资源简介

(共70张PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1
Part 1　Reading Comprehension
文 本 整 体 理 解
Step One:Pre-reading
How many contacts do you have on social media How many people do you regularly communicate with
答案　略
Step Two:While-reading
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What is the passage mainly about
A.How people in the world communicate with each other.
B.What the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is and how it develops.
C.How people in the world are connected.
D.Why the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is put forward.
√
2.Read the passage and match the main idea of each paragraph.
Para.1　A.Stanley Milgram tested the theory successfully.
Para.2　B.Who put forward the theory
Para.3　C.What does “Six Degrees of Separation” refer to
Para.4　D.The result of Columbia University’s study.
Para.5　E.How did the theory influence the entertainment industry
Para.6　F.How closely connected are you
Para.7　G.The result of the University of Milan’s study.
答案　Para.1 C　Para.2 B　Para.3 A　Para.4 E　Para.5 D　
Para.6 G　Para.7 F
Ⅱ.Read for the
structure
1920s
Stanley Milgram
America
five and seven
Two college students
invented
universities
Columbia University
targeted
confirmed
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.How did Stanley prove the theory
A.By asking a random sample of people to send parcels to the target stranger directly.
B.By asking a random sample of people to send parcels to the target stranger indirectly.
C.By choosing some certain people to send parcels directly.
D.By choosing some certain people to send parcels indirectly.
√
2.Which is NOT influenced by the theory according to the passage
A.Plays. B.Games.
C.TV series. D.Songs.
√
3.What do the two experiments in 2001 and 2011 have in common
A.They were both carried out on the Internet.
B.They were carried out in the same university.
C.Both of them were targeted at university students.
D.Both of them were referred to as “Columbia Small-world Project”.
√
4.Why does the writer ask the question in the last paragraph
A.To help readers recall the development of “Six Degrees of Separation”.
B.To make readers relate themselves to the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation”.
C.To persuade readers to agree with his/her opinion on the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation”.
D.To encourage readers to have a contact with others.
√
5.How is the passage mainly organized
A.By cause and effect. B.By space order.
C.By time order. D.By comparing.
√
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.难句解构
1.Once the parcel had been received by this person,he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.
[学会断句]　此句是复合句。once引导________从句,意为“____________”;主句中的theirs是名词性物主代词,相当于_________________,意为“他们认识的人”,主句中的until引导________________从句。
尝试翻译:__________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
时间状语
一旦
their contacts
时间状语
一旦此人收到包裹,他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人,直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。
2.The television series Lost also explored the idea of“Six Degrees of Separation”,as almost all the characters had randomly met each other,or had met someone the other characters knew,before they were all in the same plane crash.
[学会断句]　此句是复合句。as引导__________从句;从句的主语是________________________,谓语动词是两个________________,the other characters knew是省略了引导词that的________从句,其先行词是________________,before引导________________从句。
尝试翻译:__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
原因状语
most all the characters
had met
定语
someone
时间状语
电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论,剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇,或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。
Ⅱ.翻转课堂(课文语法填空)
“Six Degrees of Separation” refers 1.____________ the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.It was first talked about in a book 2.____________(call) Everything Is Different in 1929,in which Frigyes Karinthy introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early 3.___________(impress) of social networks.In 1967,an American sociologist chose some people randomly in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.Amazingly,it only took between five and seven people 4.____________(get) the parcels delivered.
to
called
impressions
to get
It was this research 5.______________ inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.In the last few decades,the name of the theory 6.________________(use) as the title of a play and then a film.Then,more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast,among 7.________ the Oscar-winning film Babel and the television series Lost were 8.____________(particular) famous.In 2001,Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’s experiment on the Internet.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain 9.________(be) six.The most recent experiment 10.________________(conduct) in 2011,which also confirmed the theory.
that
has been used
which
particularly
was
was conducted
语 篇 助 解 释 疑
[原文呈现] How Closely Connected Are We
Research shows the average person① only has regular communication② with between seven and fifteen people,and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us.However,perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think.“Six Degrees of Separation③” refers to the theory④ that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain⑤ of no more than five other people.[1]
[1]句中that引导同位语从句,对the theory的内容进行解释说明。
The concept⑥ was first talked about as long ago as the 1920s.The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929,in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions⑦ of social networks⑧.[2]
[2]句中in which引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为a book;called...为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰a book。
In the 1950s,an attempt was made⑨ by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically⑩;but after twenty years,they still had not had any success.[3] In 1967,an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried using a new method to test the theory,which he called the “small-world problem”.[4] He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.The people sending the packages only knew the name,job and general location of the stranger.
Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger.[5]Once the parcel had been received by this person,he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.Amazingly ,it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered ,and once released ,the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.[6]
[3]此句为并列句,以分号为界,前一个并列分句为被动语态句,其主动形式为:In the 1950s,two scientists made an attempt to prove the theory mathematically。
[4]此句为主从复合句,which引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为the theory。
[5]此句为主从复合句,含有两个定语从句;they knew personally为第一个定语从句,省略关系代词whom,修饰先行词a person;第二个是who引导的定语从句,先行词同样是a person,其中they thought为插入语。
[6]此句为强调句,其结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他”。此句强调主语,还原后为“This research inspired the phrase ‘Six Degrees of Separation’.”。
In the last few decades ,the theory and the phrase have appeared again.Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film.Then,more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast.[7]For example,the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”.The lives of all the characters were closely connected,although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles apart .[8] The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”,as
almost all the characters had randomly met each other,or had met someone the other characters knew,before they were all in the same plane crash.In the mid-1990s,two college students in the United States invented a game.The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon,a famous American actor and musician,through no more than six links.Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States.
[7]此句为简单句,based on the concept为过去分词短语作后置定语,所修饰的词语more films and TV programmes与base之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
[8]此句为主从复合句,其中although引导让步状语从句。
In 2001,Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’s experiment on the Internet.This became known as the “Columbia Small-world Project”.The experiment involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six.
Most recently,an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages,or five degrees of separation.
So,think about it for a minute:How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels
[名师圈点]
①average person普通人
②regular communication经常联系;定期交流,定期沟通
③Six Degrees of Separation六度分隔
④theory / θ ri/ n.学说,理论
⑤chain /t e n/ n.一连串,一系列;链子,链条
a chain of一系列,一连串(人或事)
⑥concept / k nsept/ n.观念,概念
⑦impression / m pre n/ n.印象,感想
⑧network / netw k/ n.人际关系网,联络网;网络,网状系统
⑨make an attempt试图;尝试
⑩mathematically / m θ m t kli/ adv.数学地
sociologist / s si l d ist/ n.社会学家
random / r nd m/ adj.随机的,随意的
target / t ɡIt/ n.目标,指标;(攻击的)对象;靶子vt.把……作为攻击目标;面向,把……对准(某群体)
parcel / pɑ s l/ n.包裹;邮包
contact / k nt kt/ vt.联系,联络n.联系,联络;熟人
amazingly / me z li/adv.令人惊讶地;令人惊奇地
get the parcels delivered (get sth done结构)使包裹被递送出去
release /r li s/vt.& n.发表,发布;释放
bimonthly /ba m nθli/ adj.两月一次的;一月两次的
phrase /fre z/ n.成语,习语;警句
in the last few decades在过去的几十年里
be based on基于,以……为根据;在……基础上
apart / pɑ t/ adv.相距;分离
randomly / r nd mli/ adv.随机地,随意地
link...to...把……连接到……;把……和……连接;把……和……联系起来
no more than只是;仅仅
try to do sth尝试做某事
become known as 被称为……,作为……而闻名
involve / n v lv/ vt.包含;牵涉;使参加,加入
confirm /k n f m/ vt.确认;证实
analyse / n la z/ vt.分析
analysis / n l sIs/ n.分析
social media users社交媒体用户
[译文参考] 我们的联系有多紧密
研究表明,普通人只与7 至15 个人经常联系,而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5 到10个与我们最亲近的人身上。不过,也许我们与世界上其他人的联系比想象中的更紧密。“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外5个人的联结与其他任何一个人联系起来。
这个概念早在20世纪20年代就被提出。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书,书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念,许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
20世纪50年代,两位科学家试图用数学方法证明该理论,但20年过去了,他们仍然没有取得任何成功。1967年,美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格兰姆试图用新的方法来验证这一理论,他称之为“小世界问题”。他在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本,让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。米尔格兰姆告诉他们先把包裹寄给认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。一旦此人收到包裹,他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人,直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊讶的是,这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布,便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。
在过去的几十年里,这一理论和说法又再次出现。它的名字被用作一部戏剧的标题,然后又被用作一部电影的名称。随后,更多基于这一理论的影视节目相继拍摄、播出。例如,奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。影片中所有人物彼此不认识、相隔千里,但他们的生活都是紧密相连的。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论,剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇,或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。20世纪90年代中期,美国两名大学生发明了一款游戏。这个游戏的玩法是用不超过6个联结将任意一名演员与美国著名演员兼音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。这款游戏很快在美国的大学里流行起来。
2001年,哥伦比亚大学尝试在互联网上重现米尔格兰姆的实验。这被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。这项实验涉及24 163个电子邮件链接,覆盖了来自13个国家的18个目标人物。实验结果证实,联络串上的连接平均数量是6个。
最近,一项2011年在米兰大学的实验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系,发现92%的用户只需通过四个阶段(即五度分隔),就可建立联系。
所以,思考一下这个问题:你与你经常乘坐的公交车司机或给你送包裹的人可能存在怎样的联系
课 时 精 练
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共30分)
A
(2025·潍坊市高二下期末)
A new study,published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology,found that communication that included voice,like a phone call or video chat,created stronger social bonds than communication through typing,like text messaging or email.
In the study,researchers used various experiments to measure connectedness.In one,they asked 200 people to make predictions about what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend by email or by phone and then asked people at random (随机地) to do one or the other.“People reported they did form a significantly stronger bond with their old friend on the phone than by email,and they did not feel more awkward,” study co-author Amit Kumar,an assistant professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business,said in a statement.
In another experiment,the researchers had strangers communicate by either texting,talking over video chat,or talking using only audio.They found that both forms of voice communication—whether video or audio only—made the strangers feel significantly more connected than when they communicated by texting.
Sabrina Romanoff,a Harvard trained clinical psychologist based in New York City,says people tend to text or email instead of calling because of convenience,as they see it as a controlled form of communication where they can “exchange information exactly in the way they intend without unexpected additions by the other person”.
Romanoff says that in reality,texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation.“A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the exact effects of the message,” she explains.“Each party is more present,and therefore,able to measure the meaning behind the content without reflecting on the endless possible meanings behind words.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现,与文字相比,语音能建立更强的社交纽带。
1.How was the study carried out
A.By analysing data.
B.By interviewing experts.
C.By doing experiments.
D.By doing online research.
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In the study,researchers used various experiments to measure connectedness.”可知,研究人员是通过做实验展开研究的,故选C项。
√
2.What did people expect before making a phone call in the experiment
A.Email would help them form a stronger bond.
B.Hearing someone’s voice would be awkward.
C.A stronger bond would be formed on the phone.
D.Hearing someone’s voice made the experience better.
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“People reported...feel more awkward.”可推知,打电话之前,人们认为听到别人的声音会很尴尬,故选B项。
√
3.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.Texting helps to exchange information exactly.
B.Calling makes it easier to get the exact message.
C.Romanoff doesn’t agree with the result of the study.
D.People can keep the message under control by texting.
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,打电话能够让人获得更准确的信息,故选B项。
√
4.What is the best title of the text
A.Reasons for Calling Instead of Texting
B.Convenience of Making a Phone Call
C.Differences Between Calling and Texting
D.Introduction to the Result of a New Study
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文,特别是根据第一段内容可知,本文主要介绍的是与文字相比,语音能建立更强的社交纽带,故选A项。
√
B
(2025·新余市高二下期末)
“Shyness can stop you from doing all the things in life that you’d like to,” the Smiths once sang.However,research suggests that may not be the case when working as a team.
Researchers have found that when animals temper their personalities because of social rules,the efficiency of a group to undertake risky missions—such as foraging (觅食) for food—is boosted.“We see this phenomenon happening when we mix together a school of fish with wildly different personalities:the very fearless individuals and the very shy individuals tend to control what they would normally be doing when they stick with the rest of the group,” said Dr.Sean Rands,the lead author of the research at the University of Bristol.
Writing in the journal PLoS Computational Biology,the researchers reported how they built a computer model to investigate the impact of social conventions and animals’ personalities on the movement of individuals within a group.The model was based on an assumption in which a group of animals in a safe “home” set out to travel to a food-foraging site some distance away.
The results revealed that when no social conventions were in place,their movements were governed by their personalities alone—in other words how fearless or shy they were determined how quickly they left home and arrived at the foraging site.However,when social conventions were introduced,so that the individuals had to keep an eye on each other and adjust their movements accordingly,the impact of personality reduced with less variation in how quickly they reached the destination.The team found where social conventions were present,the group foraged more efficiently than when individuals behaved independently.“We find that if individuals pay attention to the other members of the group,the group will tend to remain at the safe site for longer,but then travel faster towards the foraging site,” the team wrote.
Rands added that for many social animals,being part of a group can bring huge benefits,and these can outweigh the influence of personality.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究发现,无论是害羞的性格,还是大胆无畏的性格,个体会调整自我行为以适应群体,这反而提高了做事的效率。
5.Why are the Smiths’ words mentioned in paragraph 1
A.To give an example. B.To make a comparison.
C.To lead in the topic. D.To introduce the background.
解析　写作目的题。文章首句提出“害羞会阻碍你做所有想做的事”之后,用转折句否定了这一说法,提出在团队合作时,这种情况并不会发生,并在后文段落进行了详细解释。由此可推知,提到the Smiths的歌词是为了引出文章的话题。
√
6.What will individuals do while staying with a group
A.Adjust their behavior.
B.Take on risky missions.
C.Ignore social rules.
D.Travel to a distant foraging site.
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“the very fearless individuals...the rest of the group”可知,当个体在群体中时,个体会控制自己通常会做的事情,即个体会调整自己的行为状态以适应群体。
√
7.What can we infer from the results
A.Personalities alone determine movements.
B.Individuals prefer to behave independently.
C.Group work increases exposure to potential risks.
D.Social conventions contribute to working efficiency.
解析　推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“The team found where...individuals behaved independently.”可知,研究发现,社会习俗存在的情况下,群体觅食的效率较高。由此可推知,社会习俗的存在有助于提高工作效率。
√
8.What is the best title for the text
A.Be Part of a Group B.Stay True to Yourself
C.Get Rid of Your Shyness D.Control Your Personalities
解析　标题归纳题。根据文章末尾段的总结可知,文章主要通过一系列的研究过程和研究结论总结出成为群体一员的好处,社会习俗的存在可以使个体调整自我行为,从而提高工作效率。选项A“成为群体的一员”贴合文章主旨。
√
C
(2025·太原市高二下期末)
Most people tend to think of cities as places lacking nature,but indeed cities aren’t just concrete (混凝土) jungles but are actually bustling with wildlife and nature.According to a study in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,urban landscapes are more than just human habitats;they also provide special opportunities for wildlife conservation.
“As a city kid growing up during the 1980s,I was fascinated with birds nesting on the top of my neighbour’s roof,which sparked my interest in birds and nature,” said Frank La Sorte,a researcher at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.He believes that by observing our feathered friends in the city,we can see nature as an essential part of our well-being.Protecting nature is like giving ourselves a high-five.
To document the value of cities to birds,the research team from Cornell Lab of Ornithology,Auburn University,and Rutgers University,decided to put cities under the microscope.They mixed and matched bird sightings from citizen scientists of e-Bird program,endangered species lists,critical habitats,and 2020 U.S.census (普查) data.The team found that natural areas within cities could mean increased access to resources,warmer temperatures and shelters from natural disasters for birds.They also suggest that these green spaces should even allow for unique reappearing opportunities for species,which is not possible in their natural habitats.
But,they also caution that cities aren’t always the safest choice for wildlife,which means updating our views of cities as places where we can connect with nature is the first step to stop biodiversity loss.So,next time you’re taking a walk down the street,look up,and look around.You might just spot a nature scene that’s right beside you.Our urban jungles have thrived.Cities are the new frontier for wildlife conservation.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市对野生动物保护的重要性。
9.What is the updated idea about the relation between the city and nature
A.Cities are friendly to wildlife.
B.Cities hold no place for nature.
C.Cities have no impact on nature.
D.Cities are rich in natural resources.
解析　细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Most people tend to think...for wildlife conservation.”可知,关于城市与自然关系的最新观点是:城市对野生动物是友好的,故选A项。
√
10.What inspired Frank La Sorte’s passion for birds
A.His interest shared with his friends.
B.His childhood spent in the countryside.
C.His sighting of birds in the neighborhood.
D.His research in Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
解析　细节理解题。由文章第二段中“‘As a city kid growing up...at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.”可知,弗兰克·拉索特对鸟类的热情来自他在邻居家屋顶看到的鸟类,故选C项。
√
11.How can cities contribute to the protection of birds
A.By providing natural areas to shelter birds.
B.By reducing the number of birds’ enemies.
C.By making cities less exposed to disasters.
D.By introducing new species to the rural areas.
解析　推理判断题。由文章第三段中“The team found that natural areas...natural disasters for birds.”可知,城市可以通过提供自然区域来庇护鸟类,为鸟类保护做出贡献,故选A项。
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12.What does the author call on people to do in the last paragraph
A.Have a healthy and balanced lifestyle.
B.Be an observer of nature in cities.
C.Stop urbanization to keep biodiversity.
D.Make frequent visits to the jungles.
解析　细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“So,next time you’re taking...wildlife conservation.”可知,作者在最后一段呼吁人们成为城市中自然的观察者,故选B项。
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Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
(2025·上饶高二下期末)
How to Stop Being Self-Centered
If you’re worried about being a self-centered person,that concern shows you’ve already taken an important step towards change.__1__.So if you need more guidance on this journey,we can help.Here is a useful list of simple things you can try.
__2___
Praising others more often doesn’t reduce your own light.It feels good to take credit for things,especially when you work hard for them.If you notice yourself basking in the spotlight a little too often,though,try devoting energy to praising someone else’s achievements.
Let someone else be in charge
Do you always feel like you need to make your voice heard Try taking a back seat for a change.Let someone else lead the group when you’re collaborating on a project.Don’t speak for everyone.__3__.
Celebrate the success of others
__4__.If you’re having a hard time being happy for a friend who just got an awesome promotion,it’s probably because you made the situation about you somehow.Don’t worry,this is a mental habit that you can definitely break.
Practice gratitude
Challenge yourself to say“thank you” more often.If you don’t feel thankful for the good things in your life,that usually means you take them for granted.__5__.Try looking for any excuse to show others that you’re grateful for them.Showing gratitude can motivate you to continue your journey of self-improvement.
A.Share the spotlight
B.Change is tough,though
C.Change is as good as a rest
D.Instead,let someone else speak their mind
E.Be excited for them without comparing yourself
F.Unfortunately,this is a pretty self-centered way to look at the world
G.Making your voice heard is important,too,but try to pick your battles
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要指导学生建立健康的人际关系,学会如何停止以自我为中心。
1.B　 [根据上文“If you’re worried about being...step towards change.”以及下文“So if you need more guidance on this journey,we can help.”可知,前文提到担心自己以自我为中心表明已迈出改变的重要一步,后文说如果在改变之旅中需要更多指导,这里存在转折关系,B选项符合语境,起到承上启下的作用,故选B项。]
2.A　 [由该题为段落小标题可知,该题为总结该段内容。由该段下文“Praising others more often...someone else’s achievements.”可知,该段主要讲述不要总是自己享受聚光灯,要多赞美他人的成就,A 选项能概括该段主旨,故选A项。]
3.D　 [根据上文“Let someone else lead the group when you’re collaborating on a project.Don’t speak for everyone.”可知,前文说在合作项目中让别人领导,不要替所有人发言,D选项与前文衔接紧密,符合语境,故选D项。]
4.E　 [根据该段标题“Celebrate the success of others”可知,该段主题是庆祝他人的成功,E选项符合这一主题,即不要因为别人的成功而与自己对比产生不好的情绪,要单纯为他人高兴,故选E项。]
5.F　 [根据上文“If you don’t feel thankful for the good things in your life,that usually means you take them for granted.”可知,前文说如果对生活中的美好事物不感恩,通常意味着认为它们是理所当然的,F选项对前文进行评价,指出这种行为是以自我为中心的,符合逻辑,故选F项。]

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