资源简介

选择性必修 第二册
Unit 1　Science and Scientists
Step 1　题源研读·入境体验
Pass On The Watertight-bulkhead Technology
传承水密舱壁技术
　　Invented in the Tang Dynasty and widely adopted after the Song Dynasty in Fujian, the watertight-bulkhead(水密舱壁)technology permits the construction of ocean-going ships with watertight compartments(隔层). If one or two cabins are accidentally damaged at sea, water will not flood the other cabins and the ship will remain afloat. 　　However, the need for Chinese junks(中国式帆船)has decreased sharply as wooden ships have been replaced by steel-hulled ships, and today only three masters can claim full command of this technology. As a result, the inheritance of this heritage is decreasing. 　　Zhang Guohui, a 77-year-old inheritor of the watertight-bulkhead techniques used to make Chinese junks, has been making ships for more than six ing from a poor family in a fishing town in East China’s Fujian Province, Zhang started to make a living at the age of 16 fishing on the open sea. As a fast learner, Zhang was later sent to shipyards in the cities of Quanzhou and Xiamen in Fujian Province, where he received training and became a master of traditional Chinese junks and gained fame because of his extremely skilled craftsmanship in the construction of these junks. 　　In fear that the traditional skills would die someday, Zhang started to restore old ships and make model junks for the museum with his 20 years of shipbuilding skills. He finds the work meaningful since younger generations can learn from exhibitions of ancient ships that their ancestors had advanced shipbuilding technology at an early stage of development. “As long as I’m alive, I’ll keep passing on the heritage, ” he said. —http://www. chinadaily. (同源高考:2023年全国乙卷语法填空选自本网站)
【名师原创】 1. What function is expected of the watertight-bulkhead technology (A) A. To prevent ships from sinking. B. To reduce the weight of ships. C. To allow ships to sail faster. D. To help ships resist strong winds. 2. What does Zhang Guohui convey in his words (D) A. Traditional culture should be innovated with the times. B. The ancient ship trade originated from Quanzhou in China. C. It is necessary for modern students to learn shipbuilding skills. D. It is worth passing on traditional skills from generation to generation. 【长难句分析】 As a fast learner, Zhang was later sent to shipyards in the cities of Quanzhou and Xiamen in Fujian Province, where he received training and became a master of traditional Chinese junks and gained fame because of his extremely skilled craftsmanship in the construction of these junks. 这是一个主从复合句, 句子主干是“Zhang was later sent to shipyards”, 本句包含一个where引导的定语从句;其中定语从句中包含了三个由and连接的并列谓语, because of短语在从句中作原因状语。
Step 2　核心考点·探究突破
【重点单词】
1. decrease n. 减少;降低;减少量
vt. &vi. (使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
【语境速测】
①(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.
②Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is on the decrease.
③Compared with last year, the price of wheat has decreased by 15% this year.
④Being addicted to online shopping for too long, according to a survey conducted recently, will greatly decrease people’s desire to take part in social activities.
根据最近进行的一项调查, 长时间沉迷于网络购物将极大地减少人们参加社交活动的欲望。
(1)decrease (from. . . ) to. . . (从……)减少到……
decrease in. . . 在……方面下降
decrease by. . . 减少了……
(2)a decrease in sth. 某方面的减少/下降
on the decrease 正在下降;正在减少
【名师点津】 decrease的近义词为lessen、decline;反义词为increase、rise。
2. suspect vt. 怀疑; 疑有; 不信任
n. 犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
【语境速测】
①What she said sounded convincing, but I suspected it to be (be)a lie.
②Darwin suspected (suspect)that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before.
③He was suspected of stealing the ring at the party last night, and the police were looking into the matter.
④When we started whispering together, she frowned and cast a suspicious look at us/looked at us suspiciously.
当我们开始窃窃私语时, 她皱起了眉头, 向我们投来怀疑的目光。
(1)suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb. /sth. to be. . . 怀疑某人/某物为……
suspect that. . . 怀疑……
(2)suspicion n. 怀疑;疑心
(3)suspicious adj. 怀疑的;可疑的
be suspicious of/about. . . 怀疑……;对……起疑心
3. blame vt. 把……归咎于; 责怪; 指责
n. 责备;指责
【语境速测】
①A spokesman said that bad weather was partly to blame(blame) for the delay.
②The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed (blame) on humans.
③Don’t always blame your own failure on others. You should bear the blame for failure.
④Blamed for the failure of the performance, Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.
由于演出失败受到责备, 蒂姆感到一阵悲伤, 忍不住痛哭。
(1)be to blame (for sth. ) (对某事)负有责任, 应受责备
blame sb. for sth. 因某事责备某人;把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb. /sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)bear/take the blame for. . . 对……负责
lay/put/place the blame (for sth. )on sb.
把某事归咎于某人
4. defend vt. 保卫;防守;辩解
【语境速测】
①It is the nature of a mother to do all she can to defend her child from/against harm and danger.
②She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands as if in defence.
③Many martial arts were invented because people needed to defend themselves(they) or protect others.
④In addition to blogging, taking photos and writing articles about the reef, he made a number of appearances on television to argue in favour of its defence(defend).
⑤The dam was built to defend the road from being washed(wash) away by the sea.
⑥看到这条凶猛的蛇, 他像箭一样冲过去保护儿子。
→Seeing the fierce snake, he rushed to defend his son like an arrow. (defend)
→Seeing the fierce snake, he rushed in defence of his son/in his son’s defence like an arrow. (defence)
(1)defend. . . against/from (doing. . . )
　　　　　　　　 保护……免受……
defend oneself 自卫;为自己辩护
(2)defence 　　　 n. 防御;保卫
in defence (of) 保护;为了保卫;(为……)辩护
in one’s defence 为某人辩护
(3)defensive adj. 防御的;戒备的
5. transform vt. 使改观;使改变形态 vi. 改变;转变
【语境速测】
①(2023·全国乙卷)The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the world.
②(剑桥高级学习词典)I’d never seen Carlo in smart evening clothes before—it was quite a transformation (transform).
③She used to be terribly shy, but a year abroad has completely transformed her.
她以前非常害羞, 但是在国外的一年已经完全改变了她。
(1)transform. . . into. . . 　 把……变成……
transform sb. /sth. from. . . 把某人/物从……中转变
(2)transformation n. 改变; 变革
6. link n. 联系; 纽带
vt. 把……连接起来; 相关联
【语境速测】
①(2021 ·天津高考)It is found that more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people’s well being.
②(牛津高阶词典)Police suspect there may be a link between the two murders.
③Health problems are closely linked to bad eating habits and a lack of exercise.
健康问题与不良的饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼密切相关。
There is a link between. . . and. . .
　　　　　　 ……与……之间有联系
link. . . to. . . 将……和……联系或连接起来
be linked to 与……有联系/有关
7. cast vt. 投射;向……投以(目光、笑容等);投掷
【语境速测】
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)A few minutes spent casting (cast) your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.
②(剑桥高阶词典)The discovery of the dinosaur skeleton cast light on why they become extinct.
③(剑桥高阶词典)The moon cast down into the room.
cast down　　　 使沮丧;使下降;垂下月光
cast light on 使明白;使……真相大白
cast a vote 投票
cast a look/glance at sb. /sth.
向……看一眼
cast a shadow/cloud over/on sth.
给……蒙上一层阴影
【核心短语】
8. come down with 患(病);染上(小病)
【语境速测】
①(2021·北京高考)Since my grandfather came down with the disease, we have taken turns to care for him.
②(2022·浙江高考)He would come up and pat me on the shoulder, insisting smilingly, “Let me explain why. ”
③Shelly-Ann, a little woman with a big smile, has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance.
④(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) I liked traveling in France, but when it came to picking my favorite spot to settle, Italy was the clear winner.
⑤(2022·浙江1月高考)Aware that my partner came down with a serious disease, I had knots in my throat and rushed to hospital anxiously.
意识到我的伴侣得了严重的病, 我喉咙哽住了, 焦急地赶往医院。
come down to　　 归结为;传到……手里
come across (偶然)遇见;发现;被理解
come around/round 苏醒、改变看法、顺便拜访
come about 发生
come up 走近;上来;发芽;发生;被提出;升起
come up with 想出;提出
come to 总计;达到
come on 加油
when it comes to. . . 当谈到……时
9. above all最重要的是;首先;尤其是
【语境速测】
①All in all, no words are strong enough to convey how grateful I am.
②These types of exercise all play a role in a healthy routine. Above all, choose activities you enjoy because, in this way, you’re more likely to stick with them.
③After all, not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts, feelings, and most importantly, equal rights to survive.
④The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University. First of all/Above all, you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come. After all, you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances. All in all, studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all.
我推荐给你的大学是北京语言大学。首先/最重要的是, 在来之前你最好学一些基本的汉语。毕竟, 你将处于完全陌生的环境中。总而言之, 在一个不同的文化中攻读学位一点也不容易。
⑤Above all, friends show their love in times of trouble, not in times of happiness.
最重要的是, 朋友是在患难的时候表达关爱而不是在幸福时。
after all　　　 毕竟;终究
first of all 首先;第一
all in all 整体说来;总而言之
in all 全部;合计
at all (否定句)一点也不;(疑问句)到底;究竟
10. in charge of 主管;掌管
【语境速测】
①We have enough evidence and confidence to charge you with abuse of power.
②The generous owner of the pub charged us only a small amount of money for wine and beer.
③汤姆在老板不在时负责这家公司。
The company is in the charge of Tom while the boss is away.
→Tom is in charge of the company while the boss is away.
→Tom takes charge of the company while the boss is away.
charge sb. with sth. 控告某人(做)某事
charge sb. for sth. 为某物向某人收取费用
take charge of 掌管/负责
in the charge of 受……的管理
free of charge 免费
【经典句型】
11. Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. (P2)在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前, 霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
【语境速测】
①She went upstairs and did not reappear until her mother asked her to have dinner.
②It was not until I settled down and lived in Beijing that I had a chance to pay a visit to the Great Wall.
③直到我参加了采摘活动, 我才意识到自己动手工作有多重要。
I didn’t realize how important working with my own hands was until I took part in the picking activity.
→It wasn’t until I took part in the picking activity that I realized how important working with my own hands was. (强调句型)
→Not until I took part in the picking activity did I realize how important working with my own hands was. (倒装句)
(1)not. . . until. . . 意为“直到……才……”, 引导时间状语从句;
(2)在not. . . until. . . 结构中, 可以把not until提到句首, 此时主句用部分倒装语序;
(3)“not. . . until. . . ”的强调句式为“It is/was not until. . . that. . . ”。
Step 3　跟踪评估·夯基提能
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Such structured thinking(think), followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
2. (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)A large amount of research confirms this finding(find).
3. In my view, Li Hua, who broke the school rule, was to blame (blame).
4. Given that the driver injured the passer-by, he was so severely(severe) punished that his parents were frustrated(frustrate).
5. Willing to help(help) Bernard, the children got down to preparing(prepare) popcorn the instant they got what they needed.
6. With tears pouring(pour) down his cheeks, he watched the documentary film tracing(trace) the history of the ancient town.
7. At present, the remarkable(remark) development of digital economy is transforming (transform) our modern way of life.
8. In reality(real), the mechanic made a severe mistake, shifting(shift) his weight nervously from one foot to another.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
【短语填空】
1. 不幸的是, 这个可怜的男孩得了一场很难治愈的重病。
Unfortunately, the poor boy came down with a severe illness, which was difficult to cure.
2. 我想买一个现代化、舒适的房子, 最重要的是在一个安静的街区。
I’d like to buy a house—modern, comfortable and, above all in a quiet neighbourhood.
3. 我可以和负责国际销售的人通话吗
Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International Sales please
【句式仿写】
4. Sometimes things don’t turn out the way we think they’re going to.
仿写:令我吃惊的不是他说话的内容而是他说话的方式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way that(in which)he said it.
5. It seems as if the pessimists are being proved right.
仿写:看起来好像他不关心他周围的一切。
It seems as if he doesn’t care about everything around him.
6. This programme is not suitable for children.
仿写:她没有适合这种场合穿的衣服, 这使她很恼火。
It annoyed her that she had no other dress (that was)suitable for the occasion.
7. I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault with my work.
仿写:批评别人的工作是很容易的。
It is very easy to find fault with the work of others.
8. It seems to me he’s beyond caring about what anybody does.
仿写:在我看来你不同意这个计划。
It seems to me that you disagree on the plan.
Ⅲ. 语篇填空
(黑体词是本单元核心词汇)
The Father of China’s Aerospace
　　Perhaps no other scientist has had a 1. greater (great) impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. He was a well-respected man, 2. who served his homeland with effort. Born in Shanghai in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and Shanghai. In 1935, he went to the US 3. for further study and then worked there. After overcoming some difficulties, he 4. returned(return) to China in 1955, and was put in charge of developing China’s rocket science as well as the space and missile programme. 5. Faced(face) with challenges, Qian didn’t feel discouraged. When 6. asked(ask)“Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ”, his reply was “Why not ” Under 7. his (he) leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, and man-made satellites 8. successfully(success). Qian was knowledgeable. However, 9. what made him an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his interest in other things like music and drawing, which gave him 10. inspiration (inspire) in scientific research. The whole country was saddened by Qian’s death in 2009.
Ⅳ. 单元话题写作|科学与科学家
　　假定你是李华, 近日你校举办了以“科学之美(The Beauty of Science)”为主题的首届校园科学节。请你给校英文报写一篇报道, 内容包括:
　　1. 举办时间;
　　2. 活动内容;
　　3. 活动反响。
【要点写作】
1. 在其他活动方面, 在不同的时间安排了科学知识问答和先进技术讲座。
As to other activities, scientific knowledge quizzes and lectures about advanced technologies were arranged at different time.
2. 这些活动对我们的日常生活有很大的好处。
The activities are of great benefit to our daily life.
3. 这个节日让我们学生意识到追求科学是没有限制的, 这是最令人印象深刻的。
The festival made us students realize there is no limit to pursuing science, and it was most impressive.
4. 这个节日激励我们投身于科学, 同时也提高了我们的创新意识。
The festival motivated us to apply ourselves to science and raised our awareness of innovation.
【句式升级】
5. 将1、2改为使用定语从句的句型, 使表达更高级、更正式
As to other activities, scientific knowledge quizzes and lectures about advanced technologies were arranged at different time, which are of great benefit to our daily life.
6. 将3改为使用主语从句的句型, 使句子更富于变化
What was most impressive was that the festival made us students realize there is no limit to pursuing science.
7. 将4改为使用not only. . . but also. . . 的句型, 使句子更突出重点
Not only did the festival motivate us to apply ourselves to science but it also raised our awareness of innovation.
【组句成篇】
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【参考范文】
　　Intended to raise students’ awareness of science, the science festival with the theme of “The Beauty of Science” was launched/held in our school last week.
　　At the beginning, an expert was invited to teach us how to make robots, after which the students involved themselves in the colourful activities, such as programming robots and designing robots. As to other activities, scientific knowledge quizzes and lectures about advanced technologies were arranged at different time, which are of great benefit to our daily life. What was most impressive was that the festival made us students realize there is no limit to pursuing science.
　　In conclusion, not only did the festival motivate us to apply ourselves to science but it also raised our awareness of innovation.
- 16 -课时跟踪训练
Unit 1　Science and Scientists
Ⅰ. 阅读理解(共8小题;每小题2. 5分, 满分20分)
A
题型 题号 试题难度 话题或考点 试题来源 情境标注 融合标注
容易 较易 一般 较难 困难
阅读 理解 1—4 √ 无人机在铁路领域的应用 — 人与社会 —
　　Can a small group of drones guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
　　Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.
　　That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
　　By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
【语篇属性】
语篇 类型 说明文 主题 语境 人与社会
语篇 内容 无人机可助铁路巡检提安全省成本, 未来还有轨道无人机助力
语篇 结构 Para. 1 无人机有望全天候保障全球铁路轨道与基础设施安全, 提升可靠性并节省巨额年度维护成本
Para. 2 无人机可高效巡检轨道与道岔, 定期检查能显著提升铁路的安全性、可靠性、准点率与运营效率, 降低成本
Para. 3 无人机辅助巡检能大幅减少维护开支, 同时降低维护人员夜间作业风险
Para. 4 未来的轨道无人机将配备传感器与人工智能技术, 在列车前方自主运行, 实时探测隐患并引导列车及时应对
1. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
定信息 在原文中定位关键信息确定答题关键句为第二段的 “Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. ”
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A The use of drones in checking on power lines. 正确 考查学生对 “无人机应用于铁路” 的前提条件的理解, 检验能否定位到 “高压电线巡检的现有应用” 这一依据
B Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. 无中生有
C The reduction of cost in designing drones. 无中生有
D Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 无中生有
分析:选A。根据原文, 无人机在高压电线巡检中的已有应用, 为其应用于铁路线奠定了基础, 因此是这一因素让无人机用于铁路线成为可能
2. What does the underlined word “maintenance” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety.
B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair.
D. Construction of infrastructure.
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:maintenance in Paragraph 3 refer to
定信息 在原文中定位关键信息确定答题关键句为第三段的“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. ”
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A Personnel safety. 偷换概念 考查学生对词汇在语境中的含义理解, 检验能否通过上下文推测 “maintenance” 的语义
B Assistance from drones. 答非所问
C Inspection and repair. 正确
D Construction of infrastructure. 无中生有
分析:选C。根据第三段语境, “maintenance” 包含轨道检查和故障维修, 对应 “Inspection and repair”
3. What function is expected of the rail drones
A. To provide early warning.
B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews.
D. To accelerate transportation.
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:function is expected of the rail drones
定信息 在原文中对应关键信息确定答题关键句为最后一段的 “With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. ”
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A To provide early warning. 正确 考查学生对无人机预期功能的理解, 检验能否定位到 “提前预警” 这一核心功能
B To make trains run automatically. 无中生有
C To earn profits for the crews. 无中生有
D To accelerate transportation. 无中生有
分析:选A。根据原文, 铁路无人机的预期功能是检测潜在故障并发出预警, 即 “提供早期预警”
4. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:most suitable title
定信息 需结合全文主旨(无人机在铁路领域的应用、功能及对铁路行业的影响)
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones 以偏概全 考查学生对文章整体内容的理解能力, 判断学生能否把握文章的核心意义
B How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded 偏离主旨
C What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face 偏离主旨
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 正确
分析:选D。全文围绕 “无人机在铁路领域的应用、功能” 展开, 核心是无人机对铁路行业未来的改变, 因此D选项最能概括主旨
B
(2025·甘青宁三省区模拟)
　　Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked—feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. This might sound like science fiction, but researchers are bringing this vision closer to reality by developing advanced computational models that can predict human emotions during computer interactions.
　　At the forefront of this effort is a team of Finnish scientists who have created a model. The model essentially puts itself in the user’s shoes, simulating (模拟) the series of actions, outcomes, and cognitive appraisals (认知评估) that ultimately give rise to emotions like happiness, boredom, or frustration.
　　To test their model, the researchers designed a series of interactive computer tasks meant to cause specific emotions. In the “happiness” task, users answered a series of questions and received positive feedback for correct responses. The “boredom” task involved a series of repetitive questions. In the “frustration” task, the system was intentionally programmed to display error messages and ultimately fail, regardless of the user’s answers.
　　As study participants worked through these tasks, the emotional reactions predicted by the model closely matched the emotions reported by the users themselves. The model was even able to discover small changes, such as a steady increase in frustration over the course of the error-ridden task.
　　The researchers believe their emotion-predicting model could pave the way for a new generation of emotionally intelligent computers that can tailor their behavior to the user’s psychological state. An effective system might offer a stressed user comforting words of encouragement, liven up a boring task with humor, or provide emotional assistance when frustration mounts. “By creating interactions that are more emotionally attuned(协调), designers could boost user engagement, productivity, and overall well-being, ” they add.
　　However, the model is still in progress and needs to be extended to recognize a wider range of emotions across more complex, real-world computer interactions. The researchers also emphasize the importance of gathering more diverse training data to ensure the model can accurately predict emotions for users of all backgrounds.
【语篇属性】
语篇 类型 说明文
主题 语境 人与社会(科技发展与信息技术创新, 科学精神、信息安全)
语篇 内容 科学家设计了能够预测人类在使用计算机过程中所展现的情绪的计算机模型。这一模型有望为新一代的情感智能计算机铺路
语篇 结构 Para. 1 Introducing the topic by imagining a special vision: a computational model can tell the user’s emotions.
Para. 2 How this computational model works.
Para. 3 How this computational model is tested.
Para. 4 Results of the tests.
Para. 5 The researchers spoke highly of this model.
Para. 6 The model needs improvement.
5. How does the author introduce the topic of the text
A. By making a comparison.
B. By creating imaginary scenes.
C. By telling a real-life story.
D. By sharing a popular book.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked—feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. ”可知, 作者通过创造一个想象中的场景来引入文本的主题, 即计算机能够感知用户的情绪。故选B。
6. What were computer users asked to do in the study
A. Comfort each other.
B. Report their feelings.
C. Get rid of boredom.
D. Stay disconnected online.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the “happiness” task, users answered a series of questions and received positive feedback for correct responses. The “boredom” task involved a series of repetitive questions. In the “frustration” task, the system was intentionally programmed to display error messages and ultimately fail, regardless of the user’s answers. ”可知, 参与者被要求完成不同的任务, 而这些任务设计的目的是引发特定的情绪, 即计算机使用者在研究中需要告知他们的感受。故选B。
7. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Great improvements on the model.
B. Characteristics of future computer users.
C. Researchers’ expectation of their model.
D. Computer users’ responses to the model.
【解析】选C。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“The researchers believe their emotion-predicting model could pave the way for a new generation of emotionally intelligent computers that can tailor their behavior to the user’s psychological state. ”可知, 本段主要介绍了研究人员对这个模型的期待——希望它能为新一代的情感智能计算机铺路, 而不是模型本身的改进、未来计算机用户的特点或计算机用户对模型的反应。故选C。
8. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Smart Computers May Replace Humans
B. Interactions with Computers Are Enjoyable
C. Computers Might Understand Our Emotions
D. An Emotion-predicting Model Meets Challenges
【解析】选C。主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked—feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. ”和第二段的内容可知, 本文主要介绍了芬兰科学家设计的能够预测人类在使用计算机过程中所展现的情绪的计算机模型, 这说明计算机也许能够理解人类的情绪。故选C。
【失分剖析】
第3题的A选项有一定的干扰性。第五段中提到计算机将来的许多新功能。考生可能因此误选A。本题的解题关键是第五段第一句中的“. . . could pave the way for. . . (为……铺平道路)”, 表达的是为将来的计算机打下基础。这是展望, 不是现有的发展。
Ⅱ. 七选五(共5小题;每小题2. 5分, 满分12. 5分)
　　While it’s simple to name many famous male inventors, people might be hard-pressed to name some female inventors. 　9　
　　　10　Back on a freezing winter’s day in 1902, Mary Anderson was traveling by tram through New York City. Snow was falling, forcing the driver to stop repeatedly and get out to clear it. Each time the door opened, Mary suffered a gust of wind. She had a sudden good idea: why not make some kind of a rubber blade (刮片) that could be operated from inside the vehicle 　11　
　　What’s more, the dishwasher dates back even earlier to the 19th century and to the dinner parties held by a lady called Josephine Cochrane. As a frequent hostess, she wanted a machine that could wash dishes faster than humans. 　12　And finally, she developed what was to become the first commercially successful dishwasher. Interestingly, innovation was in her blood: her grandfather had invented the steamboat.
　　Lastly, one of the most important inventions of the 20th century must surely be the computer program. In today’s world of programming, men vastly outnumber women. 　13　Grace Hopper is credited with inventing the first compiler (编译程序) in 1952.
A. And that’s exactly what she did.
B. That was how the invention came into being.
C. As a response, she conducted many experiments.
D. Firstly, what led to the invention of the windscreen cleaner
E. But back in the 1940s and 1950s, women led the way in this new field.
F. For example, where on earth would we be without the windscreen cleaner
G. Yet women are behind some widely used technologies in the modern world.
【文章大意】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了三位伟大的女性发明家以及她们的发明创造。
9. 【解析】选G。前文“While it’s simple to name many famous male inventors, people might be hard-pressed to name some female inventors. ”讲述人们很难说出一些女性发明家的名字, 结合下文描述的几位伟大的女性和她们的成就可推断G项符合语境, 承上启下。故选G。
10. 【解析】选D。后文“Back on a freezing winter’s day in 1902. . . could be operated from inside the vehicle ”讲述玛丽·安德森发明挡风玻璃清洁器的故事, 因此推断D项符合语境, D项中的Firstly与后文的What’s more, Lastly呼应。故选D。
11. 【解析】选A。前文“She had a sudden good idea: why not make some kind of a rubber blade that could be operated from inside the vehicle ”讲述玛丽想到了发明在车内可以清洁挡风玻璃的装置的主意, 结合常识这种东西发明出来了, 因此推断A项符合语境, 故选A。
12. 【解析】选C。前文“What’s more. . . she wanted a machine that could wash dishes faster than humans. ”讲述约瑟芬·科克伦想要一台洗碗机, 后文“And finally, she developed. . . invented the steamboat. ”讲述她发明了洗碗机, 因此推断C项符合语境, 承上启下。故选C。
13. 【解析】选E。前文“Lastly, one of the most important inventions. . . men vastly outnumber women. ”讲述计算机编程领域男性多, 下文“Grace Hopper is credited with inventing the first compiler in 1952. ”讲述格蕾丝·霍珀发明了编译程序, 因此推断E项符合语境, 与前文是转折关系, 承接下文。故选E。
Ⅲ. 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1. 5分, 满分15分)
题型 题号 试题难度 话题或考点 试题来源 情境标注 融合标注
容易 较易 一般 较难 困难
语法 填空 14—23 √ 中外人士获火锅厨师证 2026·泰安模拟 人与社会 —
　　A total of 54 people, including 19 foreigners, have received their vocational(职业技术的) skill certificates as “hotpot chefs” recently, becoming 14. _______(professional) recognized for this occupation in China.
　　Soon 15. _______ they passed previous cooking exams, these skilled workers from countries such as Poland, Pakistan and Ghana 16. _______(award) certificates of various levels during the Launch Ceremony of the Belt and Road International Skills Certification held in Chongqing last month.
　　The role of the hotpot chef was 17. _______(official) recognized in the 2022 edition of China’s occupational classification code. A detailed standard that outlines the profession’s 18. _______(define) and vocational training requirements was published in February by China’s Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Commerce.
　　19. _______(recognize) rationally(合理地) for its spicy hotpot, Chongqing took the lead in formulating the industry standard. As of June 2024 Chongqing was home to around 37, 000 hotpot restaurants, with the total output of the hotpot industry chain 20. _______(reach) 300 billion yuan, according to the Chongqing Municipal Commission of Commerce.
　　Chongqing 21. _______(make) significant progress in establishing an international evaluation system for skilled talent. During the event, Chongqing also launched other international skills certifications across various areas, 22. _______ included catering, the Internet and new energy. Furthermore, Chongqing institutions also signed a note of understanding on skills certification cooperation with TUV Rhein-land(China) Ltd, 23. _______ leading testing and certification service provider headquartered in Germany.
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道, 主要报道了包括19名外国人在内的54人获得了“火锅厨师”职业技能证书, 成为中国公认的火锅专业人士。
14. 【解析】professionals。考查名词的数。句意:最近, 共有54人, 其中包括19名外国人, 获得了“火锅厨师”职业技术证书, 成为在中国该职业领域内获得认可的专业人士。professional意为“专业人士”, 为可数名词, 空前没有限定词, 指54个人成为专业人士, 这里应用名词复数。故填professionals。
15. 【解析】after。考查状语从句。句意:在他们通过之前的烹饪考试后不久, 这些来自波兰、巴基斯坦和加纳等国的技术工人在上个月于重庆举行的一带一路国际技能认证启动仪式上, 被授予了不同等级的证书。空处引导状语从句, 表示在他们通过之前的烹饪考试后不久, 应用after引导时间状语从句。故填after。
16. 【解析】were awarded。考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据“last month”可知, 这里表示过去发生的事情, 应用一般过去时。主语these skilled workers和award之间是动宾关系, 应用被动语态, 且主语为复数, be动词用were。故填were awarded。
17. 【解析】officially。考查副词。句意:火锅厨师的角色在2022年版的中国职业分类代码中得到了正式认可。空处修饰谓语动词, 应用副词。officially意为“正式地, 官方地”。故填officially。
18. 【解析】definition。考查名词。句意:中国人力资源和社会保障部与商务部于2月发布了一份详细的标准, 该标准概述了该职业的定义和职业培训要求。空前有“the profession’s”, 这里应用名词, definition意为“定义”。故填definition。
19. 【解析】Recognized。考查非谓语动词。句意:重庆因其麻辣火锅而得到合理的认可, 率先制定了行业标准。空处应用非谓语动词。Chongqing和recognize之间是动宾关系, 应用被动语态, 过去分词作状语。故填Recognized。
20. 【解析】reaching。考查非谓语动词。句意:据重庆市商务委员会称, 截至2024年6月, 重庆约有3. 7万家火锅店, 火锅产业链总产值达到3 000亿元。这里是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”复合结构, the total output和reach之间是主谓关系, 应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故填reaching。
21. 【解析】has made。考查时态和主谓一致。句意:重庆在建立国际技能人才评价体系方面取得了重大进展。这里表示过去发生的事情对现在的影响, 应用现在完成时。主语为Chongqing, 助动词用has。故填has made。
22. 【解析】which。考查定语从句。句意:活动期间, 重庆还推出了包括餐饮、互联网、新能源在内的多个领域的国际技能认证。空处引导非限制性定语从句, 先行词为various areas, 指物, 且空处在句中作主语, 所以用which引导。故填which。
23. 【解析】a。考查冠词。句意:此外, 重庆机构还与总部位于德国的领先检测和认证服务提供商TUV莱茵(中国)有限公司签署了技能认证合作谅解备忘录。这里泛指一个领先检测和认证服务提供商, 且leading的发音以辅音音素开头, 应加不定冠词a。故填a。
- 16 -(共58张PPT)
课时跟踪训练
Unit 1　Science and Scientists
Ⅰ. 阅读理解(共8小题;每小题2. 5分, 满分20分)
A
题型 题号 试题难度 话题或考点 试题来源 情境标注 融合标注
容易 较易 一般 较难 困难
阅读 理解 1—4 √ 无人机在铁路领域的应用 — 人与社会 —
　　Can a small group of drones guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
　　Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.
　　That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
　　By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
【语篇属性】
语篇 类型 说明文 主题 语境 人与社会
语篇 内容 无人机可助铁路巡检提安全省成本, 未来还有轨道无人机助力
语篇 结构 Para. 1 无人机有望全天候保障全球铁路轨道与基础设施安全, 提升可靠性并节省巨额年度维护成本
Para. 2 无人机可高效巡检轨道与道岔, 定期检查能显著提升铁路的安全性、可靠性、准点率与运营效率, 降低成本
Para. 3 无人机辅助巡检能大幅减少维护开支, 同时降低维护人员夜间作业风险
Para. 4 未来的轨道无人机将配备传感器与人工智能技术, 在列车前方自主运行, 实时探测隐患并引导列车及时应对
1. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
√
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
定信息 在原文中定位关键信息确定答题关键句为第二段的 “Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. ”
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A The use of drones in checking on power lines. 正确 考查学生对 “无人机应用于铁路” 的前提条件的理解, 检验能否定位到 “高压电线巡检的现有应用” 这一依据
B Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. 无中生有
C The reduction of cost in designing drones. 无中生有
D Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 无中生有
分析:选A。根据原文, 无人机在高压电线巡检中的已有应用, 为其应用于铁路线奠定了基础, 因此是这一因素让无人机用于铁路线成为可能
2. What does the underlined word “maintenance” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety.
B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair.
D. Construction of infrastructure.
√
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:maintenance in Paragraph 3 refer to
定信息 在原文中定位关键信息确定答题关键句为第三段的“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. ”
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A Personnel safety. 偷换概念 考查学生对词汇在语境中的含义理解, 检验能否通过上下文推测 “maintenance” 的语义
B Assistance from drones. 答非所问
C Inspection and repair. 正确
D Construction of infrastructure. 无中生有
分析:选C。根据第三段语境, “maintenance” 包含轨道检查和故障维修, 对应 “Inspection and repair”
3. What function is expected of the rail drones
A. To provide early warning.
B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews.
D. To accelerate transportation.
√
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:function is expected of the rail drones
定信息 在原文中对应关键信息确定答题关键句为最后一段的 “With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. ”
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A To provide early warning. 正确 考查学生对无人机预期功能的理解, 检验能否定位到 “提前预警” 这一核心功能
B To make trains run automatically. 无中生有
C To earn profits for the crews. 无中生有
D To accelerate transportation. 无中生有
分析:选A。根据原文, 铁路无人机的预期功能是检测潜在故障并发出预警, 即 “提供早期预警”
4. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
√
【解题过程】
第一步:抓关键　定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键信息:most suitable title
定信息 需结合全文主旨(无人机在铁路领域的应用、功能及对铁路行业的影响)
第二步:鉴选项　辨信息正误
选项 选项内容 辨误 命题意图
A What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones 以偏概全 考查学生对文章整体内容的理解能力, 判断学生能否把握文章的核心意义
B How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded 偏离主旨
C What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face 偏离主旨
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 正确
分析:选D。全文围绕 “无人机在铁路领域的应用、功能” 展开, 核心是无人机对铁路行业未来的改变, 因此D选项最能概括主旨
B
(2025·甘青宁三省区模拟)
　　Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked—feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. This might sound like science fiction, but researchers are bringing this vision closer to reality by developing advanced computational models that can predict human emotions during computer interactions.
　　At the forefront of this effort is a team of Finnish scientists who have created a model. The model essentially puts itself in the user’s shoes, simulating (模拟) the series of actions, outcomes, and cognitive appraisals (认知评估) that ultimately give rise to emotions like happiness, boredom, or frustration.
　　To test their model, the researchers designed a series of interactive computer tasks meant to cause specific emotions. In the “happiness” task, users answered a series of questions and received positive feedback for correct responses. The “boredom” task involved a series of repetitive questions. In the “frustration” task, the system was intentionally programmed to display error messages and ultimately fail, regardless of the user’s answers.
　　As study participants worked through these tasks, the emotional reactions predicted by the model closely matched the emotions reported by the users themselves. The model was even able to discover small changes, such as a steady increase in frustration over the course of the error-ridden task.
　　The researchers believe their emotion-predicting model could pave the way for a new generation of emotionally intelligent computers that can tailor their behavior to the user’s psychological state. An effective system might offer a stressed user comforting words of encouragement, liven up a boring task with humor, or provide emotional assistance when frustration mounts. “By creating interactions that are more emotionally attuned(协调), designers could boost user engagement, productivity, and overall well-being, ” they add.
　　However, the model is still in progress and needs to be extended to recognize a wider range of emotions across more complex, real-world computer interactions. The researchers also emphasize the importance of gathering more diverse training data to ensure the model can accurately predict emotions for users of all backgrounds.
【语篇属性】
语篇 类型 说明文
主题 语境 人与社会(科技发展与信息技术创新, 科学精神、信息安全)
语篇 内容 科学家设计了能够预测人类在使用计算机过程中所展现的情绪的计算机模型。这一模型有望为新一代的情感智能计算机铺路
语篇 结构 Para. 1 Introducing the topic by imagining a special vision: a computational model can tell the user’s emotions.
Para. 2 How this computational model works.
Para. 3 How this computational model is tested.
Para. 4 Results of the tests.
Para. 5 The researchers spoke highly of this model.
Para. 6 The model needs improvement.
5. How does the author introduce the topic of the text
A. By making a comparison.
B. By creating imaginary scenes.
C. By telling a real-life story.
D. By sharing a popular book.
√
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked—feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. ”可知, 作者通过创造一个想象中的场景来引入文本的主题, 即计算机能够感知用户的情绪。故选B。
6. What were computer users asked to do in the study
A. Comfort each other.
B. Report their feelings.
C. Get rid of boredom.
D. Stay disconnected online.
√
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the “happiness” task, users answered a series of questions and received positive feedback for correct responses. The “boredom” task involved a series of repetitive questions. In the “frustration” task, the system was intentionally programmed to display error messages and ultimately fail, regardless of the user’s answers. ”可知, 参与者被要求完成不同的任务, 而这些任务设计的目的是引发特定的情绪, 即计算机使用者在研究中需要告知他们的感受。故选B。
7. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Great improvements on the model.
B. Characteristics of future computer users.
C. Researchers’ expectation of their model.
D. Computer users’ responses to the model.
√
【解析】选C。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“The researchers believe their emotion-predicting model could pave the way for a new generation of emotionally intelligent computers that can tailor their behavior to the user’s psychological state. ”可知, 本段主要介绍了研究人员对这个模型的期待——希望它能为新一代的情感智能计算机铺路, 而不是模型本身的改进、未来计算机用户的特点或计算机用户对模型的反应。故选C。
8. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Smart Computers May Replace Humans
B. Interactions with Computers Are Enjoyable
C. Computers Might Understand Our Emotions
D. An Emotion-predicting Model Meets Challenges
√
【解析】选C。主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked—feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. ”和第二段的内容可知, 本文主要介绍了芬兰科学家设计的能够预测人类在使用计算机过程中所展现的情绪的计算机模型, 这说明计算机也许能够理解人类的情绪。故选C。
【失分剖析】
第3题的A选项有一定的干扰性。第五段中提到计算机将来的许多新功能。考生可能因此误选A。本题的解题关键是第五段第一句中的“. . . could pave the way for. . . (为……铺平道路)”, 表达的是为将来的计算机打下基础。这是展望, 不是现有的发展。
Ⅱ. 七选五(共5小题;每小题2. 5分, 满分12. 5分)
　　While it’s simple to name many famous male inventors, people might be hard-pressed to name some female inventors. 　9　
　　　10　Back on a freezing winter’s day in 1902, Mary Anderson was traveling by tram through New York City. Snow was falling, forcing the driver to stop repeatedly and get out to clear it. Each time the door opened, Mary suffered a gust of wind. She had a sudden good idea: why not make some kind of a rubber blade (刮片) that could be operated from inside the vehicle 　11　
　　What’s more, the dishwasher dates back even earlier to the 19th century and to the dinner parties held by a lady called Josephine Cochrane. As a frequent hostess, she wanted a machine that could wash dishes faster than humans. 　12　And finally, she developed what was to become the first commercially successful dishwasher. Interestingly, innovation was in her blood: her grandfather had invented the steamboat.
　　Lastly, one of the most important inventions of the 20th century must surely be the computer program. In today’s world of programming, men vastly outnumber women. 　13　Grace Hopper is credited with inventing the first compiler (编译程序) in 1952.
A. And that’s exactly what she did.
B. That was how the invention came into being.
C. As a response, she conducted many experiments.
D. Firstly, what led to the invention of the windscreen cleaner
E. But back in the 1940s and 1950s, women led the way in this new field.
F. For example, where on earth would we be without the windscreen cleaner
G. Yet women are behind some widely used technologies in the modern world.
【文章大意】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了三位伟大的女性发明家以及她们的发明创造。
9. 【解析】选G。前文“While it’s simple to name many famous male inventors, people might be hard-pressed to name some female inventors. ”讲述人们很难说出一些女性发明家的名字, 结合下文描述的几位伟大的女性和她们的成就可推断G项符合语境, 承上启下。故选G。
10. 【解析】选D。后文“Back on a freezing winter’s day in 1902. . . could be operated from inside the vehicle ”讲述玛丽·安德森发明挡风玻璃清洁器的故事, 因此推断D项符合语境, D项中的Firstly与后文的What’s more, Lastly呼应。故选D。
11. 【解析】选A。前文“She had a sudden good idea: why not make some kind of a rubber blade that could be operated from inside the vehicle ”讲述玛丽想到了发明在车内可以清洁挡风玻璃的装置的主意, 结合常识这种东西发明出来了, 因此推断A项符合语境, 故选A。
12. 【解析】选C。前文“What’s more. . . she wanted a machine that could wash dishes faster than humans. ”讲述约瑟芬·科克伦想要一台洗碗机, 后文“And finally, she developed. . . invented the steamboat. ”讲述她发明了洗碗机, 因此推断C项符合语境, 承上启下。故选C。
13. 【解析】选E。前文“Lastly, one of the most important inventions. . . men vastly outnumber women. ”讲述计算机编程领域男性多, 下文“Grace Hopper is credited with inventing the first compiler in 1952. ”讲述格蕾丝·霍珀发明了编译程序, 因此推断E项符合语境, 与前文是转折关系, 承接下文。故选E。
Ⅲ. 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1. 5分, 满分15分)
题型 题号 试题难度 话题或考点 试题来源 情境标注 融合标注
容易 较易 一般 较难 困难
语法 填空 14—23 √ 中外人士获火锅厨师证 2026·泰安模拟 人与社会 —
　　A total of 54 people, including 19 foreigners, have received their vocational(职业技术的) skill certificates as “hotpot chefs” recently, becoming 14. _______(professional) recognized for this occupation in China.
　　Soon 15. _______ they passed previous cooking exams, these skilled workers from countries such as Poland, Pakistan and Ghana 16. _______(award) certificates of various levels during the Launch Ceremony of the Belt and Road International Skills Certification held in Chongqing last month.
　　The role of the hotpot chef was 17. _______(official) recognized in the 2022 edition of China’s occupational classification code. A detailed standard that outlines the profession’s 18. _______(define) and vocational training requirements was published in February by China’s Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Commerce.
　　19. _______(recognize) rationally(合理地) for its spicy hotpot, Chongqing took the lead in formulating the industry standard. As of June 2024 Chongqing was home to around 37, 000 hotpot restaurants, with the total output of the hotpot industry chain 20. _______(reach) 300 billion yuan, according to the Chongqing Municipal Commission of Commerce.
　　Chongqing 21. _______(make) significant progress in establishing an international evaluation system for skilled talent. During the event, Chongqing also launched other international skills certifications across various areas, 22. _______ included catering, the Internet and new energy. Furthermore, Chongqing institutions also signed a note of understanding on skills certification cooperation with TUV Rhein-land(China) Ltd, 23. _______ leading testing and certification service provider headquartered in Germany.
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道, 主要报道了包括19名外国人在内的54人获得了“火锅厨师”职业技能证书, 成为中国公认的火锅专业人士。
14. 【解析】professionals。考查名词的数。句意:最近, 共有54人, 其中包括19名外国人, 获得了“火锅厨师”职业技术证书, 成为在中国该职业领域内获得认可的专业人士。professional意为“专业人士”, 为可数名词, 空前没有限定词, 指54个人成为专业人士, 这里应用名词复数。故填professionals。
15. 【解析】after。考查状语从句。句意:在他们通过之前的烹饪考试后不久, 这些来自波兰、巴基斯坦和加纳等国的技术工人在上个月于重庆举行的一带一路国际技能认证启动仪式上, 被授予了不同等级的证书。空处引导状语从句, 表示在他们通过之前的烹饪考试后不久, 应用after引导时间状语从句。故填after。
16. 【解析】were awarded。考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据“last month”可知, 这里表示过去发生的事情, 应用一般过去时。主语these skilled workers和award之间是动宾关系, 应用被动语态, 且主语为复数, be动词用were。故填were awarded。
17. 【解析】officially。考查副词。句意:火锅厨师的角色在2022年版的中国职业分类代码中得到了正式认可。空处修饰谓语动词, 应用副词。officially意为“正式地, 官方地”。故填officially。
18. 【解析】definition。考查名词。句意:中国人力资源和社会保障部与商务部于2月发布了一份详细的标准, 该标准概述了该职业的定义和职业培训要求。空前有“the profession’s”, 这里应用名词, definition意为“定义”。故填definition。
19. 【解析】Recognized。考查非谓语动词。句意:重庆因其麻辣火锅而得到合理的认可, 率先制定了行业标准。空处应用非谓语动词。Chongqing和recognize之间是动宾关系, 应用被动语态, 过去分词作状语。故填Recognized。
20. 【解析】reaching。考查非谓语动词。句意:据重庆市商务委员会称, 截至2024年6月, 重庆约有3. 7万家火锅店, 火锅产业链总产值达到3 000亿元。这里是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”复合结构, the total output和reach之间是主谓关系, 应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故填reaching。
21. 【解析】has made。考查时态和主谓一致。句意:重庆在建立国际技能人才评价体系方面取得了重大进展。这里表示过去发生的事情对现在的影响, 应用现在完成时。主语为Chongqing, 助动词用has。故填has made。
22. 【解析】which。考查定语从句。句意:活动期间, 重庆还推出了包括餐饮、互联网、新能源在内的多个领域的国际技能认证。空处引导非限制性定语从句, 先行词为various areas, 指物, 且空处在句中作主语, 所以用which引导。故填which。
23. 【解析】a。考查冠词。句意:此外, 重庆机构还与总部位于德国的领先检测和认证服务提供商TUV莱茵(中国)有限公司签署了技能认证合作谅解备忘录。这里泛指一个领先检测和认证服务提供商, 且leading的发音以辅音音素开头, 应加不定冠词a。故填a。(共60张PPT)
选择性必修 第二册
Unit 1　Science and Scientists
Step 1　题源研读·入境体验
Step 3　跟踪评估·夯基提能
Step 2　核心考点·探究突破
Step 1　题源研读·入境体验
Pass On The Watertight-bulkhead Technology
传承水密舱壁技术
　　Invented in the Tang Dynasty and widely adopted after the Song Dynasty in Fujian, the watertight-bulkhead(水密舱壁)technology permits the construction of ocean-going ships with watertight compartments(隔层). If one or two cabins are accidentally damaged at sea, water will not flood the other cabins and the ship will remain afloat.
　　However, the need for Chinese junks(中国式帆船)has decreased sharply as wooden ships have been replaced by steel-hulled ships, and today only three masters can claim full command of this technology. As a result, the inheritance of this heritage is decreasing.
　　Zhang Guohui, a 77-year-old inheritor of the watertight-bulkhead techniques used to make Chinese junks, has been making ships for more than six ing from a poor family in a fishing town in East China’s Fujian Province, Zhang started to make a living at the age of 16 fishing on the open sea.
As a fast learner, Zhang waslater sent to shipyards in the cities of Quanzhou and Xiamen in Fujian Province, where he received training and became a master of traditional Chinese junks and gained fame because of his extremely skilled craftsmanship in the construction of these junks.
　　In fear that the traditional skills would die someday, Zhang started to restore old ships and make model junks for the museum with his 20 years of shipbuilding skills. He finds the work meaningful since younger generations can learn from exhibitions of ancient ships that their ancestors had advanced shipbuilding technology at an early stage of development. “As long as I’m alive, I’ll keep passing on the heritage, ” he said.
—http://www. chinadaily.
(同源高考:2023年全国乙卷语法填空选自本网站)
【名师原创】
1. What function is expected of the watertight-bulkhead technology ( )
A. To prevent ships from sinking.
B. To reduce the weight of ships.
C. To allow ships to sail faster.
D. To help ships resist strong winds.
√
2. What does Zhang Guohui convey in his words ( )
A. Traditional culture should be innovated with the times.
B. The ancient ship trade originated from Quanzhou in China.
C. It is necessary for modern students to learn shipbuilding skills.
D. It is worth passing on traditional skills from generation to generation.
√
【长难句分析】
As a fast learner, Zhang was later sent to shipyards in the cities of Quanzhou
and Xiamen in Fujian Province, where he received training and became a
master of traditional Chinese junks and gained fame because of his extremely
skilled craftsmanship in the construction of these junks.
这是一个主从复合句, 句子主干是“______________________________”,
本句包含一个______引导的定语从句;其中定语从句中包含了三个由and
连接的并列谓语, __________短语在从句中作原因状语。
Zhang was later sent to shipyards
where
because of
Step 2　核心考点·探究突破
【重点单词】
1. decrease n. 减少;降低;减少量
vt. &vi. (使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
【语境速测】
①(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)Our study showed that there was __ 30% decrease in sick
leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.
②Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is ___ the
decrease.
a
on
③Compared with last year, the price of wheat has decreased ___ 15% this year.
④Being addicted to online shopping for too long, according to a survey
conducted recently, ________________________________to take part in social
activities.
根据最近进行的一项调查, 长时间沉迷于网络购物将极大地减少人们参加
社交活动的欲望。
by
will greatly decrease people’s desire
(1)decrease (from. . . ) to. . . (从……)减少到……
decrease in. . . 在……方面下降
decrease by. . . 减少了……
(2)a decrease in sth. 某方面的减少/下降
on the decrease 正在下降;正在减少
【名师点津】 decrease的近义词为lessen、decline;反义词为increase、rise。
2. suspect vt. 怀疑; 疑有; 不信任
n. 犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
【语境速测】
①What she said sounded convincing, but I suspected it ______(be)a lie.
②Darwin __________(suspect)that the finches had evolved from a common
ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before.
to be
suspected
③He was suspected ___ stealing the ring at the party last night, and the police
were looking into the matter.
④When we started whispering together, she frowned and cast ________________
at us/looked at us suspiciously.
当我们开始窃窃私语时, 她皱起了眉头, 向我们投来怀疑的目光。
of
a suspicious look
(1)suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb. /sth. to be. . . 怀疑某人/某物为……
suspect that. . . 怀疑……
(2)suspicion n. 怀疑;疑心
(3)suspicious adj. 怀疑的;可疑的
be suspicious of/about. . . 怀疑……;对……起疑心
3. blame vt. 把……归咎于; 责怪; 指责
n. 责备;指责
【语境速测】
①A spokesman said that bad weather was partly _________(blame) for the
delay.
②The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise __________(blame) on humans.
to blame
is blamed
③Don’t always blame your own failure ___ others. You should bear the blame
____ failure.
④____________________of the performance, Tim felt seized by a burst of
sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.
由于演出失败受到责备, 蒂姆感到一阵悲伤, 忍不住痛哭。
on
for
Blamed for the failure
(1)be to blame (for sth. ) (对某事)负有责任, 应受责备
blame sb. for sth. 因某事责备某人;把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb. /sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)bear/take the blame for. . . 对……负责
lay/put/place the blame (for sth. )on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
4. defend vt. 保卫;防守;辩解
【语境速测】
①It is the nature of a mother to do all she can to defend her child ____________
harm and danger.
②She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands as if ___ defence.
③Many martial arts were invented because people needed to defend
___________(they) or protect others.
from/against
in
themselves
④In addition to blogging, taking photos and writing articles about the reef,
he made a number of appearances on television to argue in favour of its
________(defend).
⑤The dam was built to defend the road from _____________(wash) away by
the sea.
⑥看到这条凶猛的蛇, 他像箭一样冲过去保护儿子。
→Seeing the fierce snake, he rushed ___________________________. (defend)
→Seeing the fierce snake, he rushed _____________________________
___________________. (defence)
defence
being washed
to defend his son like an arrow
in defence of his son/in his son’s
defence like an arrow
(1)defend. . . against/from (doing. . . )
　　　　　　　　 保护……免受……
defend oneself 自卫;为自己辩护
(2)defence 　　　 n. 防御;保卫
in defence (of) 保护;为了保卫;(为……)辩护
in one’s defence 为某人辩护
(3)defensive adj. 防御的;戒备的
5. transform vt. 使改观;使改变形态 vi. 改变;转变
【语境速测】
①(2023·全国乙卷)The Chinese coach transformed Douglas ____ one of the
best gymnasts in the world.
②(剑桥高级学习词典)I’d never seen Carlo in smart evening clothes before—
it was quite a _______________(transform).
③She used to be terribly shy, but a year abroad has ______________________
____.
她以前非常害羞, 但是在国外的一年已经完全改变了她。
into
transformation
completely transformed
her
(1)transform. . . into. . . 　 把……变成……
transform sb. /sth. from. . . 把某人/物从……中转变
(2)transformation n. 改变; 变革
6. link n. 联系; 纽带
vt. 把……连接起来; 相关联
【语境速测】
①(2021 ·天津高考)It is found that more engagement with the arts is linked ___
a higher level of people’s well being.
②(牛津高阶词典)Police suspect there may be a link ________ the two murders.
③Health problems ____ closely _________bad eating habits and a lack of
exercise.
健康问题与不良的饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼密切相关。
to
between
are
linked to
There is a link between. . . and. . .
　　　　　　 ……与……之间有联系
link. . . to. . . 将……和……联系或连接起来
be linked to 与……有联系/有关
7. cast vt. 投射;向……投以(目光、笑容等);投掷
【语境速测】
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)A few minutes spent ________(cast) your eye over a page
or two can be a rewarding experience.
②(剑桥高阶词典)The discovery of the dinosaur skeleton cast light ___ why
they become extinct.
③(剑桥高阶词典)The moon cast ______ into the room.
casting
on
down
cast down　　　 使沮丧;使下降;垂下月光
cast light on 使明白;使……真相大白
cast a vote 投票
cast a look/glance at sb. /sth. 向……看一眼
cast a shadow/cloud over/on sth. 给……蒙上一层阴影
【核心短语】
8. come down with 患(病);染上(小病)
【语境速测】
①(2021·北京高考)Since my grandfather came down _____ the disease,
we have taken turns to care for him.
②(2022·浙江高考)He would come ___ and pat me on the shoulder, insisting
smilingly, “Let me explain why. ”
with
up
③Shelly-Ann, a little woman with a big smile, has a mental toughness that did
not come ______ by chance.
④(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) I liked traveling in France, but when it came ___ picking
my favorite spot to settle, Italy was the clear winner.
⑤(2022·浙江1月高考)Aware that my partner _______________________
_______, I had knots in my throat and rushed to hospital anxiously.
意识到我的伴侣得了严重的病, 我喉咙哽住了, 焦急地赶往医院。
about
to
came down with a serious
disease
come down to　　 归结为;传到……手里
come across (偶然)遇见;发现;被理解
come around/round 苏醒、改变看法、顺便拜访
come about 发生
come up 走近;上来;发芽;发生;被提出;升起
come up with 想出;提出
come to 总计;达到
come on 加油
when it comes to. . . 当谈到……时
9. above all最重要的是;首先;尤其是
【语境速测】
①All ___ all, no words are strong enough to convey how grateful I am.
②These types of exercise all play a role in a healthy routine. _______ all,
choose activities you enjoy because, in this way, you’re more likely to stick
with them.
③______ all, not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts, feelings,
and most importantly, equal rights to survive.
in
Above
After
④The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture
University. ___________________, you’d better learn some basic Chinese
before you come. ________, you will be under completely unfamiliar
circumstances. ________, studying for a degree in a different culture is not
easy _____.
我推荐给你的大学是北京语言大学。首先/最重要的是, 在来之前你最好
学一些基本的汉语。毕竟, 你将处于完全陌生的环境中。总而言之, 在一
个不同的文化中攻读学位一点也不容易。
First of all/Above all
After all
All in all
at all
⑤_________, friends show their love in times of trouble, not in times of
happiness.
最重要的是, 朋友是在患难的时候表达关爱而不是在幸福时。
Above all
after all　　　 毕竟;终究
first of all 首先;第一
all in all 整体说来;总而言之
in all 全部;合计
at all (否定句)一点也不;(疑问句)到底;究竟
10. in charge of 主管;掌管
【语境速测】
①We have enough evidence and confidence to charge you _____ abuse of power.
②The generous owner of the pub charged us only a small amount of money
____ wine and beer.
③汤姆在老板不在时负责这家公司。
The company is _______________Tom while the boss is away.
→Tom is ____________the company while the boss is away.
→Tom ______________the company while the boss is away.
with
for
in the charge of
in charge of
takes charge of
charge sb. with sth. 控告某人(做)某事
charge sb. for sth. 为某物向某人收取费用
take charge of 掌管/负责
in the charge of 受……的管理
free of charge 免费
【经典句型】
11. Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. (P2)在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前, 霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
【语境速测】
①She went upstairs and did not reappear _____ her mother asked her to have
dinner.
②It was not until I settled down and lived in Beijing _____ I had a chance to
pay a visit to the Great Wall.
until
that
③直到我参加了采摘活动, 我才意识到自己动手工作有多重要。
I didn’t realize how important working with my own hands was until I took
part in the picking activity.
→_______________________________________________________how
important working with my own hands was. (强调句型)
→_________________________________________________how important
working with my own hands was. (倒装句)
It wasn’t until I took part in the picking activity that I realized
Not until I took part in the picking activity did I realize
(1)not. . . until. . . 意为“直到……才……”, 引导时间状语从句;
(2)在not. . . until. . . 结构中, 可以把not until提到句首, 此时主句用部分倒装语序;
(3)“not. . . until. . . ”的强调句式为“It is/was not until. . . that. . . ”。
Step 3　跟踪评估·夯基提能
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Such structured _________(think), followed by global
regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
2. (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)A large amount of research confirms this ________(find).
3. In my view, Li Hua, who broke the school rule, was _________(blame).
4. Given that the driver injured the passer-by, he was so ________(severe)
punished that his parents were __________(frustrate).
thinking
finding
to blame
severely
frustrated
5. Willing _______(help) Bernard, the children got down to __________
(prepare) popcorn the instant they got what they needed.
6. With tears ________(pour) down his cheeks, he watched the documentary
film ________(trace) the history of the ancient town.
7. At present, the ____________(remark) development of digital economy
_______________(transform) our modern way of life.
8. In _______(real), the mechanic made a severe mistake, ________(shift)
his weight nervously from one foot to another.
to help
preparing
pouring
tracing
remarkable
is transforming
reality
shifting
Ⅱ. 完成句子
【短语填空】
1. 不幸的是, 这个可怜的男孩得了一场很难治愈的重病。
Unfortunately, the poor boy _______________a severe illness, which was
difficult to cure.
came down with
2. 我想买一个现代化、舒适的房子, 最重要的是在一个安静的街区。
I’d like to buy a house—modern, comfortable and, _________in a quiet
neighbourhood.
3. 我可以和负责国际销售的人通话吗
Could I speak to whoever is ____________International Sales please
above all
in charge of
【句式仿写】
4. Sometimes things don’t turn out the way we think they’re going to.
仿写:令我吃惊的不是他说话的内容而是他说话的方式。
_____________________________________________________________
_______
5. It seems as if the pessimists are being proved right.
仿写:看起来好像他不关心他周围的一切。
____________________________________________________
What surprised me was not what he said but the way that(in which)he
said it.
It seems as if he doesn’t care about everything around him.
6. This programme is not suitable for children.
仿写:她没有适合这种场合穿的衣服, 这使她很恼火。
___________________________________________________________
__________
7. I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault with my work.
仿写:批评别人的工作是很容易的。
_____________________________________________
It annoyed her that she had no other dress (that was)suitable for the
occasion.
It is very easy to find fault with the work of others.
8. It seems to me he’s beyond caring about what anybody does.
仿写:在我看来你不同意这个计划。
________________________________________
It seems to me that you disagree on the plan.
Ⅲ. 语篇填空
(黑体词是本单元核心词汇)
The Father of China’s Aerospace
　　Perhaps no other scientist has had a 1. ________(great) impact on China’s
aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. He was a well-respected man, 2. _____
served his homeland with effort. Born in Shanghai in 1911, Qian attended
schools in Beijing and Shanghai. In 1935, he went to the US 3. ____ further study
and then worked there. After overcoming some difficulties, he 4. _________
(return) to China in 1955, and was put in charge of developing China’s rocket
greater
who
for
returned
science as well as the space and missile programme. 5. _______(face) with
challenges, Qian didn’t feel discouraged. When 6. ______(ask)“Can we Chinese
possibly make missiles ”, his reply was “Why not ” Under 7. ____(he)
leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, and man-made satellites
8. ____________(success). Qian was knowledgeable. However, 9. _____ made
him an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his interest in other
things like music and drawing, which gave him 10. ___________(inspire) in
scientific research. The whole country was saddened by Qian’s death in 2009.
Faced
asked
his
successfully
what
inspiration
Ⅳ. 单元话题写作|科学与科学家
　　假定你是李华, 近日你校举办了以“科学之美(The Beauty of Science)”为主题的首届校园科学节。请你给校英文报写一篇报道, 内容包括:
　　1. 举办时间;
　　2. 活动内容;
　　3. 活动反响。
【要点写作】
1. 在其他活动方面, 在不同的时间安排了科学知识问答和先进技术讲座。
As to other activities, scientific knowledge quizzes and lectures about advanced
technologies ____________________________.
2. 这些活动对我们的日常生活有很大的好处。
The activities __________________to our daily life.
were arranged at different time
are of great benefit
3. 这个节日让我们学生意识到追求科学是没有限制的, 这是最令人印象
深刻的。
The festival made us students realize _______________________________,
and it was most impressive.
4. 这个节日激励我们投身于科学, 同时也提高了我们的创新意识。
The festival _______________________________science and __________
____________innovation.
there is no limit to pursuing science
motivated us to apply ourselves to
raised our
awareness of
【句式升级】
5. 将1、2改为使用定语从句的句型, 使表达更高级、更正式
As to other activities, scientific knowledge quizzes and lectures about advanced
technologies were arranged at different time, _____________________________
________.
6. 将3改为使用主语从句的句型, 使句子更富于变化
________________________________the festival made us students realize there
is no limit to pursuing science.
which are of great benefit to our
daily life
What was most impressive was that
7. 将4改为使用not only. . . but also. . . 的句型, 使句子更突出重点
__________________________________apply ourselves to science
__________raised our awareness of innovation.
Not only did the festival motivate us to
but it also
【组句成篇】
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
　　Intended to raise students’ awareness of science, the science festival with the theme of “The Beauty of Science” was launched/held in our school last week.
　　At the beginning, an expert was invited to teach us how to make robots, after which the students involved themselves in the colourful activities, such as programming robots and designing robots. As to other activities, scientific knowledge quizzes and lectures about advanced technologies were arranged at different time, which are of great benefit to our daily life. What was most impressive was that the festival made us students realize there is no limit to pursuing science.
　　In conclusion, not only did the festival motivate us to apply ourselves to science but it also raised our awareness of innovation.

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