in the attitude of each individual employee since they start seeing the company that they are working for as an asset that they cherish (珍爱) dearly.
In a workplace,things go both wrong and right,so it is important to be both appreciative and critical when such situations occur from the end of both the leadership and the employees.The positives should be celebrated while the negatives should be taken as positive criticisms that could help the company grow into something better.The main goal of unity and development should always be kept in mind.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要以内部沟通为话题,讲述了其对于公司、领导以及员工的重要意义。诚实的内部沟通是保持组织成长的最健康的方式,诚实的氛围也鼓励责任感、领导力和自我责任感的增长。
1.Which is considered one main character of IC
A.It comes with the times of social media.
B.It exists within the leadership of a company.
C.It is often kept secret within an organization.
D.It needs a long and difficult process in most cases.
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段前两句“Internal communication...supposed to be kept confidential.”可知,内部沟通中的信息是有价值的、机密的。由此可知,C项符合文意,故选C项。
√
2.What does the underlined word “lucidity” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Clearness. B.Assistance. C.Authority. D.Appreciation.
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“not only does the quality...time spent in the company”可知,“When information is not passed out with lucidity”造成的结果并不好,造成这样的结果是因为内部沟通中的信息没有得到清楚的传达。由此可推测,lucidity的意思应该是“清楚,明确”,与A项表达的含义一致,故选A项。
√
3.What is the third paragraph mainly about
A.The main responsibilities of the CEO.
B.The importance of unity for a company.
C.The advantage of a powerful leadership.
D.The role of an honest leadership in a company.
解析　段落大意题。根据第三段第一句“An atmosphere of honesty also encourages growth in responsibility,leadership,and self-accountability.”及下文用公司CEO举例,具体讲述真诚的领导能够在公司发挥积极的作用可知,D项符合该段主旨,故选D项。
√
4.What does the author suggest to us in a workplace in the last paragraph
A.Taking responsibilities bravely for our mistakes.
B.Trying all possible means to avoid the negatives.
C.Strengthening unity mainly among the employees.
D.Communicating both the positives and the negatives.
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“In a workplace,things go both wrong and right,so it is important to be both appreciative and critical...”可知,在作者看来,工作中的事情有好有坏,所以就会有欣赏和批评。由此可推测,作者应是建议在工作中应该诚实地传达信息,无论好坏,与D项的表述相符,故选D项。
√
Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
(2025·潍坊市高二下期末)
How to listen actively
In the course of the last 20 years,I was a taker.Everything was all about me.But that has changed for me.I consistently look for ways to help others—personally and professionally.
I now focus on what the other person needs before my own needs as a way to build stronger relationships.__1___
What is active listening Active listening is an analytical exercise.
__2__To make active listening more effective,you can also add complementary (互补的) skill sets.Mirroring what people have just said in your own words helps them feel heard and helps ensure your understanding is accurate.That is why active listening,not listening while doing something,is essential for building better relationships with your team.
__3__Learning to become an active listener requires you to slow down,have patience,and learn to ignore distractions (especially emails and texts).Techniques like reflective listening can help.If you are regularly repeating what has been said,you won’t miss any part of the conversation.__4__ This helps build trust,making the speakers like you more and therefore more likely work on what you both agree on.
What will active listening do for you and your career Active listening isn’t just about managing a team member or a conflict.Do leaders respond to the concerns and issues they hear from the staff Do you have the skill set to actively listen and address them __5__ If you do,you might just find your team or your organization is more adaptive than most ones.
A.Why do you want to be a listener
B.It requires concentration on what is said.
C.How do you become a better active listener
D.What should you do to benefit your speaker
E.These are the questions employees are asking.
F.You also show that the speaker has your full attention.
G.I am able to do that when I stop talking and start listening.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何成为积极的倾听者及积极倾听带来的好处。
1.G　 [前文“I now focus on what...to build stronger relationships.”说明作者现在更关注对方的需求,而不是自己的。下一段第一句“What is active listening ”说明作者通过倾听来关注对方的需求。G项中的“that”指代前文中的“focus on what the other person needs before my own needs”,G项承接上文内容,同时也引出下文的“active listening”,符合语境,故选G项。]
2.B　 [根据前文“Active listening is an analytical exercise.”可知,积极倾听是可以训练出来的。B项是对前一句的具体解释,符合语境,B项中的“It”指代前文的“Active listening”,故选B项。]
3.C　 [设空处位于段首,故推测是本段的主旨句。后文“Learning to become an active...distractions (especially emails and texts).”说明了成为一名积极的倾听者需要做的事情。C项引出后文的方法介绍,能够概括本段内容,适合作为本段主旨句,故选C项。]
4.F　 [前文“If you are regularly...part of the conversation.”说明了重复对方的话带来的好处,F项是重复对方的话带来的另一个好处,F项中的“also”对应前文的一个好处,符合两句之间的并列关系,且后文“This helps build trust...what you both agree on.”中的“This”指代F项内容,故选F项。]
5.E　 [前文“Do leaders respond to...listen and address them ”属于员工们问到的问题,后文“If you do,you might...adaptive than most ones.”说明如果你作为领导,能对员工的问题和担忧做出回应,并且具备积极倾听和解决问题的技能组合,那么你的团队就会更有适应能力。E项是对前面两个问题的总结,后文对前文中的问题进行了假设并给出了相应的结果,因此E项符合语境,故选E项。]
Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
(2025·太原市高二下期末)
“So I suggest you,50% of your income for investing,40% for saving and 10% for daily activities.” These words are not from a financial expert,1.____________ from a talking dog named Money,a main character in the book Kira and a Dog named Money.
Before adopting the dog Money,Kira felt 2.____________ just too early for her to learn about personal finances.After all,she was just a twelve-year-old girl.But the situation was far beyond her 3.____________ (imagine).The dog Money served 4.____________ a financial expert,5.____________ (offer) practical advice on budgeting,saving,investing,and building wealth.With their joint efforts,Kira learnt how 6.____________ (make) a wish list and pick out the three most important 7.____________ (wish) from the list.With a dream album,a dream piggy bank and even a success diary prepared,she 8.____________ (motivate) to save money in different ways and made money work for her.How about the ending Kira did make her expectations come true.
While the book was intended for children,its simple and heartfelt story has drawn numerous grown-ups 9.____________ are at the beginning of their financial journeys.Instead of using difficult professional terms (术语),it guides children to 10.____________ (gradual) understand the nature and role of money in an easy-to-understand way,giving them the opportunity to learn lifelong values.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一本名为《小狗钱钱》的书,通过主人公Kira与一只会说话的狗Money的互动,展现了个人理财的重要性和方法。
1.but　 [考查固定搭配。固定搭配:not...but...,意为“不是……而是……”,符合句意,故填but。]
2.it　 [考查代词。空处为代词担当形式宾语,代指真正的宾语“to learn about personal finances”,故填it。]
3.imagination　 [考查词性转换。空处为名词形式担当介词后的宾语,意为“想象”,故填imagination。]
4.as　 [考查介词。固定短语serve as,意为“担当、充当”,符合句意,故填as。]
5.offering　 [考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词担当状语;主语“The dog Money”,和动词“offer”之间为主动关系,用动词-ing形式,故填offering。]
6.to make　 [考查非谓语动词。空处为“疑问词+动词不定式”形式担当宾语,故填to make。]
7.wishes　 [考查名词的单复数。空处为名词形式担当宾语;根据空前的“three”可知,空处为名词的复数形式,故填wishes。]
8.was motivated　 [考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空处为本句谓语动词;根据上下文可知,本句时态为一般过去时;主语为“she”,表示单数概念,和动词“motivate”之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态,故填was motivated。]
9.who/that　 [考查定语从句。空处为定语从句的关系词;先行词为“grown-ups”,在定语从句中担当主语,用关系代词who或that引导,故填who或that。]
10.gradually　 [考查词性转换。修饰动词“understand”用副词形式,意为“逐步地”,故填gradually。]

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