2026年中考英语二轮复习第1章名词学案(含答案)

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2026年中考英语二轮复习第1章名词学案(含答案)

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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第一篇 中考必备语法
第一章 名词
二、考点跟踪解读
1.了解名词的概念及分类。
2.掌握名词复数的构成及用法。
3.熟悉名词所有格的构成及用法。
4.理解名词在句中的功能,初步掌握名词作主语、表语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法。
5.能够辨析部分名词的用法,区别并熟练运用,如home, house, family等。
三、要点精讲全解
(一)名词的分类
1.专有名词:表示个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Beijing, Tom。由普通名词构成的专有名词,前面一般加定冠词the(表节日的词除外),并大写其实词的首字母。如:the Great Wall (长城),the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)。
2.普通名词:表示一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名称, 如:pupil, family, man, foot。可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
种类 定义 例词
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示某类人或物中的个体 boy, house
集体名词 表示有若干个体组成的集合体 family, police
不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料 air, water
抽象名词 表示人或事物的动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象的概念 work, education
▲可数名词:是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词:不能用表示具体数量的词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, population, information .
可数名词和不可数名词区别:
(1) 数的区别:可数名词有单数和复数之分。如:apple-apples苹果; cake-cakes蛋糕;不可数名词没有复数形式,一般视为第三人称单数。如: tea茶,milk牛奶,water水。
(2) 量的区别:可数名词可用a(n)及数词连用。如:a book 一本书, many restaurants很多餐馆;不可数名词不能与a(n)及数词连用,但可与表示不确切数量的词,特别是of短语连用。如:a piece of paper一张纸,two cups of tea两杯茶。
(3) 修饰词的差异:可数名词和不可数名词前都可用all, some, any, a lot of, enough, plenty of等来修饰。但只能修饰可数名词有many, a few,a number of, 等。只能修饰不可数名词的有much, a little, a bit of等。如:
There is some white wine. 有一些白酒。
There are some flowers in the vase. 花瓶里有一些花。
How much fish do you want 你要多少鱼?
How many people are there 有多少人?
(二)可数名词的单复数
英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1.名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
(1)一般情况下在名词词尾加-s。如:map → maps, boy→ boys, horse→ horses, table→ tables.
(2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词加-es.如:bus→buses, class→classes, box→boxes, dish→dishes, brush→brushes, match→matches, beach→beaches.
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的\,变y为i,再加-es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties. 但以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, toy→toys, day→days。
(4)以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加-es。如: leaf→leaves, thief-thieves, half→halves, life→lives, knife→knives.
【注】
(1)以o结尾的词,变复数时有的在名字词尾加-es。在初中学过的有“一个人,两个菜”。即:hero→heroes, tomaoto→tomatoes, potato→potatoes;其它的一般在名词词尾只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos, zoo→zoos,radio→radios.
(2)以ch结尾的名词,复数多数加-es,但ch发[k]时,复数加-s。如:stomach→stomach
(3)复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下:
情 况 读法 例 词
在清辅音后 [s] cups, hats, cakes
在浊辅音或元音后 [z] dogs, cities, knives
[ ] [ ] [ ] [s][z]等后 [ z] glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces
2.不规则变化:
(1)变元音字母。如:man→men, woman→women, policeman→policemen,tooth→teeth, goose→geese,foot→feet, mouse→mice
(2)单复数形式相同的。Chinese→Chinese, Japanese→Japanese, ,sheep→sheep, deer→deer.
(3)child→children
请记住“男人女人变一个,牙齿鹅脚变两个,孩子后面加三个,中日绵羊鹿不变”。
(三)名词所有格
在英语中,名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式,叫做名词所有格。名词所有格的构成主要有两种形式。一是由名词加’s构成;二是由of+名词。
1.’s所有格
表示有生命东西的,特别是人的,采用名词词尾加-’s的方法:
(1)以-s结尾的名词复数,词尾加 “‘”,如:teachers’ office 教师办公室,Teachers’ Day 教师节
(2)不是以s结尾的名词,词尾加-’s。如:Women’s Day 妇女节, Jack’s family 杰克的家庭
2.of所有格
表示无生命东西的名词,常用“of+名词”结构。如:a map of China一张中国地图,the gates of school 学校门口
3.双重所有格
   物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。其构成形式是:a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如: a friend of mine 我的一个朋友,several cousins of Mary’s 玛丽的几个表兄妹.
4.特殊所有格
一样东西,两人共有,则后一个人名用所有格;各自有,每个名词都用所有格,且其后名词应为复数。如:
The woman is Mary and Alice’s mother.那个妇女是玛丽和爱丽丝的母亲。
You should find what the difference between Mr Smith’s and Mr. Black’s cars is.
你应当发现史密斯先生与布莱克先生的汽车的不同之处。
【注】
表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体等无生命的的名词也可用’s构成名词所有格。如:today’s newspaper今天的报纸,five minutes’ walk 五分钟的路程,China’s open-door policy中国的开放政策
(四)名词的句法作用
1.作主语。There is a bird singing in the tree. 树上一只小鸟在唱歌。
2.作表语。He is a worker.他是工人。
3.作宾语。I want an apple.我要苹果。
4.作宾补。The students chose Tom monitor.同学们选汤姆为班长。
5.作同位语。This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital.这位是周先生,我们医院的院长。
6.作定语。There are a lot of banana trees on the island.岛上有许多香蕉树。
【注】
1.名词作主语时,谓语动词要在人称和数上和主语保持一致。
2.名词作定语时,一般不用复数形式,但man, woman作定语时,随其所修饰的名词的数而变化。 an apple tree→ apple trees, a man doctor →men doctors
四、思维误区警示
(一)可数名词和不可数名词
【例题解析】
1.(湖北黄冈)—Good morning, madam. Can I help you
—Sure, I’d like _______ for cooking vegetables.
A. two cups of tea B. three pieces of bread
C. a bowl of dumplings D. five kilos of oil
答案: D。该题考查不可数名词的用法。联系下文可知答案。
2.(吉林通化)We need to come up with a/an ______ and make a decision at once.
A. information B. advice C. idea D. news
答案:C。能与a/an连用的是可数名词,上述选项中只有idea是可数名词。
3. (河北)―Would you like some drinks, boys ―Yes, , please.
A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange
答案:D。 orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词(piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等)是可数名词,可根据情况用单数或复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。
【易错知识点解析】
这类试题要求考生区分可数名词与不可数名词以及修饰可数名词与不可数名词的常用词语,并掌握将可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式的基本方法,以及一些不规则名词的单复数形式。
(二)名词所有格
【例题解析】
1. (河北)This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s
C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
答案:D。该题考查并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时,只在后面的名词后加’s.
2.(山东东营)Shanghai World Expo(世博会) will open a time.
A. in; year’s B. after; years C. in; years’ D. after; years’
答案:C。与一般将来时连用的是“in+一段时间”,以-s结尾的复数名词的名词所有格应在名词后加’。
3. (浙江宁波)—Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here
—No, it’s about _______.
A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes’ walk D. 7 minute’s walk
答案:C。本题考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以-s结尾时,则只需要加“‘”即可,则“7分钟的距离”为“7 minutes’ walk”。
【易错知识点解析】
表示有生命的名词和表示时间、距离等名词的所有格,采用词尾加 “-s”的形式。但以s结尾的复数名词,只需在词尾加 “-’”。 A’s and B’s表示两者分别有, 如:John’s and Mary’s rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间)。而A and B’s表示两者共有 如:John and Mary’s room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary’s mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。
(三)名词作定语
【例题解析】
1. (湖北孝感)There are three________ assistants in that________ shop.
  A. women; shoe B. woman; shoe C. woman; shoes D. women; shoes
答案:A。本题主要考查名词作定语的用法。名词作定语一般用单数形式,但man 和woman除外。
2. (江苏无锡)_______the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are____teachers.
A. A number of; women B. A number of; woman
C. The number of; women D. The number of; women
答案:C。本题主要考查woman作定语的用法和a number of和the number of的区别。
3.(重庆)If I’m free, I’d like to spend _______holiday in the country.
A. a two-day B. two days’ C. two-day D. two days
答案:A。名词作定语时,用单数。A two-day holiday,也可替换为two days’ holidays.
【易错知识点解析】
名词作定语修饰主体名词时,常用单数形式。如:apple trees。但man, woman作定语时,若被修饰词用复数, man 和 woman 也要变为复数。如 women nurses。 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如: an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(四)词义辨析
【例题解析】
1.(南京)Tom regards Nanjing as his second____ because he has been here for over ten years.
   A. family B. room C. house D. home
答案:D。本题主要考查以上四个近义词的区别。family指“家庭、家庭成员”; house是“房屋、住宅”。home是“家”,主要指一个人出生或居住的地方;room是“房间”的意思。
2. (河南省)When I hurriedly got to the airport, the lady at the window told me that there were no ______ left on that plane.
A. places B. seats C. space D. room
答案:D。从were可知,后面名词是复数形式。A、D是不可数名词,而A不合题意。Room可当不可数名词“空间”讲。
3.(辽宁)Could you send me_______to tell me something about your visit in America
A. a ticket B. an e-mail C. a TV set D. a watch
答案:B。发送的应该是电子邮件。
【易错知识点解析】
这类试题主要考查一些语义相近而极易混淆的名词 考生在平时要注意积累,掌握一些常见易混名词的用法区别,如: family, home, room, house; problem, question; match, game等
(五)固定搭配
【例题解析】
1.(江苏盐城)—Sorry, Jane. I took your school bag by________.
  —It doesn’t matter.
  A. hand B. mistake C. bike D. heart
答案:B. 本题考查固定搭配by mistake “错误的”。
2. (大连)We should have________ in ourselves and we will make it if we have a try.
  A. success B. confidence C. progress D. knowledge
答案:B。本题考查 have confidence in oneself “相信自己”。
【易错知识点解析】
这类试题主要考查考生对一些含有名词的固定短语的构成和意义的掌握情况,这就要求考生在日常的学习中熟记一些固定短语的结构和意义。
【中考演练】
I.根据句意和词首字母, 用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. He hurt himself in the car a __________last year.
2.- What’s your e-mail a______ -It’s gina@ .
3. You must pay a_______ to your handwriting.
4. The c clicked and their picture was taken.
5. Kate is Mrs Green’s d______. Mrs Green is her mother.
6. My father has made a d _______to give up smoking.
7. I can’t go to school today because my mother is ill in h_________.
8. -How many m _____are there in a year -There are twelve.
9. -How far is it from here -It’s about ten m ________walk.
10. - What’s your h_________ -I like singing best.
II.根据英语或汉语提示完成下面英语句子。
1. The five _______ (German) have been to the Great Wall twice.
2. Would you like some _______ (tomato)
3. Mr Smith has three _______ (child).
4. I have some new _______ (information) for you.
5. We go to school on ______ (foot) every day.
6. The (地理)teacher fixed the map on the blackboard.
7. The (人口)of this country rose by 10 percent.
8. The boy can’t look after himself. He only has two________(牙齿).
9.You must read the (说明)before you take the medicine.
10.- How many___________(邮票)have you collected so far -More than 200.
III.用方框内所给单词的适当形式填空。
message exercise story success knife safe language illness surprise leaf
1.-What are the ________used for They are used for cutting things.
2. English is one of the most important ____________in the world.
3. In spring the _________on the tree turn green.
4. Tom isn’t in. Can I take a ___________for you
5. We often do morning ____________ in our school.
6. The children were led to a place of .
7. My mother often told me _______when I was young.
8. To work hard brings ____________.
9. To my _________, he has passed the exam.
10. He didn’t go to work because of his____________.
IV. 用方框内所给单词的适当形式填空。
Film parent dream job money
Wang Baoqiang was born in a country of Hebei Province in 1984. His 1 are both farmers. When he was 8 years old, he went to Shaolin Temple to study Chinese Kungfu. When he was 14 years old, he went to Beijing with the 2 of being a kungfu star. He did many kinds of 3 at that time. He was always hungry because he did not earn enough 4 . He did not even return home for two years. Although he had many difficulties, he did not give up and went on to look for chances, to realize his dream. At last he got a part in the 5 A World Without Thieves directed by the famous director Feng Xiaogang. Since then, he has become known to many people. Then after The Soldiers’ Sortie, he became more famous than ever before, but he is working hard.
第一章 名词
I. 1.accident 2. address 3. attention 4. camera 5. daughter
6. decision 7. hospital 8. months 9. minutes’ 10. hobby
II. 1. Germans 2. tomatoes 3. children 4. information 5. foot
6. geography 7. population 8. teeth 9. instruction(s) 10.stamps
III. 1. knives 2. languages 3.leaves 4. message 5.exercises
6. safety 7. stories 8.success 9. surprise 10. illness
IV. 1. parents 2. dream 3. jobs 4. money 5. film
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