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专题四　五彩缤纷的从句:三大从句和特殊句式
第6讲　定语从句
Step 1　语法精讲·先测后悟巩固提升
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
【自我检测】
1.It is a new milestone for the country’s shipbuilding industry because it marks an end to the time that China couldn’t design and construct large cruise ships independently.
2.Eventually,the family called for help from the police who/that arrived with a search and rescue dog named Luke to look for the child.
3.The last three years have been the warmest on record, which poses exceptional challenges globally.
【要点集结】
关系代词一览表
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose(=of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
考点1 限制性定语从句中, 当先行词表示事物时,只用that不用which的情况
1.先行词是all、 much、 little、 something、 everything、 anything、 nothing、 none等不定代词时。
※If I run into anything that might interest you, I’ll send it to you.
※We cannot say none that we saw on TV were true.
2.先行词被the only、 any、 few、 no、 very等修饰时。
※ After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
3.先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词的最高级、序数词修饰时。
※That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city.
※When it comes to Jinan, the first that comes to mind is the spring water.
4.先行词既有人又有物时。
※My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
5.主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
※Who is the person that is standing at the gate
考点2 只用which不用that的情况
1.关系代词前有介词时。
※This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
2.引导非限制性定语从句时。
※Crusoe’s dog, which was very old, became ill and died.
考点3 引导非限制性定语从句的as与which
关系 代词 位置不同 含义不同
as 引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前, 也可以放在主句后, 有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”, 后面的谓语动词多用see、know、expect、say、mention、report等
which 引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等
※As is known to all, great changes have taken place in China.
※John, as you know, is a famous writer.
※Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·湖北模拟)During the Warring States period, people who lived along the banks of the Min River were troubled by annual flooding.
2.(2026·广东模拟)By comparing the plant with several known Oreocharis species, the researchers have confirmed it is a new species that/which has many unique characteristics.
3.(2026·甘青宁模拟)In the most southwestern part of China, the mountainous Yunnan province, you can see wild tea trees that/which have stood there for thousands of years.
4.(2026·南京模拟)It begins with the memories of Gao Shi, also a renowned poet, whose name alone can evoke(引起,唤起) legends.
5.(2026·山东模拟)As everyone knows, the Silk Road symbolizes the friendship between European and Asian peoples. With a history stretching over 2,000 years, the origins of the Silk Road in China trace back to the Han Dynasty.
二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
【要点集结】
　　在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词若是表示人,就只能用whom;关系代词若是表示事物,就只能用which。
※Where is the supermarket in which you bought the laptop last week
※Do you know the lady with whom our manager is talking in the office
【点津】
在正式的文体中,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可缩写成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。
※She had some money in the bank, with which she could help her mother.
→She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.
【即时巩固】
1.Then he took a break in an inn and ordered several dishes, among which there was fried shrimp.
2.(2023·浙江1月高考) There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.
3.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编) In contrast to our increasingly networked lives in which the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
4.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.
5.(2022·全国甲卷) This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children, artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity (机会) to do creative things.
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
【要点集结】
　　定语从句中关系副词有when、where、why,代替前面的先行词,在从句中作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。
※She remembered clearly that day when she’d gone exploring the rock pools.
※This is the town where I was born.
※I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time.
关系副词when、where、why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。
※There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield.
※Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.
※Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·辽宁模拟)It’s a time when millions of people travel home to be with their families, engaging in traditions such as cleaning houses, cooking special dishes, and setting off fireworks.
2.(2026·辽宁模拟)It has become a cultural landmark of the Yellow River Basin where visitors can view the river passing through the city and watch exhibitions showing its long history and diverse cultures.
3.(2026·吉林模拟)The girl refused to tell the reason why she became interested in the film.
4.I hope my posts can serve as tree holes where they can talk about their everyday life as well as their pains, sorrows and happiness.
5.We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.
四、定语从句和分词短语作定语之间的相互转化
【要点集结】
　　如果定语从句中先行词是从句的主语(即关系代词作从句的主语),则这个定语从句可以转化为以过去分词或现在分词作定语的形式。同样,分词作定语也可以转化为一个定语从句。
　　谓语动词用主动语态的,用现在分词作定语;谓语动词用被动语态的,用过去分词作定语。 如:
※ We live in a house which/that faces the south.
→We live in a house facing the south.
※The first textbooks that were written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
→The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
解题小贴士 语法填空题关系词考法
1. 确定定语从句关系词的解题要领:根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。
2.关系词应遵循“缺什么, 补什么”的原则。
(1)如果先行词指人, 定语从句中缺少主语, 限制性定语从句中用who/that; 非限制性定语从句中用who。
(2)如果先行词指人, 定语从句中缺少宾语, 限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom; 非限制性定语从句中用whom。
(3)如果先行词指物, 定语从句中缺少主语或宾语, 限制性定语从句中用which/that; 非限制性定语从句中用which。
(4)如果先行词指时间或地点, 定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语, 则用when或where; 如果缺少主语或宾语,则用that或which。
(5)在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,如果先行词指人, 则关系代词用whom; 如果先行词指物, 则用which。
【链接写作】
在写作中加入定语从句,可以把两个简单句连接成一个复合句,使两个句子之间的关系更为紧密,既能够很好地展现出考生的综合语言运用能力,同时也能够给改卷老师留下较为深刻的印象。如2023年全国乙卷书面表达:
句式升级:
我遇到了很多困难,但我没有放弃,而是向经验丰富的摄影师寻求指导。他们的建议和鼓励帮助我克服了挑战。
I encountered many difficulties, but I didn’t give up and sought guidance from experienced photographers.Their advice and encouragement helped me overcome the challenges.
→I encountered many difficulties, but I didn’t give up and sought guidance from experienced photographers, whose advice and encouragement helped me overcome the challenges.
Step 2　语法精练·体验高考素养落实
Ⅰ.高考单句语法填空
1.(2025·全国Ⅰ卷)An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, which originated in China more than 4,000 years ago.
2.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes(灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central heating doesn’t exist.
3.(2025·浙江1月高考)Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, which she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period.
4.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route which/that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
5.(2024·全国甲卷) Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
6.(2023·全国甲卷) There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.
7.(2023·全国乙卷) But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that/which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.
8.(2022·全国甲卷) On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
9.(2022·浙江1月高考) Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics that/who are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
10.(2021·北京高考) When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything that happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories.
11.(2021·天津高考) William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from which we can learn without repeating them.
12.(2021·天津高考) At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands where artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
Ⅱ.语篇语法填空
(2023·浙江1月高考语法填空改编)
During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to social classes.The term “hutong”, 1._______ original meaning was “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, 2._______ was surrounded in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City.Citizens 3._______ belonged to higher social classes were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles.These high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen, 4._______ siheyuan were extremely large, often had them beautifully carved and roof beams and pillars (柱子) painted.The hutongs 5._______ they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens.Farther from the center were the places 6._______ there lived the commoners and laborers.Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, the hutongs of 7._______ were narrower.
Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing.Thanks to Beijing’s long history 8._______ served as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, some of 9._______ are even associated with historic events.In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture 10._______ were represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北京的胡同的由来、规模及历史意义。
1.【解析】whose。考查定语从句。句意:“胡同”起初在蒙古语中是“水井”的意思,首次出现在元朝。空格处修饰名词meaning,空格前也是名词 “hutong”,故填表示所属的关系代词whose。
2.【解析】which。考查定语从句。句意:在明代,中心是紫禁城,它被内城和外城构成的同心圆围绕。根据句意及结构,可知空格指代前文的the Forbidden City,又在后面的非限制性定语从句中作主语,只能填which。
3.【解析】who/that。考查定语从句。句意:拥有更高社会地位的公民被允许住在更靠近圈子中心的地方。根据句意及结构,可知空格指代前文的Citizens,又在后面的从句中作主语,故填who/that。
4.【解析】whose。考查定语从句。句意:这些高级官员和富商的四合院非常大,他们的房子通常找人雕刻得很精美,房梁和柱子也会被粉刷。空格处修饰名词siheyuan,空格前的中心词是名词,故填表示所属的关系代词whose。
5.【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。句意:他们建立的胡同井然有序,宽敞的住宅和有围墙的花园成行排列。空格处指代前面的hutongs,作formed的宾语。
6.【解析】where。考查定语从句。句意:离中心地带更远的地方住着平民和劳工。空格前是名词places,空格后句子成分齐全,故填关系副词where。
7.【解析】which。考查定语从句。句意:他们的四合院规模要小得多,设计和装饰也更简单,胡同也更窄。the hutongs of which = whose hutongs。
8.【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。句意:由于北京作为中国首都的悠久历史,几乎每个胡同都有自己的故事,其中一些甚至与历史事件有关。空格处作从句的主语。
9.【解析】which。考查定语从句。空格处作从句的主语,指物,非限制性定语从句只能填which。
10.【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。句意:与以紫禁城、颐和园、天坛为代表的宫廷生活和上流社会文化不同,胡同反映了北京草根阶层的文化。空格处作从句的主语。
- 11 -(共38张PPT)
定语从句
Step 1　语法精讲·先测后悟巩固提升
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
【自我检测】
1.It is a new milestone for the country’s shipbuilding industry because it marks
an end to the time _____ China couldn’t design and construct large cruise ships
independently.
2.Eventually,the family called for help from the police _________ arrived with
a search and rescue dog named Luke to look for the child.
3.The last three years have been the warmest on record, ______ poses
exceptional challenges globally.
that
who/that
which
【要点集结】
关系代词一览表
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose(=of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
考点1 限制性定语从句中, 当先行词表示事物时,只用that不用which的情况
1.先行词是all、 much、 little、 something、 everything、 anything、 nothing、 none等不定代词时。
※If I run into anything that might interest you, I’ll send it to you.
※We cannot say none that we saw on TV were true.
2.先行词被the only、 any、 few、 no、 very等修饰时。
※ After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
3.先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词的最高级、序数词修饰时。
※That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city.
※When it comes to Jinan, the first that comes to mind is the spring water.
4.先行词既有人又有物时。
※My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
5.主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
※Who is the person that is standing at the gate
考点2 只用which不用that的情况
1.关系代词前有介词时。
※This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
2.引导非限制性定语从句时。
※Crusoe’s dog, which was very old, became ill and died.
考点3 引导非限制性定语从句的as与which
关系 代词 位置不同 含义不同
as 引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前, 也可以放在主句后, 有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”, 后面的谓语动词多用see、know、expect、say、mention、report等
which 引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等
※As is known to all, great changes have taken place in China.
※John, as you know, is a famous writer.
※Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·湖北模拟)During the Warring States period, people _____ lived along
the banks of the Min River were troubled by annual flooding.
2.(2026·广东模拟)By comparing the plant with several known Oreocharis
species, the researchers have confirmed it is a new species __________ has
many unique characteristics.
3.(2026·甘青宁模拟)In the most southwestern part of China, the mountainous
Yunnan province, you can see wild tea trees __________ have stood there for
thousands of years.
who
that/which
that/which
4.(2026·南京模拟)It begins with the memories of Gao Shi, also a renowned
poet, ______ name alone can evoke(引起,唤起) legends.
5.(2026·山东模拟)___ everyone knows, the Silk Road symbolizes the friendship
between European and Asian peoples. With a history stretching over 2,000 years,
the origins of the Silk Road in China trace back to the Han Dynasty.
whose
As
二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
【要点集结】
　　在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词若是表示人,就只能用whom;关系代词若是表示事物,就只能用which。
※Where is the supermarket in which you bought the laptop last week
※Do you know the lady with whom our manager is talking in the office
【点津】
在正式的文体中,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可缩写成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。
※She had some money in the bank, with which she could help her mother.
→She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.
【即时巩固】
1.Then he took a break in an inn and ordered several dishes, among ______
there was fried shrimp.
2.(2023·浙江1月高考) There’s never a stage at ______ the system knows
what it’s talking about.
3.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编) In contrast to our increasingly networked lives in
______ the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book
still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
which
which
which
4.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in
______ over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.
5.(2022·全国甲卷) This special building is a place in ______ theatre is made
and where children, artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity
(机会) to do creative things.
which
which
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
【要点集结】
　　定语从句中关系副词有when、where、why,代替前面的先行词,在从句中作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。
※She remembered clearly that day when she’d gone exploring the rock pools.
※This is the town where I was born.
※I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time.
关系副词when、where、why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。
※There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield.
※Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.
※Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·辽宁模拟)It’s a time ______ millions of people travel home to be with
their families, engaging in traditions such as cleaning houses, cooking special
dishes, and setting off fireworks.
2.(2026·辽宁模拟)It has become a cultural landmark of the Yellow River Basin
______ visitors can view the river passing through the city and watch exhibitions
showing its long history and diverse cultures.
when
where
3.(2026·吉林模拟)The girl refused to tell the reason _____ she became interested in the film.
4.I hope my posts can serve as tree holes ______ they can talk about their everyday life as well as their pains, sorrows and happiness.
5.We have entered into an age ______ dreams have the best chance of
coming true.
why
where
when
四、定语从句和分词短语作定语之间的相互转化
【要点集结】
　　如果定语从句中先行词是从句的主语(即关系代词作从句的主语),则这个定语从句可以转化为以过去分词或现在分词作定语的形式。同样,分词作定语也可以转化为一个定语从句。
　　谓语动词用主动语态的,用现在分词作定语;谓语动词用被动语态的,用过去分词作定语。 如:
※ We live in a house which/that faces the south.
→We live in a house facing the south.
※The first textbooks that were written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
→The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
解题小贴士 语法填空题关系词考法
1. 确定定语从句关系词的解题要领:根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。
2.关系词应遵循“缺什么, 补什么”的原则。
(1)如果先行词指人, 定语从句中缺少主语, 限制性定语从句中用who/that; 非限制性定语从句中用who。
(2)如果先行词指人, 定语从句中缺少宾语, 限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom; 非限制性定语从句中用whom。
(3)如果先行词指物, 定语从句中缺少主语或宾语, 限制性定语从句中用which/that; 非限制性定语从句中用which。
(4)如果先行词指时间或地点, 定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语, 则用when或where; 如果缺少主语或宾语,则用that或which。
(5)在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,如果先行词指人, 则关系代词用whom; 如果先行词指物, 则用which。
【链接写作】
在写作中加入定语从句,可以把两个简单句连接成一个复合句,使两个句子之间的关系更为紧密,既能够很好地展现出考生的综合语言运用能力,同时也能够给改卷老师留下较为深刻的印象。如2023年全国乙卷书面表达:
句式升级:
我遇到了很多困难,但我没有放弃,而是向经验丰富的摄影师寻求指导。
他们的建议和鼓励帮助我克服了挑战。
I encountered many difficulties, but I didn’t give up and sought guidance
from experienced photographers.Their advice and encouragement helped me
overcome the challenges.
→I encountered many difficulties, but I didn’t give up and sought guidance
from experienced photographers, ______ advice and encouragement helped
me overcome the challenges.
whose
Step 2　语法精练·体验高考素养落实
Ⅰ.高考单句语法填空
1.(2025·全国Ⅰ卷)An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is
featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, ______ originated in
China more than 4,000 years ago.
2.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with
my Chinese husband and his family, ______ bamboo and tea bushes(灌木)
grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central
heating doesn’t exist.
which
where
3.(2025·浙江1月高考)Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses
to less formal clothing, ______ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes
and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a
longer-term rental period.
4.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in
contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at
the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ___________
brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of
the richness of gardening in England.
which
which/that
5.(2024·全国甲卷) Yellowstone was the largest United States national park
—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, ______
became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in
1980 with 12.3 million acres.
6.(2023·全国甲卷) There was once a town in the heart of America, ______
all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.
which
where
7.(2023·全国乙卷) But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place
__________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.
8.(2022·全国甲卷) On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang,
_____ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities
and counties in three provinces.
9.(2022·浙江1月高考) Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of
Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics
_________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
that/which
who
that/who
10.(2021·北京高考) When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything
_____ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories.
11.(2021·天津高考) William Hastie once suggested that history informs us
of past mistakes from ______ we can learn without repeating them.
12.(2021·天津高考) At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands
______ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
that
which
where
Ⅱ.语篇语法填空
(2023·浙江1月高考语法填空改编)
During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to social classes.The term “hutong”, 1._______ original meaning was “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, 2._______ was surrounded in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City.Citizens 3._______ belonged to higher social classes were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles.These high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen, 4._______ siheyuan were extremely large, often had them beautifully carved and roof beams and pillars (柱子) painted.The hutongs 5._______ they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens.Farther from the center were the places 6._______ there lived the commoners and laborers.Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, the hutongs of 7._______ were narrower.
Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing.Thanks to Beijing’s long history 8._______ served as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, some of 9._______ are even associated with historic events.In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture 10._______ were represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北京的胡同的由来、规模及历史意义。
1.【解析】whose。考查定语从句。句意:“胡同”起初在蒙古语中是“水井”的意思,首次出现在元朝。空格处修饰名词meaning,空格前也是名词 “hutong”,故填表示所属的关系代词whose。
2.【解析】which。考查定语从句。句意:在明代,中心是紫禁城,它被内城和外城构成的同心圆围绕。根据句意及结构,可知空格指代前文的the Forbidden City,又在后面的非限制性定语从句中作主语,只能填which。
3.【解析】who/that。考查定语从句。句意:拥有更高社会地位的公民被允许住在更靠近圈子中心的地方。根据句意及结构,可知空格指代前文的Citizens,又在后面的从句中作主语,故填who/that。
4.【解析】whose。考查定语从句。句意:这些高级官员和富商的四合院非常大,他们的房子通常找人雕刻得很精美,房梁和柱子也会被粉刷。空格处修饰名词siheyuan,空格前的中心词是名词,故填表示所属的关系代词whose。
5.【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。句意:他们建立的胡同井然有序,宽敞的住宅和有围墙的花园成行排列。空格处指代前面的hutongs,作formed的宾语。
6.【解析】where。考查定语从句。句意:离中心地带更远的地方住着平民和劳工。空格前是名词places,空格后句子成分齐全,故填关系副词where。
7.【解析】which。考查定语从句。句意:他们的四合院规模要小得多,设计和装饰也更简单,胡同也更窄。the hutongs of which = whose hutongs。
8.【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。句意:由于北京作为中国首都的悠久历史,几乎每个胡同都有自己的故事,其中一些甚至与历史事件有关。空格处作从句的主语。
9.【解析】which。考查定语从句。空格处作从句的主语,指物,非限制性定语从句只能填which。
10.【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。句意:与以紫禁城、颐和园、天坛为代表的宫廷生活和上流社会文化不同,胡同反映了北京草根阶层的文化。空格处作从句的主语。

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