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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十二章 非谓语动词
二、考点跟踪解读
1.了解什么是谓语动词和非谓语动词。
2.理解动词不定式的形式，性质和不定时在句中所起的作用。
3.理解v-ing的意义以及在句中起的作用。掌握和区别动词不定式和v.-ing形式的运用及其含义。
三、要点精讲全解
谓语动词是指动词在句中独立作谓语时采用的形式，如各种时态的形式。非谓语动词是指动词在句中不独立作谓语时采用的形式，无人称和数的变化，不受主语人称和谓语动词时态的影响，所以又叫非限定性动词，包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种。
（一）动词不定式
1.动词不定式的构成
动词不定式是由“to＋动词原形”构成的，to本身无词义，有时可以省略。其否定形式是“ not to＋动词原形”。
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，在句中可以充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。
2. 动词不定式的用法
（1）作主语
动词不定式作主语，要视为第三人称单数，有时为了避免头重脚轻，可用it代替，把真正的主语放在句末后面。如：
To play football is very interesting.→It’s very interesting to play football.踢足球很有趣。
To help the poor is his duty. →It is his duty to help the poor. 帮助穷人是他的责任。
在初中我们学过的句型主要有：
●It’s time (for sb. ) to do sth. 到了（某人）做某事的时间了。如：
It’s time for me to get up. 到了我起床的时间了。
It’s time to go to school. 到了上学的时间了。
●It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间
It took me an hour to do my homework last night. 昨天晚上我花费了一个小时做作业。
●It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了。
It’s my turn to clean the blackboard. 轮到我擦黑板了。
●It’s +adj. +for/ of sb. to do sth.
如果形容词是是描述人的特征或品质（如：kind, nice, clever, right, polite, careless）,则用of；如：It’s nice of you to help me. 能帮助我，你真是太好了。
如果形容词是描述动词不定式所表示的动作特征（如：easy, hard, difficult, safe, interesting, necessary等）则用for。如：
It’s very important for you to work hard. 对你来说努力学习是很重要的。
（2）作宾语
●用在动词want, would like, hope, wish, try, plan, begin, start, need , decide, learn, forget, remember, choose等动词之后作宾语。如：
I try to learn English well. 我努力学好英语。
She wants to go to university some day. 她想有朝一日去上大学。
●动词不定式作宾语时，后接宾语补足语时，常用it 代替，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。如：
He found it difficult to go to sleep. 他发现入睡很难。
●在英语中有些动词，如：ask, know, learn, decide, tell, find out, teach等后接“疑问代（副）词＋不定式”作宾语。
I don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪里。
Do you know what to do next 你知道下一步做什么吗？
（3）作定语
●动词不定式作定语要放在被修辞词的后面。如：
I want something to drink.我想喝点东西。
●如果动词不定式是词组，要保持词组的完整，如果被修饰的是表示地点和工具的词，则不定式动词要加上适当的介词。如：
She has no room to live in. 她没有房子住。
This pen is smooth to write with.这支笔写起来很流利。
（4）用作宾语补足语
●带to的：在动词want，would like，tell，ask，teach，encourage，allow，wish等动词后的宾语补足语，是带to的动词不定式。如：
They asked him to sing a pop song at the party. 他们请他在晚会上唱了一首流行歌曲。
She wants her brother to go to university. 她想要他的兄弟去上大学。
●不带to的：感官动词（feel, hear, see, watch等）和使役动词（make, let, have等）的宾语补足语都不带to。在help后面作宾语补足语时，to 可有可无。
Let him do his homework by himself. 让他自己做作业。
I saw a girl come into the office without knocking. 我看见一个女孩没敲门就进了办公室。
The young man made the old machine start working. 那个年轻人使那台旧机器开动了。
The teachers helped the students (to) learn English well. 老师帮助学生学好英语。
（5）用作表语：不定式可以用在连系动词后作表语。 如：
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
His wish is to become a pianist. 他的愿望是当一名钢琴家。
（6）用作状语
●做目的状语：如：go / come/ to do sth.
He ran over to welcome us. 他跑来欢迎我们。
●做原因状语：如：be sorry（glad/ happy ）to do sth.
I am sorry to hear that. 听到那件事，我感到很难过。
●做结果状语：如：too …to do sth.，enough to do sth.
He is old enough to go to school. 他到了上学的年龄了
（7）疑问词＋动词不定式
“疑问词＋动词不定式”相当于一个名词词组，在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语等。
How to use a computer is a question. 怎么用这台电脑是个问题。（作主语）
I don’t know how to do it.我不知道怎么做这件事情。（做宾语）
The question is how to get there. 问题是怎么到那里。（做表语）
“疑问词＋动词不定式”可以把wh-（how）引导的宾语从句转化为简单句，方法是：去掉宾语从句的主语，将其谓语变为“to+动词原形”（有助动词的，要一并去掉）。
They don’t know how they can answer the question.
→They don’t know how to answer the question.
Please tell me what I should do first.
→Please tell me what to do first.
（二）动名词
1. 动名词的构成
动名词是由动词原形加-ing构成，除具有动词的性质外，还具有名词的性质。动名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语等，但不能用作谓语。如：
She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。
Thank you for helping us. 谢谢你帮助我们。
2. 动名词的用法
（1）用作主语。
动名词作主语，一般视为第三人称单数。在一些句子中，采用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动名词放在句末。如：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
Finding work is difficult these days. 现在找工作可不容易。
It’s no use crying. 哭没有什么用处。
（2）用作表语。
动名词作表语一般表示抽象的习惯性动作，表语和主语可以互换。如：
His job is teaching English. （=Teaching English is his job.）他的工作是教英语。
（3）用作宾语。
动名词可用在动词或介词后作宾语。如：
He enjoys playing basketball. 他喜爱打篮球。
He left without saying goodbye. 他没有告别就离开了。
（4）用作定语。
动名词作定语只表明它所修饰词的用途、所属关系，要置于所修饰词之前。如：
This is our reading room. 这时我们的阅览室。
Betty won the first prize in the singing competition. 贝蒂获得了歌咏比赛的一等奖。
3. doing搭配
（1）keep doing sth 一直作某事
Keep driving until you see the cinema, then turn left.
开着车一直向前，看见电影院就向左拐。
（2）keep sb doing sth使某人一直做某事
Don’t keep your mother waiting. 不要让你妈妈久等。
（3）be busy doing sth 忙于做某事
He was busy doing his homework. 他正忙于写家庭作业。
（4）spend time / money (in) doing sth 花时间/ 金钱做某事
He spends much time playing every day. 他每天花许多时间玩耍。
（5）finish doing sth 完成某事
Can you finish writing in ten minutes？ 你十分钟能写完吗？
（6）enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事
The boy enjoyed listening to music when he was young. 这个男孩小时候喜欢听音乐。
（7）mind doing sth 介意做某事
Do you mind my opening the window 你介意我开窗户吗？
（8）feel like doing sth 想要做某事
I’m not feeling well. I don’t feel like eating anything. 我感觉不舒服。我不想吃东西。
（9）Thanks for doing sth 为了某事而感谢你。
Thank you so much for inviting me. 非常感谢你邀请我。
（10）be worth doing sth 值得做某事
The book isn’t worth reading. 这本书不值得读。
（11）have fun doing sth 很开心地做某事
We had great fun surfing in the sea yesterday. 我们昨天在大海里冲浪很开心。
（12）be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
My grandpa is used to living in the countryside. 我的爷爷习惯于住在乡下。
（13）What about / How about doing sth 做某事怎么样
What/ How about playing football this afternoon 今天下午踢足球怎么样？
（14）practice doing sth 练习做某事
You should practice speaking English as much as possible.
你应当尽可能多地练习说英语。
（15）without dong sth 没有做……
She kept sitting there without talking to anybody. 她一直坐在那里，默不作声。
（16）No doing sth. 禁止做某事
No parking/ smoking! 不准停车！/请勿吸烟！
（17）look forward to doing sth 盼望着做某事
I’m looking forward to hearing from you. 我盼望着收到你的来信。
（18）pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
You must pay attention to protecting the environment.你要注意保护环境。
（19）consider doing sth 考虑做某事
I’m considering changing my job. 我在考虑转换工作。
（20）do some v.-ing 和go v.-ing搭配
do some cooking/ shopping / cleaning/ washing/ reading/
做饭（购物，打扫卫生，洗衣服，读书
go shopping/ fishing / swimming/ skating/ boating/ / hiking / sightseeing
去购物（钓鱼，游泳，滑冰，划船，远足，观光）
4. 动名词作宾语和不定式作宾语的比较
有些及物动词后面既可以接动名词作宾语，又可以接不定式作宾语，其中不少动词还会引起意思上的变化。
⑴ begin, start等：
在begin, start, hate, like, love, prefer等动词后，用动名词或不定式作宾语，意思上几乎没有什么区别。有时，like后接动名词时，表示经常性的爱好；后接不定式时，表示一次性的或独特的爱好。如：
I like traveling, especially, to travel with friends. 我喜欢旅行，特别是和朋友们一起旅行。
He doesn’t like reading, but he likes to read newspapers in bed.
他不喜欢读书，但是他喜欢在床上看报。
⑵ forget, remember等：
在forget, remember后，用动名词作宾语表示已做过的事情，用不定式表示要去做的事情。如：
I remember posting the letter. 我记得把信寄走了。
Remember to post the letter. 别忘了把信寄走。
⑶ stop, go on等：
在stop, go on后，用动名词作宾语表示“（停止或继续）做同一件事”，用不定式表示“（停下来或接下去）做另一件事”。如：
They stopped talking. 他们停止了谈话。
They stopped to talk. 他们（停止原来做的事）开始谈话。
⑷ need, want等：
need, want后接动名词作宾语具有被动意义，和用被动态的不定式在意义上一样。如：
This room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 这间房间需要打扫。
The old watch wants repairing / to be repaired. 这块旧表需要修理。
（三）分词
1. 分词的形式
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形＋-ing”构成，过去分词的基本形式是 “动词原形＋-ed”，但也有不规则的形式。
2. 分词的用法
⑴ 作定语
如果是单词，则为前置定语，现在分词表示正在进行的行为，过去分词表示性质或行为所造成的结果状态；
如果是短语，则为后置定语，其作用相当于定语从句，现在分词表示一个正在进行的主动行为，过去分词则表示被动的行为。如：
a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 一个正在睡觉的孩子
The room was full of people waiting for the headmaster. 房间里挤满了等候校长的人们。
We need more trained nurses. 我们需要更多的受过训练的护士。
Things seen from behind seem a little different. 从背后看到的东西显得稍有不同。
⑵ 作表语
现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征，过去分词作定语则表示主语的状态。现在分词的常用来修饰事物，过去分词则多用来修饰人。
The story of his life sounds very interesting. 他的生平故事听起来很有趣。
He is too frightened to move.他吓得不敢动了。
⑶ 作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时，通常用于感官动词和使役动词之后，如：see, watch, hear, feel, notice, find; have, leave, keep等。现在分词作宾语补足语时，和宾语存在主动关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，和宾语存在被动关系。如：
He kept the machine running for ten hours. 他使得机器一直转了10个小时。
I want to have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
⑷ 作状语
分词用作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等，相当于一个状语从句。现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语是主句的主语，且构成主谓关系；而过去分词作状语，主句主语则是其逻辑宾语，构成动宾关系。
Hearing / When hearing a noise, they stopped talking. (= When they heard….) 听到喧闹声，他们便停止了谈话。 （时间状语）
She sat there reading a newspaper. (= … and read a newspaper.) 她坐在那里看报纸。 （伴随状况状语）
Deeply moved, she couldn’t say a word. (= As she was deeply moved….) 她深受感动，一句话也说不出来。 （原因状语）
四、思维误区警示
(一)动词不定式
【例题解析】
1. (重庆) Our teacher always tell us ______ more English in and out of class.
A. speak B. spoken C. to speak D. speaking
答案：C. tell 后面要接带to 的不定式做宾补，构成tell / ask sb. to do sth.形式。
2.（杭州）There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and I’ve warned Jack ______ here.
A. not to swim B. to not swim C. swim not to D. to swim not
答案：A.在动词 tell, ask, want, like, teach, warn, wish 等后面跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不管在主动语态中还是在被动语态中不定式都要带“to”。动词不定式的否定形式是在“to”前加not。
3.（福建）The teacher said to his students, “Don’t forget _____ your dictionary to school tomorrow.”
A. brought B. bring C. bringing D. to bring
答案：D forget等动词后既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，但所表达的意义不同，forget to do sth表示“忘记要做某事” ，而forget doing sth则表示“忘记曾经做过某事”
4. (南通)— How do you know that she likes singing
— I often hear her ______ after class.
A. to sing B. sang C. sing D. sings
答案：C.表示“听到某人经常做…”时，要用hear sb do sth形式.。
【易错知识点解析】
动词不定式的易错点：1. 用to do还是do。记住感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式。 2. 动词不定式的否定是在动词不定式前加not。 3. 分清一些动词跟to do 和doing意思是不同的。
（二）动名词
【例题解析】
1.（重庆）－Would you mind_______my pet dog when I am out
－Sorry, I can’t. I have to study for my test this week.
A. take care of B. taking care of C. to take care of D. taking care
答案： B。本题主要考查mind doing sth.
2.（广州）He used to _____in the sun, but now he is used to _____at night.
A. read, read B. reading, read C. read, reading D. reading, reading
答案：C。本题考查used to do sth. “过去常常做某事” be used to doing sth. “习惯于做某事”。
3.（烟台）Stop_____so much noise! My father is sleeping.
A. to make B. making C. to hear D. hearing
答案：B.句意是停止弄出如此大的声音，我父亲在睡觉。应该用stop doing sth. “停止做某事”。
【易错知识点解析】
中考重点考查动名词做宾语的情况，请记住下列词后要接动名词形式。
完成 练习 值得 忙(finish, practice, be worth, be busy)保持 习惯 别放弃 (keep, be used to, give up)考虑 注意 不禁 想 (consider, pay attention to, can’t help, feel like)喜欢 期望 要介意 (enjoy, look forward to, mind)
（三）分词
1. （重庆）—Why are you late
— My bike broke down. I had it________.
A. repaired B. repairs C. repair D. repairing
答案：A。have sth done意为使（让、请）别人做某事。其中have是使役动词，意为使、让，而不是有的意思，其后接复合宾语：sth是宾语，done(是过去分词)是宾语补足语整个结构（或称句型）所表示的动作是别人做的，不是由句子的主语完成的。
2.（乐山）The boy lay on the ground, ______the stars in the sky.
A. count B. counting C. to count D. counted
答案：B。句意是“那个男孩躺在地上，数天上的星星。”现在分词用来作伴随状语。
【易错知识点解析】
分清现在分词和过去分词的区别。现在分词作状语，含有主动的含义，过去分词作状语，含被动的含义。
【中考演练】
I. 单项选择。
1. In the dark I heard my name ______.
A. calling B. call C. called D. to call
2. The students are busy _______ ready for the journey.
A. getting B. get C. got D. to get
3. She kept me ______ for over twenty minutes.
A. to wait B. waiting C. waited D. wait
4. He was seen ______to her daughter.
A. speaking B. speaks C. speak D. spoke
5. Many parents complained that their children spent too much time ________the Internet every day.
A. to surf B. surf C. surfing D. on surfing
II．用括号中的动词适当形式填空。
1. The teacher told us (not go) anywhere without his permission (允许).
2. We were made (make) so many paper flowers for the party that day.
3. Your words made every one of us (get) even angrier.
4. Did you enjoy (work) with us here
5. My watch doesn’t work. It needs (mend).
6. A mirror is used for (look) at yourself.
7. When I got to the entrance of the hall, I saw some young kids (smoke) there.
8. The stories are so easy that you can finish (read) them in two hours.
9. Black Horse is an (interest) book for children, but I wonder why my little son isn’t (interest) in it.
10. If he doesn’t know how ________ (use) the recorder, you’d better ________ (show) him.
III.将下面句子改为同义句。
1. The old man is so old that he can’t work.
The old man is too old .
2. I don’t know how I can get to the TV factory.
I don’t know to the TV factory.
3. Mike hopes he can visit the Great Wall on day.
Mike hopes the Great Wall one day.
4. He is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.
He is strong the heavy box.
5. His father said to him, “Listen to the teacher carefully.”
His father told him to the teacher carefully.
IV.用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。
say teach break give stop
When Jimmy was a boy, he liked watches and clocks very much. When he was eighteen years old, he joined the army, and after a year, he began 1 himself to mend watches. A lot of his friends brought him 2 watches, and he mended them for them.
Then his captain heard about this. One day he brought Jimmy a watch too, and said, “My watch has 3 . Can you mend it for me, please ”
Jimmy said, “Yes, sir, I can.” After a few days, he brought the watch back to the captain.
“How much should I pay you ” the officer said.
“One pound, sir,” Jimmy replied. Then he took a small box out of his pocket and 4 it to the captain, 5 , “Here are your three wheels (机轮) from your watch. I didn’t find a place for them when I put everything back.”
第十二章
I.1－5CABAC
II. 1. not to go 2. to make 3. get 4. working 5. mending
6. looking 7. smoking 8. reading 9. interesting, interested 10. to use, show
III. 1. to work 2. how to get 3. to visit 4. enough to carry 5. to listen
IV. 1. to teach 2. broken 3. stopped 4. gave 5. saying
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