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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十六章 并列句和复合句
二、考点跟踪解读
1. 掌握并列句和并列句的应用。
2. 掌握复合句和复合句的应用。
3. 掌握宾语从句、状语从句的用法。
4. 了解定语从句的功用和结构，关系代词和关系副词的功用。
5. 了解直接引语和间接引语的转换规律。
三、要点精讲全解
句子的基本结构有简单句、并列句和复合句。
（一）并列句
并列句是由并列连词and，but，or，for，so等连接的两个或两个以上简单句。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。 并列句各分句间的关系有：
1. 同等关系
常用表示同等关系的连词有and。如：
I help her and she helps me.我帮她，她帮我。
Last year l met Kate and we became friends．去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。
2. 转折关系
常用的表示转折关系的连词有but，yet，while等。在英语中用了but，就不能用though或although。如：
He is very old, but he is in good health.他年龄很大了，但是身体很好。
School is over, yet all the teachers are still working.学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。
He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。
3. 条件关系
表示条件关系的连词有and，or等。“祈使句+and/or+简单句”中，其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and或or引导的简单句则表示结果。如：
Use your head, and you will find away．动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。
Study hard, or you will fall behind the others．努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。
4. 因果关系
表示因果关系的连词有for, so等。注意用了so，就不能用because。
I was ill, so I didn’t go to school. 我病了，所以没有去上学。
He has many good friends, for he is honest.他有许多好朋友，因为他很诚实。
5. 选择关系
这类并列句常用并列连词or（或者，表示选择），either…or…等连接前后简单句。
Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema．现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。
Either you are wrong, or I am.不是你错，就是我错。
6.递进关系
常用的连词有neither…nor…，not only…but also…等。如：
Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.
我叔叔可以做那件事，或我婶婶也可以做。
Not only did the students see the film, but also the teachers saw it.
不仅学生，而且老师都看电影了。
（二）复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是句子的主体，从句是句子的一个成分，不能独立使用。初中阶段主要学习的是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。
1. 宾语从句
记住宾语从句的：三个公式，两个原则和一句话。
（1）连接词问题－三个公式
●主句＋（that）＋从句。，that本身没有词义，在句中不做任何句子成分，只起连接主从句的作用，口语中常可省略。如：
She says (that) she is good at English. 她说她擅长英语。
●主句＋if/whether＋从句。if或whether当“是否”讲，在句中不做任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但不能省略。如：
I don’t know if she has been to Beijing.我不知道她是否去过北京。
●主句＋连接代（副）词＋从句。连接代（副）词起连接主从句的作用，并且在从句中要作一定的句子成分。如：
I don’t know when we will have a meeting.我不知道什么时候开会。
（2）时态问题－两个原则
●主句是一般现在时，从句根据需要可用任何一种时态。如：
She says she will come back..她说她要回来。
●主句是一般过去时，从句必须用过去相应时态。如：
She asked if I was doing my homework this time yesterday.
她问昨天这个时候我是否在做作业。
注：客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，不受主句时态的影响。如：
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球围绕着太阳转。
（3）语序问题－一句话
●宾语从句要用陈述语序。即先说主语，再说谓语，主谓之间不能存在丝毫颠倒。如：
I don’t know where he lives.我不知道他住在哪里。
2.状语从句
在句子中作状语的句子叫状语从句。使用状语从句时应注意：
（1）时间状语从句
通常由when, while, as, after, before, until, as soon as等引导。时间状语从句通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：
I learned to ride a bike when I was ten.我十岁的时候，学骑自行车。
I’ll call you as soon as the meeting is over. 会议一结束，我就将给你打电话。
I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.我直到做完作业才上床睡觉。
While my father was reading a newspaper, my mother was cooking.
我的父亲看报纸，而我的母亲在做饭。
（2）条件状语从句
条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导，在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow 如果明天下雨，我们将干什么？
He won’t be late unless he is ill. 他不会迟到的，除非他有病。
（3）原因状语从句
●原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。because和so不能同用在一个句子里。
－Why were you late this morning 为什么今天早上你迟到了？
－Because I got up late.因为我起床晚了。
●because表示直接原因，语气最强。because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。as和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。如：
As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.因为他没有车，他不能很简单的到达那里。
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
既然你不能回答这个问题，我将问别人。
（4）目的状语从句
通常由so that引导。如：
She studies very hard so that she can go to a university.她如此努力学习，是为了能上大学。
（5）结果状语从句
●结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。如：
He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.他是那么穷，以致于为儿子买不起自行车。
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.她是那么好的教师，每个人都喜欢她。
●so... that...句型中的so是副词，常常用来修饰形容词或副词，常用句型为： so+adj. / adv. + that从句。如：
He is so young that she can’t look after himself. 他太小了，不能照顾自己。
He was so angry that he couldn’t say a word. 他气得说不出话来了。
●在such... that...中，such修饰名词，常用句式是：such＋（a/ an）＋n.＋that。当名词前有many、much、(a) few、(a) little等词修饰时，要用so...that...而不能用such...that…如：
He has so much money that he can buy what he wants. 他有那么多钱，他能买想买的东西。
He is such a hard-working boy that he has always been top in his class.
他是那么努力，在班里总是第一。
（6）让步状语从句
主要由though和although引导。although(though)不能和but用在同一个句子中。如：
His mother went on working in the field though it rained heavily outside.
虽然外面雨下得很大，但是他的妈妈仍然在地里干活。
Although I am tired, I must go on working.虽然我很累了，我还继续工作。
（7）比较状语从句
表示比较关系，通常由than和as引导。如：
Han Mei runs faster than Kate, but she jumps as far as Kate.
韩梅比凯特跑得快，但是跳得和凯特一样远。
4. 定语从句
初中阶段需要理解和掌握的定语从句的内容是：正确使用关系代词that（指人或物）， which（指物）和 who（指人）；关系代词在句子中的作用和省略。
●先行词决定关系代词。先行词指人，关系代词用that或who；先行词指物，关系代词用that或which。 如：
This is the book that my father bought for me.这就是我父亲为我买的书。
Is that the girl who you are looking for 那是你找的女孩吗？
●关系代词在句中做一定的成分。作主语时，定语从句的主语和先型材在人称和数上保持一致；作宾语时，关系代词可以省略。
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.我不喜欢只讲不做的人。
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.河北生产的车买的很好，
She is the person (that) I met yesterday. 她就是昨天我见到的人。
I like the book（that）you gave me. 我喜欢你给我的书。
（三）直接引语变为间接引语
1.人称变化
由直接引语变为间接引语时，人称遵循：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。从句中的第一人称，要和主句主语一致；从句中的第二人称，要跟的主句的宾语一致；从句中的第三人称一般不需要变化。如：
He said to Kate, “How is your sister ” → He asked Kate how her sister was.
Mr Smith said, “Jack is my friend.” → Mr Smith said Jack was his friend.
2.时态变化
（1）直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。如：
He says, “I have finished my homework.”→He says that he has finished his homework.
He will say, “I’ll do it tomorrow.” →He will say that she will do it the next day.
（2）主句用一般过去时，从句应变为过去范围内的相应时态。具体变化规律如下：
一般现在时→一般过去时
现在进行时→过去进行时
一般将来时→过去将来时
一般过去时→过去完成时
现在完成时→过去完成时
过去完成时→ 过去完成时
如：She said, “We hope so.”→ She said they hoped so.
She said, “He will go to see his friend.” →She said he would go to see his friend.
She said, “I have lost a pen.”→ She said she had lost a pen
（3）直接引语是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。
The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
3.句型的变化
一般说来，直接引语中的谓语动词said或said to变为间接引语时，said通常变为said（that）, said to sb.则变为told sb. 或asked sb.当直接引语是一般疑问句或特殊疑问句时，则变为asked (sb.) if/ whether/what…。
（1）直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：
She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
（2）直接引语如果是一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：
He said, “Can you swim, John ”→He asked John if he could swim.
（3）直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。如：
She asked me, “When do they have their dinner ”
→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
（4）直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如：
“Don’t make any noise,” she said to the children.
→She told the children not to make any noise.
4.状语的变化
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津。
时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）
地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, “These books are mine.”→He said those books were his.
具体参考下表：
直接引语 间接引语
now then
ago before
today that day
this morning/week that morning/week
yesterday the day before
yesterday morning the morning before
tomorrow the next day
last week/month the week/month before
next week/month the /next week/month
here there
（四）复合句、并列句和简单句的转换
1. 把时间状语从句转化为一个介词短语。
She went for a walk after she had supper.→She went for a walk after supper.
I could swim when I was eight years old. →I could swim at the age of eight.
2. 把because 引导的原因状语从句转化为because of 短语。
He was late for school because it rained heavily.
→He was late for school because of the heavy rain.
3. 把wh-（how）引导的宾语从句用“疑问词＋动词不定式”可以转化为简单句，方法是：去掉宾语从句的主语，将其谓语变为“to+动词原形”（有助动词的，要一并去掉）。
I don’t know how I can answer the question.→I don’t know how to answer the question.
Please tell me what I should do first.→Please tell me what to do first.
4、把so…that…引导的含结果状语从句的复合句转化为简单句时，要达到三看。
一看结果：结果是肯定的用enough to do sth.转换，结果是否定时，用too…to…，或用
not enough to do sth.转换。
二看主语：如果主从句的主语不同一，加上for连接从句的主语。
三看宾语：如果从句的宾语和主句的主语是指的是同一人（物），应删去从句中的宾语。
He is so young that he can’t go to school. →He is too young to go to school.
She works so hard that she can pass the exam. →She works hard enough to pass the exam.
The box is so heavy that we can’t carry it. →The box is too heavy for us to carry.
The problem is so easy that I can work it out.→The problem is easy enough for me to work out.
5. 把if not引导的条件状语从句转化为without短语。
I can’t pass the exam if you don’t help me. →I can’t pass the exam without your help.
People can’t live if there is no air or water. →People can’t live without air or water.
6. 把感官动词（see/hear/watch等）that clause 转化为感官动词（see/hear/watch）sb. do/ doing sth.
I saw that he was playing computer games. →I saw him playing computer games.
She heard that the boy cried all night. →She heard the boy cry all night.
7. It seems that clause 转化为seem to do sth.
It seemed that he would catch up with others. →He seemed to catch up with others.
8. 把so that 引导的目的状语从句转化为（in order） to do sth.
She got up early so that she could catch the early bus. →She got up early to catch the early bus.
9. 定语从句改为分词短语或介词短语。
The question that he asked is easy to answer.
→ The question asked by him is easy to answer.
The teacher who is wearing glasses teaches us English.
→The teacher with/wearing glasses teaches us English.
10. 祈使句＋and＋简单句→If you…,you’ll…；祈使句＋or＋简单句→If you don’t…, you won’t…
Take off your clothes, and you’11 feel better.
→If you take off your clothes, you’11 feel better.
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.→If you don’t hurry up, you’ll miss the train.
四、思维误区警示
（一）并列句
【例题解析】
1. (河北)Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, he can’t understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills.
A. so B. or C. but D. for
答案：A。本题的关键是根据逻辑意思作出正确的判断。布朗先生不懂日语是他看不懂药瓶上说明的原因。
2. (河南)Take exercise every day, ____ you will become stronger and stronger.
A. or B. and C. but D. while
答案：B。本题前面的祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。
【易错知识点解析】
并列句是由并列连词连接的两个或两个以上的句子，中考主要考查学生在特定的语言环境下对并列连词and，but，or，for，so等的掌握与运用情况。
（二）宾语从句
【例题解析】
1. (北京)Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2002.
A. where does she live B. Where she lives
C. where did she live D. where she lived
答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态。
2. (安徽) I didn’t know ________ they could pass he exam or not.
　A. why B. when C. that D. whether
答案：D。本题考查宾语从句的引导词问题，一般or not应该与whether连用。
3. (太原)—I’m a teenager’s mother. Sometimes I don’t know ________.
　　 —Love and understanding.
　 A. what my son needs most
B. what does my son want to get
C. why my son gets annoyed very often
答案：A。本题主要考查宾语从句的语序问题。根据上下文排除C。
【易错知识点解析】
中考对宾语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：引导宾语从句的连词和代词选择；宾语从句的语序；宾语从句的时态。
（三）状语从句
【例题解析】
1. (泉州市)－I hope you’ll enjoy your trip, dear!
－Thank you, mum. I’ll give you a call _________ I get there.
A. until B. as soon as C. since D. till
答案：B。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。本题的意思是“一到那里，我就给你打电话。”要表达这个意思应选用as soon as。
2. (重庆) I’m waiting for my friend. ________, I’ll go shopping alone.
　A. If she comes B. If she will come C. If she doesn’t come D. If she didn’t come
答案：C。本题考查条件状语从句if的用法。if（如果）从句要用一般现在时表示将来，根据下文，应该是否定的。
3. (江西)－Shall we go on working
－_________ I prefer to have a rest.
A. when B. if C. because D. though
答案：D。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。从意思上看，只有选though才能说得通。
4. (无锡) It was ________ weather that they decided to go out for a picnic.
　　A. such fine B. such a fine C. so fine D. so fine a
答案：A。本题主要考查结果状语从句，so/such…that…的用法。so后接形容词或副词，such后接名词短语。
【易错知识点解析】
状语从句的考点主要集中在从属连词方面,其中以引导时间状语从句 地点状语从句 目的状语从句 原因状语从句 让步状语从句和条件状语从句的连词为重点,同时对状语从句中的时态也是经常考查的内容
（四）定语从句
【例题解析】
1. (福州)—Do you know the girl ________ is standing under the tree
　—She is my little sister.
　A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
答案：A。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。
2. (常州)The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
答案：D。该题考查的是定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。
【易错知识点解析】
定语从句主要是要记住定语从句结构，关系代词和关系副词的选择，分清他们在句中的作用。其中如何选择关系代词或关系副词，定语从句的主谓一致的问题是考查的重点。
（五）直接引语和间接引语
【例题解析】
1.（乐山）He said to me, “Do you know when we shall come to school again ”（改为间接引语） She ______me _____I______when we ______go back to school again.
答案：asked, if/whether, knew, should.本题考查了直接引语变为间接引语时，主句动词变化，人称变化，时态变化等。
2.（兰州）My son asked the teacher, “Does the earth go round the sun ”
My son asked the teacher _____the earth_____round the sun.
答案： if, goes. 本题主要考查直接引语是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether,客观事实不受主句时态影响。
3.（济南） “Are you going to watch the football match next Sunday ” Father asked me.
Father asked me ______ _____ ____ going to watch the football match the next Sunday.
答案：if I was. 本题考查连接词的问题，时态和人称变化。
【易错知识点解析】
中考对直接引语和间接引语主要是：1. 人称的变化，一随主、二随宾。第三人称不更新。2.时态的变化：主句用过去时，从句应变为过去范围内的相应时态。 3. 引导词的选择问题，类似于宾语从句，特别记住祈使句的转化问题。4.其它时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化。
（六）复合句、并列句和简单句转换
【例题解析】
1. （临沂）Jack’s father doesn’t know how he should use a computer.（改为简单句）
Jack’s father doesn’t know_________ ______use a computer.
2.（乌兰察布）Hurry up, or you’ll late for the party.
________you ________hurry up, you’ll be late for the party.
3. （巴中）His brother is so young that he can’t go to school.
His brother is ______young _____go to school.
4.（乐山）She went to school at the age of five.
She went to school ______she ____five.
答案：1. how to 2. If, don’t 3. too, to 4. when, was
【易错知识点解析】
把复合句转化为简单句的思路就是把从句变为一个短语，或者是介词短短、或者是动词不定式，或者分词形式等。熟记规律，是解决此类问题的关键。
【中考演练】
I. 单项选择。
1. —Can you tell me ________ —Yesterday.
　 A. when did he buy the car B. where did he buy the car
　 C. when he bought the car D. where he bought the car
2. You will stay healthy _______ you do more exercise, such as running and walking.
A. if B. how C. before D. where
3. None of us knew what had happened _________ they told us about it.
A. when B. until C. after D. though
4. He’ll send us a message as soon as he ________ in Beijing.
　A. is arriving B. will arrive C. arrived D. arrives
5. —What are you looking for
　—I am looking for the book ________ I bought yesterday.
　A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
II.把下列句子连成含宾语从句的复合句。
1. He is good at English. He said…
He said _______ he _______ good at English.
2. Do you like English Could you tell me
Could you tell me_____ ______ _____English
3. He said to me, “Don’t play computer games.”
I asked me____ _____ _____computer games..
4. He asked Tom, “When do you get up ”
He asked Tom when ____ _____up.
5. Mother asked me, “Can you help me with cooking ”
Mother asked me if ______ _____ help_____with cooking.
III.根据汉语完成下面英语句子。
1. 刚才和你讲话的那个人是我的老师。
The man______ _______to you just now is my teacher.
2. 我喜欢我父亲昨天给我买的自行车。
I like the bike that my father _______ me.
3. 我将直到雨停了才去散步。
I won’t go for a walk until it ______ _______.
4. 他是忙得忘了吃了早午饭。
He was busy he forgot to have lunch.
5. 他问我叫什么名字。
He asked ________ my name______.
IV.将下面句子改为简单句。
1. I ask him what I shall do.
I ask him what
2. He can’t come because he is ill.
He can’t come his illness.
3. He was so angry that he couldn’t speak.
He was angry speak.
4. I like the girl who is in red.
I like the girl .
5. It seemed that she was going to play soccer after class.
______ ________to play soccer after class.
第十六章
I. 1－5CABDB
II. 1.that, was 2.not to play 3.if/whether, I could
4. he got 5. I could, her
III. 1. who/that talked 2. bought for 3. stops raining 4. so, that 5. what, was
IV. 1. to do 2. because of 3. too, to 4.in red 5. She seemed
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