资源简介

(共127张PPT)
单元知识 必备清单
Ⅰ.阅读单词——我会认
1. tornado n. 龙卷风；旋风
2. drought n. 旱灾；久旱
3. landslide n. 崩塌；滑坡
4. tsunami n. 海啸
5. volcanic eruption 火山喷发
6. magnitude n. 震级；重大
8. helicopter n. 直升机
9. crack n. 裂纹；裂缝
vi. & vt. （使）破裂
10. percent n. 百分之……
adj. & adv. 每一百中
7. evacuate vt. 疏散；撤出
vi. 撤离
11. brick n. 砖；砖块
12. metal n. 金属
13. unify vi. & vt. 统一；（使）成一体
14. context n. 上下文；语境；背景
15. volcano n. 火山
16. typhoon n. 台风
17. hurricane n. 飓风
18. kit n. 成套工具；成套设备
19. first aid kit 急救箱
Ⅱ.多义单词——我会辨
1. whistle vi. 吹口哨；发出笛声
vt. 吹口哨
n.　　 哨子（声）；呼啸声
2. flood n. 洪水；大量
vi. 淹没；大量涌入
vt.　　 使灌满水；淹没
3. shelter n. 避难处；庇护
vt. 保护；掩蔽
vi.　　 躲避（风雨或危险）
4. trap vt. 使落入险境；使陷入圈套
n. 险境；陷阱
5. tap vi. & vt. 轻叩；轻敲；轻拍
n. 水龙头；轻敲
6. wave n. 海浪；波浪
vi. & vt. 挥手；招手
7. strike vi. & vt. 侵袭；突击；击打
n.　　 罢工；罢课 ；袭击
Ⅲ.核心单词——我会写
1. disaster n. 灾难；灾害
2. slide vi. & vt. （使）滑行；滑动
n.　　 幻灯片
3. rescue n. & vt. 营救；救援
4. damage vt. 损害；破坏
n. 损坏；损失
5. affect vt.　　影响；（疾病）侵袭 ；深深打动
6. gas n. 气体；燃气；汽油
7. ruin n. 破坏；毁坏；废墟
vt.　　 破坏；使破产
8. effort n.　　努力；艰难的尝试 ；尽力
9. supply n. 供应（量）；补给；[pl.] 补给品
vt. 供应；供给
10. pipe n. 管子；管道
11. emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况
12. aid n.　　 援助；帮助；救援物资
vi. & vt. 帮助
13. crash vt. & vi. 碰撞；撞击
n. 撞车；碰撞
14. sweep vt. & vi. 打扫；清扫；席卷；横扫
Ⅳ.拓展词汇——我会拓
1. destroy vt.摧毁；毁灭→destruction n.毁坏；毁灭→destructive adj. 破坏（或毁灭）性的
2. death n.死；死亡→die vi.死；死亡→dead adj.死的；不运行的 →deadly adj.致命的；极度的adv.极其；非常→dying adj.垂死的；临 终的
3. shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt.（使）震惊→shocked adj. 震惊的→shocking adj.令人震惊的→shockingly adv.惊人地；非常地； 极坏地
4. breathe vi. & vt.呼吸 vt.低声说 →breath n.呼吸的空气→breathing n.呼吸→breathless adj.气喘吁吁的→breathlessly adv.气喘吁吁地
5. bury vt.埋葬；安葬→burial n.埋葬；葬礼
6. revive vt. & vi.复活；（使）苏醒→revival n.振兴；复苏
7. wisdom n.智慧；才智→wise adj.充满智慧的；明智的→unwise adj.愚蠢的；不明智的；轻率的→wisely adv.明智地
8. suffer vt.遭受；蒙受 vi.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦→suffering n.痛苦→sufferer n.患者；受难者
9. electricity n.电；电能；强烈的感情，激动 →electric adj.电的；用 电的；令人激动的
10. rescue n. & vt.营救；救援→rescuer n.救助者
11. erupt vi. & vt.（火山）爆发；（岩浆、烟等）喷出；突然发出 （尤指叫喊）→eruption n.爆发；喷发
12. survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难度过；比……活（或存在） 的时间长→survivor n.幸存者；生还者→survival n.幸存；生还 →surviving adj.幸存的；残存的；健在的
13. power n.电力供应；能量；力量；控制力 vt.驱动，推动 →powerful adj.强大的；强有力的；有权势的；有影响力的 →powerless adj.无力的；没有能力的；无权力的→powered adj. 由……驱动的；电动的
14. calm adj.镇静的；沉着的；平静的vt.使平静；使镇静→calmly adv.镇静地；平静地→calmness n.镇静
15. deliver vt. & vi.递送；传达 vt.发表 ；助产，接生 ；分娩，生孩 子 →delivery n.投递；送交
16. summary n.总结；概括；概要→summarise vt. & vi.总结；概括
17. effect n.影响；结果；效果→effective adj.有效的；生效的 →ineffective adj.无效的→effectiveness n.有效性
18. length n.长；长度→long adj.长的→lengthen vt. & vi.（使）变长 →lengthy adj.冗长的
Ⅴ.重点短语——我会记
1. in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪
2. in shock 震惊；吃惊
3. in the open air 露天；在户外
4. on hand 现有（尤指帮助）
5. sweep away 消灭；彻底消除
6. at least 至少
7. refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事
8. as usual 像往常一样
9. come to an end 告终；结束
10. the number of ……的数量
Ⅵ.单元佳句——我会用
1. Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat， and dogs refused to go inside buildings.　（too ... to ...）
鸡甚至猪都焦躁不安，不愿进食；狗拒绝进入屋内。
2. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！　（as if引导的虚 拟语气）
仿佛世界末日即将来临！
3. Water， food， and electricity were hard to get.　（主语＋be＋形 容词＋to do）
没有水和食物，电也停了。
4. I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.　（be doing ...when ... 正在做……突然……）
当时我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭，海水开始灌入屋内。
高考高分 提升密码
Ⅰ.高考阅读疑难词汇——清障有法
名词后缀-th表示性质、状态、动作或结果等。
1. （2025·1月浙江卷）Led by the concept of “right plant， right place，” they match plants that enjoy the same soil， sun and weather conditions， and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.　
2. （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.　
3. （2024·新课标Ⅰ&Ⅱ卷）The colors are vibrant， and I used a mix of techniques to create texture and depth.　
n.增长；生长；成长　
n.长度　
n.深度　
写出下列蓝体词的词性和含义
Ⅱ.2025新增课标词汇——精准备考
1. chip n.缺口；碎渣；芯片；炸薯片 v.打破；植入微芯片
①chip in 插嘴；共同出资（如凑钱）
②silicon chip 硅芯片
③a chip on one’s shoulder 心存芥蒂，怀恨在心
④blue chip 蓝筹股；优质股票
Investing in blue-chip stocks is often seen as a safe choice for beginners.
投资蓝筹股通常被视为初学者的安全选择。
2. chore n.家务；杂活；日常事务
①household chores 家务活
②daily chores 日常杂务
③a real chore 一件苦差事
④chore of doing sth 做某事的繁琐过程
Teenagers should share household chores to develop responsibility.
青少年应分担家务以培养责任感。
核心知识 点面突破
shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克vt.（使）震惊
练通 单句语法填空
①Tom won the championship in the marathon， which was great shock to us all.
②His decision to give up the prize without reason seemed （shock） to everyone.
a　
shocking　
写美 微写作
③他们的母亲既震惊又自豪，她温柔地低声说：“谢谢你们，孩子 们。我真的很感激你们为我所做的一切！”　（心理描写）
， their mother said in a sweet whisper， “Thanks， my kids.I really appreciate what you have done for me！”
Shocked and proud　
（1）a great shock to sb 对某人来说是极大的震惊
in shock　　震惊；吃惊
（2）shocked adj.　　震惊的；惊讶的
be shocked at/by　　对……吃惊
（3）shocking adj.　　令人震惊的
佳句 I simply stood there in shock， and my feet， as if rooted to the ground， couldn’t move a bit.
我只是震惊地站在那里，脚好像扎根在地上一样，一动也不能动。
bury vt.（buried， buried， burying） 埋葬；安葬；掩埋；隐藏
练通 单句语法填空
①Father paced up and down in the room， his hands （bury） in his pockets.　（动作描写）
buried　
写美 句式升级
②（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）I am buried in reading the English newspaper every day and I have gained lots of colorful knowledge.
→ the English newspaper every day， I have gained lots of colorful knowledge.
→ the English newspaper every day， I have gained lots of colorful knowledge.
Buried in reading　
Burying myself in reading　
佳句 Hearing the bad news， she buried her face in her hands and burst into tears.
＝Hearing the bad news， she burst out crying， with her face buried in her hands.
听到这个坏消息后，她突然哭了起来，把脸埋在了双手中。（情感 描写）
联想 表示“专心于、致力于”的短语：be lost in、 be engaged in、 be devoted to、 be absorbed in、 apply oneself to等。
suffer vt.遭受；蒙受vi.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦
练通 单句语法填空
①The smiles on their faces have deeply touched me and inspired me to devote my life to helping those （suffer） pain.
②Local volunteers regularly visit （suffer） from age- related diseases to offer companionship.
suffering　
sufferers　
it is these sufferings
that make us stronger　
（1）suffer pain/defeat/loss　遭受痛苦/失败/损失
suffer from　　遭受；患病
（2）suffering n.　　苦恼；让人痛苦的事
sufferer n.　　患难者；患病者
佳句 Knowing that my partner was suffering from a severe disease， I was burning with anxiety， so I rushed towards the hospital.
得知我的搭档得了重病，我心急如焚，所以我冲向了医院。
点津 suffer用作不及物动词，后常接from，表示“受……之苦；患某 种疾病”。
survive vi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艰难度过
练通 单句语法填空
①Up to now food and water have been delivered to the disaster-stricken area， where many people （survive） the disaster are in urgent need of help.
②We will do everything in our power to help those （survive） in the tornado.
surviving　
survivors　
clearly not enough to survive the
snowstorm　
（1）survive from　　　　从……幸存
survive on　　依靠……生存下来
survive ...by ...　　比……多活了……
（2）survivor n.　　幸存者
survival n.　　[U] 幸存；[C] 残存物
佳句 Life isn’t about how to survive storms， but how to dance in the rain.　（主旨升华）
生活不在于如何挺过暴雨，而在于如何在风雨中起舞。
联想 -al名词后缀小结
①arrival到达 ②chemical化学药品
③proposal建议 ④trial 审判，试验
⑤individual 个人 ⑥refusal 拒绝
⑦criminal罪犯 ⑧final 决赛
strike vt. & vi.击打；敲响；擦（火柴）；撞击；侵袭；给（某 人以……）印象；突然想起n.罢工；罢课；袭击
练通 单句语法填空
① （strike） by what he had done for me， I couldn’t contain myself， tears of gratitude flowing down my cheeks.
Struck　
写美 一句多译
②我突然想到一个好主意，我们可以在即将到来的教师节送给老师一 份手工制作的礼物。
→ we could give a handmade gift to our teacher for the coming Teachers’ Day.
→ we could give a handmade gift to our teacher for the coming Teachers’ Day.（it作形式主语）
A good idea occurred to/struck/hit me that　
It occurred to/struck/hit me that　
（1）be struck by/with ...被……击中；被……打动
It occurs to/hits/strikes sb that ...　　某人突然想起……
strike ...into one’s heart　　使某人对……刻骨铭心
（2）be/go on strike　　在/举行罢工
佳句 What struck me most were my brother’s defeated expression， his lonely figure， and the sad flash in Toby’s eyes as he left in the rain.
最让我印象深刻的是哥哥那副沮丧的神情、落寞的身影，以及托比在 雨中离去时，眼中闪过的一丝悲伤。
effect n.影响；结果；效果
练通 单句语法填空
①（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）This method may not be （effect） for everyone as each student’s oral ability is different.
②After months of preparation， the new public health measure came effect last weekend.
effective　
into　
写美 微写作
③希望我的建议不久会付诸实施来解决这些问题。　（建议信）
Hopefully， my suggestions to address these problems.
will soon be put into effect　
（1）take effect　　 生效；见效
come into effect　　生效
have an effect/influence/impact on/upon　　对……产生影响
put ... into effect　　实施；使……生效
（2）effective adj.　　有效的；有影响的
佳句 During Li Bai’s lifetime， he wrote a great number of excellent poems， all of which have a great effect on Chinese culture.　（人物介绍）
李白一生创作了大量优秀的诗歌，这些诗歌对中国文化产生了巨大的 影响。
sweep vt. & vi.打扫；清扫；席卷；横扫
flood n.洪水；大量 vi.淹没；大量涌入 vt.使灌满水；淹没
佳句背诵
①A wave/burst of panic swept over/flooded over her， but she forced herself to leave the room calmly.
她感到一阵惊慌，但她还是强忍着情绪，平静地离开了房间。
②With the warm sunlight flooding in， they enjoyed the company of each other， feeling a wave of warmth and appreciation.
温暖的阳光照进来，他们享受着彼此的陪伴，感到一阵温暖和感激。
靓句写作 Sitting alone in the living room， I stared at the family photos on the wall， .　（2025·全 国一卷）
独自坐在客厅里，我凝视着墙上的家庭照片，童年的回忆涌上心头。
memories of our childhood flooding back　
敲黑板
①a burst/wave/sense/feeling of＋表情感状态的名词＋flood/sweep over
＋sb某人感到……
②memories flood one’s mind 回忆涌上心头
③regret floods back 悔恨涌上心头
④flood in 大量涌入
句型公式：as if ... 似乎/好像……
教材原句：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！仿佛世界 末日即将来临！
It seemed as if something unpleasant
had happened　
as if nothing had ever happened
between us　
I felt as if （I
were） on the top of the world　
佳句 Tears clouding his eyes， David raised his head， looked at me as if he would say something， but lowered his head once again.　（2022·新 高考Ⅰ卷）
眼泪模糊了他的双眼，大卫抬起头，看着我，好像要说什么，但是又 垂下了头。
点津 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且含有be动词时，可省 略从句中的主语和be动词。
句型公式：be doing sth when ... 正在做某事这时（突然）……
教材原句：I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.
我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭突然水开始涌入家中。
when a loud whistle
frightened them　
Mother had just woken up when　
when表示“这时突然”，还用于以下三种句型：
be about to do ...when ... 正要做……突然……
be on the point of doing ...when ... 　　正要做……突然……
had （just） done ...when ... 　　刚做完……这时……
佳句 He was walking cautiously along the road when his feet slipped and he fell over.　（动作描写）
他在路上小心翼翼地走着，这时突然脚一滑，摔倒了。
高效迁移 微点练全
一词多义/熟词生义
1. affect vt.影响；（疾病）侵袭；深深打动
②Affected by those selfless doctors， I have developed a deep affection for the career.　
③I learned from her eyes that she was a kind， caring and sympathetic person who showed concern for those affected by the fire.　
vt.（疾
病）侵袭　
vt.深深打动　
vt.影响　
2. deliver vt.递送；生小孩；接生；发表演说
①The princess had been delivered of a healthy boy， which made the handsome prince wild with excitement.　
②（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）I bought a desk and asked for it to be delivered to my house this Friday.　
③I feel it a great honour to deliver a speech to share with you my opinions on Peking Opera.　
vt.生小孩　
vt.递送　
vt.发表演说　
3. Some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies， limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.　
4. The electric car， powered by the battery， can drive for 600 miles on a single charge.　
5. She was rushed to the hospital after suffering from shock.　
6. （2024·1月浙江卷）It is so easy to let an online course slide， but your grades will suffer as a result.　
vt.达成（协议、妥协）　
vt.驱动　
n.休克　
v.忽视不管；放任自流　
7. （2023·全国甲卷）Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see， and their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear.　
8. I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep.　
9. （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）John went back to observing nature and asking questions.Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria （细 菌）？　
vi.大量涌入　
n.小山　
vt.困住　
单句语法填空/完成句子
1. （2024·北京卷）I （read） a book in the classroom when there was an announcement.
2. It is dark in the woods.It seems as if there （be） a fierce beast behind every bush.The more she thinks of this， the more frightened she is.　（心理描写）
3. （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered terrible back pain.
was reading　
were　
from　
has buried herself in teaching　
a wave of nervousness
swept through the classroom　
单句语法填空/完成句子
1. （2025·全国一卷）The way they demonstrated how microplastics （trap） through the boiling process was nice.
2. （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）Though overtourism is described as a problem （affect） the entire world， it’s actually concentrated to a small number of extremely popular spots.
were trapped　
affecting　
to solve　
damaged　
to deliver　
are supplied　
spared no effort to carry out a series of
reforms　
　应用文增分练——“安全进校园”活动的告知信
　　假定你是高三学生李华。在全国防灾减灾日到来之际，你们学校 开展了一次以“安全教育进校园”为主题的教育活动。你校国际部交 换生Jim对此很感兴趣，发来邮件询问。请你用英文给他回复，内容 包括：
　　（1）活动目的；
　　（2）活动安排。
第一步　根据单元知识写美句
1. 得知你对“安全教育进校园”活动很感兴趣，我很高兴与你分享。
2. 为响应全国防灾减灾日，我们学校组织了一些活动以提高我们面对 紧急情况的自我保护意识。
Learning that you are interested in the “Safety Education into Campus” event， I am glad to share it with you.
In response to the National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day， our school organized activities to raise our awareness of self-protection in the face of emergencies.
3. 一位来自专业救援队的专家就火灾、地震等灾害发生时如何应对做 讲座，为我们提供了疏散的基本知识。
An expert from a professional rescue team delivered a lecture on how to react when disasters strike us， such as fires and earthquakes， equipping us with basics of evacuation.
4. 我们制作了有关应对灾害的实用技巧的小册子，并在校园里分发， 以进一步在学生当中传播安全知识。
5. 我为你准备了一本英文小册子。希望能有所帮助。

We made brochures concerning the practical tips on dealing with disasters and handed them out on campus to further spread the safety knowledge among students.
I have prepared an English brochure for you.Hope it will help.
第二步　连句成篇创佳作
　　把以上句子用适当的过渡词语和过渡句组成一篇80个词左右 的短文。
Dear Jim，
　　 　Learning that you are interested in the “Safety Education into Campus” event， I am glad to share it with you.　
　　
　Yours，
　Li Hua
I have prepared an English brochure for you.Hope it will help.　
　　 　In response to the National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day， our school organized activities to raise our awareness of self- protection in the face of emergencies.Firstly， an expert from a professional rescue team delivered a lecture on how to react when disasters strike us， such as fires and earthquakes， equipping us with basics of evacuation.Besides， we made brochures concerning the practical tips on dealing with disasters and handed them out on campus to further spread the safety knowledge among students.　
　读后续写微技能——遇险求生下的恐惧
积累教材续写语料——有效强化教考衔接
词 汇 积 累 环境描写：drought； tornado； landslide； tsunami； volcanic eruption； in ruins； typhoon； hurricane
心理描写：shock； in shock； calm； affect
动作描写：rescue； flood； bury； damage； destroy； aid； sweep away； wave； suffer； survive； shelter； strike； deliver； breathe； supply； tap； crash
佳 句 积 累 修辞手法：1.Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat， and dogs refused to go inside buildings.Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide， and fish jumped out of the water.　（排比）
2.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！　（夸张）
3.Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt.　（夸张）
4.Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves.　（比喻）
5.Tangshan started to revive itself and get back up on its feet.
（拟人）
6.Slowly， the city began to breathe again.　（拟人）
佳 句 积 累 动作描写：Soon after the quakes， the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
主旨升华：Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster， people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
拓展续写话题素材——精准构建表达基石
情感细节描写：恐惧（一）
经 典 词 汇 1.dreadful adj.可怕的，极坏的
2.terrible/horrible/awful adj.可怕的
3.panic v. & n.恐慌，害怕→panicked adj.恐慌的
4.scare v.使害怕→scared adj.害怕的→scary adj.惊悚的，吓人的
5.alarm v.使惊吓→alarmed adj.惊慌的→alarming adj.令人惊慌的
6.terrify v.使恐惧→terrifying adj.令人害怕的→terrified adj.极度恐惧的
7.frightened adj.害怕的→frightening adj.令人害怕的→frighten v.使害怕
靓 点 语 块 1.tremble with terror/horror 吓得发抖
2.tears of terror/horror/fear 恐惧的泪水
3.be scared out of one’s wits 吓得魂不附体
4.be in panic/be seized with panic 惊慌失措　
5.one’s face is dead with fright 吓得面无血色
6.be scared to death/half dead with fright 吓得要死
7.one’s throat is tight with horror/fear 吓得喉咙发紧
8.one’s heart is stuck in one’s throat 心提到了嗓子眼
出 彩 佳 句 1.A flood of fear welled up in her when she walked in the empty street.　（无灵主语句）
走在空荡荡的街道上，一阵恐惧涌上她的心头。
2.I was wandering in the woods when a snake came out and scared me to death.
我正在林间散步，突然一条蛇蹿了出来，吓得我半死。
3.I numbed/froze with terror， too scared to move an inch.
我吓呆了，太害怕以至于寸步难行。
出 彩 佳 句 4.Seeing the bloody scene， she uncontrollably let out a scream of terror and fainted on the ground.
看到这血腥的一幕，她不受控制地发出恐惧的尖叫，昏倒在地。
5.The explosion really frightened the pants off me.
爆炸把我吓坏了。
重拳锤炼续写场景——积累内化应用提升
　　场景导入：在一个封闭的空间里，保罗和救援队终于找到斯 科特。
ending the accident with an
incredible survival　
waves of
panic swept over him　
fighting to stay calm by focusing on breathing　
He was about to give up
hope when the aid arrived　
　　 （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，阅读D）On March 7， 1907， the
English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases， the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
　　This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors， those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate， and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together， they cancel each other out， resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors， then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If， for whatever reasons， people’s errors become correlated or dependent， the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
　　But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist （转折） on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion， the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance， the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
　　In a follow-up study with 100 university students， the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？ Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？ This happened some of the time， but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently， the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow， these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
　　Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain， the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
做真题——感悟命题角度
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
解析：　段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段解释了“群体智 慧”效应的基本逻辑。
√
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if 　　　　.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
√
解析：　推理判断题。根据第二段中的In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.和第 三段中的when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion ...independent individuals可知，Navajas的 研究发现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，估计的平均准确度 也可以提高。
34. What did the follow-up study focus on？
A. The size of the groups.
B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process.
D. The individual estimates.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，后续研究主要关注小 组成员在讨论中的行为。研究人员发现，大多数情况下，小组成员表 示他们“分享观点并共同推理”。因此，后续研究的重点是小组讨论 的过程。
√
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies？
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
解析：　观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知，尽管Navajas的研究 有局限性，但是对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此判断， 作者对Navajas的研究持赞同的态度。
√
理脉络——构建篇章思维
再利用——拓宽词句积累
（一）由文本积阅读词汇
1. illustrate v. 说明；阐明
2. estimate n. 估计；判断
3. similar adj. 相像的；类似的
4. implication n. 可能的影响（或作用、结果）；含意，暗指
5. enormous adj. 巨大的；极大的
6. correlated adj. 有相互关系的（课标外词汇）
7. follow-up adj. 进一步的
8. underlying adj. 潜在的；表面下的；根本的（课标外词汇）
9. dominant adj. 占支配地位的；占优势的（课标外词汇）
10. dismissive adj. 轻蔑的；鄙视的；不屑一顾的（课标外词汇）
（二）由文本积派生词汇
1. statistician n.[派生] 统计学家 [statistic ＋-ian]
2. capitalize v.[派生] 利用 [capital＋-ize]
3. dependent adj.[派生] 依赖的，依靠的 [depend＋-ent]
4. significantly adv.[派生] 显著地；有重大意义地 [significant＋-ly]
5. limitation n.[派生] 限制；控制 [limit＋-ation]
6. overestimate v.[派生] 高估 [over-＋estimate]
（三）由文本知变式运用
1. average [熟义] n.平均水平，平均数 adj.平均的，一般的
→[生义] v. （第二段第三句）
2. reason [熟义] n.理由，原因
→[生义] v. （第四段第五句）
计算出……平均数　
推理；推论；推断　
（四）由文本探析长难句
The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion， the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
that　
复合　
定语　
这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体，
（且）这些更小的群体被允许进行讨论时，这些群体（的估计）的平
均值比同样数量的独立个体（的估计）的平均值更准确。　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　（2026·湖南省“一起考”部分学校大联考）As the first girl in my family， I was born in Venezuela， twelve months to the day before one of the biggest earthquakes in the country’s history struck the capital city Caracas in 1967.I’ve always seen this as a sign of my destiny.
　　Disasters have the potential to set back a nation’s development for years and even decades.However， my personal experiences have taught me that the extent of damage often depends on whether there is a culture of prevention within the affected society.
　　I recall a time when I was living in an apartment building when a moderate earthquake struck.My reaction， after the immediate “drop， cover， hold on” reflexes （反射动作）， was to hope that the building would prove to be structurally sound.As the shaking slowly stopped， I ran outside to wait for possible aftershocks.My fears， thankfully， did not happen.It had resisted the quake because it followed the country’s building codes.
　　Occasions like this show the necessity of having updated building codes that include lessons learned from past disasters.Had the building not followed these updated codes， I may not have survived.This experience has only strengthened my belief in the value of prevention in mitigating the impact of disasters.
　　I have spent the past two years working on the Built Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean Project.The project has developed risk- informed policies and engineering techniques in the six countries that were selected for their particularly high exposure to earthquakes.This project fits perfectly with my professional and personal goals， as it combines my passion and experience in risk reduction.Like the third little pig in the tale of Three Little Pigs， who puts resilience （韧性） above convenience while building his house from bricks， I’m committed to building a framework of prevention and resilience， as I know that early action today can prevent problems tomorrow.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者出生于委内瑞拉首都发生地震 的前一年，这让作者认为自己与地震相关的工作有某种命运联系。 作者通过自身经历深刻认识到预防的重要性。作者还参与相关项 目，致力于构建预防和抗灾框架。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者出生于委内瑞拉首都发生地震
的前一年，这让作者认为自己与地震相关的工作有某种命运联系。
作者通过自身经历深刻认识到预防的重要性。作者还参与相关项
目，致力于构建预防和抗灾框架。
1. What does the author refer to as her destiny？（　　）
A. Rebuilding cities after disasters.
B. Experiencing many earthquakes.
C. Doing work related to earthquakes.
D. Updating building codes in Venezuela.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段以及最后一段可知，作者将从事 与地震相关的工作视为自己的命运。
√
2. Why did the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 3 impress the author？ （　　）
A. She realized the danger of earthquakes.
B. She felt she did not respond well enough.
C. She was very lucky to escape with her life.
D. She recognized the importance of prevention.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段以及第四段第一句可知，第三段 提到的地震给作者留下深刻印象是因为她认识到了预防的重要性。
√
3. What does the underlined word “mitigating” in paragraph 4 mean？ （　　）
A. Causing. B. Reducing.
C. Ignoring. D. Avoiding.
解析：　词义猜测题。上文提到建筑遵循规范抵御地震，由此可 知，预防是为了“减轻”灾害影响。
√
4. What does the tale of Three Little Pigs imply？（　　）
A. Teamwork matters in preventing disasters.
B. Risk reduction work requires a lot of skills.
C. Damage caused by disasters can be avoided.
D. Building houses needs passion and experience.
√
解析：　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，就像《三只 小猪》故事里的第三只小猪，用砖头盖房子时把韧性置于便利之 上，我致力于构建一个预防和具备韧性的框架，因为我知道今日 尽早行动，明日便可防患于未然。由此可知，《三只小猪》的故 事暗示通过像第三只小猪一样注重韧性（预防措施），灾害造成 的损害是可以避免的。
B
　　（2026·济南三模）Scientists have revealed much of the basics about earthquakes： tectonic plates （构造板块） move， causing strain energy （应变能） to build up， and that energy eventually releases in the form of an earthquake.However， forecasting earthquakes remains a significant challenge， which was evidenced by the 2011 great Tohoku earthquake.In addition to causing a tsunami that led to the Fukushima nuclear disaster， it resulted in more than 18，000 deaths.
　　In recent years， researchers have been trying to figure out a possible relation between the sun and earthquakes.Based on a previous study that connected solar activity with earthquakes， a study conducted by researchers from the University of Tsukuba （UT） cast light on this possibility， confirming that sunspot numbers had some influence on earthquakes and that Earth’s climate， as affected by solar heat， played a role.
　　“Solar heat drives atmospheric temperature changes， which in turn can affect things like rock properties and underground water movement，” said Junqueira Saldanha， leader of the research team.“Such changes can make rocks tend to break apart.For example， the changes in rainfall and snowmelt can affect the pressure on tectonic plate boundaries.While these factors may not be the main drivers of earthquakes， they could still be playing a role that can help to predict earthquakes.”
　　Among other findings， the researchers used mathematical and computational methods to analyze earthquake data alongside solar activity records and surface temperatures on Earth.They observed that when they included Earth surface temperatures into their model， the forecasting became more accurate， especially for shallow earthquakes.“That makes sense， since heat and water mostly affect the upper layers of the Earth’s crust （地壳），” said Saldanha.
　　The findings suggest the transfer of solar heat to the surface of the Earth does affect earthquakes， however minutely， and that incorporating solar activity predictions into detailed Earth temperature models may help issue earthquake forecasts.“It’s an exciting direction， and we hope our study can decipher the bigger picture of what causes earthquakes，” said Saldanha.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家对太阳活动 与地震之间关系的研究，指出太阳热量传递到地球表面会对地震产 生影响，将太阳活动预测纳入地球温度模型可能有助于地震预报。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家对太阳活动
与地震之间关系的研究，指出太阳热量传递到地球表面会对地震产
生影响，将太阳活动预测纳入地球温度模型可能有助于地震预报。
5. Why did the author mention Tohoku earthquake in paragraph 1？ （　　）
A. To demonstrate the movement of tectonic plates.
B. To illustrate the difficulty in earthquake forecast.
C. To reveal the heavy losses caused by earthquakes.
D. To stress the necessity of weakening strain energy.
解析：　写作意图题。根据第一段第二句可知，提及该地震是为了 论证上文“地震预测困难”的观点。
√
6. What does the study by UT mainly focus on？（　　）
A. The climate change caused by earthquakes.
B. The impact of solar activity on atmosphere.
C. The reasons for increased sunspot numbers.
D. The link between sunspots and earthquakes.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，该研究聚焦太阳黑子 与地震的关联。
√
7. Which of the following would Saldanha agree with？（　　）
A. Solar heat decides earthquake frequency.
B. Tectonic plate pressure grows constantly.
C. Earthquakes occur in the crust’s upper layer.
D. Solar activity data helps predict earthquakes.
解析：　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，研究结果表明， 太阳热量向地球表面的转移确实会影响地震，尽管影响很小，而且将 太阳活动预测纳入详细的地球温度模型可能有助于发布地震预测。由 此可知，萨尔达尼亚认为太阳活动数据对预测地震有帮助。
√
8. What does the underlined word “decipher” in the last paragraph mean？（　　）
A. Reveal. B. Distinguish.
C. Expand. D. Assess.
解析：　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，decipher后的宾语是 “地震成因的更大图景”，结合上文研究的目的是弄清楚太阳活动与 地震的关系，以帮助预测地震，也就是要“揭示”地震成因等相关内 容。所以 decipher意为“揭示，解读”。
√
C
　　（2026·安徽省A10联盟模拟预测）The Great Lakes are a significant source of freshwater， and their formation can be traced back to an ancient geological phenomenon that occurred about 300 million years ago.New research reveals that the Cape Verde hotspot， an intense heat source beneath the Earth’s crust （地壳）， played a key role in shaping the region long before glaciers carved out the lakes during the Ice Age.Today， this hotspot is located beneath the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean， but millions of years ago， it was positioned beneath North America.
　　The American Geophysical Union （AGU） noted that this hotspot caused the crust under the future Great Lakes to heat， stretch， and sink over tens of millions of years.These changes created depressions that glaciers later deepened and filled with water around 20，000 years ago.
　　A team led by seismologist （地震学家） Aibing Li discovered this connection through seismic wave studies.They observed directional variations in wave speeds， indicating crust deformation.Their research showed that about 300 million years ago， the Cape Verde hotspot was positioned beneath Lake Superior and later shifted under Lakes Huron and Erie before moving into the Atlantic around 170 million years ago.
　　The study explains how hotspots， typically associated with volcanic activity， can shape landscapes without creating surface volcanoes.The Great Meteor hotspot， another ancient heat source， left a clearer trail of volcanic rocks in North America.However， evidence of the Cape Verde hotspot’s influence was hidden beneath layers of crust.
　　Moreover， this discovery raises new questions about the formation of other large lakes worldwide.Researchers are now investigating whether hotspots have contributed to the creation of other lakes by thinning the Earth’s crust and forming low-lying areas.This research not only solves a
long-standing mystery about the Great Lakes but also opens new avenues for studying how ancient geological forces continue shaping the world we live in today.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究发 现佛得角热点对五大湖形成的重要作用，并探讨其对全球其他湖泊 的影响。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究发
现佛得角热点对五大湖形成的重要作用，并探讨其对全球其他湖泊
的影响。
9. What caused the crust under the Great Lakes to change？（　　）
A. Glacial movement.
B. Volcanic eruptions.
C. The Cape Verde hotspot.
D. The Great Meteor hotspot.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句及第二段第一句可知，佛 得角热点导致五大湖下的地壳发生变化。
√
10. What can be inferred about the Cape Verde hotspot？（　　）
A. It is still under North America.
B. It deepened the existing lakes.
C. It caused visible volcanic rocks.
D. It moved gradually over millions of years.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句和第三段第三句可推 知，佛得角热点在数百万年里逐渐移动。
√
11. What might researchers explore next based on the study？（　　）
A. How glaciers formed other lakes.
B. Whether hotspots shaped other lakes.
C. The impact of volcanoes on freshwater.
D. The history of the Great Meteor hotspot.
解析：　推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可知，研究人员接下来 可能会探索地热点是否塑造了其他湖泊。
√
12. Which of the following is the best title for the text？（　　）
A. Hotspots Shape the Earth’s Crust
B. Seismic Studies Help Detect Crust Changes
C. Volcanoes Are Responsible for the Great Lakes
D. New Research Explains the Great Lakes Formation
解析：　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了新研究揭示 了五大湖的形成原因——佛得角热点在数百万年前对五大湖所在区域 的地壳产生了影响，后来冰川活动进一步塑造了这些湖泊。
√
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　（2026·长沙模拟）As spring begins， so does a fresh song at daybreak， unique to the season.Just before the sun rises， birds start singing their melodies， creating a symphony.This phenomenon is known as the dawn chorus and this harmony of birdsong at dawn happens during a fundamental time of the year.The dawn chorus is， in fact， mostly composed of birds of both genders singing to find a mate.13. 　　 They need to compete with each other as well， and the louder， the better in regard to who is the most impressive mate.
　　14. 　　 There’s a lot of debate， and it seems that there is no general agreement on exactly why it is that everything happens at dawn.One possibility is that weather conditions at dawn make it easier for birdsong to travel.15. 　　 Sound also transmits more clearly when humidity （湿度） is higher so that details of the song do not degrade as much over distance.It may also be that in the morning， after the night has passed， male birds want to inform their competitors that they’re still there， claiming their territory.
　　Witnessing the dawn chorus can be a rewarding experience， and this phenomenon can also help scientists work on bird conservation.
16. 　　 For example， scientists record the dawn chorus to understand which species live in an area， or how populations are changing.
　　Fortunately， anyone can listen to it.This spring， just wake up early， bring a cup of coffee， head out into nature， and stand still and listen.17. 　　 It’s the most natural soundtrack on Earth， which is just so wonderful.
A. These birds sing louder to be heard.
B. What makes birdsong much louder in the morning？
C. It’s better to do some research on how birds sing and hum.
D. But why birds sing in the early morning is still an open question.
E. Generally， sound travels farther when the air is cooler and denser.
F. You don’t need to know how to identify bird calls or songs to just appreciate them.
G. Listening to birdsong is a window into the health of the species and the ecosystem.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了鸟类在黎明时分鸣 唱的现象——黎明合唱，包括其目的、可能的原因，以及这一现象 对科学家研究鸟类保护的作用，还鼓励人们去聆听这一自然之声。
13. A　上文指出鸟类鸣唱是为了寻找配偶，下文强调它们在竞争中 叫声越大越有优势。A项承接上文找配偶的内容，引出下文关于声音 大小的竞争，与上下文逻辑紧密。
14. D　下文提到对于鸟类在黎明鸣唱的原因存在诸多争论，没有普 遍共识。D项引出了下文关于这一原因的讨论，符合语境。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了鸟类在黎明时分鸣
唱的现象——黎明合唱，包括其目的、可能的原因，以及这一现象
对科学家研究鸟类保护的作用，还鼓励人们去聆听这一自然之声。
15. E　上文说明黎明的天气条件利于鸟鸣传播，下文进一步阐述湿 度对声音传播的影响。E项具体说明了天气条件中空气状况对声音传 播的影响，与上下文关于天气影响鸟鸣传播的内容相呼应。
16. G　上文提到黎明合唱能帮助科学家进行鸟类保护工作。G项进一 步解释了这一现象对科学研究的意义，与上文内容相契合。
17. F　上文鼓励人们早起去聆听黎明合唱。F项进一步说明欣赏这种 自然之声无需专业知识，与上文鼓励聆听的内容相呼应。

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