资源简介

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十七章 构词法
二、考点跟踪解读
1. 掌握英语三种基本构词法：合成法、派生法和转换法。
2.有效利用上述三种方法识记英语单词，并灵活运用。
三、要点精讲全解
在英语中，一个单词往往与其它词在结构上有联系，把这些规律总结出来就是构词法。英语中基本的构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法。
（一）合成法：把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个单词，这种构词法为合成法。
1.合成名词：
名词＋名词：She doesn’t like playing basketball. 她不喜欢打篮球。
形容词＋名词：Would you mind cleaning the blackboard 你擦黑板，好吗？
介词＋名词：She is going hiking this afternoon. 她打算今天下午远足。
名词＋动词-ing：His handwriting is better than mine. 他的书法比我的强。
动词-ing＋名词：The waiting-room is too crowded.候车室太拥挤。
动词＋名词：They are playing soccer on the playground.他们在操场上踢足球。
名词＋介词＋名词：He is my brother-in-law. 他是我的姐夫。
名词＋动词：We will leave at daybreak. 我们在黎明时动身。
2.合成动词
名词＋动词：Please air-dry the paper.请将纸风干。
形容词＋动词：It’s hard to white-wash the huge wall. 粉刷这面大墙很难的。
副词＋动词：The man was blacklisted.这个人被列于黑名单了。
3. 合成形容词
数词＋单数名词：This is a 500-word composition.这是一篇500字的文章。
数词＋名词＋形容词：Mr Green has an 8-year-old daughter.格林先生有个八岁的女儿。
数词＋名词-ed：Tom sat at the three-legged table.汤姆正坐在三条腿的桌子旁。
形容词＋名词：Do you need a round-trip ticket 　你想要一张往返的车票吗？
形容词＋名词-ed：Father Christmas is very kind-hearted.圣诞老人非常善良。
名词＋过去分词：China has sent up many man-made satellites. 中国已发射许多人造卫星。
名词＋名词-ed：I want to buy a glass-topped table. 我想买一张带玻璃罩的桌子。
（二）派生法
在一个单词前或词尾加上一个词缀，从而变成一个新词的方法叫做派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫前缀，加在单词后的词缀叫后缀。
1．常用前缀
前缀 意义 例词
un- 不 unhappy 不高兴unable 不能
dis- 不 disagree 不同意discover发现
re- 再，重复 retell复述
mid- 中 mid-night半夜 mid-term期中
mis- 误会 mistake 错误
in- 不，非 informal非正式的
im- 不，非 impossible不可能的
inter- 间，相互 international国际的
tele- 远 telephone电话
2．常用后缀
后缀 意义 例词
动词＋-er（-or）→名词 动作者，人 foreigner外国人,inventor 发明家
动词 +(t)ion→名词 动作、状态 invention发明，action行为
名词+ese→名词 人，语言 Chinese中国人，Japanese日本人
名词或动词+ ful→形容词 充满 helpful有帮助的，forgetful健忘的
动词 +able→形容词 有能力的 enjoyable有趣的
名词 +en →形容词 …的 wooden木制的， woolen羊毛的
名词 +y → 形容词 …的 lucky幸运的，noisy喧闹的
名词+less→形容词 不…的 careless 粗心的， hopeless无望的
形容词 +ly →副词 …地 widely宽广地，happily高兴地
形容词 +ness → 名词 状态、性质 happiness快乐，goodness好意
动词+ing/ed→形容词 状态、性质 interesting有趣的， interested感兴趣
动词+-ive →形容词 …的 creative 有创造性的, effective 有效的
hood 身份、状态 childhood童年
teen 十几 thirteen十三
-ty 几十 thirty三十
-th 第… ninth第九
3. 其它变化：
英语词汇的词形变化除了前面讲的词根＋派生词缀构成的派生词的变化外，还存在有一些单词词尾的屈折变化，它们是：
（1）表示名词复数的词形变化。如：
　 picture—pictures（图片），knife—knives（小刀），city—cities（城市）
（2）表示形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的词形变化。如：
cheap—cheaper—cheapest（便宜的），late—later—latest（迟来的）
early—earlier—earliest（早的），big―bigger―bigger（大的）
（3）表示动词一般现在时第三人称单数的词形变化。如：
clean—cleans（打扫），catch—catches（抓住）， carry—carries（携带）
（4）表示动词过去时和过去分词的词形变化。如：
carry—carried—carried（搬运），stop—stopped—stopped（阻止）
　　 close closed—closed（关闭），like－liked－liked（喜欢）
（5）表示动词-ing分词的词形变化。如：
　　walk—walking（走），make—making（做），sit—sitting（坐）
（三）转换法
1. 动词转化为名词
Let’s go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
Let’s have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2.名词转化为动词
Did you book a seat on the plane 你订好飞机座位了吗
Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
3.形容词转化为动词
It’s your turn to clean the blackboard.轮到你擦黑板了。
Please put your clothes outside and dry them.请把衣服放到外面晒干。
4.形容词转化为副词
She often gets up early in the morning.她经常在早上起床很早。
My brother runs faster than me.我哥哥跑的比我快。
5. 形容词转化为名词
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
四、思维误区警示
【例题解析】
1. （甘肃）The policeman told that man to give a __________(描述) of the accident.
答案：description。根据冠词a，可知描述是名词，而不是动词。
2.（广州）I couldn’t understand why he was so (interest) in the invitation.
答案：interested。在动词后面加-ed，主语常常是人，而动词后加-ing,主语常是物，be interested in 对……感兴趣。
3（烟台） A cow has six ______ (胃)。
答案：stomachs。名词变复数，一般以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的要加-es.但在此ch一般要发//。在stomach中ch发/ /,故词尾加-s.
4. （河北）Computer is one of the greatest ______ (发明). I can’t imagine life without it.
答案：inventions.在此”发明”，用名词的复数形式，-tion是名词的后缀。
5.（兰州）. It rained _________(heavy), so he didn’t go to work yesterday.
答案：heavily。修饰行为动词应该用副词形式。-ly是副词的后缀。
【易错知识点解析】
在记忆单词时，要”音形义”全方位记忆，做到”音不离词，词不离句，句不离篇”。要做到会读，就会写，采用单词”部分记忆法”，只记特殊字母和字母组合，要熟练掌握构词法。记住单词很重要，但是能够灵活运用才是关键。
【中考演练】
I．根据句意和词首字母，完成句中所缺的英语单词。
1. What a hot day! Look! Maria is s in the river.
2. The Yangtze Rover is the l river in China.
3. Susan was so careless that she made many m in the test.
4. The h you work, the more progress you’ll make.
5. The weather in South China is d_________ from that in North China.
6. My daughter likes sleeping with the windows o to keep the air fresh.
7. Please don’t w water. Can’t you see the sign “Save Water”
8. My grandfather went to the dentist and had one bad t pulled out.
9. In g__________, he can get along well with his classmates.
10. The apartment is so expensive that Mr Green can’t a___________ it.
II．根据汉语完成下面英语句子。
1. Richy was glad to have a chance to ______ (采访) a few foreigners who attended “Join the Fun in Jinling” yesterday.
2.－I passed the last exam yesterday.
－Oh, you’re really a (幸运) dog.
3. I’m looking forward to (居住) in the new flat.
4. Listening to music is a way of (放松) yourself.
5.Why do you think you did so (糟糕地)in your test
6. That book is well ____________ (值得) reading. You’d better read it.
7.This is our ______ (三) time to plant trees.
8. I’m not really ______ (饥饿). I’ll just have an ice cream.
9. A cow has six ______ (胃)。
10. Susan looks very cool with____________(太阳眼镜). Don’t you think so
III．用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. He did the work very ( care). Everybody said he had done a good job.
2. Many new (potato) will grow from one potato planted in the ground.
3. We hope it will be (sun) tomorrow, for our picnic.
4. Please send my best （greet）to all your family.
5. At weekends, Nancy enjoys ______ (read) comic books at home.
6.－This pair of shoes is too tight. Could I try a pair in a ______ (big) size
－Of course. Here you are.
7. All of the students are__________(suppose) to hand in their homework on time.
8. Chocolate is usually the _________(child) favorite food.
9. Jack does his homework ______ (care), so he often gets poor grades.
10. The mother looked____________(angry) at her naughty daughter.
IV. 阅读短文，根据短文内容及首字母提示，在空白处填入一个适当的单词。
Reading is an activity people enjoy a lot in their free time.
Some like reading newspapers and (1) o__________ enjoy novels or comic(喜剧的) books. My (2) f__________books are those about the lives of great people. Reading them always gives me a lot of ideas on how to make my (3) o____________ life better.
Great people are remembered not because they were handsome or beautiful, but because they did not give up (4)w__________their lives were difficult. They tried to use (5) e________ chance to change their lives and make the world better.
One good example is Orville and Wilbur Wright, the two brothers (6) w_______ invented the airplane. The plane has (7) m________ the world into a small village. Hard work, not good luck, is the (8) r________ why the Wright Brothers could invent this convenientmachine and become great people. Today we will remember them when we see planes (9) i________ the sky.
Whenever I read (10) s_________ about great people, I always learn a lot from them and they encourage me to march on.
This is why I enjoy reading about great people’s lives.
第十七章
I. 1. swimming 2. longest 3. mistakes 4. harder 5. different
6. open 7. waste 8. tooth 9. general 10. afford
II. 1. interview 2. lucky 3. living 4. relaxing 5. badly
6. worth 7.third 8. hungry 9 .stomachs 10. sunglasses
III. 1. carefully 2. potatoes 3. sunny 4.greetings 5. reading
6. bigger 7. supposed 8. children’s 9. careless 10. angrily
IV. 1. others 2. favorite 3 . own 4. when 5. every
6. who 7. made 8. reason 9. in 10. stories
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)

展开更多......

收起↑