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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十三章 主谓一致和倒装句
二、考点跟踪解读
掌握主谓一致的三个原则，并能正确运用。
三、要点精讲全解
谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则
语法一致原则是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致。谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定， 主语为单数形式时谓语动词用单数形式， 主语为复数形式时谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
He is reading an English book. 他在看一本英语书。
1. 当主语后面跟有with, but, except, besides, including, like等引起的短语时，谓语动词与原来的主语一致。如：
Mr Li with his two sons has gone to the cinema.李先生和他的两个儿子去看电影了。
No one except the two boys was late for class. 除了两个男孩外，无一人迟到。
2. 由and或连接的并列主语如果指的是同一人（事、物或抽象概念）时，谓语动词用单数；否则用复数。如：
His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. 他的老师朋友是一位漂亮的女孩。
Mr. Black and Mrs. Black have a son called Tom.布莱克夫妇有一个叫汤姆的儿子。
3. 代词each和由some, any, no, every 和thing, body, one构成的复合不定代词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Each of us likes English. 我们中的每一个人喜欢英语。
There is something wrong with my bike. 我的自行车出了毛病。
4. 不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句等作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
Doing eye exercises is good forr our health.做眼保健操对我们的身体有好处。
How and why he left was a sad story. 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。
5. 名词如glasses, shoes, trousers, gloves, pants, shorts 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则往往用作单数形式。如：
Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.你的裤子脏了，你最好换下来。
My new pair of socks is on the bed.我的新袜子在床上。
（二）意义一致的原则
意义一致原则是指谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于主语所表达的意义。
1. 表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如：
Twenty years is not a long time.二十年是不长的一段时间。
Ten dollars is too dear. 十美元太贵了。
2. 有些集合名词，如family, team, class等作主语时，作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如指其中每个成员，则用复数。如：
My family is big one. 我的家庭是个大家庭。
My family are watching TV.我全家人在看电视。
3. 不定代词由some, any, more, most, all, none作主语时，谓语动词取决于这些代词代表的意义是单数还是复数。如：
All of the work has been finished. 所有的工作已经完成了。
All of the people have gone. 所有的人走了。
4. 在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。如：
The man who lives next to us is a policeman.那个住在我们隔壁的那个人是警察。
5. “a lot of（lots of / plenty of）+名词”和“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的词组作主语时，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数：名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：
There is a lot of water in the street. 街道上有很多水。
Three fourths of the students go to school by bike in my school.
6. “a number of＋可数名词复数”(表示“大量的……”)的结构作主语时， 谓语动词应采用复数形式； “the number of＋可数名词复数”(表示“……的数量”)的结构作主语时， 谓语动词应采用单数形式。如：
A number of students in this class are from Sichuan. 这个班有不少同学来自四川。
The number of the visitors is fifty. 游客的数量是50。
在我们学校里，四分之三的学生骑自行车上学。
7. “the+姓氏复数形式”表示“……一家人”在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The Greens are going to visit the Great Wall tomorrow. 格林一家人打算明天参观长城
（三）就近一致的原则
1. 由连词either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also连接的并列主语时，谓语动词与考它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如：
Either you or I am right. 或者你对，或者我对。
Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.孩子和老师都不知道这件事情。
2. 在“There be” 句型中,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。
There are two apples and one egg in it. 在里面有两个苹果和一个鸡蛋。
3. 以here开头的句子，其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。
Here is a letter and some books for you. 给你一封信和一些书。
（四）倒装句
了强调或平衡句子结构，英语中常用倒装。倒装有完全倒装和部分倒装。完全倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。
1. 完全倒装
（1）以here，there，now，then等地点或时间副词开头的句子,谓语动词是be, come, go,等，而主语又是名词时，用全部倒装。注意：如果句子的主语是代词时，则不倒装。如
Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
（2）有些动词与副词out，in，up，down，away等构成不及物动词短语。为了使句子更生动，常将这些副词提前到句首，这时用全部倒装。注意：句子的主语是代词时，则不倒装。如：
The door opened and in came the headmaster.门开了，校长进来了。
Out rushed the children. 孩子们冲了出去。
（3）将表示地点的介词短语放在句首进行强调时，使用全部倒装。谓语动词常为不及物动词。如：
From the window came the sound of music.音乐声从窗子传来。
In front of our school is the police station. 在我们学校的前面是公安局。
2、部分倒装
(1)so, neither, nor置于句首，构成：So（Neither/Nor）+助动词（be/情态动词）+ 主语。用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物，这种结构中的助动词、be动词或情态动词在形式上与前一句的谓语动词保持一致，而其数的形式由后一句的主语决定。如：　　
She went to the cinema last Sunday, so did I.上星期天她去看电影了，我也是。
She didn’t go to the cinema last Sunday, neither did I. 上星期天她没去看电影，我也没去。
（2）only +状语放在句首，要用部分倒装。如：
Only in this way can we do the work well.只有这样，我们才能做好工作。
Only by working hard can we succeed.只有努力，我们才能成功。
在only后作状语的是从句时，从句不能倒装，要部分倒装的是主句。如：
Only yesterday did he realize that he was wrong. 就是在昨天他才意识到他错了。
（3）含有否定意义的副词置于句首，句子要部分倒装。如：not, never, hardly, little, not…until…，not only…but also…。
　Never shall I forget it.我绝对不会忘记这件事情。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.
他不但讲得正确，而且讲的轻松。
(4) so/such…+that结构中如，so或such置于句首加强语气，句子采用部分倒装。
So heavy is the box that he can’t carry it.那个箱子是那么重，以致于他扛不动。
(5)用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had, were, should提前。如：
Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.如果我是你，我不将做那件事情的。
　　 Had he come, we would have won.
四、思维误区警示
(一)语法一致原则
【例题解析】
1. （汕头）_______of us has an English-Chinese dictionary.
A. Every B. Both C. Each D. All
答案：C.本题重点考查语法一致原则。all和both作主语，谓语动词一般用复数形式，every不能做主语。each作主语时一般视为第三人称单数。
2. （重庆）This is my twin sister. Both she and I good at drawing.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
答案： C。本题考查主谓一致原则，both…and…连接并列主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
3. (包头) Look! There _______ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square.
A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deers
C. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers
答案：A。该题考查的是主谓一致。这个句子的主语是a number of deer, 是个复数概念，因此谓语动词应用复数形式。（deer单复数相同）
【易错知识点解析】
语法一致原则，主要是当主语是可数名词单词、或不可数名词时，谓语动词用第三人称单数；当主语是可数名词复数时，谓语动词复数形式。
　(二)意义一致原则
【例题解析】
1. (天津) How time flies! Ten years ________ passed.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
答案：B。该题考查的是主谓一致。Ten years通常被看作是一个时间整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
2. （芜湖）－How many teachers are there in your school
－About 200. One third of them _____men teachers.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
答案：D。本题主要考查意义一致原则。 当分数词作主语时，看它代表的意义是单数还是复数形式。
【易错知识点解析】
意义一致原则主要考查一段时间、一段距离、一笔钱用作主语的时候，谓语动词用单数形式，考查频度比较大的还有 a lot of, lots of, plenty of以及分数词短语作主语的数的确定。
（三）就近原则
【例题解析】
1.（青岛） Not only his parents but also his brother ______ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back.
A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone
答案：D。该题考查的是主谓一致。如果由not only…but also连接两个并列主语，其谓语动词同相邻的主语保持一致，谓语动词应用单数形式。又因为他们还都没有回来，所以用has gone而不用has been。
2. (河南省) There _______a desk, two beds and four chairs in the room
　　A. is B. are C .has D. have
答案：A。There be句型中的be用单数还是复数，决定于与其最近的那个主语的单复数，用了there be 结构，就不能用have或has。
【易错知识点解析】
就近原则主要考查的是并列连词either…or…, neither…nor…,not only…but also…以及there be结构的用法。谓语动词应该和靠它最近的主语一致。
（四）倒装句
【例题解析】
1. (宁夏)—I usually have milk and bread for breakfast.
　 —___________.
　　 A. So have I B. So I have C. So do I D. So I do
答案：C。 当前面说的事实也适合另一人时，用So＋助动词（be/情态动词）＋主语。前后两句在时态上保持一致。
2. (南充)Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.
A. can he run；can he repair B. can he run；he can repair
　 C. he can run；he can repair D. he can run；can he repair
　 答案：B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒装，but后面仍是正常语序。
【易错知识点解析】
应该熟练掌握倒装句的结构，特别是there, here, so , neither, so , not only…but also…倒装结构。在倒装结构的主谓一致，也显得尤为重要。
【中考演练】
I. 选择填空。
1. They said the eighteenth and last lesson _______ quite easy.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
2.－When are you going to Kunming for your holidays
－I haven’t decided. ______ this Sunday ______ next Sunday is OK.
A. Both; and B. Either; or C. Neither; nor D. Not only; but also
3. _______ of them has his own opinion.
A. Both B. Some C. Every D. Each
4. The old man has two children but _____ of them lives with him.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
5. Everyone except Tom and John _____ there when the meeting began.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Not only she but also I _______ (do) morning exercises every day.
2. Either you or she _____ (make) made a wrong decision already.
3. There ______ （be）some old people taking a walk in the park .
4. Tom with his parents often _____ （do）some cleaning in their house on Sundays.
5. Li Ming’s family _______ （be）a large one . Now the whole family ______（watch）TV.
6.If anybody_____（call）, tell him I’ll be back soon.
7.The number of the students in our school ______（be）over two thousand.
8. Nice to see you again. I ________（not see）you for a long time.
9. My shoes _______（wear）out. I want to buy a new pair.
10. Look! Who is the woman that_______（read）the book over there？
III. 按照要求进行句型换。
1. Both you and he like English. （改为否定句）
you he likes English.
2. There are some bananas on the tree. （改为一般疑问句）
______there _____bananas on the tree
3. Both of them want to stop to have a rest. （改为否定句）
_____of them _____to stop to have a rest.
4. These are apples. （改为单数形式）
This _____ _____apple.
5. She likes playing computer games. （改为复数句子）
_______ ______playing computer games.
IV. 根据汉语完成英语句子,每空一词。
1.我们两个人都没有看这部电影。
of us seen the film.
2.我的茶杯里没有水了。
There water in my cup.
3.不是他就是我要到哪儿去。
he I is going there.
4.学生们和老师都没有去过美国。
Neither the students nor the teacher to the United States.
5. 我们家正在一起度周末。
Our family the weekend together.
第十三章
I. 1－5BBDCB
II. 1. do 2. has made 3. are 4. does 5. is, are watching
6.calls 7. is 8. haven’t seen 9. are worn 10. is reading
III. 1. neither, nor 2. Are, there 3. Neither, wants 4. is an 5. They like
IV. 1. Neither, has 2. is no 3. Either, or 4. has been 5. are spending
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