资源简介

(共49张PPT)
课时作业22 UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·广东深圳调研一)Jules Verne is widely regarded as one of the fathers of science fiction. His “Extraordinary Voyages (航海)” series transport readers on grand adventures to the far reaches of Earth and beyond. But Verne did more than just tell entertaining stories—he also predicted over 100 modern-day inventions and technologies in his writings.
For example, in the 1889 short story In the Year 2889, Verne painted a picture of a highly networked world with global multimedia communications. He described the “phonotelephone” which sent sound and images over great distances. The main character, Fritz Napoleon Smith, is able to easily communicate via this technology with his wife on another continent：
“Mr. Smith was able distinctly to see his wife despite the distance that separated him from her... Mrs. Smith immediately appeared on the telephotic screen, with her features smiling and her eyes moist (潮湿的) with tears.”
Verne’s technically-grounded adventure tales represented a new approach to imagining the future through fiction. Unlike other writers of his day who penned more fanciful or supernatural stories, Verne aimed for realism in his futuristic visions, always basing them on cutting-edge science and his own extensive research. This laid the foundation for the “hard science fiction” of the 20th century and beyond.
Verne is often thought of as a technological optimist, a champion of scientific progress and innovation. But his writings also reveal another perspective. Many of his stories feature a brilliant but mad scientist whose inventions ultimately bring more harm than good. Captain Nemo in 20，000 Leagues Under the Sea uses his submarine (潜艇) to violently attack ships. For Verne, human nature determined whether technology would be a force for good or a source of destruction.
The spirit of adventure in Verne’s timeless stories will live on, continuing to inspire generations to push the boundaries of the possible and create the world of tomorrow. That is perhaps the greatest achievement of the extraordinary voyages of Jules Verne.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科幻小说之父之一Jules Verne及其作品。
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1.How does Mr. Smith contact his wife in In the Year 2889
A.By holding an in-person talk.
B.By making a long-distance call.
C.By sending a letter back home.
D.By having an instant video chat.
答案：D
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解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“He described the ‘phonotelephone’ which sent sound and images over great distances. The main character, Fritz Napoleon Smith, is able to easily communicate via this technology with his wife on another continent”和第三段“Mr. Smith was able distinctly to see his wife despite the distance that separated him from her... Mrs. Smith immediately appeared on the telephotic screen, with her features smiling and her eyes moist with tears.”可知，Smith和妻子交流时使用可以远距离传送声音和图像的“电话机”，妻子的脸会出现在屏幕上，所以Smith是通过即时视频聊天和妻子联系，故选D。
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2.What is the “hard science fiction” based on
A.The unrealistic fantasies.
B.The fictional technologies.
C.The latest research findings.
D.The imagined future worlds.
答案：C
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解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“Unlike other writers of his day who penned more fanciful or supernatural stories, Verne aimed for realism in his futuristic visions, always basing them on cutting-edge science and his own extensive research. This laid the foundation for the ‘hard science fiction’ of the 20th century and beyond. (与同时代的其他作家写更多的幻想或超自然的故事不同，Verne在他的未来愿景中追求现实主义，总是基于前沿科学和他自己的广泛研究。这为20世纪及以后的‘硬科幻小说’奠定了基础)”可知，“硬科幻小说”以最新的研究结果为基础，故选C。
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3.What can we infer about Verne from Captain Nemo’s story
A.He was disappointed with human nature.
B.He was aware of the danger of technology.
C.He was in favour of scientific development.
D.He was different from the writers of his time.
答案：B
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解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Many of his stories feature a brilliant but mad scientist whose inventions ultimately bring more harm than good. Captain Nemo in 20，000 Leagues Under the Sea uses his submarine to violently attack ships. For Verne, human nature determined whether technology would be a force for good or a source of destruction.”可知，Verne描写Nemo船长使用他的潜艇猛烈攻击船只，这是描写科技带来的坏处，据此可推知，Verne意识到了科技的危险，故选B。
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4.Which of the following best describes Jules Verne according to the text
A.Strong-willed.
B.Fantasy-seeking.
C.Positive-minded.
D.Forward-thinking.
答案：D
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解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中“he also predicted over 100 modern-day inventions and technologies in his writings”和第四段中“Verne’s technically-grounded adventure tales represented a new approach to imagining the future through fiction.”可知，Verne的作品预言了100多种现代发明和技术，以技术为基础想象未来世界，故他具有前瞻性思维，故选D。
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Ⅱ.完形填空
With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits sent to landfills at the end of each market day, the Central de Abastos has become the largest source of food waste in Mexico City. When De Paz Fuentes noticed the 1 ， he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into 2 for the hungry. Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has 3 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 4 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.
“Efforts like this are 5 ， ” says Gutiérrez, who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program. “Now, if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 6 them, I call the Itacate.”
When Gutiérrez makes the call, a volunteer 7 at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 8 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens, which 9 80，000 meals a day.
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Just across the street from the Central de Abastos is one of the city’s largest soup kitchens. There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after a(n) 10 cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market. The soup kitchen is the only place where he can get a(n) 11 meal near his workplace.
“It’s 12 to eat at the market，” he explains, “about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.”
Some shop owners 13 they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away 14 food because it takes too much time to make a 15 .
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[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了De Paz Fuentes利用墨西哥城最大的果蔬批发市场卖不出去的产品救济穷人的事迹。
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1.A.market　　　　　　　　 B.trap
C.problem D.position
答案：C
解析：market市场；trap陷阱；problem问题；position位置。根据上文的“With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits... the largest source of food waste in Mexico City.”可知，在每个市场日结束时，数百吨未售出的蔬菜和水果被送往垃圾填埋场，阿巴斯托斯中心已成为墨西哥城最大的食物垃圾来源，所以De Paz Fuentes注意到的是这个问题。故选C。
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2.A.meals B.chemicals
C.drinks D.ruins
答案：A
解析：meal食物；chemical化学品；drink饮料；ruin废墟。根据上文的“turn the wasted food into”和下文“for the hungry”可知，他与市场合作，把浪费的食物变成了饥饿者的食物。故选A。
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3.A.produced B.reduced
C.bought D.buried
答案：B
解析：produce生产；reduce减少；buy买；bury埋葬。根据上文的“he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into 2 for the hungry”和下文“the market’s daily food waste by 24%”可知，他的Itacate项目已将市场的每日食物浪费减少了24%。故选B。
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4.A.planted B.cut
C.lost D.delivered
答案：D
解析：plant种植；cut切割；lose丢失；deliver运送。根据下文的“almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”可知，他的Itacate项目向全市各地的施食处运送了近800吨食物。故选D。
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5.A.meaningful B.wasteful
C.troublesome D.perfect
答案：A
解析：meaningful有意义的；wasteful浪费的；troublesome麻烦的；perfect完美的。根据上文的“Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has 3 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 4 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.”和下文“who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program”可知，Itacate项目是有意义的，Gutiérrez是参加这个项目的商人之一，认为这样的努力是有意义的。故选A。
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6.A.grow B.sell
C.decline D.count
答案：B
解析：grow生长；sell出售；decline下降；count计数。根据上文的“the Itacate, has 3 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 4 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”和下文“I call the Itacate”可知，Itacate项目将卖不出去的蔬菜向全市各地的施食处运送，所以Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去，就打电话给Itacate。故选B。
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7.A.signs up B.checks out
C.shows up D.gives in
答案：C
解析：sign up报名；check out检查；show up出现；give in屈服。根据下文的“at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 8 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens”可知，一名志愿者出现在Gutiérrez的商店里，帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选C。
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8.A.fruits B.chickens
C.cakes D.vegetables
答案：D
解析：fruit水果；chicken鸡；cake蛋糕；vegetable蔬菜。根据上文的“if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 6 them, I call the Itacate”可知，Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去，就打电话给Itacate，所以志愿者帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选D。
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9.A.purchase B.serve
C.destroy D.need
答案：B
解析：purchase购买；serve供应；destroy摧毁；need需要。根据下文的“80，000 meals a day”可知，这些厨房每天供应8万顿饭。故选B。
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10.A.morning B.day
C.evening D.afternoon
答案：A
解析：morning上午；day白天；evening晚上；afternoon下午。根据上文的“There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after”和下文“cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market”可知，Leonardo正在吃午饭，因此他在市场上清理洋葱和绿西红柿是上午的事情。故选A。
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11.A.tasty B.sweet
C.unacceptable D.affordable
答案：D
解析：tasty美味的；sweet甜的；unacceptable不可接受的；affordable买得起的。根据下文的“‘It’s 12 to eat at the market，’ he explains, ‘about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.’”可知，在市场上吃饭很贵，所以施食处是他唯一能在工作场所附近买得起饭的地方。故选D。
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12.A.hot B.inconvenient
C.expensive D.fun
答案：C
解析：hot热的；inconvenient不方便的；expensive昂贵的；fun有趣的。根据下文的“about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary”可知，一顿午餐大约3.5美元，这几乎是Leonardo 一天工资的一半，所以Leonardo认为在市场上吃饭很贵。故选C。
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13.A.apologize B.think
C.realize D.admit
答案：D
解析：apologize道歉；think想；realize实现；admit承认。根据下文的“they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away 14 food because it takes too much time to make a 15 ”可知，他们对这个项目很熟悉，但仍然经常扔掉可食用的食物，因为捐赠需要花费太多时间，这是一些店主承认的事情。故选D。
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14.A.poisonous B.eatable
C.cold D.cheap
答案：B
解析：poisonous有毒的；eatable可食用的；cold冷的；cheap花钱少的。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和下文的“food because it takes too much time to make a 15 ”可知，这个项目与捐赠相关，这些是可以捐赠的食物，所以店主经常扔掉的是可食用的食物。故选B。
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15.A.donation B.call
C.profit D.living
答案：A
解析：donation捐赠；call打电话；profit利润；living谋生。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和“because it takes too much time to make a”可知，这个项目与捐赠相关，而捐赠需要花费太多时间。make a donation“进行捐赠”。故选A。
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Ⅲ.语法填空
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科学家在中国西南部的云南省发现了一种新的植物物种及该发现的积极意义。
Chinese scientists found a new plant species of Oreocharis (马铃苣苔属) in southwest China’s Yunnan Province, according to the Chengdu Institute of Biology (CIB) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The findings, made by researchers from the CIB and Guangxi Institute of Botany of the CAS, 1. (publish) recently in the journal Ecology and Evolution.
1．答案：have been published/were published
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，这个句子的主语是 findings，它和 publish构成了逻辑上的动宾关系。再根据本空后的时间状语 recently可知，此处应该用现在完成时的被动语态或一般过去时的被动语态。主语the findings为复数形式，故填have been published/were published。
During a field 2. (investigate) on an oak community, the researchers found an unidentified species of Oreocharis in Ninglang County, Yunnan. By comparing the plant with several 3. (know) Oreocharis species, the researchers have confirmed it is a new species 4. has many unique characteristics.
2.答案：investigation
解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的field可知，此处用提示词的名词形式构成固定短语field investigation，在本句中意为“野外调查”。故填investigation。
3.答案：known
解析：考查词性转换。根据名词species可知，此处应用形容词known作定语，修饰名词species，表示“已知的”物种。故填known。
4.答案：that/which
解析：考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词species指物，关系词在定语从句中充当主语，所以此处要用 that或 which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
The new species was named Oreocharis oriolus (黄鹂属)
5. the lively bird oriole, as its bright yellow flowers resemble the 6. (bird) feather color. After extensive research on vegetation cover, the researchers found that the new species has a narrow distribution, 7. (grow) in limestone (石灰岩) cracks in an area of two square 8. (kilometer).
5.答案：after
解析：考查介词。根据上文的named可知，此处用介词after构成固定短语name sb. /sth. after sb. /sth. ，意为“以某人/某物的名字给某人/某物命名”。故填after。
6.答案：bird’s
解析：考查名词所有格。因为此处表示所属关系，所以要填名词所有格bird’s。故填bird’s。
7.答案：growing
解析：考查非谓语动词。此处用非谓语动词作状语，又因为grow和the new species构成了逻辑上的主谓关系，所以此处要用现在分词growing来充当状语。故填growing。
8.答案：kilometers
解析：考查名词的单复数。提示词kilometer是可数名词，再根据空前的two square可知，此处要填提示词的复数形式kilometers。故填kilometers。
This new species is currently listed as 9. (critical) endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. According to the researchers, 10. discovery of the plant species has further enriched diversity of Oreocharis in China, and has positive significance for the biogeography of the Hengduan Mountains in southwest China.
9.答案：critically
解析：考查词性转换。根据下文endangered可知，此处要用提示词的副词形式critically修饰形容词endangered。故填critically。
10.答案：the
解析：考查冠词。上文“Chinese scientists found a new plant species(中国科学家发现了一种新的植物物种)”提到过最新发现，再次提到需要特指，所以此处用the discovery特指科学家们最近发现的新物种。故填the。(共31张PPT)
第一部分 教材梳理篇
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
主题语境　科学与技术
内容索引
NEIRONGSUOYIN
Part 1　核心考点突破
Part 2　基础知识达标
Part 3　写作能力培优
Part 1　核心考点突破
1.blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.指责；责备
(1)be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb. for sth.因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)take/bear/shoulder the blame (for sth.)(为某事)承担责任
①(北师大选必一U3)Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will ____________ (blame).
②________ (blame) for the failure of the performance, Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.
被伤心撅住了
be to blame
Blamed
③不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人，你应该为失败承担责任。(主旨升华)
Don’t always_____________________________________________
___________. You should _________________________________.
blame your own failure on others/blame others for your
own failure
take/bear/shoulder the blame for failure
2.decrease vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 n.减少；降低；减少量
(1)decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……
decrease by... 降低了……
decrease in... 在……方面减少/减小/下降
(2)on the decrease在减少
①(2025·全国二卷)Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease ___ sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.
②由于人类活动，例如非法狩猎和破坏栖息地，一些稀有动物的数量正在减少，从而破坏了生态平衡。(生态与环保)
Because of human activities such as illegal hunting and destroying the habitats,_________________________________________________,destroying the ecological balance.
in
the number of some rare animals is decreasing/on the decrease
3. defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解→________________ n.防御；保卫；保护
(1)defend... against/from (doing...)保护……免受……
defend oneself自卫；为自己辩护
(2)in defence (of)保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护
in one’s defence为某人辩护
defence/defense
①(译林必修三U1)In __________________(defend) of the factories, however, I’d like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce.
②The immune system works tirelessly to defend the body ____________
harmful viruses and bacteria.
③在逆境中，保护我们自己免受消极思想和压力的影响是很重要的。(主旨升华)
In times of adversity, it’s important to _________________________
________________________.
defence/defense
against/from
defend ourselves from/against
negative thoughts and stress
4. in charge of主管；负责；掌管(表示状态)
(1)in/under the charge of 由……来负责；被……掌管
take charge of 负责；掌管(表示动作)
free of charge 免费
(2)charge (sb.) for... 为……(向某人)要价……
charge sb. with (doing) sth.指控/指责某人(做)某事
①The young man was charged ______ stealing valuable antiques and will appear in court next week.
②I’m going to visit the museum which doesn’t charge ____ admission this weekend.
③我写信申请该职位，因为我具备管理经验且擅长解决问题，这使我能够负责该项目并推动其成功。(申请信)
I’m writing to apply for the position, as I possess management experience and I am good at problem-solving, which _____________
________________________ and drive it to success.
with
for
in/take charge of the project
enables me to be
5. above all最重要的是；尤其是
after all 毕竟；终究
first of all 首先；第一
all in all 整体来说；总而言之
in all 全部；合计
at all (否定句)一点也，完全；(疑问句)到底；究竟
①After counting the votes twice, we found that 287 people supported the plan_______.
②The university that I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University. I’d like to offer you some suggestions.________
___________, you’d better learn some basic Chinese before coming here._________, fluent communication with locals will bring you convenience in unfamiliar circumstances.__________, studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy _______.Wish you all the best.
in all
First of
all/Above all
After all
All in all
at all
1.handle
He gripped the tool’s handle① to carefully handle② its sensitive controls, then stayed late to handle③ the paperwork documenting his smooth operation.
①________　②_______　③________
n.把手
vt.操纵
vt.处理
2.subscribe
I agree with the view that everyone should subscribe① to the charity if circumstances permit, whether by making direct donations or by subscribing② to their publications.
①___________　②___________
vi.定期捐助
vi.订阅
3.solid
There is solid① evidence that the planet Jupiter may have no solid② surface at all.
①__________　②___________
4.He read through the papers and made an abstract of their contents.
生义：_________
熟义：adj.抽象的
adj.可靠的
adj.固体的
n.摘要
5.The criminal escaped by sawing through the bars of his cell.
生义：__________
熟义：n.细胞
6.It’s difficult to pump facts and figures into tired students.
生义：___________________
熟义：n.泵
n.牢房
v.强行向……灌输
so... that... “如此……以至于……”
[教材原句]　He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现在两条特别的街道上，霍乱暴发是如此严重以至于在十天内死了500多人。
句中so... that... 引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。
(1)so... that... 句型的常见形式：
so＋adj./adv.＋that...
so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.(可数名词单数)＋that...
so＋many/much/few/little(少)＋n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)＋that...
(2)such... that... 句型的常见形式：
such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.(可数名词单数)＋that...
such＋adj.＋n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)＋that...
(3)当so/such放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。
①我感到如此生气以至于我的手不受控制地颤抖。(愤怒表达)
→I felt ____________________my hands trembled without control.
→___________________________ my hands trembled without control.(倒装句)
so annoyed/angry that
So annoyed/angry did I feel that
②(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)我写信是想和你分享上周五我在公园里参加的一堂艺术课。那是一个非常成功的活动，所有学生都对其给予了高度评价。
I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
It was such a successful activity/so successful an activity that all the students spoke highly of it
Part 2　基础知识达标
Ⅰ.语境填空
1.In ______________(defend) of the plan, she highlighted its long-term benefits.
2.He tried to blame his failure ____ bad luck, but deep down he knew he hadn’t worked hard enough.
3.It is surprising that the man transformed the blank canvas _____ a vivid masterpiece.
4.We began to help pick peaches and then had them __________
(deliver) to the farmers’ houses.
defence/defense
on
into
delivered
5.Planting trees is _____ a rewarding experience that we all look forward to another one.
6.The boy was charged _____ stealing a gold ring without solid proof, tears of sadness rolling down his cheeks.
7.My sister is always finding fault ______ others, which really annoys us.
8.I didn’t realize the significance of teamwork _____ I took part in the basketball match.
such
with
with
until
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.今年寒假期间，该地区的平均气温从15 ℃下降到5 ℃，比去年冷了很多。
The average temperature in this region ___________________________
during the winter vacation, making it much colder than last year.
2.在我看来，人类的一些不法行为为此负有责任。
As far as I’m concerned, some illegal _________________________
______________.
has decreased from 15 ℃ to 5 ℃
blame for that
human behaviours are to
3.更糟糕的是，一些稀有物种正面临着灭绝的危险，所以我们应该立即采取措施，保护它们免于灭绝。
What’s worse, some rare species are in danger of extinction, so we should take immediate measures to __________________________.
defend them from dying out
Part 3　写作能力培优
培优1　应用文增分练——科学家与科学精神
根据提示，运用本单元的词汇、短语及句式或使用词汇的正确形式完成下面的语篇。
People think that an extraordinary (用本单元词汇替换黑体词：①__________) scientist is gifted and brilliant. ②________ (最重要的是), he should have scientific spirit. For one thing, he should be brave to ③__________________________ (怀疑不一致的思想) and theoretical frameworks, trying to find proofs to prove them right or wrong. For another, he should be brave to ④_________________
_____________ (为……承担责任) the failure of research. Furthermore, facing failure, he shouldn’t feel ⑤__________ (frustrate) but should believe that he will succeed once and for all.
outstanding
Above all
suspect contradictory thinking
take/bear/shoulder
the blame for
frustrated
教材语料运用　【友情(二)】
我被怀疑偷了这位女士的金戒指，这使我的心里蒙上了一层阴影。我非常懊恼，以至于泪水像洪水一样顺着我的脸颊流了下来。后来，我想我为什么要为我没做过的事情承担责任呢。因此，我尽最大努力去追踪真正的小偷以捍卫我的清白。在我的朋友们的帮助下，我深信我会证明我是清白的。
培优2　读后续写提能练
I was suspected of stealing the woman’s gold ring, 1.__________
__________________ (非限制性定语从句). So frustrated was I that 2.___________________________________ (比喻). Then I thought why I 3._________________________________________________. So I tried my best to trace the real thief to defend my innocence. 4.____________________________ (with复合结构), I was greatly convinced that I would prove 5._________________ (宾语从句).
cloud over my heart
which cast a
tears poured down my cheeks like floods
took/bore/shouldered the blame for what I had not done
With my friends assisting me
that I was innocent课时作业
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·广东深圳调研一)Jules Verne is widely regarded as one of the fathers of science fiction. His “Extraordinary Voyages (航海)” series transport readers on grand adventures to the far reaches of Earth and beyond. But Verne did more than just tell entertaining stories—he also predicted over 100 modern-day inventions and technologies in his writings.
For example, in the 1889 short story In the Year 2889, Verne painted a picture of a highly networked world with global multimedia communications. He described the “phonotelephone” which sent sound and images over great distances. The main character, Fritz Napoleon Smith, is able to easily communicate via this technology with his wife on another continent：
“Mr. Smith was able distinctly to see his wife despite the distance that separated him from her... Mrs. Smith immediately appeared on the telephotic screen, with her features smiling and her eyes moist (潮湿的) with tears.”
Verne’s technically-grounded adventure tales represented a new approach to imagining the future through fiction. Unlike other writers of his day who penned more fanciful or supernatural stories, Verne aimed for realism in his futuristic visions, always basing them on cutting-edge science and his own extensive research. This laid the foundation for the “hard science fiction” of the 20th century and beyond.
Verne is often thought of as a technological optimist, a champion of scientific progress and innovation. But his writings also reveal another perspective. Many of his stories feature a brilliant but mad scientist whose inventions ultimately bring more harm than good. Captain Nemo in 20，000 Leagues Under the Sea uses his submarine (潜艇) to violently attack ships. For Verne, human nature determined whether technology would be a force for good or a source of destruction.
The spirit of adventure in Verne’s timeless stories will live on, continuing to inspire generations to push the boundaries of the possible and create the world of tomorrow. That is perhaps the greatest achievement of the extraordinary voyages of Jules Verne.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科幻小说之父之一Jules Verne及其作品。
1．How does Mr. Smith contact his wife in In the Year 2889
A．By holding an in-person talk.
B．By making a long-distance call.
C．By sending a letter back home.
D．By having an instant video chat.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“He described the ‘phonotelephone’ which sent sound and images over great distances. The main character, Fritz Napoleon Smith, is able to easily communicate via this technology with his wife on another continent”和第三段“Mr. Smith was able distinctly to see his wife despite the distance that separated him from her... Mrs. Smith immediately appeared on the telephotic screen, with her features smiling and her eyes moist with tears.”可知，Smith和妻子交流时使用可以远距离传送声音和图像的“电话机”，妻子的脸会出现在屏幕上，所以Smith是通过即时视频聊天和妻子联系，故选D。
2．What is the “hard science fiction” based on
A．The unrealistic fantasies.
B．The fictional technologies.
C．The latest research findings.
D．The imagined future worlds.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“Unlike other writers of his day who penned more fanciful or supernatural stories, Verne aimed for realism in his futuristic visions, always basing them on cutting-edge science and his own extensive research. This laid the foundation for the ‘hard science fiction’ of the 20th century and beyond. (与同时代的其他作家写更多的幻想或超自然的故事不同，Verne在他的未来愿景中追求现实主义，总是基于前沿科学和他自己的广泛研究。这为20世纪及以后的’硬科幻小说’奠定了基础)”可知，“硬科幻小说”以最新的研究结果为基础，故选C。
3．What can we infer about Verne from Captain Nemo’s story
A．He was disappointed with human nature.
B．He was aware of the danger of technology.
C．He was in favour of scientific development.
D．He was different from the writers of his time.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Many of his stories feature a brilliant but mad scientist whose inventions ultimately bring more harm than good. Captain Nemo in 20，000 Leagues Under the Sea uses his submarine to violently attack ships. For Verne, human nature determined whether technology would be a force for good or a source of destruction.”可知，Verne描写Nemo船长使用他的潜艇猛烈攻击船只，这是描写科技带来的坏处，据此可推知，Verne意识到了科技的危险，故选B。
4．Which of the following best describes Jules Verne according to the text
A．Strong-willed.
B．Fantasy-seeking.
C．Positive-minded.
D．Forward-thinking.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中“he also predicted over 100 modern-day inventions and technologies in his writings”和第四段中“Verne’s technically-grounded adventure tales represented a new approach to imagining the future through fiction.”可知，Verne的作品预言了100多种现代发明和技术，以技术为基础想象未来世界，故他具有前瞻性思维，故选D。
Ⅱ.完形填空
With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits sent to landfills at the end of each market day, the Central de Abastos has become the largest source of food waste in Mexico City. When De Paz Fuentes noticed the 1 ， he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into 2 for the hungry. Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has 3 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 4 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.
“Efforts like this are 5 ， ” says Gutiérrez, who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program. “Now, if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 6 them, I call the Itacate.”
When Gutiérrez makes the call, a volunteer 7 at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 8 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens, which 9 80，000 meals a day.
Just across the street from the Central de Abastos is one of the city’s largest soup kitchens. There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after a(n) 10 cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market. The soup kitchen is the only place where he can get a(n) 11 meal near his workplace.
“It’s 12 to eat at the market，” he explains, “about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.”
Some shop owners 13 they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away 14 food because it takes too much time to make a 15 ．
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了De Paz Fuentes利用墨西哥城最大的果蔬批发市场卖不出去的产品救济穷人的事迹。
1．A.market　　　　　　　　 B．trap
C．problem D．position
答案：C
解析：market市场；trap陷阱；problem问题；position位置。根据上文的“With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits... the largest source of food waste in Mexico City.”可知，在每个市场日结束时，数百吨未售出的蔬菜和水果被送往垃圾填埋场，阿巴斯托斯中心已成为墨西哥城最大的食物垃圾来源，所以De Paz Fuentes注意到的是这个问题。故选C。
2．A.meals B．chemicals
C．drinks D．ruins
答案：A
解析：meal食物；chemical化学品；drink饮料；ruin废墟。根据上文的“turn the wasted food into”和下文“for the hungry”可知，他与市场合作，把浪费的食物变成了饥饿者的食物。故选A。
3．A.produced B．reduced
C．bought D．buried
答案：B
解析：produce生产；reduce减少；buy买；bury埋葬。根据上文的“he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into 2 for the hungry”和下文“the market’s daily food waste by 24%”可知，他的Itacate项目已将市场的每日食物浪费减少了24%。故选B。
4．A.planted B．cut
C．lost D．delivered
答案：D
解析：plant种植；cut切割；lose丢失；deliver运送。根据下文的“almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”可知，他的Itacate项目向全市各地的施食处运送了近800吨食物。故选D。
5．A.meaningful B．wasteful
C．troublesome D．perfect
答案：A
解析：meaningful有意义的；wasteful浪费的；troublesome麻烦的；perfect完美的。根据上文的“Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has 11 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 12 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.”和下文“who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program”可知，Itacate项目是有意义的，Gutiérrez是参加这个项目的商人之一，认为这样的努力是有意义的。故选A。
6．A.grow B．sell
C．decline D．count
答案：B
解析：grow生长；sell出售；decline下降；count计数。根据上文的“the Itacate, has 11 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 12 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”和下文“I call the Itacate”可知，Itacate项目将卖不出去的蔬菜向全市各地的施食处运送，所以Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去，就打电话给Itacate。故选B。
7．A.signs up B．checks out
C．shows up D．gives in
答案：C
解析：sign up报名；check out检查；show up出现；give in屈服。根据下文的“at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 16 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens”可知，一名志愿者出现在Gutiérrez的商店里，帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选C。
8．A.fruits B．chickens
C．cakes D．vegetables
答案：D
解析：fruit水果；chicken鸡；cake蛋糕；vegetable蔬菜。根据上文的“if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 14 them, I call the Itacate”可知，Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去，就打电话给Itacate，所以志愿者帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选D。
9．A.purchase B．serve
C．destroy D．need
答案：B
解析：purchase购买；serve供应；destroy摧毁；need需要。根据下文的“80，000 meals a day”可知，这些厨房每天供应8万顿饭。故选B。
10．A.morning B．day
C．evening D．afternoon
答案：A
解析：morning上午；day白天；evening晚上；afternoon下午。根据上文的“There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after”和下文“cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market”可知，Leonardo正在吃午饭，因此他在市场上清理洋葱和绿西红柿是上午的事情。故选A。
11．A.tasty B．sweet
C．unacceptable D．affordable
答案：D
解析：tasty美味的；sweet甜的；unacceptable不可接受的；affordable买得起的。根据下文的“‘It’s 20 to eat at the market，’ he explains, ‘about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.’”可知，在市场上吃饭很贵，所以施食处是他唯一能在工作场所附近买得起饭的地方。故选D。
12．A.hot B．inconvenient
C．expensive D．fun
答案：C
解析：hot热的；inconvenient不方便的；expensive昂贵的；fun有趣的。根据下文的“about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary”可知，一顿午餐大约3.5美元，这几乎是Leonardo 一天工资的一半，所以Leonardo认为在市场上吃饭很贵。故选C。
13．A.apologize B．think
C．realize D．admit
答案：D
解析：apologize道歉；think想；realize实现；admit承认。根据下文的“they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away 22 food because it takes too much time to make a 23 ”可知，他们对这个项目很熟悉，但仍然经常扔掉可食用的食物，因为捐赠需要花费太多时间，这是一些店主承认的事情。故选D。
14．A.poisonous B．eatable
C．cold D．cheap
答案：B
解析：poisonous有毒的；eatable可食用的；cold冷的；cheap花钱少的。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和下文的“food because it takes too much time to make a 23 ”可知，这个项目与捐赠相关，这些是可以捐赠的食物，所以店主经常扔掉的是可食用的食物。故选B。
15．A.donation B．call
C．profit D．living
答案：A
解析：donation捐赠；call打电话；profit利润；living谋生。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和“because it takes too much time to make a”可知，这个项目与捐赠相关，而捐赠需要花费太多时间。make a donation“进行捐赠”。故选A。
Ⅲ.语法填空
Chinese scientists found a new plant species of Oreocharis (马铃苣苔属) in southwest China’s Yunnan Province, according to the Chengdu Institute of Biology (CIB) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The findings, made by researchers from the CIB and Guangxi Institute of Botany of the CAS, 1. (publish) recently in the journal Ecology and Evolution.
During a field 2. (investigate) on an oak community, the researchers found an unidentified species of Oreocharis in Ninglang County, Yunnan. By comparing the plant with several 3. (know) Oreocharis species, the researchers have confirmed it is a new species 4. has many unique characteristics.
The new species was named Oreocharis oriolus (黄鹂属) 5. the lively bird oriole, as its bright yellow flowers resemble the 6. (bird) feather color. After extensive research on vegetation cover, the researchers found that the new species has a narrow distribution, 7. (grow) in limestone (石灰岩) cracks in an area of two square 8. (kilometer).
This new species is currently listed as 9. (critical) endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. According to the researchers, 10. discovery of the plant species has further enriched diversity of Oreocharis in China, and has positive significance for the biogeography of the Hengduan Mountains in southwest China.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科学家在中国西南部的云南省发现了一种新的植物物种及该发现的积极意义。
1．答案：have been published/were published
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，这个句子的主语是 findings，它和 publish构成了逻辑上的动宾关系。再根据本空后的时间状语 recently可知，此处应该用现在完成时的被动语态或一般过去时的被动语态。主语the findings为复数形式，故填have been published/were published。
2．答案：investigation
解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的field可知，此处用提示词的名词形式构成固定短语field investigation，在本句中意为“野外调查”。故填investigation。
3．答案：known
解析：考查词性转换。根据名词species可知，此处应用形容词known作定语，修饰名词species，表示“已知的”物种。故填known。
4．答案：that/which
解析：考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词species指物，关系词在定语从句中充当主语，所以此处要用 that或 which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
5．答案：after
解析：考查介词。根据上文的named可知，此处用介词after构成固定短语name sb. /sth. after sb. /sth. ，意为“以某人/某物的名字给某人/某物命名”。故填after。
6．答案：bird’s
解析：考查名词所有格。因为此处表示所属关系，所以要填名词所有格bird’s。故填bird’s。
7．答案：growing
解析：考查非谓语动词。此处用非谓语动词作状语，又因为grow和the new species构成了逻辑上的主谓关系，所以此处要用现在分词growing来充当状语。故填growing。
8．答案：kilometers
解析：考查名词的单复数。提示词kilometer是可数名词，再根据空前的two square可知，此处要填提示词的复数形式kilometers。故填kilometers。
9．答案：critically
解析：考查词性转换。根据下文endangered可知，此处要用提示词的副词形式critically修饰形容词endangered。故填critically。
10．答案：the
解析：考查冠词。上文“Chinese scientists found a new plant species(中国科学家发现了一种新的植物物种)”提到过最新发现，再次提到需要特指，所以此处用the discovery特指科学家们最近发现的新物种。故填the。UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
主题语境　科学与技术
Part 1　核心考点突破
1．blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．指责；责备
(1)be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb. for sth.因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)take/bear/shoulder the blame (for sth.)(为某事)承担责任
①(北师大选必一U3)Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be to blame (blame).
②Blamed (blame) for the failure of the performance, Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly. 　　　　　被伤心撅住了
③不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人，你应该为失败承担责任。(主旨升华)
Don’t always blame your own failure on others/blame others for your own failure. You should take/bear/shoulder the blame for failure.
2．decrease vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 n．减少；降低；减少量
(1)decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……
decrease by... 降低了……
decrease in... 在……方面减少/减小/下降
(2)on the decrease在减少
①(2025·全国二卷)Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.
②由于人类活动，例如非法狩猎和破坏栖息地，一些稀有动物的数量正在减少，从而破坏了生态平衡。(生态与环保)
Because of human activities such as illegal hunting and destroying the habitats, the number of some rare animals is decreasing/on the decrease, destroying the ecological balance.
3．defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解→defence/defense n．防御；保卫；保护
(1)defend... against/from (doing...)保护……免受……
defend oneself自卫；为自己辩护
(2)in defence (of)保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护
in one’s defence为某人辩护
①(译林必修三U1)In defence/defense (defend) of the factories, however, I’d like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce.
②The immune system works tirelessly to defend the body against/from harmful viruses and bacteria.
③在逆境中，保护我们自己免受消极思想和压力的影响是很重要的。(主旨升华)
In times of adversity, it’s important to defend ourselves from/against negative thoughts and stress.
4．in charge of主管；负责；掌管(表示状态)
(1)in/under the charge of 由……来负责；被……掌管
take charge of 负责；掌管(表示动作)
free of charge 免费
(2)charge (sb.) for... 为……(向某人)要价……
charge sb. with (doing) sth. 指控/指责某人(做)某事
①The young man was charged with stealing valuable antiques and will appear in court next week.
②I’m going to visit the museum which doesn’t charge for admission this weekend.
③我写信申请该职位，因为我具备管理经验且擅长解决问题，这使我能够负责该项目并推动其成功。(申请信)
I’m writing to apply for the position, as I possess management experience and I am good at problem-solving, which enables me to be in/take charge of the project and drive it to success.
5．above all最重要的是；尤其是
after all 毕竟；终究
first of all 首先；第一
all in all 整体来说；总而言之
in all 全部；合计
at all (否定句)一点也，完全；(疑问句)到底；究竟
①After counting the votes twice, we found that 287 people supported the plan in all．
②The university that I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University. I’d like to offer you some suggestions. First of all/Above all, you’d better learn some basic Chinese before coming here. After all, fluent communication with locals will bring you convenience in unfamiliar circumstances. All in all, studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all. Wish you all the best.
1．handle
He gripped the tool’s handle① to carefully handle② its sensitive controls, then stayed late to handle③ the paperwork documenting his smooth operation.
①n.把手　②vt.操纵　③vt.处理
2．subscribe
I agree with the view that everyone should subscribe① to the charity if circumstances permit, whether by making direct donations or by subscribing② to their publications.
①vi.定期捐助　②vi.订阅
3．solid
There is solid① evidence that the planet Jupiter may have no solid② surface at all.
①adj.可靠的　②adj.固体的
4．He read through the papers and made an abstract of their contents.
生义：n.摘要
熟义：adj.抽象的
5．The criminal escaped by sawing through the bars of his cell.
生义：n.牢房
熟义：n.细胞
6．It’s difficult to pump facts and figures into tired students.
生义：v.强行向……灌输
熟义：n.泵
so... that... “如此……以至于……”
[教材原句]　He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现在两条特别的街道上，霍乱暴发是如此严重以至于在十天内死了500多人。
句中so... that... 引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。
(1)so... that... 句型的常见形式：
so＋adj./adv.＋that...
so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.(可数名词单数)＋that...
so＋many/much/few/little(少)＋n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)＋that...
(2)such... that... 句型的常见形式：
such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.(可数名词单数)＋that...
such＋adj.＋n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)＋that...
(3)当so/such放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。
①我感到如此生气以至于我的手不受控制地颤抖。(愤怒表达)
→I felt so annoyed/angry that my hands trembled without control.
→So annoyed/angry did I feel that my hands trembled without control.(倒装句)
②(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)我写信是想和你分享上周五我在公园里参加的一堂艺术课。那是一个非常成功的活动，所有学生都对其给予了高度评价。
I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday. It was such a successful activity/so successful an activity that all the students spoke highly of it.
Part 2　基础知识达标
Ⅰ.语境填空
1．In defence/defense (defend) of the plan, she highlighted its long-term benefits.
2．He tried to blame his failure on bad luck, but deep down he knew he hadn’t worked hard enough.
3．It is surprising that the man transformed the blank canvas into a vivid masterpiece.
4．We began to help pick peaches and then had them delivered (deliver) to the farmers’ houses.
5．Planting trees is such a rewarding experience that we all look forward to another one.
6．The boy was charged with stealing a gold ring without solid proof, tears of sadness rolling down his cheeks.
7．My sister is always finding fault with others, which really annoys us.
8．I didn’t realize the significance of teamwork until I took part in the basketball match.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．今年寒假期间，该地区的平均气温从15 ℃下降到5 ℃，比去年冷了很多。
The average temperature in this region has decreased from 15 ℃ to 5 ℃ during the winter vacation, making it much colder than last year.
2．在我看来，人类的一些不法行为为此负有责任。
As far as I’m concerned, some illegal human behaviours are to blame for that．
3．更糟糕的是，一些稀有物种正面临着灭绝的危险，所以我们应该立即采取措施，保护它们免于灭绝。
What’s worse, some rare species are in danger of extinction, so we should take immediate measures to defend them from dying out．
Part 3　写作能力培优
培优1　应用文增分练——科学家与科学精神
根据提示，运用本单元的词汇、短语及句式或使用词汇的正确形式完成下面的语篇。
People think that an extraordinary (用本单元词汇替换黑体词：①outstanding) scientist is gifted and brilliant. ②Above all (最重要的是), he should have scientific spirit. For one thing, he should be brave to ③suspect contradictory thinking (怀疑不一致的思想) and theoretical frameworks, trying to find proofs to prove them right or wrong. For another, he should be brave to ④take/bear/shoulder the blame for (为……承担责任) the failure of research. Furthermore, facing failure, he shouldn’t feel ⑤frustrated (frustrate) but should believe that he will succeed once and for all.
培优2　读后续写提能练
教材语料运用　【友情(二)】
我被怀疑偷了这位女士的金戒指，这使我的心里蒙上了一层阴影。我非常懊恼，以至于泪水像洪水一样顺着我的脸颊流了下来。后来，我想我为什么要为我没做过的事情承担责任呢。因此，我尽最大努力去追踪真正的小偷以捍卫我的清白。在我的朋友们的帮助下，我深信我会证明我是清白的。
I was suspected of stealing the woman’s gold ring, 1.which cast a cloud over my heart (非限制性定语从句). So frustrated was I that 2.tears poured down my cheeks like floods (比喻). Then I thought why I 3.took/bore/shouldered the blame for what I had not done. So I tried my best to trace the real thief to defend my innocence. 4.With my friends assisting me (with复合结构), I was greatly convinced that I would prove 5.that I was innocent (宾语从句).
课时作业
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·广东深圳调研一)Jules Verne is widely regarded as one of the fathers of science fiction. His “Extraordinary Voyages (航海)” series transport readers on grand adventures to the far reaches of Earth and beyond. But Verne did more than just tell entertaining stories—he also predicted over 100 modern-day inventions and technologies in his writings.
For example, in the 1889 short story In the Year 2889, Verne painted a picture of a highly networked world with global multimedia communications. He described the “phonotelephone” which sent sound and images over great distances. The main character, Fritz Napoleon Smith, is able to easily communicate via this technology with his wife on another continent：
“Mr. Smith was able distinctly to see his wife despite the distance that separated him from her... Mrs. Smith immediately appeared on the telephotic screen, with her features smiling and her eyes moist (潮湿的) with tears.”
Verne’s technically-grounded adventure tales represented a new approach to imagining the future through fiction. Unlike other writers of his day who penned more fanciful or supernatural stories, Verne aimed for realism in his futuristic visions, always basing them on cutting-edge science and his own extensive research. This laid the foundation for the “hard science fiction” of the 20th century and beyond.
Verne is often thought of as a technological optimist, a champion of scientific progress and innovation. But his writings also reveal another perspective. Many of his stories feature a brilliant but mad scientist whose inventions ultimately bring more harm than good. Captain Nemo in 20，000 Leagues Under the Sea uses his submarine (潜艇) to violently attack ships. For Verne, human nature determined whether technology would be a force for good or a source of destruction.
The spirit of adventure in Verne’s timeless stories will live on, continuing to inspire generations to push the boundaries of the possible and create the world of tomorrow. That is perhaps the greatest achievement of the extraordinary voyages of Jules Verne.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科幻小说之父之一Jules Verne及其作品。
1．How does Mr. Smith contact his wife in In the Year 2889
A．By holding an in-person talk.
B．By making a long-distance call.
C．By sending a letter back home.
D．By having an instant video chat.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“He described the ‘phonotelephone’ which sent sound and images over great distances. The main character, Fritz Napoleon Smith, is able to easily communicate via this technology with his wife on another continent”和第三段“Mr. Smith was able distinctly to see his wife despite the distance that separated him from her... Mrs. Smith immediately appeared on the telephotic screen, with her features smiling and her eyes moist with tears.”可知，Smith和妻子交流时使用可以远距离传送声音和图像的“电话机”，妻子的脸会出现在屏幕上，所以Smith是通过即时视频聊天和妻子联系，故选D。
2．What is the “hard science fiction” based on
A．The unrealistic fantasies.
B．The fictional technologies.
C．The latest research findings.
D．The imagined future worlds.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“Unlike other writers of his day who penned more fanciful or supernatural stories, Verne aimed for realism in his futuristic visions, always basing them on cutting-edge science and his own extensive research. This laid the foundation for the ‘hard science fiction’ of the 20th century and beyond. (与同时代的其他作家写更多的幻想或超自然的故事不同，Verne在他的未来愿景中追求现实主义，总是基于前沿科学和他自己的广泛研究。这为20世纪及以后的’硬科幻小说’奠定了基础)”可知，“硬科幻小说”以最新的研究结果为基础，故选C。
3．What can we infer about Verne from Captain Nemo’s story
A．He was disappointed with human nature.
B．He was aware of the danger of technology.
C．He was in favour of scientific development.
D．He was different from the writers of his time.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Many of his stories feature a brilliant but mad scientist whose inventions ultimately bring more harm than good. Captain Nemo in 20，000 Leagues Under the Sea uses his submarine to violently attack ships. For Verne, human nature determined whether technology would be a force for good or a source of destruction.”可知，Verne描写Nemo船长使用他的潜艇猛烈攻击船只，这是描写科技带来的坏处，据此可推知，Verne意识到了科技的危险，故选B。
4．Which of the following best describes Jules Verne according to the text
A．Strong-willed.
B．Fantasy-seeking.
C．Positive-minded.
D．Forward-thinking.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中“he also predicted over 100 modern-day inventions and technologies in his writings”和第四段中“Verne’s technically-grounded adventure tales represented a new approach to imagining the future through fiction.”可知，Verne的作品预言了100多种现代发明和技术，以技术为基础想象未来世界，故他具有前瞻性思维，故选D。
Ⅱ.完形填空
With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits sent to landfills at the end of each market day, the Central de Abastos has become the largest source of food waste in Mexico City. When De Paz Fuentes noticed the 1 ， he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into 2 for the hungry. Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has 3 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 4 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.
“Efforts like this are 5 ， ” says Gutiérrez, who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program. “Now, if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 6 them, I call the Itacate.”
When Gutiérrez makes the call, a volunteer 7 at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 8 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens, which 9 80，000 meals a day.
Just across the street from the Central de Abastos is one of the city’s largest soup kitchens. There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after a(n) 10 cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market. The soup kitchen is the only place where he can get a(n) 11 meal near his workplace.
“It’s 12 to eat at the market，” he explains, “about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.”
Some shop owners 13 they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away 14 food because it takes too much time to make a 15 ．
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了De Paz Fuentes利用墨西哥城最大的果蔬批发市场卖不出去的产品救济穷人的事迹。
1．A.market　　　　　　　　 B．trap
C．problem D．position
答案：C
解析：market市场；trap陷阱；problem问题；position位置。根据上文的“With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits... the largest source of food waste in Mexico City.”可知，在每个市场日结束时，数百吨未售出的蔬菜和水果被送往垃圾填埋场，阿巴斯托斯中心已成为墨西哥城最大的食物垃圾来源，所以De Paz Fuentes注意到的是这个问题。故选C。
2．A.meals B．chemicals
C．drinks D．ruins
答案：A
解析：meal食物；chemical化学品；drink饮料；ruin废墟。根据上文的“turn the wasted food into”和下文“for the hungry”可知，他与市场合作，把浪费的食物变成了饥饿者的食物。故选A。
3．A.produced B．reduced
C．bought D．buried
答案：B
解析：produce生产；reduce减少；buy买；bury埋葬。根据上文的“he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into 2 for the hungry”和下文“the market’s daily food waste by 24%”可知，他的Itacate项目已将市场的每日食物浪费减少了24%。故选B。
4．A.planted B．cut
C．lost D．delivered
答案：D
解析：plant种植；cut切割；lose丢失；deliver运送。根据下文的“almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”可知，他的Itacate项目向全市各地的施食处运送了近800吨食物。故选D。
5．A.meaningful B．wasteful
C．troublesome D．perfect
答案：A
解析：meaningful有意义的；wasteful浪费的；troublesome麻烦的；perfect完美的。根据上文的“Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has 3 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 4 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.”和下文“who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program”可知，Itacate项目是有意义的，Gutiérrez是参加这个项目的商人之一，认为这样的努力是有意义的。故选A。
6．A.grow B．sell
C．decline D．count
答案：B
解析：grow生长；sell出售；decline下降；count计数。根据上文的“the Itacate, has 3 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 4 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”和下文“I call the Itacate”可知，Itacate项目将卖不出去的蔬菜向全市各地的施食处运送，所以Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去，就打电话给Itacate。故选B。
7．A.signs up B．checks out
C．shows up D．gives in
答案：C
解析：sign up报名；check out检查；show up出现；give in屈服。根据下文的“at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 8 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens”可知，一名志愿者出现在Gutiérrez的商店里，帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选C。
8．A.fruits B．chickens
C．cakes D．vegetables
答案：D
解析：fruit水果；chicken鸡；cake蛋糕；vegetable蔬菜。根据上文的“if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 6 them, I call the Itacate”可知，Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去，就打电话给Itacate，所以志愿者帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选D。
9．A.purchase B．serve
C．destroy D．need
答案：B
解析：purchase购买；serve供应；destroy摧毁；need需要。根据下文的“80，000 meals a day”可知，这些厨房每天供应8万顿饭。故选B。
10．A.morning B．day
C．evening D．afternoon
答案：A
解析：morning上午；day白天；evening晚上；afternoon下午。根据上文的“There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after”和下文“cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market”可知，Leonardo正在吃午饭，因此他在市场上清理洋葱和绿西红柿是上午的事情。故选A。
11．A.tasty B．sweet
C．unacceptable D．affordable
答案：D
解析：tasty美味的；sweet甜的；unacceptable不可接受的；affordable买得起的。根据下文的“‘It’s 12 to eat at the market，’ he explains, ‘about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.’”可知，在市场上吃饭很贵，所以施食处是他唯一能在工作场所附近买得起饭的地方。故选D。
12．A.hot B．inconvenient
C．expensive D．fun
答案：C
解析：hot热的；inconvenient不方便的；expensive昂贵的；fun有趣的。根据下文的“about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary”可知，一顿午餐大约3.5美元，这几乎是Leonardo 一天工资的一半，所以Leonardo认为在市场上吃饭很贵。故选C。
13．A.apologize B．think
C．realize D．admit
答案：D
解析：apologize道歉；think想；realize实现；admit承认。根据下文的“they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away 14 food because it takes too much time to make a 15 ”可知，他们对这个项目很熟悉，但仍然经常扔掉可食用的食物，因为捐赠需要花费太多时间，这是一些店主承认的事情。故选D。
14．A.poisonous B．eatable
C．cold D．cheap
答案：B
解析：poisonous有毒的；eatable可食用的；cold冷的；cheap花钱少的。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和下文的“food because it takes too much time to make a 15 ”可知，这个项目与捐赠相关，这些是可以捐赠的食物，所以店主经常扔掉的是可食用的食物。故选B。
15．A.donation B．call
C．profit D．living
答案：A
解析：donation捐赠；call打电话；profit利润；living谋生。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和“because it takes too much time to make a”可知，这个项目与捐赠相关，而捐赠需要花费太多时间。make a donation“进行捐赠”。故选A。
Ⅲ.语法填空
Chinese scientists found a new plant species of Oreocharis (马铃苣苔属) in southwest China’s Yunnan Province, according to the Chengdu Institute of Biology (CIB) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The findings, made by researchers from the CIB and Guangxi Institute of Botany of the CAS, 1. (publish) recently in the journal Ecology and Evolution.
During a field 2. (investigate) on an oak community, the researchers found an unidentified species of Oreocharis in Ninglang County, Yunnan. By comparing the plant with several 3. (know) Oreocharis species, the researchers have confirmed it is a new species 4. has many unique characteristics.
The new species was named Oreocharis oriolus (黄鹂属) 5. the lively bird oriole, as its bright yellow flowers resemble the 6. (bird) feather color. After extensive research on vegetation cover, the researchers found that the new species has a narrow distribution, 7. (grow) in limestone (石灰岩) cracks in an area of two square 8. (kilometer).
This new species is currently listed as 9. (critical) endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. According to the researchers, 10. discovery of the plant species has further enriched diversity of Oreocharis in China, and has positive significance for the biogeography of the Hengduan Mountains in southwest China.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科学家在中国西南部的云南省发现了一种新的植物物种及该发现的积极意义。
1．答案：have been published/were published
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，这个句子的主语是 findings，它和 publish构成了逻辑上的动宾关系。再根据本空后的时间状语 recently可知，此处应该用现在完成时的被动语态或一般过去时的被动语态。主语the findings为复数形式，故填have been published/were published。
2．答案：investigation
解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的field可知，此处用提示词的名词形式构成固定短语field investigation，在本句中意为“野外调查”。故填investigation。
3．答案：known
解析：考查词性转换。根据名词species可知，此处应用形容词known作定语，修饰名词species，表示“已知的”物种。故填known。
4．答案：that/which
解析：考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词species指物，关系词在定语从句中充当主语，所以此处要用 that或 which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
5．答案：after
解析：考查介词。根据上文的named可知，此处用介词after构成固定短语name sb. /sth. after sb. /sth. ，意为“以某人/某物的名字给某人/某物命名”。故填after。
6．答案：bird’s
解析：考查名词所有格。因为此处表示所属关系，所以要填名词所有格bird’s。故填bird’s。
7．答案：growing
解析：考查非谓语动词。此处用非谓语动词作状语，又因为grow和the new species构成了逻辑上的主谓关系，所以此处要用现在分词growing来充当状语。故填growing。
8．答案：kilometers
解析：考查名词的单复数。提示词kilometer是可数名词，再根据空前的two square可知，此处要填提示词的复数形式kilometers。故填kilometers。
9．答案：critically
解析：考查词性转换。根据下文endangered可知，此处要用提示词的副词形式critically修饰形容词endangered。故填critically。
10．答案：the
解析：考查冠词。上文“Chinese scientists found a new plant species(中国科学家发现了一种新的植物物种)”提到过最新发现，再次提到需要特指，所以此处用the discovery特指科学家们最近发现的新物种。故填the。

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