资源简介

定语从句
考点1　关系代词
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略)
whom 人 宾语(在限制性定语从句中，且其前面无介词时可省略)
whose (=of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
which 物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中，前无介词时可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
(一)关系代词 that与 which的用法辨析
1.只用 that的情况
(1)先行词是all、everything、nothing、little、much、few等不定代词时;
(2)先行词被all、any、every、no、little、much、some等词修饰时;
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时;
(4)先行词被the only、the very (正好、恰好)、the last等修饰时;
(5)先行词中既有人也有物时;
(6)在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句;
(7)先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时;
(8)主句以here、there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。
The second book that the writer wrote was popular with young people.那个作家写的第二本书很受年轻人的欢迎。
There is nothing that can stop us from achieving our goals.没有什么可以阻止我们实现目标。
They talked about the persons and things that they met in the city.他们谈论了在这个城市里遇到的人和事。
2.先行词指物时，只用 which的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时;
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Because I was inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, which was surrounded by blooming flowers.因为我受到了奇妙风景的启发，我决定创作一幅水彩画，画的是公园池塘上的小桥，周围是盛开的花朵。
(2024·九省联考)I’ll give her treats, the number of which I can increase.我会给她吃的，我可以增加食物的数量。
(二)which与 as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
- which as
位置上 只能放在主 句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词 的限制 从句谓语通常是表示感觉或心理活动的词，如see,hear,know,expect,remember等
意思上 意为“这 一点” 表示“正如……,正像……那样”
Parrots are prey animals, which means that other predators (捕食者) in the wild, such as hawks or snakes, are looking to make them into a meal.鹦鹉是被捕食的动物，这意味着其他野外捕食者如鹰或蛇在寻找(它们),使它们成为一顿美食。
As is often the case with children,Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.正如孩子们常有的情况，医生到的时候埃米就好些了。
She married again, which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
考点2　关系副词
1.关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。
先行词 关系 副词 在从句中所充当的成分 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词:time、day、year等 when 时间状语 =at/in/on/ during which
表示场所的名词:park、place、country、house等 where 地点状语 =in/at/to/on which
表示理由的名词:the reason why 原因状语 =for which
2.有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity、business、career、case、job、point、position、race、stage、situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。
The point where our paths crossed was the moment that changed my life forever.我们的道路交汇点是永远改变我人生的时刻。
3.先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when;意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge for me.在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。
4.当先行词way意为“方法，方式”,且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that、in which或省略关系词。
It’s not what you say;it’s the way (that/in which) you say it.问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。
考点3　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
(一)“介词＋关系代词”结构中关系代词的确定
　若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构,whose指人、物皆可。
The museum, at which we spent the whole afternoon, showcased a remarkable collection of ancient artifacts.我们花费了整个下午参观的那家博物馆展出了一批令人瞩目的古文物藏品。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。
(二)该结构中介词的选用
1.根据介词与定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。
Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands 刚才跟你握手的那个女孩是谁
2.根据介词与定语从句中形容词的习惯搭配。
He showed me some old coins with which I was not very familiar.他给我看了一些我不太熟悉的旧硬币。
3.根据介词与前面先行词的习惯搭配。
We’ll never forget the day on which we climbed up the Great Wall.我们永远不会忘记登上长城的那一天。
4.根据句子所要表达的意思。
The compass was a great invention in its time, without which the explorers could not have discovered new continents.指南针在当时是一项伟大的发明，没有它，探险家们就不可能发现新大陆。
(三)表示“整体和部分关系”时，介词常用 of。
　There are 30 chairs in the hall, most of which are new.大厅里有30把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
There are two buildings, the larger of which stands nearly a hundred metres high.这儿有两座建筑物，较大的那一座几乎有100米高。
(四)whose引导的定语从句修饰物时,“whose＋名词”可以转换为“the＋名词＋of which”;修饰人时，可以转换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。
　The newly built cafe, the walls of which(=whose walls) are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,especially after hard work.这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
考点4　定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别
(一)定语从句与并列句的区别
　两个句子之间若有and、but、so等并列连词或分号，则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。
1.She has written many novels,some of 　　　　 are interesting.
2.She has written many novels,and some of 　　　　 are interesting.
　　1句中novels后面是非限制性定语从句，空格中填关系代词which。2句中有并列连词and,题干是并列句，空格中填代词them。
(二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
　定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。
1.She has collected many old stamps,most of 　　　　 are worth thousands of dollars.
2.She has collected many old stamps,most of 　　　　 worth thousands of dollars.
　　1句中后边有谓语动词are,stamps后面是非限制性定语从句，空格中填关系代词which。2句中逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。
(三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
1.We young people should go to the place 　　　　 is in need of help.
2.We young people should go 　　　　 we’re most needed.
1句空格中填关系代词which/that,引导定语从句，修饰先行词the place,且在从句中作主语。2句中填从属连词where,where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。
(四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
　定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。
1.I will always remember the days 　　　　　 I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.
2.I always remember the days in the countryside 　　　　　 I see the photo of my grandparents.
1句空格中填关系副词when,引导定语从句，修饰先行词the days,且在从句中作状语。2句空格中填从属连词when,引导时间状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词remember。
(五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
　在the same...as...与such...as...结构中,as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分;such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中,that在从句中不作成分。
1.This is such an interesting work of art 　　　　　 all of us like.
2.This is such an interesting work of art 　　　　　 all of us like it.
　　1句空格中填关系代词as,引导定语从句,as在从句中作like的宾语。2句空格中填that,such...that...引导结果状语从句。
(六)定语从句与主语从句的区别
　定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。
1.　　　　　 is known to everybody,the earth runs around the sun.
2.　　　　　 is known to everybody that the earth runs around the sun.
3.　　　　　 is known to everybody is that the earth runs around the sun.
　　1句空格中填关系代词As,as引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整句话的内容。2句空格中填代词It,it作句中形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。3句空格中填What,what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的是表语从句。
(七)定语从句与强调句型的区别
　强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”,It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用，还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。
1.It was on the morning of May 1st 　　　　　 I met Liang Wei at the airport.
2.It is the factory 　　　　　 Mr. Wang works.
　　1句空格中填that,将句子改为“On the morning of May 1st I met Liang Wei at the airport.”之后，显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。 2句空格中填关系副词where,修饰先行词the factory,在定语从句中作状语。
单句语法填空
1.(人教必修一)The statues fill only one part of the emperor’s huge tomb,which still has not been completely unearthed.
2.(人教必修一)People in modern times can read the classic works that/which were written by Chinese in ancient times.
3.(外研必修三)As the Chinese saying goes, “A kind-hearted person lives a long life.”
4.(外研必修三)After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000,with which a well was built near a primary school in Uganda.
5.(人教必修一)Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
6.(外研必修三)In Prague, Winton saw people living in terrible conditions and whose lives were in danger.
7.(人教必修一) The number of people who/that were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
8.(译林选必四)As you go through your daily life, you will encounter many difficult situations where things may go wrong.
9.(人教必修三)The majority of residents in Chinatown are still ethnic Chinese, many of whom do not speak English fluently.
10.(外研必修一)These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.(共33张PPT)
定语从句
考点解读
考点1　关系代词
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略)
whom 人 宾语(在限制性定语从句中，且其前面无介词时可省略)
whose (=of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
that 人或物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
which 物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中，前无介词时可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
(一)关系代词 that与 which的用法辨析
1.只用 that的情况
(1)先行词是all、everything、nothing、little、much、few等不定代词时；
(2)先行词被all、any、every、no、little、much、some等词修饰时；
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时；
(4)先行词被the only、the very (正好、恰好)、the last等修饰时；
(5)先行词中既有人也有物时；
(6)在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句；
(7)先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时；
(8)主句以here、there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。
The second book that the writer wrote was popular with young people.那个作家写的第二本书很受年轻人的欢迎。
There is nothing that can stop us from achieving our goals.没有什么可以阻止我们实现目标。
They talked about the persons and things that they met in the city.他们谈论了在这个城市里遇到的人和事。
2.先行词指物时，只用 which的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时；
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Because I was inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, which was surrounded by blooming flowers.因为我受到了奇妙风景的启发，我决定创作一幅水彩画，画的是公园池塘上的小桥，周围是盛开的花朵。
(2024·九省联考)I’ll give her treats, the number of which I can increase.我会给她吃的，我可以增加食物的数量。
(二)which与 as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
- which as
位置上 只能放在主 句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词 的限制 从句谓语通常是表示感觉或心理活动的词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 意为“这 一点” 表示“正如……，正像……那样”
Parrots are prey animals, which means that other predators (捕食者) in the wild, such as hawks or snakes, are looking to make them into a meal.鹦鹉是被捕食的动物，这意味着其他野外捕食者如鹰或蛇在寻找(它们)，使它们成为一顿美食。
As is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.正如孩子们常有的情况，医生到的时候埃米就好些了。
She married again, which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
考点2　关系副词
1.关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。
先行词 关系 副词 在从句中所充当的成分 与“介词+关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词:time、day、year等 when 时间状语 =at/in/on/
during which
表示场所的名词:park、place、country、house等 where 地点状语 =in/at/to/on which
表示理由的名词:the reason why 原因状语 =for which
2.有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity、business、career、case、job、point、position、race、stage、situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。
The point where our paths crossed was the moment that changed my life forever.我们的道路交汇点是永远改变我人生的时刻。
3.先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge for me.在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。
4.当先行词way意为“方法，方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that、in which或省略关系词。
It’s not what you say;it’s the way (that/in which) you say it.问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。
考点3　“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
(一)“介词+关系代词”结构中关系代词的确定
若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词+whose+名词”结构，whose指人、物皆可。
The museum, at which we spent the whole afternoon, showcased a remarkable collection of ancient artifacts.我们花费了整个下午参观的那家博物馆展出了一批令人瞩目的古文物藏品。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。
(二)该结构中介词的选用
1.根据介词与定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。
Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands 刚才跟你握手的那个女孩是谁
2.根据介词与定语从句中形容词的习惯搭配。
He showed me some old coins with which I was not very familiar.他给我看了一些我不太熟悉的旧硬币。
3.根据介词与前面先行词的习惯搭配。
We’ll never forget the day on which we climbed up the Great Wall.我们永远不会忘记登上长城的那一天。
4.根据句子所要表达的意思。
The compass was a great invention in its time, without which the explorers could not have discovered new continents.指南针在当时是一项伟大的发明，没有它，探险家们就不可能发现新大陆。
(三)表示“整体和部分关系”时，介词常用 of。
There are 30 chairs in the hall, most of which are new.大厅里有30把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
There are two buildings, the larger of which stands nearly a hundred metres high.这儿有两座建筑物，较大的那一座几乎有100米高。
(四)whose引导的定语从句修饰物时，“whose+名词”可以转换为“the+名词+of which”；修饰人时，可以转换为“the+名词+of whom”。
The newly built cafe, the walls of which(=whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
考点4　定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别
(一)定语从句与并列句的区别
两个句子之间若有and、but、so等并列连词或分号，则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。
1.She has written many novels, some of ________ are interesting.
2.She has written many novels, and some of ________ are interesting.
　　1句中novels后面是非限制性定语从句，空格中填关系代词which。2句中有并列连词and，题干是并列句，空格中填代词them。
(二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。
1.She has collected many old stamps, most of ________ are worth thousands of dollars.
2.She has collected many old stamps, most of ________ worth thousands of dollars.
　　1句中后边有谓语动词are, stamps后面是非限制性定语从句，空格中填关系代词which。2句中逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。
(三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
1.We young people should go to the place ________ is in need of help.
2.We young people should go ________ we’re most needed.
1句空格中填关系代词which/that，引导定语从句，修饰先行词the place，且在从句中作主语。2句中填从属连词where, where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。
(四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。
1.I will always remember the days __________ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.
2.I always remember the days in the countryside __________ I see the photo of my grandparents.
1句空格中填关系副词when，引导定语从句，修饰先行词the days，且在从句中作状语。2句空格中填从属连词when，引导时间状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词remember。
(五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
在the same...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。
1.This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like.
2.This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like it.
　　1句空格中填关系代词as，引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。2句空格中填that, such...that...引导结果状语从句。
(六)定语从句与主语从句的区别
定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。
1.__________ is known to everybody, the earth runs around the sun.
2.__________ is known to everybody that the earth runs around the sun.
3.__________ is known to everybody is that the earth runs around the sun.
　　1句空格中填关系代词As, as引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整句话的内容。2句空格中填代词It, it作句中形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。3句空格中填What, what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的是表语从句。
(七)定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句的结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分”，It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用，还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。
1.It was on the morning of May 1st __________ I met Liang Wei at the airport.
2.It is the factory __________ Mr. Wang works.
　　1句空格中填that，将句子改为“On the morning of May 1st I met Liang Wei at the airport.”之后，显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。 2句空格中填关系副词where，修饰先行词the factory，在定语从句中作状语。
实战演练
单句语法填空
1.(人教必修一)The statues fill only one part of the emperor’s huge tomb, ___________ still has not been completely unearthed.
2.(人教必修一)People in modern times can read the classic works ___________ were written by Chinese in ancient times.
3.(外研必修三) ___________ the Chinese saying goes, “A kind-hearted person lives a long life.”
4.(外研必修三)After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000,with __________ a well was built near a primary school in Uganda.
which
that/which
As
which
5.(人教必修一)Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time ___________ people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
6.(外研必修三)In Prague, Winton saw people living in terrible conditions and ___________ lives were in danger.
7.(人教必修一) The number of people ___________ were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400，000.
when
whose
who/that
8.(译林选必四)As you go through your daily life, you will encounter many difficult situations ___________ things may go wrong.
9.(人教必修三)The majority of residents in Chinatown are still ethnic Chinese, many of ___________ do not speak English fluently.
10.(外研必修一)These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of ___________ feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
where
whom
which

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