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非谓语动词
考点1　非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing -
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been done
分 词 现在分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 done(vi.) 表示完成 done(vt.) 表示被动 与完成 × × √ √ √ √
[特别提醒]　(1)非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系：与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时，用被动形式。
(2)根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态:①非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生，用非谓语动词的一般式;②非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用非谓语动词的完成式。
考点2　非谓语动词作状语
　非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
(一)不定式作状语
1.作目的状语
作目的状语，意为“为了；以便”。
To enjoy a grander sight,you must climb to a greater height.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
The bus stops in order to/so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
2.作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构:only to(不料……)、enough to...(足够……)、too...to...(太……而不能……)、so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
The rock above the seed is not heavy enough to prevent it from growing.种子上面的岩石没有重到足以阻止它生长。
I had been too nervous to pay attention when he introduced himself.他自我介绍时，我紧张得无法集中注意力。
[特别提醒]　动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而现在分词作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。
Tom arrived at the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆到达了机场，结果发现他需要乘坐的飞机起飞了。
The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated. 这家医院最近获得了新的医疗设备，能够使更多的病人接受治疗。
3.作原因状语
作原因状语，常用于“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有happy、lucky、glad、sorry、anxious、proud、disappointed、desperate、angry、surprised、ready、delighted、clever、foolish、pleased、fortunate、right、astonished等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
(二)分词作状语
1.现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语，常表示原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Following an uncomfortable pause, he simply nodded, saying, “I agree to this arrangement and trust you.”一阵不安的沉默之后，他只是点点头，说:“我同意这个安排，并信任你。”
2.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，常表示时间、条件、原因、方式或伴随等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Combined with good marketing strategies, technological innovation will promote the sales of these products.技术创新与良好的市场营销策略相结合将促进这些产品的销售。
(三)独立成分作状语
　有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有generally/frankly speaking、judging from、taking...into consideration、given、to tell the truth、to be honest、to make things worse等。
Generally speaking,it’s no use talking to a person when he’s in a temper.一般来说，当一个人在气头上时，跟他谈话是没有用的。
(四)独立主格结构作状语
　非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致，但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构，即“名词/代词＋分词(短语)”;另外，名词或代词后面还可跟形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式构成独立主格结构。
The test finished, we began our holiday.考试结束后，我们开始放假了。
Much work to do tonight,we can’t go to see a film.今晚有很多活要干，我们不能去看电影。
考点3　非谓语动词作定语
(一)不定式作定语
1.不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式to be done作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
2.当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。
She is known as the first to arrive at the training field and the last to leave, earning her the respect of her teammates.她以总是第一个到达训练场，最后一个离开而闻名，赢得了队友们的尊敬。
3.被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有ability、chance、idea、hope、wish、fact、excuse、promise、attempt、way等。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Then we parted ways with a firm handshake and a promise to keep in touch.然后我们坚定地握手道别，并承诺保持联系。
(二)现在分词作定语
　现在分词作定语，表示主动、正在进行；若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
The ancient temple, dating back to the Tang Dynasty, is a precious cultural relic.这座古庙始建于唐朝，是珍贵的文化遗产。
(三)过去分词作定语，表示被动、完成
　The university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.这所大学以其为国际学生开设的语言和文化课程而闻名。
(四)动名词作定语
　动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick一根拐杖
a reading room一间阅览室
a sleeping car一节卧铺车厢
考点4　非谓语动词作宾语
(一)只能跟不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
1.三个希望俩答应(hope、wish、expect、agree、promise)
2.两个要求莫拒绝(demand、ask、refuse)
3.设法学会做决定(manage、learn、decide/determine)
4.不要假装在选择(pretend、choose/select)
5.计划提出俩打算(plan、offer、intend、mean)
6.申请失败负担起(apply、fail、afford)
7.准备愿望又碰巧(prepare、desire、happen)
8.此外,threaten、can’t wait等也要用不定式作宾语。
(二)只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
1.喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy、consider、escape、avoid)
2.不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help、give up、risk)
3.感激承认不否认(appreciate、admit、deny)
4.介意想象莫推延(mind、imagine、delay、put off)
5.允许完成是期望(allow/permit、finish、look forward to)
6.建议继续勤操练(suggest、go on、practise)
7.致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to、excuse、insist on)
8.继续成功不错过(keep on、succeed in、miss)
(三)下列动词(短语)既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别:
考点5　非谓语动词作补足语
(一)动词(短语)＋宾语＋to do作宾语补足语
advise建议　allow 允许　ask 询问；要求　beg恳求 cause 导致　encourage 鼓励　permit准许　forbid 禁止　force 强迫　intend打算　invite 邀请　order 命令；要求　persuade说服　prefer 更喜欢　require 需要；要求　teach教　remind 提醒　tell 告诉　want想要　warn 警告　wish 希望；想要　 wait for等待　call on 号召；要求　depend on依靠　urge 催促；力劝
(二)使役动词(leave/keep/find...)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
1.make＋宾语＋
2.have＋
宾语＋
3.find
4.keep
(三)感官动词或动词短语(see、watch、observe、hear、notice、look at、listen to)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
　感官动词(短语)的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例:
see＋
宾语＋
I saw some boys all dressed in uniforms leave the lab following a teacher a few minutes ago.几分钟前，我看见一些穿校服的男生跟着一个老师离开了实验室。
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa,Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.从非洲医疗服务两年回来后，李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
(四)with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语
　with＋宾语＋doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/to do(表示将来)。
He fell asleep with the light still burning.灯还亮着他就睡着了。
The boy rushed into the room, with his face covered with sweat.那小孩满脸是汗地冲进屋来。
With much work to do this afternoon,Jack left hurriedly.由于今天下午还有很多工作要做，杰克匆匆忙忙地离开了。
(五)sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be doing,不定式作主语补足语。
　He is said to have been cheated in the street. (动作先于谓语动作发生)据说，他在大街上被骗了。
He is said to be studying abroad but I don’t know which country he is in. (动作正在进行)据说，他正在国外学习，但我不知道他在哪个国家。
He is said to study abroad but I don’t know which country he will be in. (动作尚未发生)据说，他要去国外学习，但我不知道他会在哪个国家。
考点6　非谓语动词作主语
1.不定式与动名词作主语的区别
To drop out of school now is not a good idea.(具体的、一次性的动作)现在辍学不是一个好主意。
Listening to English radio programmes helps me get used to how fast native speakers talk.(抽象的、习惯性的动作)听英语广播节目帮助我习惯母语人士说话的速度。
2.it作形式主语
有时为避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而把真正的主语置于句末。
It is essential to practice frequently when learning English.学英语时，经常练习是至关重要的。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
考点7　非谓语动词作表语
1.不定式作表语
主语往往是dream、goal、aim、purpose、plan 等表示意向、打算、计划的词。
My childhood dream was to go to Peking University.我小时候的梦想是上北京大学。
2.动名词作表语
相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
The current trend is working from home.
=Working from home is the current trend.
当前的趋势是居家办公。
3.分词作表语
现在分词和过去分词作表语时，一般说明主语的性质、特征等，通常可直接看作形容词。现在分词作表语，多意为“令人……的”,常修饰物；过去分词作表语，多意为“感到……的”,常修饰人。
He was alarmed at what he had just heard.他对刚刚听到的话感到恐慌。
It’s well known that a tiger looks very frightening.众所周知，老虎看起来令人很害怕。
单句语法填空
1.(外研选必一)He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance to study (study) various living things in their natural environments.
2.(外研选必一)The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, fascinated (fascinate) by rocks, plants and animals.
3.(北师大选必二)Some books are just too difficult to be adapted (adapt) for technical reasons, although films like The Life of Pi are changing this idea.
4.(外研选必一)Located (locate) at over 5,000 metres above sea level, this is the highest railway station in the world.
5.(外研选必二)In a world still facing (face) so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity.
6.(外研选必二)In most countries,turning (turn) 18 marks the start of adulthood.
7.(人教选必一)One medical text from the fourth century suggested using (use) the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.
8.(译林选必一)If we grow up eating certain foods in our family, then those foods tend to be linked (link) with positive emotions. (共39张PPT)
非谓语动词
考点解读
考点1　非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing -
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been done
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
分 词 现在分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been Done
过去分词 一般式 done(vi.) 表示完成 done(vt.) 表示被动 与完成 × × √ √ √ √
[特别提醒]　(1)非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系：与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时，用被动形式。
(2)根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态:①非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生，用非谓语动词的一般式；②非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用非谓语动词的完成式。
考点2　非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
(一)不定式作状语
1.作目的状语
作目的状语，意为“为了；以便”。
To enjoy a grander sight, you must climb to a greater height.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
The bus stops in order to/so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
2.作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构:only to(不料……)、enough to...(足够……)、too...to...(太……而不能……)、so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
The rock above the seed is not heavy enough to prevent it from growing.种子上面的岩石没有重到足以阻止它生长。
I had been too nervous to pay attention when he introduced himself.他自我介绍时，我紧张得无法集中注意力。
[特别提醒]　动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而现在分词作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。
Tom arrived at the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆到达了机场，结果发现他需要乘坐的飞机起飞了。
The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated. 这家医院最近获得了新的医疗设备，能够使更多的病人接受治疗。
3.作原因状语
作原因状语，常用于“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有happy、lucky、glad、sorry、anxious、proud、disappointed、desperate、angry、surprised、ready、delighted、clever、foolish、pleased、fortunate、right、astonished等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
(二)分词作状语
1.现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语，常表示原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Following an uncomfortable pause, he simply nodded, saying, “I agree to this arrangement and trust you.”一阵不安的沉默之后，他只是点点头，说:“我同意这个安排，并信任你。”
2.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，常表示时间、条件、原因、方式或伴随等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Combined with good marketing strategies, technological innovation will promote the sales of these products.技术创新与良好的市场营销策略相结合将促进这些产品的销售。
(三)独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有generally/frankly speaking、judging from、taking...into consideration、given、to tell the truth、to be honest、to make things worse等。
Generally speaking, it’s no use talking to a person when he’s in a temper.一般来说，当一个人在气头上时，跟他谈话是没有用的。
(四)独立主格结构作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致，但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构，即“名词/代词+分词(短语)”；另外，名词或代词后面还可跟形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式构成独立主格结构。
The test finished, we began our holiday.考试结束后，我们开始放假了。
Much work to do tonight, we can’t go to see a film.今晚有很多活要干，我们不能去看电影。
考点3　非谓语动词作定语
(一)不定式作定语
1.不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式to be done作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
2.当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。
She is known as the first to arrive at the training field and the last to leave, earning her the respect of her teammates.她以总是第一个到达训练场，最后一个离开而闻名，赢得了队友们的尊敬。
3.被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有ability、chance、idea、hope、wish、fact、excuse、promise、attempt、way等。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Then we parted ways with a firm handshake and a promise to keep in touch.然后我们坚定地握手道别，并承诺保持联系。
(二)现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语，表示主动、正在进行；若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
The ancient temple, dating back to the Tang Dynasty, is a precious cultural relic.这座古庙始建于唐朝，是珍贵的文化遗产。
(三)过去分词作定语，表示被动、完成
The university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.这所大学以其为国际学生开设的语言和文化课程而闻名。
(四)动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick一根拐杖
a reading room一间阅览室
a sleeping car一节卧铺车厢
考点4　非谓语动词作宾语
(一)只能跟不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
1.三个希望俩答应(hope、wish、expect、agree、promise)
2.两个要求莫拒绝(demand、ask、refuse)
3.设法学会做决定(manage、learn、decide/determine)
4.不要假装在选择(pretend、choose/select)
5.计划提出俩打算(plan、offer、intend、mean)
6.申请失败负担起(apply、fail、afford)
7.准备愿望又碰巧(prepare、desire、happen)
8.此外，threaten、can’t wait等也要用不定式作宾语。
(二)只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
1.喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy、consider、escape、avoid)
2.不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help、give up、risk)
3.感激承认不否认(appreciate、admit、deny)
4.介意想象莫推延(mind、imagine、delay、put off)
5.允许完成是期望(allow/permit、finish、look forward to)
6.建议继续勤操练(suggest、go on、practise)
7.致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to、excuse、insist on)
8.继续成功不错过(keep on、succeed in、miss)
(三)下列动词(短语)既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别:
考点5　非谓语动词作补足语
(一)动词(短语)+宾语+to do作宾语补足语
advise建议　allow 允许　ask 询问；要求　beg恳求
cause 导致　encourage 鼓励　permit准许　forbid 禁止　force 强迫　intend打算　invite 邀请　order 命令；要求　persuade说服　prefer 更喜欢　require 需要；要求　teach教　remind 提醒　tell 告诉　want想要　warn 警告　wish 希望；想要　 wait for等待　call on 号召；要求　depend on依靠　urge 催促；力劝
(二)使役动词(leave/keep/find...)+宾语+宾语补足语
1.make+宾语+
2.have+宾语+
3.find
4.keep
(三)感官动词或动词短语(see、watch、observe、hear、notice、look at、listen to)+宾语+宾语补足语
感官动词(短语)的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例:
see+宾语+
I saw some boys all dressed in uniforms leave the lab following a teacher a few minutes ago.几分钟前，我看见一些穿校服的男生跟着一个老师离开了实验室。
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.从非洲医疗服务两年回来后，李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照 顾。
(四)with/without+宾语+宾语补足语
with+宾语+doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/to do(表示将来)。
He fell asleep with the light still burning.灯还亮着他就睡着了。
The boy rushed into the room, with his face covered with sweat.那小孩满脸是汗地冲进屋来。
With much work to do this afternoon, Jack left hurriedly.由于今天下午还有很多工作要做，杰克匆匆忙忙地离开了。
(五)sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done/to be doing，不定式作主语补足语。
He is said to have been cheated in the street. (动作先于谓语动作发生)据说，他在大街上被骗了。
He is said to be studying abroad but I don’t know which country he is in. (动作正在进行)据说，他正在国外学习，但我不知道他在哪个国家。
He is said to study abroad but I don’t know which country he will be in. (动作尚未发生)据说，他要去国外学习，但我不知道他会在哪个国家。
考点6　非谓语动词作主语
1.不定式与动名词作主语的区别
To drop out of school now is not a good idea.(具体的、一次性的动作)现在辍学不是一个好主意。
Listening to English radio programmes helps me get used to how fast native speakers talk.(抽象的、习惯性的动作)听英语广播节目帮助我习惯母语人士说话的速度。
2.it作形式主语
有时为避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而把真正的主语置于句末。
It is essential to practice frequently when learning English.学英语时，经常练习是至关重要的。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
考点7　非谓语动词作表语
1.不定式作表语
主语往往是dream、goal、aim、purpose、plan 等表示意向、打算、计划的词。
My childhood dream was to go to Peking University.我小时候的梦想是上北京大学。
2.动名词作表语
相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
The current trend is working from home.
=Working from home is the current trend.
当前的趋势是居家办公。
3.分词作表语
现在分词和过去分词作表语时，一般说明主语的性质、特征等，通常可直接看作形容词。现在分词作表语，多意为“令人……的”，常修饰物；过去分词作表语，多意为“感到……的”，常修饰人。
He was alarmed at what he had just heard.他对刚刚听到的话感到恐慌。
It’s well known that a tiger looks very frightening.众所周知，老虎看起来令人很害怕。
实战演练
单句语法填空
1.(外研选必一)He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance ___________ (study) various living things in their natural environments.
2.(外研选必一)The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, ___________ (fascinate) by rocks, plants and animals.
to study
fascinated
3.(北师大选必二)Some books are just too difficult _______________ (adapt) for technical reasons, although films like The Life of Pi are changing this idea.
4.(外研选必一) ___________ (locate) at over 5，000 metres above sea level, this is the highest railway station in the world.
5.(外研选必二)In a world still ___________ (face) so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity.
to be adapted
Located
facing
6.(外研选必二)In most countries, ___________ (turn) 18 marks the start of adulthood.
7.(人教选必一)One medical text from the fourth century suggested ___________ (use) the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.
8.(译林选必一)If we grow up eating certain foods in our family, then those foods tend ________________ (link) with positive emotions.
turning
using
to be linked

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