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Section Ⅲ　Lesson 3
Part 1　Reading Comprehension
文 本 整 体 理 解
Step One:Pre-reading
Do you know the scientist called Stephen Hawking What did Stephen Hawking discover or do What was special about him
答案 略
Step Two:While-reading
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What is the passage mainly about
A.The introduction of Stephen Hawking and his scientific achievements.
B.The analysis of Stephen Hawking’s theory.
C.The description of Stephen Hawking’s books.
D.The introduction of Stephen Hawking’s disease.
√
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1　 A.His speech to the audience.
Para.2 B.His attitude to life.
Para.3 C.His books.
Para.4 D.His birth and study.
Para.5 E.His theory about the birth of universe.
Para.6 F.Stephen Hawking’s death.
Para.7 G.His work and his illness.
Para.8 H.His argument.
答案 Para.1 F Para.2 D Para.3 G Para.4 E Para.5 C Para.6 H
Para.7 A Para.8 B
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Oxford
Stephen Hawking
1942 He was born in ①____________.
②_____ He went to the University of Oxford to study physics.
At the age of 21 He was diagnosed with ③____________________.
1985 He had an operation and he lost his ④____________. Worse still,he lost the use of ⑤________________.
1959
ALS
speech
his hands
750
1988 A Brief History of Time:From the Big Bang to Black Holes was sold one copy for every ⑥____________ people in the world.
2005 To make people really understand what he had written,
⑦________________________ was written.
2010 In The Grand Design,he argued we should look for a different way to discover the universe and scientists should ⑧________________ what they already have.
A Briefer History of Time
put together
2012 At the opening of ⑨________________________,he made a speech to a TV audience of 900 million people.
⑩_____ He died in England.
the London 2012 Olympics
2018
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Which of the following is not what Hawking was famous for
A.His brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology.
B.His overcoming the challenges of ALS.
C.His speech-generating equipment.
D.His 1988 book.
√
2.When was Hawking diagnosed with his illness
A.His first year at the University of Oxford.
B.After he found a job in Cambridge.
C.After he raised the idea of black holes.
D.His first year at the University of Cambridge.
√
3.What is NOT the result of his illness
A.He couldn’t speak.
B.He had to stop his study and research.
C.He couldn’t move his hands.
D.His physical ability declined.
√
4.What do you know about the simple version A Briefer History of Time
A.It was written in the year 1988.
B.It was co-authored with Leonard Mlodinow.
C.It was written to be more accessible to common people.
D.It sold well once it came out.
√
5.What did Hawking mean by saying “Look up at the stars and not down at your feet...be curious.”
A.We should often look up at the sky and admire the scenery.
B.We should be curious about what is on the ground.
C.We should focus on our everyday life.
D.We should think on a larger scale and be curious about nature and the simple things of life.
√
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.难句解构
1.In the early stages of his career,his illness got worse,but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach,which was easier for him.
[学会断句]　此句是并列复合句,句中but连接了两个____________句,主语分别是his illness和he;第二个并列句中包含了which引导的____________________,修饰主句内容。
尝试翻译:____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
并列
非限制性定语从句
职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化,研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学,这对他来说更容易。
2.Although Hawking’s physical abilities declined over decades,he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes.
[学会断句]　此句是__________句。Although引导__________从句,decline意思是“__________”,cease意思是“________________”。
尝试翻译:__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
复合
让步状语
下滑,衰退
停止做……
尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降,但他从未停止过研究,对黑洞有了许多新的想法。
3.And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organizations.
[学会断句]　此句是复合句。believed 后边是省略了that的____________从句;该从句是系表结构,主语是this,表语是短语because of the help;help后是省略了________________的定语从句,先行词是________________;从句中的a number of 意思是“____________”,后跟________________。
尝试翻译:__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
宾语
that/which
the help
许多
可数名词复数
他认为自己所取得的一切是因为他得到了家人的支持以及众多个人和组织的帮助。
Ⅱ.翻转课堂(课文语法填空)
On 14 March,2018,one of the world’s most 1.____________ (influence) scientists,Stephen Hawking,died at his home.He was famous not only for his great achievements but for 2.____________ (overcome) the challenges of ALS.When Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge,he was diagnosed 3.____________ ALS.He was only expected 4.____________(live) for a few years. 5.____________,he finished his studies and got a job at the Institute of
influential
overcoming
with
to live
However
Astronomy in Cambridge and 6.________________(continue) his work in theoretical physics and cosmology.While his reputation for his work spread,his physical ability declined.In 1985,after 7.____________ operation,he started to use a kind of speech-generating equipment specially 8.________________(develop) by his doctors to help him speak.But Stephen Hawking never ceased his studies and continued to develop his theories on black holes.Hawking believed that he was not an unlucky man.From his diagnosis at the age of 21 he regarded
continued
an
developed
everything since then as a bonus.He was grateful to his family and appreciated the help from a large number of people and 9.____________(organization).Though he passed away in the year 2018,his 10._____________(persevere) in study and optimistic attitude to life will inspire us forever.
organizations
perseverance
语 篇 助 解 释 疑
[原文呈现] Stephen Hawking
On 14 March,2018,one of the world’s most influential① scientists,Stephen Hawking,died at his home in England,aged② 76.[1] Hawking was famous,not just for his brilliant③ work in theoretical④ physics and cosmology⑤,but also for overcoming⑥ the challenges⑦ of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control).[2]
[1]本句的主干是one of the world’s most influential scientists died at his home in England。Stephen Hawking是同位语,形容词短语aged 76作状语。
[2]not just...but also...也作not only...but also...,意为“不但……而且……”,连接并列成分,在本句中连接两个并列的原因状语。
Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January,1942,in Oxford.He went to the University of Oxford to study physics in 1959.At the age of 21,when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge,physicians⑧ discovered he had a rare,slow-progressing⑨ form of ALS.[3] He was only expected to live for a few years.
[3]本句的主干是physicians discovered he had a rare,slow-progressing form of ALS,介词短语At the age of 21是时间状语,when引导时间状语从句。
Hawking later found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.In the early stages of his career,his illness got worse,but he was allowed to do research only rather than⑩ teach,which was easier for him.[4] In 1985,he had to have an operation.As a result,he lost his speech.Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech-generating equipment that allowed him to speak.[5] However,as his illness became worse,he lost the use of his hands.[6]
[4]本句是but连接的并列复合句,在第二个分句中,which was easier for him是定语从句,关系词which在从句中作主语。
[5]本句中的that allowed him to speak是定语从句,修饰a piece of speech-generating equipment。
[6]本句中包含了一个as引导的时间状语从句,as意为“随着”。
Although Hawking’s physical abilities declined over decades,he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes.[7] Hawking believed that the birth of the universe (the “Big Bang”) created many small black holes.His theory was that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole.[8] This hole led to another universe,completely separate from our own.
[7]句中Although引导让步状语从句,主句是由and连接的并列句。
[8]在本句中,that引导表语从句。
Hawking also wrote books.His 1988 book,A Brief History of Time:From the Big Bang to Black Holes,sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth.However,many people could not really understand what he had written.[9] Therefore,Hawking decided to write a simpler version ,A Briefer History of Time (2005).
[9]本句是一个复合句,what he had written是宾语从句,作understand的宾语。
In The Grand Design (2010,with Leonard Mlodinow),Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe.Instead of trying to find one big new explanation,scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have.[10]
[10]在本句中,that they already have是定语从句,修饰all the ideas。介词短语Instead of trying to find one big new explanation作状语,也可置于句末。
At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics,Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people:“Look up at the stars and not down at your feet...be curious.”
In spite of his disease,Hawking didn’t consider himself an unlucky man.He said it had not prevented him from having a family,and being successful in his work.“My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21.Everything since then has been a bonus .”And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations.[11]
[11]本句中believed后是宾语从句;because of the help作表语,he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations是定语从句,修饰the help。
[名师圈点]
①influential / nflu en l/ adj.有很大影响的
②aged /e d d/ adj.……岁
③brilliant / br li nt/ adj.杰出的;巧妙的
④theoretical /θ ret k l/ adj.理论的
⑤cosmology /k z m l d i/ n.宇宙论,宇宙学
⑥overcome / v k m/ vt.克服(困难),控制(感情);征服,战胜
⑦challenge / t l nd / n.挑战
⑧physician /f z n/ n.医师;内科医生
⑨slow-progressing adj.进展缓慢的
⑩rather than而不是
speech-generating equipment语音生成设备
lose the use of丧失……功能
decline /d kla n/ vi.减少,降低
cease /si s/ vi.& vt.(使)停止,终止,结束
a sort of一种
lead to通向
separate / sepr t/ adj.单独的;不同的
copy / k pi/ n.一册
version / v n/ n.版本
grand /gr nd/ adj.宏伟的,壮丽的,隆重的
argue / ɑ ɡju / v.论证;说理;主张
look up向上看
in spite of 虽然;不顾;尽管……(仍……)
prevent sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事
bonus / b n s/ n.意外收获,额外的好处;奖金;红利
[译文参考] 斯蒂芬·霍金
2018年3月14日,世界上最有影响力的科学家之一,斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世,享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名,还因为他克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战。
1942年1月8日斯蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津。1959 年进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年,也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年,医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症,预言他只能再活几年。
后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了一份工作。职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化,研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学,这对他来说更容易。1985年,他不得不动手术,结果丧失了说话能力。很快,医生为他开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是,他的病情继续恶化,手也动不了了。
尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降,但他从未停止过研究,对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时(即宇宙大爆炸)创造了许多小黑洞。他的理论是在黑洞的中心还有一种洞。这种洞通向另一个宇宙,与我们的宇宙完全分离。
霍金还写书。1988年出版的《时间简史:从大爆炸到黑洞》一书,地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。然而,许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。因此,霍金决定写一个简化的版本,即《时间简史》(2005)。
在《大设计》(2010年出版,与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中,霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。与其说尝试寻找一个全新的解释,科学家们不如把他们已经有的想法汇集起来。
在2012年伦敦奥运会开幕式上,霍金对9亿电视观众说:“仰望星空,而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。”
尽管霍金患有疾病,但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。他说,这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭,也没有阻碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时,我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后,一切都是馈赠。”他认为自己所取得的一切都是因为他得到了家人的支持以及众多个人和组织的帮助。

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